Planning a Sustainable Energy Future

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Planning a Sustainable Energy Future

AEC Daily

17817 Leslie Street, Suite 49

Newmarket, Ontario L3Y 8C6, Canada

Energy creation, distribution, and consumption is in a period of transition. Understanding this transition and its

benefits is critical to sustainable community energy planning (SCEP). This course reviews the transition forces,

describes the systems that are emerging, illustrates them with international and national examples, details the

steps required for SCEP, and provides a comprehensive overview of the many renewable energy options now

viable for community energy systems.

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Purpose and Learning Objectives

Purpose:

Energy creation, distribution, and consumption is in a period of transition. Understanding this transition and its benefits is

critical to sustainable community energy planning (SCEP).This course reviews the transition forces, describes the

systems that are emerging, illustrates them with international and national examples, details the steps required for

SCEP, and provides a comprehensive overview of the many renewable energy options now viable for community energy

systems.

Learning Objectives:

At the end of this program, participants will be able to:

• identify those aspects of the current global energy transition that affect their community directly

• evaluate the planning of all sectors of municipal operations that impact on energy production, supply, and local

distribution

• analyze local context to determine the most viable renewable energy sources, and

• develop an integrated community energy plan based on clean energy sources.






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Table of Contents

Introduction

Current Energy Developments

The SCEP Process

Energy Demand and Supply Management

Sample Plans and Projects

Summary and Resources






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Introduction






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What Is SCP?

Communities worldwide are increasingly adopting planning practices that

acknowledge

• community environmental impacts

• long-term community economic health

• resident well-being, and

• the creation of conditions and resources that will facilitate future

generations in maintaining a lifestyle equal or superior to that of the

present generation.

This is referred to as sustainable community planning (SCP).

This diagram is the most familiar way of illustrating

SCP and demonstrates that sustainability occurs

where economic, social, and environmental issues

overlap and integrate.






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What Is SCEP?

Sustainable community energy planning (SCEP) is an

integral component of SCP.

It is a way of documenting local priorities as to how energy

should be generated, delivered, and used in the community

now and into the future. It is also a communication tool with

which municipal staff can communicate and sell their energy

vision within the municipal corporation and to external

planning bodies, potential investors, and potential

businesses.

SCEP, like SCP, is also an effective way for community

residents and experts to participate in local energy planning

and also for municipalities to participate in regional and

national energy planning.






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What Does SCEP Accomplish?

SCEP evaluates a community’s current existing energy use and

greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in order to identify and implement

solutions to improve energy efficiency and air quality.

It also develops community priorities around renewable energy and other

energy infrastructure and sets specific targets for the amount and timing of

the integration of renewable options.

SCEP creates a comprehensive, long-term plan that not only addresses

energy supply but also provides insight into improving energy efficiency,

reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and fostering local sustainable energy

generation and distribution solutions. In particular, it focuses on those

solutions that address multiple issues simultaneously (e.g., converting

potential pollutants into a clean energy source).

There are now a number of aids such as the one pictured, Advancing

Integrated Community Energy Planning in Ontario: A Primer, that can inform

the SCEP process.




http://www.questcanada.org/files/download/be7955f1d8ff501



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How to Create SCEP

It is conducted in concert with waste and water

management, transportation, and land use planning in

order that the synergies between these issues can be

leveraged to full advantage. Just like green building

design and sustainable community planning,

sustainable community energy planning is a

multidisciplinary exercise.

Communities are systems where buildings and

infrastructure play roles in energy creation and

sharing, food production, and water treatment. To be

an effective participant in any aspect of community

design, each designer should become familiar with the

issues being addressed by every other discipline and

the tools being used.

Becoming familiar with energy issues and planning

techniques is critical in this regard.






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Why Adopt SCEP?

Cities, by some estimates, consume two-thirds of all energy

and account for 70% of the CO2 emissions stemming from

energy production. The majority of the most promising low-

carbon innovations are now occurring in cities.

Municipal governments are always seeking more effective

ways to manage steadily growing energy costs and

responsibilities related to energy use, long-term reliability

and security, resilience to extreme climatic events,

emissions, pollutants, and other social and environmental

impacts.

This new level of complexity and increased range of issues

and responsibilities suggests the need for a more effective

approach to energy planning.

SCEP is such an approach.






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RECAP: SCEP will document local energy priorities, communicate an energy vision, and allow for participation

in an energy future. SCEP requires a review of current community energy use and GHG emissions,

development of community priorities, and development of a long-term plan that addresses multiple issues

simultaneously. Always look at community as a system.

REVIEW: Give some thought to the following review question before moving on to the answers on the next

slide:

❑ What are some of the reasons to implement SCEP?

?






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SCEP can help municipalities manage: steadily growing energy costs and responsibilities related to energy use,

long-term reliability and security, resilience to extreme climatic events, emissions, pollutants, and other social

and environmental impacts.A






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Current Energy Developments






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Current Global Energy Developments

The energy sector is in the midst of a significant transition towards renewables-based systems that are cleaner, less

expensive, and more resilient. The drivers of this transition include the following:

Costs: The cost of renewable sources has recently dropped significantly. Photovoltaic (PV) prices have dropped 80%

since 2008. Oil and coal prices are up and oil power generation now costs more than renewables-based production.

Technical advances: The reliability of renewable technology is now proven, and there are many further innovations in

progress. The intelligence of the energy grid has risen dramatically and is now capable of integrating numerous supply

sources and of protecting itself from dramatic failure.

Climatic influences: There has been an increase in severe climatic events. The resulting focus on developing greater

resilience to their impacts has extended to the energy sector. Resilience strategies often include local production and

distribution of renewables-based energy.

Investment opportunities: The financial/investment sector has identified the renewable energy sector as a promising

future direction, and there are now significant investment amounts available for renewables.






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Global Benefits of Current Global Energy Developments

It is important to realize that this international energy transition

has major global economic benefits, which can in turn translate

into local economic benefits, especially in those communities

that embrace this transition in their local SCEP.

International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) estimates

suggest that the global GDP will be increased by as much as

0.8% in 2050 (USD 1.6 trillion) from the initiatives required to

meet the Paris Agreement targets.

A world map of countries by gross domestic product at purchasing

power parity per capita in 2007 from the International Monetary

Fund. Darker colors represent greater GDP/capita. By David

Brsby Public domain via Wikimedia




https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:World_map_of_countries_by_gross_domestic_product_at_purchasing_power_parity_per_capita_in_2007_from_the_International_Monetary_Fund.svg



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Global Energy Developments and SCEP

The Paris Agreement on climate change aims to keep temperature

rises to “well below 2°C by 2100.” It was signed by 197 countries.

As of August 2018, this agreement was also supported by 10 states,

227 cities and counties, 344 institutions of higher education, and

2,111 businesses and investors in the U.S. “We are Still In”

campaign. The Paris Agreement Summary document by Climate

Focus provides a good overview of the agreement’s goals.

The Paris Agreement provides a unique framework for action to

mitigate the impacts of climate change and to reduce energy usage.

This framework identifies three basic steps that each community

can take to make measurable progress at the local level:

• inventory local emissions

• set a reduction target, and

• make a sustainable (local) energy plan to achieve these targets.

This framework highlights the importance of local planning (SCEP)

in achieving global targets.




https://climatefocus.com/sites/default/files/20151228 COP 21 briefing FIN.pdf



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Global Energy Developments and SCEP

The International Energy Agency (IEA) has stated that meeting

the Paris goals will require “an energy transition of exceptional

scope, depth, and speed” and that “CO2 emissions would need

to peak before 2020 and fall by more than 70% from today’s

levels by 2050.”

IRENA states that “accelerated deployment of renewable

energy and energy efficiency measures are the key elements

of the energy transition. The share of renewable energy needs

to increase from around 15% of the primary energy supply in

2015 to 65% in 2050. Energy intensity improvements must

double to around 2.5% per year by 2030, and continue at this

level until 2050.”

Recognizing these international guidelines and targets is

critical for the development of local plans in order to ensure

that they align with international objectives.






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Global Energy Developments and Local SCEP

Cities worldwide are now recognized as the engines of change,

and their mayors have become very influential globally. Many

communities now have energy plans that promote renewable

energy sources, electric vehicles, energy-efficient streetlights,

increased transit use, and slashed emissions from buildings.

C40 Cities is an organization that connects more than 90 of the

world’s greatest cities, and 25% of the global economy. It is

focused on tackling climate change and driving urban action

that reduces greenhouse gas emissions and climate risks.

Within this group, there were more than 10,000 actions to

address climate change by 2015, well ahead of the Paris

Agreement.

Buildings alone contribute roughly 40% of overall U.S.

emissions, and in big cities like Chicago and New York, they

can contribute up to 70%. This puts the energy sector and cities

in particular at the core of efforts to combat climate change. It

also highlights the critical role of each building design.




https://www.c40.org/



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National Energy Developments and Local SCEP

Many national indicators and trends can be leveraged for SCEP development that integrates renewables, reduces costs,

boosts performance, and adds local job opportunities.

In the U.S.:

• In 2015, a record high amount of traditional generating capacity was retired nationally.

• In 2016, for the first time in history, natural gas replaced coal as the leading source of electricity generation.

• From 2005 to 2015, overall growth in electricity consumption at the national level stalled, while many generation

sources, particularly natural gas, wind, and solar, frequently hit new record levels of penetration.

Globally, according to the World Economic Forum, “The capitalized cost of generating solar energy in 2015 decreased to

as low as one-sixth the cost in 2005.”

The U.S. solar jobs census in 2016 found that “solar employment increased by over 51,000 workers, a 25% increase

over 2015. Overall, the solar jobs census found there were 260,077 solar workers in 2016. Solar industry employment

has nearly tripled since the first national solar jobs census was released in 2010.”






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National Energy Developments and Local SCEP

According to this World Bank report, Climate Change and

Global Warming: The Role of the International Community,

“Climate change poses a moderate threat to current

sustainable development and a severe threat to future

sustainable development unless climate change and

development models that drive greenhouse gas (GHG)

emissions are reconciled.”

At the local level, this infers implementing measures in the

local SCEP that are inherent to the broader issues of SCP.

These include alternate transportation (renewables-based

electric vehicles, bicycles, and walking), energy reduction in

every sector, compact communities, local agriculture, and

treating waste as an energy resource.

The implementation of such measures will most likely

necessitate an updated electrical production and distribution

network based on renewables and local distribution.

Zoey Kroll, own work: CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia




http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTNWDR2013/Resources/8258024-1352909193861/8936935-1356011448215/8986901-1380568255405/WDR14_bp_Climate_Change_and_Global_Warming_Warner.pdf

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Freeway_Food_Forest_at_Hayes_Valley_Farm.jpg



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Local Energy Developments and SCEP

Along with improved GDP and employment opportunities, there

are other local benefits of SCEP. They include:

• cleaner air from reduced emissions

• cleaner water from reduced pollutants

• improved health from cleaner air and water

• reduced noise (electric vehicles, fewer generators, etc.)

• an improved quality of life, which in turn attracts businesses,

who in turn attract employees with similar objectives

• improved indoor air quality from energy conservation

construction techniques

• improved resilience to weather events and price hikes for

imported energy

• reduced energy needs, and

• lower municipal, commercial, and residential operating costs. The accrued benefits bring every community closer and closer to

the idyllic community vision.






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What Influences SCEP

It is as important to recognize the global developments

that can influence and benefit local SCEP as it is to

recognize which aspects of a community the plan itself

will affect. The following slides will briefly summarize

those issues that influence SCEP followed by those

issues SCEP can influence.

Dam of the tidal power plant on the estuary of the Rance River, Bretagne, France

User Dani 7C3: CC BY SA 3.0 via Wikimedia





https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rance_tidal_power_plant.JPG



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“Record-breaking tenders for solar PV occurred in Argentina, Chile, India, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab

Emirates, with bids in some markets below USD 0.03 per kilowatt-hour (kWh). (In the U.S. the typical costs of electricity

for different sources are: coal (6–14 cents), gas (5–21) including gas peaker power plants, wind (3–6 cents), nuclear

(10–14 cents), utility scale solar (5–6 cents), and rooftop solar (9–19 cents).) Parallel developments in the wind power

sector saw record low bids in several countries, including Chile, India, Mexico, and Morocco. Record lows in offshore

wind power tenders in Denmark and the Netherlands brought Europe’s industry closer to its goal to produce offshore

wind power more cheaply than coal by 2025.”

What Influences SCEP: Lower Cost

One of the more influential developments on SCEP is the swiftly changing price structure of energy sources

combined with their rapidly growing availability and diversity.

According to REN21 (Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century):






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What Influences SCEP: Increased Usage and Investment

As noted earlier, increased usage and increased investment in renewables are also major influences on lowering costs.

REN21 states, “Newly installed renewable power capacity set new records in 2016, with 161 gigawatts (GW) added. This

increased the global total by almost 9% relative to 2015. Solar PV accounted for around 47% of the total, followed by

wind power at 34% and hydropower at 15.5%.”

According to pv magazine USA, “A recent analysis by Bloomberg New Energy Finance (BNEF) shows that solar PV has

had a learning rate of 28%, meaning that the cost of a solar module decreases 28% every time production capacity

doubles. For wind power and lithium-ion batteries, the learning rates are slightly less at 10.5% and 18.6%, respectively.

The learning rate for batteries is expected to rise with announcements by Tesla and China that they will build huge new

battery production facilities with advanced battery technology in 2018.”

Bloomberg also states, “Renewable energy sources are set to represent almost three-quarters of the $10.2 trillion the

world will invest in new power-generating technology until 2040, thanks to rapidly falling costs for solar and wind power,

and a growing role for batteries, including electric vehicle batteries, in balancing supply and demand.”

Leveraging these usage, price, and investment trends in local SCEP will ensure the most cost-effective integration of

renewables into community energy systems.






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What Influences SCEP: Uptake by Local and Global Entities

Babcock Ranch in Florida bills itself as the first new solar-powered town in America.

New York City completed over 1,000 public building retrofits and installed 636 megawatt (MW) of PV power in 2015.

New York State aims to have 50% of their energy from renewable sources by 2030.

Texas, formerly an oil state, now produces more wind energy than any other state (25% of its own needs). Their wind

system functioned perfectly after Hurricane Harvey while gasoline came into short supply and rose dramatically in price.

The U.S. produced two-thirds of its new energy capacity in 2016 from renewables.

Germany continues to hit new highs for renewable energy production (14.6 billion kWh in October 2017).

China, in 2013, added more solar capacity in one year than the U.S. had done in the previous 59 years and in 2016 was

adding it at twice that rate (two football fields of PV per hour).

India plans to acquire nearly 60% of electricity capacity from non-fossil fuels by 2027.

Portugal was powered entirely by renewables (wind, biofuel, solar, and geothermal) for four days in May 2017.

The Netherlands aims to run its entire train system on wind power by 2018.

Saudi Arabia, also known for its oil, plans to build a $500 billion technological megacity that will be run entirely on

renewable energy sources.






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What Influences SCEP: Uptake by National Corporations

Numerous significant businesses are switching to, or demanding, renewable energy sources.

Google, which uses as much energy as the city of San Francisco, is the largest corporate investor with 2.5 billion USD

invested in renewables and in April 2018 announced it was running on 100% renewables.

Amazon, which has bought more than 1.22 gigawatts of output to date from U.S. clean-energy projects (second only to

Alphabet Inc.’s Google with 1.85 gigawatts), opened a 253-megawatt wind farm in Texas in November 2017. This is one of

their 18 wind and solar projects in operation.

In total, corporations such as Walmart, IKEA, Microsoft, Facebook, and the U.S. Department of Defense have agreed to

buy 1.9 gigawatts of clean power in the U.S. in 2017, according to Bloomberg New Energy Finance.

Providing a renewables-based system in a community can attract companies and corporations with similar objectives and

ambitions and thus improve local economies and environments simultaneously.






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What Influences SCEP: Need for Energy Security

Local renewable energy creation is increasingly considered

an important aspect of national security.

Every military branch is increasing its own reliance on

renewables. The U.S. Navy, in August 2017, implemented

the largest purchase of renewable energy ever made by a

federal entity: a 210 MW direct current solar facility in Arizona

that will benefit 14 Department of the Navy (DON)

installations in California.

As stated by the Navy, “In addition to the energy security

benefits to the DON, the project will help the 14 installations

comply with California’s renewable portfolio standard. At 210

MW, the solar facility will contribute 21% of the power needed

to meet the goal of 50% of total energy consumption coming

from alternative sources by 2020.” Major purchases like this

also bring down the cost of PV for others.

U.S. Navy, Naval Air Station North Island: Public domain via Wikimedia





https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_100506-N-8421M-124_The_aircraft_carriers_USS_Ronald_Reagan_(CVN_76),_USS_Nimitz_(CVN_68)_and_USS_Carl_Vinson_(CVN_70)_are_pierside_at_Naval_Air_Station_North_Island.jpg



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What Influences SCEP: Need for Resilience

An ever-increasing frequency and ferocity of extreme weather impacts complete with power interruptions is creating

a rising concern for the resilience of communities and their energy systems. As noted earlier, local renewables-based

energy production and distribution increases community resilience to such events. (See “microgrids” on later slides.)






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What Influences SCEP: Smart Grids

A smart grid can be defined as an electricity

supply network that uses digital

communications technology to detect and react

to local changes in usage. Local changes

include power interruption and local production

from renewables.

Smart grids integrate renewable energy inputs

from sun, wind, and tides with the more

constant production from traditional sources

(coal, oil, nuclear). They also send power to

those areas suffering from temporary

disruption, below normal production, or peak

demands.






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What Influences SCEP: Smart Grids

Attributes of a smart grid include:

• reliability, flexibility, and efficiency

• load adjustment and load balancing

• peak curtailment/leveling and time-of-use pricing

• sustainability

• market enabling

• demand response support, and

• a platform for advanced services.

Understanding the nature of the larger grid is critical to local

decision-making for local or microgrid system design.






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Smart Grid Development and Cognitive Computing

Energy companies are already engaging cognitive computing techniques to experience real benefits from smart grids.

Cognitive computing uses computerized models to simulate human thought processes. It imitates human brain behavior

in that it incorporates self-learning systems that use data mining, pattern recognition, and natural language processing.

As per the article “Girding the Grid with Cognitive Computing” by IBM THINK Blog,

• energy companies “leverage the knowledge stored within the information systems to provide insights to virtually any

question or scenario”

• energy companies provide “direct advice to customers through digital channels, learning over time in order to provide

better end user customer service,” and

• “customers can easily monitor and control their monthly utilities consumption to reduce costs and increase efficiency.”

The article continues: “Between 2003 and 2012, grid outages cost the U.S. economy $18 billion by conservative

estimates. However, with cognitive computing, utility companies realize substantial improvements in restoration response

time from advanced forecasting. Combining predictive equipment maintenance, more accurate outage predictions, and

the application of more advanced weather analytics allows energy companies to ensure optimal uptime for the grid and

reduces maintenance and service costs.”




https://www.ibm.com/blogs/think/2017/01/cognitive-grid/



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What Influences SCEP: Microgrids

A microgrid is a small-scale version of a larger (smart) power

grid. It can draw its energy from multiple clean sources such as

wind and solar power, as well as from conventional technology.

A microgrid can be connected to a larger smart grid but can

also work independently.

The ability to work independently from the larger utility grid,

known as islanding, makes the microgrid attractive and

increases community energy resilience and self-reliance.

In the last 10 years, the microgrid has emerged as an

alternative to the local utility and is a growing global energy

business model.

Microgrids have evolved from controlling simple generator

backup systems into sophisticated smart grids that can ensure

reliability, resilience, and energy independence.

Le Anh Dao: CC BY-SA 4.0 via Wikimedia Commons

* Note the switch that allows the microgrid to connect or disconnect from other

grids

*





https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Microgrid_with_RES_BESS_GRIDconnected.png



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Microgrid Examples

The RMI has reported that the ”Sterling Municipal

Light Department installed a solar-plus-storage

microgrid in the town of Sterling, Massachusetts. The

3 MW solar array and 2 MW/3.9 MWh of battery

storage can keep the town’s police station and

emergency dispatch center running for at least two

weeks in the case of a power outage.” For more

information see this article from Renewable Energy

World.

They also noted that when “the transmission line

feeding Borrego Springs, California, was damaged by

lightning, San Diego Gas and Electric used

the Borrego Springs 26 MW solar microgrid to power

the entire community of 2,800—preventing what

would have otherwise been a 10-hour power outage.”

San Diego Gas and Electric analyzed the success of

the project in a paper: “Borrego Springs Microgrid

Demonstration Project.”

Marcbela: Public domain via Wikimedia Commons




https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/ugc/articles/2017/04/14/sterling-massachusetts-changes-the-business-of-electricity-in-new-england--forever.html

http://www.energy.ca.gov/2014publications/CEC-500-2014-067/CEC-500-2014-067.pdf


https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sterling_Center.jpg



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Microgrid Examples

New Orleans is establishing two microgrids as a means of

enhancing emergency services and improving water

infrastructure and resource management in one specific district.

As one aspect of developing the Gentilly Resilience District,

reported in Microgrid Media, the two planned microgrids are to

provide emergency backup power in the event of disasters, as

well as to power water pumps and electricity for Dillard

University and the University of New Orleans. One microgrid will

also provide electricity to a nearby water pumping station, gas

station, pharmacy, bank, library branch, and post office.

The article continues, saying that the University of New Orleans

microgrid is to power canal pumps as well as the campus and is

envisioned as serving as an emergency shelter that offers food,

health, and pharmacy services, etc.

The microgrids are one of a number of initiatives intended to make

this New Orleans district more resilient. The other initiatives focus

on controlling flooding and stormwater. This image is of a proposed

water garden that will manage stormwater as well as provide

recreation space.




http://microgridmedia.com/new-orleans-microgrids-to-enhance-disaster-resiliency-water-resources/



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What SCEP Influences: SCP

Every aspect of community operation has an energy component, and energy planning must be integrated with all other

aspects of community planning. There are numerous synergies between all of these plans and no one plan can be

developed in isolation. Using an integrated design process (IDP) will identify and leverage these synergies.

Reducing the energy needs in all sectors is a major first step in increasing the viability of renewables in SCEP. In

addition, water can require large amounts of energy to process, but it can also produce energy; waste can either be an

energy drain or an energy source. Working across sectors to identify how to translate energy labilities into energy assets

is a critical activity in successful SCEP.






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What SCEP Influences

With effective community SCEP as a framework, a neighborhood or district is empowered to better participate in the most

beneficial energy initiatives and projects such as these:

The 2030 Challenge sets district goals and targets for energy production and reduction with the overall objective of

creating districts where all new buildings, developments, and major renovations shall be carbon-neutral by 2030. Fifteen

major American and Canadian cities are participating in this initiative.

The EcoDistricts Initiative is a district planning approach with a specific framework that residents and businesses use to

identify and implement practices to lessen impact on the environment and improve quality of life.

Other approaches embrace moving away from vulnerable centralized sources of water and energy or, as stated by

Michigan public radio’s The Next Idea project, “The Next Idea is to transition away from centralized infrastructure to create

distributed systems mimicking nature.”

The Living Community Challenge strives for neighborhood or district independence. Their energy objective is that a

proposed community will rely solely on renewable forms of energy and operate year-round in a pollution-free manner, and

prioritize reductions and optimization before technological solutions are applied to eliminate wasteful spending.




http://architecture2030.org/?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIu6XX37Ta1QIVhR2BCh1oOwFtEAAYASAAEgKy4PD_BwE



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Site Planning Example

The orientation and spacing of homes and the creation of a central

green in this community were all predicated on the energy system

needs.

Drake Landing Solar Community (DLSC), Okotoks, Alberta, Canada, is

a planned neighborhood “that has successfully integrated Canadian

energy-efficient technologies with a renewable, unlimited energy

source—the sun…DLSC is heated by a district system designed to

store abundant solar energy underground during the summer months

and distribute the energy to each home for space heating needs

during winter months.”

The carport rooftops collect the solar energy with solar panels and

store it in underground boreholes during the summer. A central green

was created on top of the storage area, and the adjacent community

energy center then distributes heat from the underground source, as

well as its own short-term storage tanks, to the homes in the winter.




https://www.dlsc.ca/



< >

There are a number of other communities worldwide

in which all buildings are oriented towards the sun in

order to optimize solar systems.

The Vauban district in Freiburg, Germany, is one of

those communities with sun-facing homes and is

composed of some 2,000 homes on a 90-acre site.

As illustrated in this image, most of the homes are

oriented due south in order that their roofs can be

used efficiently to produce electrical energy (parking is

in a perimeter multistory parking structure).

These homes produce more electricity than they need

(they are net positive), and the excess energy is used

for other community functions.

Andrew Glass: CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia






https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:LuftSS.jpg



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Another aspect of site planning influenced by energy

considerations is building form and shading. Tall buildings can

obstruct the ability of shorter ones to optimize their access to the

sun; building heights and spacing should reflect this principle.

In cases where some shading is unavoidable, taller buildings

should be given the role to gather energy for those who cannot do

it for themselves.

The tall building in the right-hand portion of this image of a retrofit

project in Sweden does just that, and it delivers hot water and

solar energy to the shorter ones.






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What SCEP Influences: Water, Wastewater, and Stormwater

Management

The “Energy-Water Nexus: The Water Sector’s Energy Use”

report of 2014 notes that “in a 2002 report, the Electric Power

Research Institute (EPRI) estimated that 4% of the nation’s

electricity use goes towards moving and treating water and

wastewater by public and private entities.”

In 2016, when additional federal and state drinking water

treatment regulations came into effect, the energy used for

water treatment was estimated to be at more than 100 million

kWh per day*, an increase of 30% over 1996 levels.

*Ironically, it takes a lot of water to produce the energy used to

treat water. This amount of electricity equals roughly 10 times

the production of the Hoover Dam, which produces 4.2 billion

kWh/year on average.






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Management

Encouraging or legislating on-site rainwater

infiltration and detention reduces the energy

needed to pump and process it through a

municipal system.

Capturing, storing, and reusing rainwater for

nonpotable uses such as toilet flushing, car

washing, irrigation, and firefighting means that

processed water does not need to be used for

such purposes; this in turn means that less

energy is needed to fulfill community water

needs.

Water conservation programs also reduce the

energy required to treat water.






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Management

Solid human waste in wastewater contains a gas with a high

methane content. Methane is both a potent greenhouse gas as

well as a useful fuel. Capturing it and using it has the double

benefit of reducing both the amount of resources needed and

the emissions coming from the gas.

Methane can also be recovered from the solid waste stream

and used as an energy source.

As well, water discharged from homes and commercial and

industrial operations contains heat. This heat can be recovered

and used to heat buildings. The entire project of Millennium

Village, a mixed-use neighborhood of 1100 high-rise units in

Vancouver, British Columbia (image), is heated with heat

recovered from the municipal sewer system.

The Challenge Series chapter “Energy” provides a complete

description of energy systems at Millennium Village.

Flickr upload CC BY-SA 2.0 via Wikimedia




http://www.thechallengeseries.ca/chapter-05/

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/deed.en

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Athletes_Village,_Vancouver_2010.jpg



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What SCEP Influences: Transportation Planning

There are two energy aspects to transportation. The first is the

type and amount of energy required to move public commercial

and private vehicles.

Many cities use electric streetcars and hybrid buses, but the

city of Calgary, Alberta, based their entire light rail transit (LRT)

system, called Ride the Wind, on the creation of a dedicated

wind source energy facility.

A power generation and wholesale marketing company entered

into a contract with a retail green energy company who agreed

to deliver the wind power to the LRT. Ten new wind turbines

were financed, constructed, owned, and operated by the

wholesale company, and the new wind turbines started

delivering clean wind power in August 2001.






< >


The second aspect is the imminent domination of electric vehicles (EVs), autonomous

vehicles, and shared (Uber-style) vehicles.

Predictions vary slightly as to when EVs will form the majority of vehicles on the road, but

sales of electric vehicles jumped by 37% in the United States in 2016, and some analysts

say that globally, electric cars will make up at least half of all new vehicle sales by 2040.

Some predictions say there could be as many as 2.9 million electric vehicles on the road

by 2021. For more reading, Rocky Mountain Institute has a free report titled “From Gas to

Grid: Building Charging Infrastructure to Power Electric Vehicle,” which discusses EV

benefits and infrastructure.

The real take-off for EVs is expected in the second half of the 2020s due to plunging lithium-ion battery prices, which

are set to fall by more than 70% by 2030. GM plans to have a total of 20 electric car models by 2021.

Tesla has already overtaken Ford in market value, China said it wants alternative fuel vehicles to account for at least

20% of the 35 million annual vehicle sales projected by 2025, and India is considering electrifying all vehicles in the

country by 2032.




https://www.rmi.org/insight/from_gas_to_grid/



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In essence, the era of electric transportation is here.

While cars dominate the dialogue, there are also

significant advances in electric trucks, light rail transit

(LRT), and high-speed trains such as the magnetic lift

train in Shanghai (image), which can reach 240 mph.

High-speed rail is considered by many as a serious

alternative to inefficient, short-haul intercity air traffic.

SCEP would include planning the necessary type and

amount of electric infrastructure for these modes of

travel and determining which clean/sustainable energy

sources should be used to power them.

In this article, “Utilities Should Charge Into Electric

Vehicles,” Bloomberg suggests that electrical demand

could increase by as much as 20%. Andreas Krebs: CC BY-SA 2.0 via Wikimedia




https://www.bloomberg.com/gadfly/articles/2017-10-03/electric-vehicle-charging-infrastructure-utilities-can-charge-in


https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Picture-4.jpg



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What SCEP Influences: Municipal Solid Waste Management

There are also two distinct energy aspects in regards to waste: the

energy required to collect and process/recycle waste, and the

energy available from waste (waste to energy).

Municipal solid waste (MSW) requires enormous amounts of

energy to transport, recycle, or incinerate. Composting programs

can reduce this energy demand, and more and more compostable

products are being developed. Yard waste and food waste (the

most readily compostable components of MSW) together account

for about 25% of all waste, and paper products (also compostable)

another 25%.

Recycling saves energy when compared to the energy required to

make the product initially or again. Recycling aluminum products

saves 94% of the energy that would be required to produce the

aluminum from ore. The EPA has produced a tool called the

Individual Waste Reduction Model (iWARM) Tool that helps

compute just how much energy is saved.




https://www.epa.gov/warm/individual-waste-reduction-model-iwarm-tool



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There are numerous waste-to-energy technologies now available.

Incineration, the combustion of organic material to produce heat or

steam, is the most common. Incinerators convert only about 14–28% of

the energy they consume for burning back into electricity. In order to

avoid losing the rest of the energy, it can be used for district

heating (cogeneration). The total efficiencies of cogeneration

incinerators are typically higher than 80% (based on the lower heating

value of the waste).

As described by the Energy Information Agency (EIA): “MSW is usually

burned at special waste-to-energy plants that use the heat from the fire

to make steam for generating electricity or to heat buildings. In 2015,

71 waste-to-energy power plants and four other power plants burned

MSW in the United States. These plants burned about 29 million tons of

MSW in 2015 and generated nearly 14 million MWh. (A community of

80,000 may generate 128,000 tons of MSW and require 65 MWh of

power annually.) The biomass materials in the MSW that were burned

in these power plants accounted for about 64% of the weight of the

MSW and contributed about 51% of the energy.”

National Energy Educational Development Program: CC BY SA 4.0

via Wikipedia

Waste-to-energy plant




https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.bn

https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0:Wastetoenergy.gif



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Waste-to-energy includes methane extraction from landfill for fuel, incineration/gasification of municipal waste to create

heat and hot water, and the use of biomass “waste” as fuel in district systems. The Clean Air Act requires landfills of a

certain size to install and operate a landfill gas collection and control system. Many large landfills also generate electricity

by using the methane gas that is produced from decomposing biomass in landfills. This EPA page explains this

technique: Landfill Gas and Biogas

There are also a number of other waste-to-energy options that are possible:

• Gasification produces combustible gas, hydrogen, and synthetic fuels.

• Thermal depolymerization produces synthetic crude oil, which can be further refined.

• Pyrolysis produces combustible tar/bio-oil and chars (the solid material that remains after light gases (e.g., coal gas)

and tar have been driven out or released from a carbonaceous material during the initial stage of combustion)

• Plasma arc gasification or plasma gasification process (PGP) produces rich syngas including hydrogen and carbon

monoxide usable for fuel cells or generating electricity to drive the plasma arch, usable vitrified silicate and metal

ingots, salt, and sulphur.

• Anaerobic digestion produces biogas rich in methane.

• Fermentation production examples are ethanol, lactic acid, hydrogen.




https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/index.php?page=biomass_biogas



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What SCEP Influences: Building Energy Efficiency and Zoning

According to the Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI), one of the leading

experts on energy issues, energy reduction is always the most effective

approach to creating “new” energy.

This includes recapturing energy through building retrofit as well as the

construction of new, high-efficiency buildings. The potential of energy

recapture is perhaps most graphically illustrated by the five-year retrofit of

the Willis Tower (formerly the Sears Tower), which saved more than

enough energy to operate a new 50-story hotel added to the site (to the

right of the tower).

The level of energy efficiency can be mandated or rewarded through

performance zoning, which awards density bonuses or other incentives for

efficient projects.






< >

RECAP: Sustainable community energy plans are being impacted by events happening on a global scale,

such as the Paris Agreement on Climate Change, increased investment and advancement in renewable

technology, and the power of cities to make change. Local and regional uptake of renewables, alternative

methods of energy generation, and the need for energy security and resilience influence SCEP, and in turn,

SCEP influences other types of community plans, like waste, transportation, and zoning.

REVIEW: Give some thought to the following review question before moving on to the answers on the next

slide:

❑ A number of benefits beyond reduced energy use could be goals within SCEP. Can you list a few?

?






< >

Greater community resilience, reduced waste to landfills, improved air quality, lower operating costs, improved

appeal to clean businesses, lower noise levels. A






< >

The SCEP ProcessDeveloping a Sustainable Resilient Community Energy System






< >

Introduction

SCEP has evolved from the traditional CEP approach of

focusing on supply-side needs based on straight line

projections of current usage to that of prioritizing reduced

demand that can be met with local sources as much as

possible.

Relying on continually expanding supplies of imported

conventional energy is no longer a feasible strategy for most

communities as conventional energy supplies, particularly fossil

fuels, are rapidly depleting in magnitude and rising in cost.

In addition, the environmental impacts of conventional energy

sources and distribution are impacting human health, food

production, and climate. In a sustainable community energy

plan, all natural sources (sun, wind, water, earth) are included

and all energy aspects of the community are integrated into one

plan. The buildings and processes acquire a role in energy

production and distribution.






< >

Introduction

SCEP embraces energy production, distribution, and

security as well as community health. It analyzes the

viability of supplying energy with smaller, local, renewable

sources, prioritizes those sources whose usage would

have a further community benefit such as reducing waste

or emissions, and integrates them into a delivery system

that uses efficient techniques such as district cogeneration

systems.

In order to ensure proper plan implementation and

management, SCEP must also incorporate a

comprehensive community education/awareness strategy.

The following slides outline some basic steps by which a

SCEP process could be developed, but each community

should customize them to suit their own circumstances.Diagrammatic SCEP. Note the integration of sun, wind, waste, and

polluting sources as energy sources in a single system.






< >

Step 1: Establish an Integrated Multidisciplinary Team

As previously noted, there is an energy aspect to every

facet of community behavior and operation. It follows that

a proper team would include representation from every

one of those aspects.

Identify the organizations and individuals who need to be

involved in SCEP creation and implementation such as

government agencies, utilities, local industry, planners,

architects, engineers, developers, contractors,

manufacturers, etc.

The team should be coordinated by a facilitator and

should also include project leaders and specialists as

well as all stakeholders. Stakeholders include anyone

who would affect or be affected by an energy plan,

including those who may have objections or concerns.






< >

Step 2: Create an Integrated Process

Because such a team could include a large number of people and

numerous interests, it must be structured and managed efficiently. The

most effective approach is called the integrated design process (IDP).

For more on IDP, the International Initiative for a Sustainable Built

Environment (iiSBE) produced a document titled “The Integrated

Design Process; History and Analysis.”

The IDP contrasts with a traditional, linear design process wherein one

design leader dictates to other specialists in that it uses numerous

feedback loops and simultaneous lateral dialogue between all parties.

While this process has traditionally been associated with green building

design, it is just as effective for any complex planning exercise. The

IDP has been repeatedly shown to produce the most innovative

integrated solutions and the most significant overall cost savings.

There are a number of online guidelines such as this one by the

International Energy Association, which details how this process works.

The image is of one IDP subteam, which is designing a

community energy system for the award-winning Benny

Farm Project. This group, which consisted of 14

stakeholders from three general groups, created a

community owned and operated geothermal-based

district system that dropped energy costs and

consumption by 50% and that paid for itself by savings

in a decade.




http://www.iisbe.org/system/files/private/IDP development - Larsson.pdf

http://task23.iea-shc.org/data/sites/1/publications/IDPGuide_print.pdf

http://www.loeuf.com/en/projects/benny-farm-green-energy-benny-farm/



< >

Sample Integrated Solution

Toronto had a problem: Zebra mussels, an invasive species, were

seriously clogging up the water intake for this city of three million.

The private and public sectors collaborated on a solution as follows:

• A private sector energy utility financed and built a three-pipe intake

out into the frigid lake and sunk it to a level where water

temperatures remain at 4˚C year round; the mussels cannot

survive at this temperature.

• This very cold water is also very clean.

• The city uses this water as its potable water source.

• The energy utility uses the coolth of this water (but not the water

itself) in a citywide district cooling system that eliminated the need

for numerous existing cooling towers.

• This one solution addressed multiple environmental issues, solved

a major problem for the city without their investment, made a profit

for the energy utility, and lowered costs for many major building

owners and operators.






< >

Step 3: Establish a Vision

The energy vison should be aligned with the broader community

vision. It serves to establish a common understanding amongst all

participants as to the energy direction being followed. A common

understanding from the very outset of the planning process is critical

to the success of SCEP. The visioning exercise should examine the

economics, social benefits, and the risks of inaction.

One example is this excerpt from the Lloyd District EcoDistrict plan,

which is described in detail later on:

Overall vision: “The Lloyd EcoDistrict is a place where businesses, residents,

government agencies, and nonprofits all share a vision: to build the most

sustainable living and working district in North America. This vision defines

sustainability as starting with a strong, vibrant, and growing local economy.”

Energy plan vision: “This Energy Action Plan is an example of our

commitment to find creative solutions regarding efficient energy consumption in

order to meet our goal of ‘no net increase’ (in the Lloyd district) in energy

use by 2035.”

The Lloyd district in Portland, Oregon






< >

Step 3: Establish a Vision

It is important to engage the public and use discussions to

define a timeline (20–30 years). From the broader vision,

use a process known as backcasting to build a detailed,

long-term plan and establish short-term actions:

• Develop a strategy of defined steps, targets, and

indicators

• Work with ever-increasing detail towards the present

day

• Review progress regularly (using indicators)

• Adapt and refine the plan, and

• Publicize the process and the plan.

Backcasting is a method of planning for the future by

working backwards from a desired future end-point to

determine current policies, targets, and actions. For

additional reading, see “The Essence of Backcasting” by

Karl H. Dreborg.




https://www.unifg.it/sites/default/files/allegatiparagrafo/07-07-2014/essence-of-backcasting_1996_futures.pdf



< >

Step 4: Assess Current and Future Energy Usage

Study and share an understanding of the existing situation. In

order to proceed, it is important to know where to start.

Collect and analyze data on:

• current energy use, supply, and distribution

• future sustainable sources (wind, earth, sun, water, building

stock, commercial operations, waste streams, etc.)

• local, state, regional, and utility policies, plans, projects, and

programs, and

• human and organizational resources.

The Department of Energy (DOE) has a tool called the CESP

Tool 4.1: Energy Data Calculation and Summary Tool, which

can assist.

U.S. DOE Public Domain via Wikimedia

A chart similar to this could be constructed to show local usage

patterns and history.




https://www.energy.gov/eere/wipo/downloads/cesp-tool-41-energy-data-calculation-and-summary-tool


https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:US_historical_energy_consumption.png



< >

Step 4: Assess Current and Future Energy Usage

Ask:

• What are the per capita energy use trends?

• Are these trends changing?

• What are the energy source trends and costs?

• Is the population increasing, decreasing, or stable?

• Is it aging?

• Will (or should) the development pattern of the

community change?

• Are major industrial energy users likely to

expand or contract or change their methods?

• Are any new major expansions or replacement of

municipal infrastructure planned? Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory: Public domain via Wikimedia





https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:LLNLUSEnergy2012.png



< >

Step 5: Set Targets, Indicators, and Goals

This step includes:

• developing clear and measurable goals

• identifying strategies for achieving goals

• integrating input from stakeholders

• publicizing goals and strategies

• determining the business-as-usual case

• calculating the technical and economic potential

• benchmarking against other communities, and

• consulting with the local community.

This is a benchmarking diagram for Whistler comparing it to other similar

communities.

Quantify the vision by using the baseline condition of the community to set targets and indicators predicated on a

combination of current technology and predicted advances, community capacity to achieve future targets, and the

community’s own environmental carrying capacity. Examples of potential goals include: municipal operations reducing

energy usage by X% within Y years, new energy supplies being “clean” (i.e., minimal or no pollution), and the

community becoming energy self-reliant in Z years.

Benchmarking can be a powerful tool and more information can be found in this article, “How Benchmarking Data Can

Help Cities Meet Climate Goals.”




https://rmi.org/benchmarking-data-can-help-cities-meet-climate-goals/



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Step 6: Identify and Prioritize Actions

Identify the programs and projects needed to realize SCEP:

• Look for lessons learned and best practices from other jurisdictions,

especially those with similar climate, energy prices, and

demographics.

• Ensure that they support SCEP goals.

• Be realistic.

• Identify policies, programs, and projects to consider.

• Rank ideas and projects against the triple-bottom-line and

community priorities as SCEP goals and strategies.

• Develop a schedule.

• Take into account community priorities and values, and

• Resolve all conflicts of interest.

An example of a tool used to rank ideas and prioritize actions, the EPA

has created CESP Tool 6.1: Sample Scoring Form for Prioritizing

Actions shown at right.




https://www.energy.gov/eere/wipo/downloads/cesp-tool-61-sample-scoring-form-prioritizing-actions



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Step 7: Develop a Financing Strategy

This step can overlap other steps and should begin early. The

availability and nature of financing opportunities can inform

energy assessment and the prioritization of actions. Plan to:

• identify opportunities to pay for actions within the plan; this

will increase the likelihood that they will actually be

implemented

• understand financial requirements for different types of

energy actions

• identify potential financing and funding sources

• design a suite of mechanisms for proposed SCEP actions,

and

• finalize financing strategy as a part of the implementation

process.






< >

Step 8: Implement the Plan and Monitor Progress

Plan to:

• integrate procedures for monitoring, evaluation, reporting, and updating into an

implementation strategy

• establish indicators* and collect data

• measure indicators on a regular basis to determine the effectiveness of programs

and projects

• modify programs and projects where necessary to achieve the desired end results,

and

• report to the community and celebrate successes.

*Indicators are tools that measure progress towards or away from goals, and they serve as the basis for setting targets,

e.g., per capita or total community energy usage.






< >

Step 9: Publish and Publicize Final SCEP

It is important that the full community be aware of the direction

that SCEP is taking and its implications on energy creation,

consumption, and distribution. Build a content outline and

skeleton of the plan while completing the later planning steps,

and at the same time, create a public engagement strategy.

After finalization of SCEP, a swift adoption and kick-off will

keep momentum going beyond initial implementation. Plan to

publicize the adoption and kick-off of SCEP.

Finally, use ongoing effective communication and public

relations strategies to keep SCEP visible.






< >

RECAP: SCEP embraces energy production, distribution, and security and community health and increasingly

focuses on energy conservation versus energy supply. SCEP must be integrated with SCP and in itself

leverage the benefits of a multidisciplinary integrated design process. There are now a number of tools that

can assist with the SCEP process.

REVIEW: Give some thought to the following review questions before moving on to the answers on the next

slide:

❑ Why is the IDP considered so successful a method to use in complex design processes?

❑ When should community engagement strategies be initiated and terminated?

?






< >

❑ The IDP facilitates the consideration of all points of view before irreversible decisions are made. It has

also proved to generate the most innovative solutions and to identify the most significant cost savings.

❑ Community engagement should be initiated at the beginning of the SCEP process, be part of every phase,

and continue past the formal launch of the plan with regular updates.

A






< >

Energy Demand and Supply Management






< >

Energy Demand Reduction Techniques

In the U.S., 30 times more energy has come from conservation

methods than from renewables since 1975.

Reducing usage has the immediate benefit of reducing costs.

This fact in particular can play a significant role in the

development and acceptance of effective energy demand

reduction strategies.

One of the more immediate and most cost-effective demand-

side energy management strategies that can be taken is to

persuade energy users to change their energy use behaviors.






< >

Energy Demand Reduction Techniques: Passive Strategies

No matter which technology is used to save or produce energy, it is always a priority to optimize the opportunity for the

integration of natural reduction strategies such as passive heating, natural cooling, windbreaks, and vegetation for

shading and lowering of surface temperatures. For instance, appropriate orientation, as illustrated earlier, benefits both

active and passive strategies.

These basics can be encouraged/rewarded/mandated through form-based codes, performance zoning, and specific site

plan ordinances. The Form Based Codes Institute is a good place to read further on this technique. This article, “Braving

the New World of Performance-Based Zoning,” provides further reading on zoning that is more interested in how

buildings relate to each other and shape the streetscape.




http://formbasedcodes.org/

https://www.citylab.com/equity/2014/08/braving-the-new-world-of-performance-based-zoning/375926/



< >

Passive Cooling Example

A B C

The new city of Masdar in Abu Dhabi illustrates how passive cooling strategies can be upscaled to a neighborhood or

municipal scale. This city A) is lifted above the desert to catch breezes, B) utilizes a large cooling tower to draw cool air

downward, and C) is composed of narrow, well-oriented streets that shade themselves and accelerate these breezes.

The practice of orienting and sizing streets to collect and accelerate breezes is ancient.




http://www.astroman.com.pl/img/magazyn/739/o/Masdar_City__6.jpg



< >

Energy Demand Reduction Techniques: Building Certification

Performance zoning, as noted earlier, is a tool with which a community can lower building energy needs by rewarding or

mandating certain building performance levels in zoning ordinances. In addition to the well-known LEED ® program, there

are other standards such as BREEAM, Green Globes, and ENERGY STAR® that can be referenced in such zoning.

There are also various building types that can be referenced, such as:

• net-zero energy (NZE) buildings that make their own energy. There are now hundreds of such buildings in the U.S.

• living buildings that produce their own energy and treat their own water and waste. The Living Future Institute covers

this topic thoroughly.

• passive house structures, described on the Passive House Institute website, which require 80–90% less energy to

operate. Cornell University will construct a 26-story building to this standard on Roosevelt Island in NYC, and

• net positive buildings that produce more energy than they need. The new Rocky Mountain Institute headquarters

building produces enough energy for itself as well as six electric cars.




https://living-future.org/lbc/

https://passivehouse.com/



< >


Other energy demand-side management (DSM) techniques include the following:

• Energy audits: Provide energy audits for houses, buildings, and industrial facilities to identify energy saving

opportunities. Subsidize cost of audits to increase uptake.

• Financial incentives: Set energy prices to encourage energy conservation or shifting energy use to off-peak periods.

Offer tax breaks or credits to encourage investment in energy efficiency measures and provide low-interest loans or

grants to homeowners, building owners, and industrial operations to reduce the cost of energy efficiency

improvements.

• Technical support: Provide or subsidize energy engineering consulting services for all sectors.

• Building codes: Implement or strengthen energy efficiency codes for new construction and major renovation.

• Energy labeling: Rate, label, and publicize the energy efficiency of houses, buildings, appliances, and equipment.

• Utility regulation: Mandate that energy service providers must achieve certain targets for energy efficiency.

Disconnect utility profits from increased sales of energy.

• Improved generation and distribution: Seek gains in efficiency in the generation, transmission, and local

distribution of electricity. At least 7% of generated electricity is lost during long-distance transmission; local production

reduces this loss.






< >


DSM techniques also include:

• public awareness campaigns

• education programs in schools (children learn easily and influence their

parents’ behavior)

• free advice on low-cost/no-cost reduction techniques

• pricing energy at its true cost of production (removing subsidies)

• informing people about the cost savings and other benefits

• real-time feedback on actual energy consumption. A power cost monitor

is an affordable device that can be attached to an existing electrical

power meter to allow the homeowner to monitor their energy

consumption in real time. This not only raises awareness of energy use

and its costs, it also allows the homeowner to shut down unnecessary

energy uses.

• grants and loans for part or all of a package of energy efficiency

measures, and

• online quizzes.






< >

Energy Demand Reduction Techniques: District Energy Systems

District energy systems are used in many countries and cities and have

proved to be a most efficient method of distributing the energy needs in a

community. When the central plant generates heating and/or cooling, hot

water, and electricity in one operation (cogeneration) or trigeneration (also

called combined cooling, heat, and power or CCHP), the efficiency is

raised even further.

Utilization of “waste” heat through cogeneration can create a system

efficiency of up to 89%, whereas generating electricity from fossil fuels

has an efficiency of just 30% to 40%. Residential developments must be

at least 30 dwellings per hectare (12 UPA) to be suitable for a district

energy distribution system.

A senior and family housing high-rise in a mixed-use complex for 10,000

in Toronto, Ontario, was designed to house a district energy system,

which provides 30 MW of heating, 4,500 tons of cooling, and electricity to

50 buildings and which has the ability to incorporate a variety of energy

sources.






< >

Energy Demand Reduction Techniques: Thermal Imagery

Vancouver, Canada, where 31% of all GHG emissions come from

energy leaks in detached homes, recently launched a Thermal Imaging

Pilot Program to raise awareness regarding energy loss and the need

for, and viability of, retrofit.

Low-detail thermal images of detached homes were collected in four

neighborhoods, and free thermal images were then mailed to the

approximately 3,000 homes with the greatest opportunity for energy

savings with the aim of encouraging homeowners to make energy-

focused retrofits.

The images were explained as follows:

“A thermal image is a picture of the heat that comes off of an object—the bright

yellow shows heat; the dark blue shows cool areas of a home. The information

gained from a thermal image can help you pinpoint insulation, moisture, and air

leakage issues so you can plan for upgrades wisely. The insight from this pilot will

help us determine whether to roll out the project citywide.”




https://vancouver.ca/green-vancouver/thermal-imaging.aspx



< >

Energy Demand Reduction Techniques: Home Energy Scores

In addition to the traditional methods, major real estate platforms

now feature energy data in their listings; an increasing number of

prominent online real estate platforms now have an energy or utility

score. Purchasers can find out the expected energy use of any home

in the U.S. before they buy. This immediately and drastically scales

up the availability of total cost of homeownership (of which about

25% is for utilities) estimates on every single-family home.

Integrating energy data into listings is one critical step toward

unlocking the residential home energy performance and improving

the energy market nationwide. It raises energy usage and cost to the

level of mortgage payments as a consideration for home purchase.

81% of people who expect to buy a new home in the next two years

say higher energy efficiency would cause them to choose one home

over another. This creation of visible value should extend to

conversations with real estate agents whose education and training

can be part of an energy management strategy. An example of a utility score from myutilityscore.com.




https://www.myutilityscore.com/



< >

Energy Demand Reduction Techniques: Home Energy Scores

The City of Portland home energy score ordinance took effect on

January 1, 2018. It requires sellers of single-family homes to disclose a

home energy report and score at time of listing.

As described by Portland, “this new policy will require people publicly

selling single-family homes to obtain a home energy report (which

includes a home energy score) from an authorized home energy

assessor. Complying with the policy takes two simple steps: getting the

home energy score and showing the home energy score in any listing

or public posting about the house.”

Berkeley, California, has a similar ordinance in place.

Home energy assessments range in price from $150 to $250, take

about an hour, and include 70 pieces of information on building

components such as insulation, windows, and appliances.

Mark Moz: CC BY-SA 2.0 via Flickr




https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/

https://www.flickr.com/photos/106574022@N04/11415768915



< >

Energy Demand Reduction Techniques: Financing

Publicizing and utilizing assistive financial tools is a significant aspect of energy demand reduction management and

leads to greater uptake of any program.

Government entities are finding new ways to account for the value of energy performance, typically with niche market

products like the Fannie May renovation mortgage or the Federal Housing Administration’s (FHA’s) Energy Efficient

Mortgage.

The 2016 National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) survey reaffirmed that energy-saving features in a newly

constructed home have risen to the top of mind for buyers, who are willing to spend “on average, an additional $10,732

on the up-front price of a home to save on utility costs.” This is a significant change in priorities from the era where a hot

tub or swimming pool was usually chosen over energy upgrades.




https://www.fanniemae.com/content/fact_sheet/homestyle-renovation-product-matrix.pdf

https://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/bldrs_lenders_raters/EEM_Fact_Sheet.pdf



< >


Local governments are also expanding the applicability of residential property

assessed clean energy (R-PACE) financing, which is a special application that

has already financed energy efficiency retrofits in over 158,000 homes in

California, Florida, and Missouri.

R-PACE can also deliver new net-zero energy (NZE) homes at no additional up-

front cost, while also offering their homeowners $1,635 in average energy savings

year-on-year. Net-zero buildings have experienced a boom in popularity recently.

A report from the New Buildings Institute states that “the count of NZE buildings

across the United States and Canada has increased by 700% since 2010, and

encompasses 45 million square feet of commercial building space.”

With a potential incremental market opportunity of over $33 billion by 2037, NZE

residences offer favorable outcomes to homeowners and real estate developers,

while also benefitting the economy and the environment. Leading states and

cities have an opportunity to invest in scaling NZE development by enabling R-

PACE for new construction.Mattgrocoff: CC BY-SA 3,0 via Wikimedia Commons





https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:America's_Oldest_Net_Zero_Energy_Home_color_corrected_Grocoff.jpg



< >


This 70,000-square-foot, 44-unit condo and theater building was the first

building in Canada to use a Green Loan™ to leverage life cycle operating cost

savings from energy efficiency in order to invest in cost-saving green

technologies and design approaches.

The project was built to LEED Platinum® standards, and this resulted in a 5%

construction cost increase. (Orienting the building properly was the most

effective energy demand management principle used.) This amount was

financed by a separate loan, and the reduction in operating costs more than

compensated for the cost of this loan.

When residents first moved in, the total cost was the same as other buildings in

this area, but once the loan was quickly paid off, total costs dropped

dramatically and have remained low permanently. Other projects have since

used a similar approach.

LEED® is the preeminent program for the design, construction, maintenance, and operations of high-performance green buildings.






< >


Net-zero leases

Boulder Commons, a 100,000-square-foot commercial building, utilized solar photovoltaics, daylighting, and energy-

efficient design to become a net-zero building.

More importantly, perhaps, is its use of the one-of-a-kind net-zero lease, which helps the developer control and recoup

any costs for energy systems. This lease allocates a budget for factors such as energy use or transportation that could

make or break the development’s ability to meet energy demands through on-site renewable energy sources (in this

case, a 596 kW PV system) on an annual basis.

Tenants are incentivized to stay within its plug load energy budget of 7 kBtu/ft2. If they exceed this budget, they will be

charged a fee to offset this overage with renewable energy certificates (RECs) and be required to meet with the landlord

to discuss ways to more proactively manage energy use. This establishes a win-win scenario because tenants have full

control over how this energy budget is allocated and managed through plug loads, and the developer can more

accurately size its PV system because it knows what types of loads to expect.






< >


Community choice energy programs (CCEs)

CCEs allow the community to choose its energy supplier, often offering electricity with significantly more renewables at a

competitive price. CCEs can also support communities going carbon zero, provide local jobs, and increase resilience.

Almost all of the cities and counties in the San Francisco area either have already started, have joined, or are planning

on creating community choice energy programs.

Examples include the following:

• Marin Clean Energy’s microgrid program helped Marin College partner with Tesla.

• Sonoma Clean Power actively promotes electric vehicles.

• Lancaster Choice Energy (LCE) helped Antelope Valley Transit transition to a 100% electric bus fleet.




http://www.govtech.com/education/higher-ed/California-Community-College-Partners-with-Tesla-on-Solar-Energy-Storage.html

https://emotorwerks.com/about/enewsso/press-releases/285-prsonoma

http://www.lancasterchoiceenergy.com/2017/09/07/state-senate-designates-city-lancaster-alternative-energy-research-center-excellence-state-california/



< >


Revolving climate funds

The Toronto Atmospheric Fund (TAF) was established in 1991 with a $23 million

endowment from the sale of a city-owned property. Council created this unique agency

to finance local initiatives to combat global warming and improve air quality in Toronto.

The TAF is a nonprofit corporation that manages the endowment and uses their

investment revenue to pursue and find projects.

TAF has supported numerous major commercial energy retrofits and new construction

projects (it also has a green condo loan program), home renovation projects, transit

projects, climate change research, and benchmarking projects.

Similar funds include the New York City Energy Efficiency Corporation (NYCEEC),

the London Green Fund (LGF), the Sustainable Melbourne Fund (SMF), and

the Renew Boston Trust.

Taxiarchos228 Free Documentation License

via Wikimedia




http://www.taf.ca/

https://www.nyceec.com/

https://www.london.gov.uk/what-we-do/funding/european-regional-development-fund/london-green-fund

http://sustainablemelbournefund.com.au/

https://www.boston.gov/environment-and-energy/renew-boston-trust

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Free_Documentation_License

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Toronto_-_ON_-_First_Canadian_Place.jpg



< >


There are a number of other financial mechanisms available including direct subsidy programs for solar technology, and

co-op purchasing groups who negotiate lower pricing for multiple installations.

The article “5 Ways that City-Focused Climate Funds Drive Building Energy Efficiency” by RMI describes more about the

barriers to financing, the benefits to a community, and various options.

The U.S. DOE also supplies a lot of information on the numerous green financing options available.




https://rmi.org/5-ways-city-focused-climate-funds-drive-building-energy-efficiency/

https://betterbuildingssolutioncenter.energy.gov/financing-navigator/explore



< >

Energy Supply Management: Prioritizing Renewables

PV and wind are the best known sources of

renewable energy, but any energy supply

management strategy should examine a wide range

of possibilities, especially those that may be unique to

a specific context (tidal power, geothermal sources,

etc.).

Selection should prioritize those sources whose

usage would have a further community benefit such

as reducing waste or emissions and those

approaches that are the most cost effective (see

adjacent chart).

PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING & NATURAL COOLING

ENERGY CONSERVATION / ENERGY EFFICIENCY

WASTE NORMALLY REQUIRING

TREATMENT USED AS A FUEL

ENERGY NORMALLY

RELEASED INTO THE ENVIRONMET

SOLAR THERMAL

RENEWABLE

ELECTRIC

Increasing

Cost

Increasing

Cost






< >

Energy Supply Management: Prioritizing Renewables

RETScreen: A renewable energy technology

screening tool

RETScreen is a Clean Energy Management

Software system for energy efficiency, renewable

energy, and cogeneration project feasibility analysis

and ongoing energy performance analysis developed

by the Canadian government.

This tool provides the initial evaluation of the technical

and financial viability of renewable energy technologies

for a specific location.

This tool may be downloaded for free at:

http://www.retscreen.net/.




http://www.retscreen.net/



< >

Energy Supply Management: Renewable Energy Types

Approximately half of the global energy supply is expected to be from renewables in 2040. The most significant

development in renewable energy production is predicted to be in PV between 2001 and 2040. PV systems and wind

energy are technologies with annual growth rates of more than 30% during recent years, and they will become more

significant in the future. PV, which grew by over 50% in 2016 alone, is expected to become the largest renewable

electricity source with a production of 25.1% of global power generation in 2040.

Biomass is the most used renewable energy (heat and power) source now and is expected to be in the future.

The potential of sustainable large hydro is quite limited to some regions in the world. The potential for small hydro (< 10

MW power) is still significant and will be more significant in the future. Geothermal and solar thermal sources will also

become more important energy sources for the future.

There are an increasing number of installations that capture tidal and wave energy for some coastal communities. The

following slides illustrate some of the more commonly available renewable energy sources.

Please remember the exam password TRANSITION. You will be required to enter it in order to proceed with the

online examination.






< >

Energy Supply Management: Waste-to-Energy Gasification

Plasco conversion technologies convert postrecycling municipal solid waste into electricity through a unique, energy-

efficient gasification process. Waste is not incinerated and no landfill is required.






< >

Energy Supply Management: Waste-to-Energy Incineration

According to their website,

The Wheelabrator Baltimore energy-from-waste facility uses up to

2,250 tons of postrecycled everyday waste from Baltimore area

homes and businesses as a local, sustainable fuel to generate as

much as 65 MW of clean, renewable electricity for sale to the local

utility—the equivalent of supplying the electrical needs of 40,000

Maryland homes as well as its own operations.

In addition to providing the power for Baltimore area homes, the plant

also provides steam to the downtown district heating loop, which

serves more than 230 businesses including the M&T Bank Stadium. It

uses local waste as fuel to create a local energy ecosystem that

recycles metals, provides power, reduces the need for landfill, and

lowers CO2 emissions.

Mike MC Caffery: CC BY SA-2.0 via Wikimedia




https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/deed.en

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Baltimoresmoke.jpg



< >

Energy Supply Management: Capture Normally Lost Energy

Recover heat from cooling water used for power plants, chillers, or industrial

applications. Heat captured from the refrigeration systems for ice rinks is often

used to heat adjacent swimming pools in community recreation centers.

Utilizing gas that is normally flared is also another energy recovery option.






< >

Energy Supply Management: Landfill Gas

Decomposing waste in landfills produces landfill gas, a

mixture of about half methane and half carbon dioxide.

Methane is generally felt to be at least 20 times more

effective in trapping heat in the atmosphere than carbon

dioxide over a 100-year period.

Sources of methane include human-influenced sources such

as landfills, natural gas and petroleum systems, agricultural

activities, coal mining, stationary and mobile combustion,

wastewater treatment, and certain industrial process.

Landfills are the third largest source of human-

made methane emissions in the United States. The gas can

be sold off-site and sent into natural gas pipelines.

USA EPA: Public domain via Wikimedia





https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Landfill_gas_collection_system.JPG



< >

Landfill Gas Example

In Delta, British Columbia, methane is purchased by a private utility, and piped 3.5

miles from a landfill to a 70-acre greenhouse where the greenhouse uses the gas to

run a cogenerator to produce the heat needed to raise tomatoes. It only needs the

heat, so it then sells the electricity to the grid.

This reduces their fossil fuel use (and cost) by 20%, nets $150K/year to Vancouver

(landfill owner), produces $80–$110K/year in taxes to Delta (local municipality),

creates electricity for 7,000 homes at a lower cost, and reduces CO2 emissions by

the equivalent of 200,000 tons.






< >

Energy Supply Management: Biomass

At the end of 2016, there was a global installation of 800 GW

of energy sources based on biomass sources. (The total

energy output of China, the largest energy consumer, is

1800GW.) Biomass is any previously living organic matter, and

it comes in a number of different forms.

Sources include wood waste (dead trees, old shipping pallets,

sawdust, wood chips, wood pellets), plant matter from

agricultural processes, municipal waste, algae, etc.

Sometimes the material is converted to another fuel such as

ethanol, and sometimes it is used directly as fuel itself.

In the small, remote community of Oujé-Bougoumou, Quebec,

“waste” sawdust from a nearby sawmill has been used as fuel

for decades in a central biomass plant that produces heat and

hot water and delivers it through a district energy system to the

entire community.






< >

Energy Supply Management: Geothermal Systems

The earth maintains a constant temperature of 10.0˚C (50.0˚F) below the

frost line, and this heat can be extracted by a heat pump for building

heating and commercial uses. Geothermal systems are usually also

used for cooling by reversing the pump during the summer to replace the

heat drawn from the ground during the winter.

Geothermal systems use a series of coils laid horizontally or vertically to

extract the heat. The systems can also use well or lake water as a heat

source.

They can be scaled for single homes as shown, multiple building

complexes, neighborhoods, or full communities.






< >

Energy Supply Management: Geothermal Systems

The viability of geothermal energy is further enhanced when

hot springs are available.

Iceland is perhaps the most well-known for its ability to

capitalize on hot springs, but they exist in many places

including New Zealand, Antarctica, Kenya, the U.S., and the

Yukon.

The Yukon Geothermal Opportunities and Applications Report

describes how the potential of district geothermal systems

utilizing hot springs was analyzed for the Yukon and supplies

some case studies for specific small and remote communities.

There are many places in the U.S. that have hot springs.

Geothermal heat can be utilized for greenhouses and thus

enhance the possibility of year-round fresh vegetables in

climates with an extremely short growing season.

Gujer: CC BY SA 2.0 via Flickr

Haines Junction, Yukon, pop. 800,

uses a community-scale geothermal

hot spring system for the entire

community. This reduces fossil fuel use

by 90%. The municipality sells the heat

at a profit, but residents still save 25%.

In a climate where fuel delivery by

truck can be interrupted by severe

weather, this system remains 100%

reliable.




http://www.energy.gov.yk.ca/pdf/Yukon-Geothermal-Opportunities-and-Applications-Report.pdf

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/

https://www.flickr.com/photos/gusjer/10221796084



< >

Energy Supply Management: Abandoned Mines

Geothermal approaches also include using empty mines for

heat and energy storage. Some mine tunnels and shafts are

filling with water heated as high as 50˚C (122˚F).

The Journal of Energy Sources reports that “flooded former

coal mines in Springhill, Nova Scotia, contain about

4,000,000 m3 of water, which circulates by convection and

may be recovered at the surface at a temperature of about

18˚C (65˚F). The heat in the water is derived from the normal

heat of the rocks, and the contribution from chemical heating

is negligible. Water is pumped from the mines to act as the

primary input to heat pumps for heating and cooling industrial

buildings.”

Other approaches cogenerate and store PV and wind energy

on abandoned mine sites. “Sunshine for Mines: A Second

Life for Legacy Mining Sites” provides more information on

this topic.

RobNS: Public domain via Wikimedia Commons




https://d231jw5ce53gcq.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/RMI_SecondLifeLegacyMiningSites.pdf


https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Springhill_Mine_3.jpg



< >

Energy Supply Management: Active Solar Technologies

Solar Hot Water: This can provide 30% to 100% of domestic hot water

requirements depending on the climate and water usage.

The installation uses commonly available skills in the construction industry, and

most important, the source of energy is locally provided and free.

Photovoltaics: PV arrays come in many sizes and can also supply 100% of

electrical needs.

PV cells can also be integrated into glazing, roofing, and building cladding.

Solar shingles that generate electricity are also now available.






< >

RECAP: There are many demand-side management techniques available, and they should be applied prior to

the selection of supply-side solutions. There are also many sources of renewable energy supply, and they

should be examined thoroughly in every context and implemented according to their local viability. There are

currently a number of financing options for the implementation of renewable energy systems.

REVIEW: Give some thought to the following review questions before moving on to the answers on the next

slide:

❑ Name and briefly describe two renewable energy financing options.

❑ Why are energy demand reduction techniques so effective?

?






< >

❑ The R-PACE program can deliver new net-zero energy homes (NZE) at no additional up-front cost, and

CCEs allow the community to choose its energy supplier and often offer electricity with significantly more

renewables at a competitive price. Other options include net-zero leases or any of the revolving climate

funds listed on slide 87.

❑ Energy demand reduction results in immediate cost savings through less energy needed, and the savings

act as impetus for further action. As evidence, demand reduction has “produced” 30 times more energy

than renewables since 1975.

A






< >

Sample Plans and Projects






< >

Arlington, Virginia, SCEP

In 2010, Arlington, Virginia, began the creation of a community

energy plan. From the beginning, this plan was to address

economic competitiveness, energy supply and security, and

environmental commitment.

They discovered by analyzing their energy use and efficiencies

that two-thirds of their energy used was electricity, most of it

was generated by external sources, and 65% was wasted in

generation and transmission. This made the community

vulnerable to grid failure and price volatility.

Arlington County: CC BY SA 2.0 via Wikimedia





https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arlington_County_-_Virginia_-_2.jpg



< >


As stated in the plan, their vision was to become a sustainable community and rethink the way they use, generate, and

distribute energy.

SCEP was to mitigate risks by improving the reliability of energy sources by localizing energy generation, reducing price

volatility and the long-term cost of energy through efficiency and diversification, and reducing the environmental impact

of energy.

The plan purposes were to:

• define the energy goals and describe the energy policies to help Arlington remain economically competitive and

environmentally committed, and have secure energy sources, and

• set a carbon emissions target of 3.0 metric tons (mt) of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) emissions per capita per

year by 2050, to match current emissions in cities such as Copenhagen.

The plan is organized around goals, policies, strategies, and tools.






< >

Arlington, Virginia, SCEP: Goal Areas and Supporting Policies

GOAL AREA POLICY

Buildings

Increase the energy and operational efficiency of all buildings. Policy 1 (P1.1): By 2050, residential buildings should use 55% less energy on average (per square

foot) as compared to 2007 levels of energy use (63 kBTU per square foot). Milestones include: 2020:

5% less on average than 2007 levels, 2030: 25% less on average than 2007 levels, 2040: 40% less on

average than 2007 levels.

District Energy

Increase local energy supply and distribution efficiency in Arlington

using district energy.

Policy 1 (P2.1): Facilitate the installation and use of district energy in areas with the highest probability

for district energy (DE). Have at least 450 megawatts (MW) of district energy and 104 MW of combined

heat and power (CHP) by 2050.

Renewables

Increase locally generated energy supply through the use of

renewable energy options.

Policy 1 (P3.1): Become a solar leader with installation and use of 160 megawatts (MW) of solar

electricity by 2050.

Transportation

Refine and expand transportation infrastructure and operations

enhancements.

Policy 1 (P4.1): Reduce the amount of carbon produced from transportation to 1.0 mt CO2e/capita/year

by 2050. Milestones include (vs. 3.7 mt in 2007): 2020: 2.7 mt CO2e/capita/year; 2030: 2.0 mt

CO2e/capita/year; 2040: 1.7 mt CO2e/capita/year.

Supportive goal areas: Government activities: Integrate CEP goals into all county government activities.

Education and human behavior: Advocate and support personal action through behavior changes and effective education.

Source: Arlington Community Energy Plan, pp. 10, 12-15




https://arlingtonva.s3.dualstack.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/08/Arlingtons-Community-Energy-Plan.pdf



< >

Arlington, Virginia, SCEP: Perceived Benefits

Economic competitiveness:

• SCEP can improve economic competitiveness at the local level in several ways, with improved energy efficiency

results lowering utility bills and other benefits to building owners and homeowners.

• Energy efficiency creates new jobs. Every $1 million invested in building energy efficiency improvements supports

approximately 20 jobs.

• Energy efficiency supports economic growth by generating savings.

Environmental commitment:

• Energy efficiency is the cheapest, fastest, and cleanest way to reduce greenhouse gas pollution in the near term.

• Reducing energy usage means cleaner local air, making Arlington a healthier, more pleasant place to live and work.

Energy security:

• Energy efficiency measures can improve the reliability of a local electric system by lowering peak demand and

reducing the need for additional generation.

• District energy (DE) and combined heat and power (CHP) improve energy security by generating electricity, heating,

and cooling locally, thus taxing the electric grid less.

• Renewable energy, especially solar PV, helps flatten the demand on the electric grid.






< >


The full Arlington Community Energy Plan is available online.







< >

Lloyd EcoDistrict Energy Action Plan

The idea for Portland’s Lloyd EcoDistrict emerged in 2009. Their vision is “to be the most sustainable neighborhood in

North America.” In 2014, they created the Lloyd EcoDistrict Energy Action Plan (EAP) with the vision of no net increase

in energy use in Lloyd over the next 20 years. The district consumes approximately 975,000 million BTUs of energy

annually based on 11.5 million square feet of existing buildings, and the objective is to not exceed this energy use even

though an additional 22 million square feet of new building is planned over the next 25 years.

Cacophony: CC BY SA 2.5 via Wikimedia





https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:LloydDistrictPano.jpg



< >


The action plan is a short-term plan of 15 projects to be undertaken in five years. It is a comprehensive energy efficiency

implementation plan focused on achieving EcoDistrict goals and building EcoDistrict value while stimulating local

economic development in the Lloyd EcoDistrict and the City of Portland.

The objective of the plan is to identify implementable actions to help achieve the “no net increase energy goal of the

Lloyd EcoDistrict by 2035.”

The actions focus on reducing energy use in existing buildings, which will be upgraded to reduce energy use by 33%,

and the creation of energy with renewable energy sources. On-site and off-site renewable energy systems will generate

energy equivalent to 20% of EcoDistrict energy use.

All new buildings in the Lloyd EcoDistrict will align with the City of Portland’s green building policy that targets new

building energy efficiency at 15% below projected Oregon energy code.






< >


The five-year goal is to reduce energy usage by 10%.

This goal is supported by four key strategies:

1. New building energy efficiency: All new building

energy use will align with Portland green building

policy.

2. Existing building energy efficiency: Existing building

energy use will be reduced by 33%.

3. Renewable energy: 300,000 square feet of solar PV

will be installed.

4. District energy: Produce 10% of the total energy

used within the City/Multnomah County from on-site

renewable sources and clean district energy systems

by 2030.

The strategies are supported by very specific projects for

a number of key buildings (adjacent list), and each

project has its own agenda, priorities, targets, etc.

ECODISTRICT PROJECTS

Action #1 - New Building EUI (Energy Use Intensity)

Action #2 - Lloyd 700 Building

Action #3 - Legacy Research Institute

Action #4 - Oregon Convention Center (OCC)

Action #5 - East West College

Action #6 - Calaroga Terrace

Action #7 - Red Lion Inn

Action #8 - OCC Solar PV

Action #9 - Additional Solar PV

Action #10 - OCC / Convention Center Hotel District Energy

Excerpt from the Lloyd EcoDistrict Energy Action Plan






< >


The plan also contains five catalyst actions that are designed to further

accelerate energy efficiency efforts across the district.

These catalyzers are a mix of demonstration pilot projects to provide proof-

of-concept tests of EcoDistrict-scale project delivery, and information-

sharing efforts between EcoDistrict members to provide education and

knowledge as well as to monitor and track progress toward goals.

These projects, as noted in the plan, are listed to the right.

CATALYST ACTIONS

Action #11 - Energy Efficiency Working Group

Action #12 - Existing Building Energy Protocol

Action #13 - Energy Benchmarking & Monitoring

Action #14 - Bulk Purchase Demonstration Pilot

Action #15 - Preferred Solar Provider






< >


One Goal, Five Years, Fifteen Actions, the full

Lloyd EcoDistrict Energy Action Plan, is

available online. In addition, an update to the

plan is available.




http://www.ecolloyd.org/wordpress/assets/Lloyd-Energy-Action-Plan-FINAL-lowres-02-28-14.pdf



< >

Saint Lucia Transition to Renewable Energy

Saint Lucia’s electricity, like that of many Caribbean countries,

is currently generated almost exclusively from imported diesel

fuel, leaving it vulnerable to a costly and volatile energy source.

As excerpted from the report by RMI, their energy consultants:

In 2016, Saint Lucia Electricity Services Limited (LUCELEC)

and the Government of Saint Lucia together developed the

national energy transition strategy (NETS). The NETS is an

energy transition action plan informed by independent,

technical analysis that paves the road for a sustainable,

reliable, cost-effective, and equitable electricity sector using

the island’s local resources. This process, independent of

any particular technology, yielded a detailed 20-year

strategy as well as a suite of optimal near-term projects.






< >


The report also states that:

The three primary goals of the NETS, listed in order of importance as

agreed on by LUCELEC and the Government of Saint Lucia, were to:

• maintain or improve reliability

• improve cost containment, and

• increase energy independence (including environmental

protection).

Based on the goals, the most important questions were:

1. Would electricity generation from any portfolios of new generation

assets in Saint Lucia be more cost-effective than current diesel

generation?

2. What resource combination provides the best value to the people of

Saint Lucia?

3. What are the impacts on rates?

4. Who should own any new assets?

5. Are there alternative regulations that can create new economic

opportunities?






< >


To inform the NETS, the parties created an integrated resource

plan (IRP). IRPs assess supply-side and demand-side options

and select a set of resources that meet expected electrical

demands in the most cost-effective manner.

Following data gathering and baseline setting, the NETS then

implemented this analysis process:

• generation and collection of ideas

• development of initial scenarios

• refinement and down-selection of scenarios, and

• deep investigation on final scenarios.

The process also included load forecasting, demand- and

supply-side modelling, energy optimization, load transmission

studies, and the development of a utility business model.

KEY FINDINGS OF THE NETS INCLUDE:

• The least-cost portfolio investments would

reduce diesel expenditures by 42% and

carbon emissions by 40% by the year 2025.

Alternative optimal scenarios further reduce

imported fossil fuels by including geothermal

energy if secured at the right power purchase

agreement (PPA) price point.

• Existing diesel generation should continue to

play a role to meet reserve requirements and

maintain system reliability.

• A higher degree of utility ownership leads to

lower customer rates, and

• Energy efficiency is a low-cost resource and

the optimal route to minimize system costs

once enabling policy is in place.






< >


The project analysis concluded:

The scenario offering the greatest economic benefit to Saint Lucia consists of up

to 31 MW of solar photovoltaics,12 MW of wind capacity (owned by LUCELEC),

14 MWh of storage (providing a maximum of 42 MW of instantaneous power),

and energy efficiency displacing 11% of the load by 2025. Because geothermal

development is in a preliminary stage, it is too early to definitively conclude

whether geothermal plays a role in the least-cost optimal scenario.

The scenario includes an energy efficiency program targeting lighting,

refrigeration, air conditioning, and water heating (to save 0.5% per year, growing

to 11% of annual sales by 2024) and existing diesel generators for flexibility

(with no need to replace three diesel generators slated for retirement by 2019).

This is the least-cost portfolio, and achieves approximately 40% renewable energy penetration. Adding a geothermal

plant of 30 MW presents savings compared to the continued use of diesel fuel, and offers the potential to reach over

75% renewable energy penetration by 2025. Due to the falling prices of these technologies, NETS recommended

LUCELEC pursue solar PV and storage in its five-year plan, regardless of the outcome of geothermal exploration.






< >


Project results and findings were also reported:

• Opportunities were identified to improve the Saint Lucia electricity supply while reducing the total operating cost.

• Energy efficiency and energy storage would play an increasing role in the evolving grid because solar and wind are

unpredictable.

• Energy efficiency is the cheapest route to a least-cost solution and is competitive with diesel at almost all feasible oil

prices, competing at costs as low as $5 per barrel.

• Investments in alternative generation also have additional benefits such as climate change mitigation.

• LUCELEC will remain financially viable once the energy transition business model is adopted.






< >


RMI published this case study for Developing the

Saint Lucia Energy Road Map.




https://www.rmi.org/insight/saint-lucia-case-study/

https://www.rmi.org/insights/reports/saint-lucia-case-study/



< >

Honolulu District Cooling

Honolulu, Hawaii, is planning to create a 25,000-ton (12.5 million square feet of air conditioned area), seawater-based air

conditioning district cooling system for downtown commercial and residential properties.






< >

Honolulu Seawater Air Conditioning (HSWAC): How It Will Work

HSWAC documents are quoted here to describe a typical system as follows:

1. Cold (44°F–45°F), deep seawater from more than 1,700 feet below sea level is pumped through an intake

pipeline located more than four miles off the Kakaako shoreline to a cooling station on shore.

2. The cold seawater is passed through a heat exchanger at the cooling station, which transfers the coldness or

coolth to freshwater that circulates in a closed loop pipeline system (district cooling). This chilled water (air

conditioning service) is then provided to customer buildings. The heat exchangers ensure that seawater and

the freshwater delivered to the buildings never mix. Chillers in the cooling station supplement the cooling

provided by the cold water to maintain a consistent 44°F for the chilled water distributed to customers’

buildings.

3. The chilled freshwater is provided to customer buildings through underground pipes that are connected to

each building’s existing chilled water air conditioning system.

4. The slightly warmed seawater is returned in an environmentally safe manner back to the ocean and released

through a diffuser located at a depth of 120 to 150 feet.






< >

Honolulu District Cooling: What It Will Accomplish

The system will:

• reduce Hawaii’s dependency on imported oil* and

conserve up to 178,000 barrels of oil/year

• save more than 77 million kWh/year

• minimize greenhouse gas emissions by avoiding

approximately 84,000 tons of carbon dioxide/year (this

equals emissions from 15,000 cars)

• decrease potable water usage by more than 260

million gallons/year

• cut down sewage discharge by up to 84 million

gallons/year

• reduce building operating costs, and

• when installed, allow the concrete anchor collars on

the submerged pipe to provide a habitat for coral and

fish.

*Reducing the reliance on imported oil is especially important for islands such

as Hawaii and Saint Lucia, since it reduces their vulnerability to international

politics, availability of supply, delivery interruptions, price spikes, etc.






< >

Seawater (or Lakewater) Cooling

Below is a list of other places where a similar technology has been implemented at the building or district scale. Note

how this technology is being employed in nordic, temperate, and tropical weather contexts. It can be employed at both

district and building scales.

• Cornell University

• Kona, Hawaii

• Stockholm, Sweden

• Amsterdam, Netherlands

• Toronto, Ontario

• Halifax, Nova Scotia

• Hong Kong

• Bora Bora and Tetiaroa, French Polynesia

• Hamina, Finland

• Copenhagen, Denmark






< >

Babcock Ranch, Florida

Babcock Ranch is a new town being designed for an

eventual population of 50,000 Florida residents that

has been billed as the first solar-powered town in

America.

Their 440-acre solar energy center, which is north of

the town itself, can generate 74.5 megawatts of solar

electricity. The land for the energy center was

donated by the development, but it is now owned by

the utility, Florida Power and Light (FPL). It

incorporates over 300,000 solar panels and will

provide power to the entire town of Babcock and

surrounding areas. It is expected to generate more

renewable energy than the new town will ever

consume.




https://www.babcockranch.com/about-us/vision/



< >


A single, large-scale array such as this is very different

from the approaches used in Vauban, Germany,

(illustrated earlier) where residential buildings were all

aligned to face south to support rooftop PV arrays, and

the Drake Landing solar community, which generates

solar heat on south-facing rooftops for storage

underground.

These examples demonstrate that each approach for

renewables must be designed to suit its own context.






< >


Additional PV panels are intended to be installed on commercial

rooftops, and residents are free to add further solar technologies

to their own homes.

All of the 18,000 residences, of which 1,000 have been

completed as of the end of 2017, must acquire a bronze standard

of certification or higher from the Florida Green Building

Coalition.

Solar energy is just one aspect of the overall Babcock

sustainable community plan, which addresses a comprehensive

range of issues including land use and preservation, green

infrastructure, energy conservation, food production,

transportation, and water usage.

Kitson and Partners: CC BY SA 2.0 via Flickr




https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/

https://www.flickr.com/photos/babcockranch/5372636735/in/photostream/



< >

RECAP: Communities around the world are developing SCEP to suit their specific context. While plans vary in

response to this context, there are a number of shared principles upon which they are based. One is that

improving energy efficiency is key to every approach.

REVIEW: Give some thought to the following review questions.

❑ Using these plans and the examples in the previous chapter for inspiration, what do you feel would be the

key elements for SCEP in your area?

❑ Are there a number of inefficient buildings? Is there a good wind regime? Is there good annual solar

access? Is the community currently aware of the cost of energy and the renewable energy options? Are

there any specific renewable options that are unique to your community? What might be the economic

benefits?.

?






< >

Summary and Resources






< >

Summary

The creation, distribution, and consumption of electrical energy is transitioning towards the establishment of more

resilient, efficient, and sustainable; cleaner; and lower-cost energy systems. Community energy stakeholders and

planners can benefit greatly by following these global trends in the planning of local systems. Concerns about the

changing climate are driving much of this transition, and the accelerated deployment of renewable energy and energy

efficiency measures are the key elements of the energy transition needed to address this issue.

Renewable energy sources are now often lower in cost than traditional oil-based sources, and the distribution methods

at the project, community, state, and national levels have all become more efficient, smarter, and capable of merging

energy from multiple sources simultaneously. In addition, local creation of energy from an increasingly diverse range of

renewable sources has become more and more viable, and it is now feasible for projects and communities to become

energy self-sufficient and less vulnerable to the negative attributes of imported energy sources.

Buildings, which are the major consumers of energy in many communities, are increasingly being renovated or built to

standards that lower energy needs significantly; consumers are becoming more and more aware of the lower operating

costs and greater health benefits resulting from improved construction techniques. The costs of such upgrades are also

falling, and there are many financial tools and incentives that can negate whatever cost increases might be incurred.

Buildings have, in fact, advanced to the point where they can now produce their own energy and in some cases, energy

for others.






< >

Summary

Other sectors of community operations are also in transition, and these parallel transitions create new energy needs and

profiles. Automobiles in particular are soon expected to be predominately electric, and this suggests that there will be a

need for a new car-charging network as well as increased amounts of electric energy devoted to cars. Car usage is also

changing with the evolution of shared cars and the rise in online shopping; this changes individual daily trip patterns.

As all sectors have an impact on energy usage, it is critical that sustainable energy planning be done in a

multistakeholder manner (the IDP) that integrates representation from each one in order that synergies between the

lowering demands in one sector and the rising demands in another be realized and leveraged. The IDP can also identify

the opportunities to utilize previously overlooked energy sources in the earth, water, sky, and waste streams and to

create more efficient and cost-effective integrated systems such as cogeneration district systems at the project,

neighborhood, and community scales.

There are now a number of models and guides for such design approaches and a comprehensive range of projects that

have embraced the transition, and both can be used to inform local planning. Combining the most effective process with

the most effective energy supply and distribution approaches leads to a sustainable energy future.






< >

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< >

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< >

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http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTNWDR2013/Resources/8258024-1352909193861/8936935-1356011448215/8986901-1380568255405/WDR14_bp_Climate_Change_and_Global_Warming_Warner.pdf

https://www.wtienergy.com/plant-locations/energy-from-waste/wheelabrator-baltimore

http://www.energy.gov.yk.ca/pdf/Yukon-Geothermal-Opportunities-and-Applications-Report.pdf

https://newbuildings.org/hubs/zero-net-energy/

https://pv-magazine-usa.com/2017/08/17/staying-below-2-degrees-is-possible-and-practical-says-rmi/



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