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C. Putnam L. Raney
} Clause – a group of words that have a subject and a verb that must always agree
} Phrase – a noun, verb, or preposition with all
its modifiers - does NOT have a subject and verb which agree
} Noun phrases } Verb phrases } Prepositional phrases } Appositive phrases
Definition: -A noun with all its modifiers -A complete subject is always classified as a noun phrase. Example: The frustrated, irritated teachers...
} Noun: teachers
} Modifiers: } the, frustrated, irritated
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Defined as a verb with all of its modifiers EXAMPLE:
…completely frightened the seventh grade students. Verb - frightened Modifier - completely EXAMPLE:
…would like to improve her grammar skills. Verb phrase - would like to improve
} Gerunds – verbs that end in “ing” but DO NOT function as a verb - function as nouns - example: One teacher enjoys frightening new seventh graders. (noun as a direct object)
} Infinitives
- verbs that begin with “to” - function as a nouns, adjectives, or adverbs - example: The language arts classroom is a place
students do not want to enter. } Participles
- verbs that function as an adjective - example: The screeching teacher frightened
the students.
} Defined as the preposition, the object of the preposition (preposition who or what), and all its modifiers } Example: The frustrated, irritated teachers enrolled in Mr. Ruff’s “ Grammar for Dummies” class. preposition - in object of the preposition - class modifiers – Mr. Ruff’s, “Grammar for Dummies”
} Definition: A noun phrase that renames the noun it follows. } Also known as a parenthetical phrase } Example: } Brad Ruff, the grammar guru, empowers teachers. Appositive phrase? - the grammar guru
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} Definition: Words that contain a subject and a verb which must always agree. Two types of clauses: § Independent Clause § Dependent Clause
} An independent clause MUST HAVE a subject and a verb which agree.
Example: The frustrated, irritated teachers finally understood the basic grammar concepts.
} All the words in an independent clause can
act alone as a sentence. } They are a complete thought.
} The subject and verb agree, but the words CANNOT stand alone as a complete sentence.
} also known as subordinate clause or relative clause
} Examples:
} since the teachers seek proficiency in grammar } which sheltered the children from the storm
} Clauses can be joined with:
1. Coordinating conjunctions (join two independent clauses)
- AKA “FANBOYS” for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so 2. Subordinating conjunctions (join dependent clause to independent clause)
Some examples: - if, since, because, with, when, whether, while
3. Relative Pronouns
- who, whose, whom, which, that - NOTE: If a relative pronoun is used to begin a dependent clause,
that pronoun also has a function within the dependent clause. It will also have an antecedent in the independent clause.
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} coordinating conjunction: - The busses lumbered along the boulevard, and the children eagerly looked for the first sight of Disneyland.
subordinating conjunction: - The busses lumbered along the boulevard while the children
eagerly looked for the first sight of Disneyland. Relative pronoun: - The busses, which were slowly lumbering along the
boulevard, were filled with eager children looking for their first sight of Disneyland.
} WHO OR WHOM? } WHO – used as the subject of a clause } WHOM – used as an object
� Direct object � Indirect objects � Object of a preposition
} Example: Because the wind violently sliced through the
branches, the toddler, who/whom was terrified, joined its howling. - antecedent? - function in the clause?
} While the frustrated teachers were industriously taking notes, they relaxed, and the light bulbs went off in their brains, which indicated miraculous understanding of the grammar concepts.
Type of Sentence -Simple Sentence -Compound Sentence - Complex Sentence -Compound/Complex Sentence
# of # of Independent Clauses Dependent Clauses
1 0 2+ 0 1 1+ 2+ 1+
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