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Page 1: Peds Focus- thoracic trauma [Read-Only] · 10/9/2015 2 Pediatric Thoracic Trauma • 5‐10 % peds trauma admissions • 85% blunt; 15% penetrating • Multisystem involvement>50%

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Pediatric Thoracic Trauma

Jeffrey H. Haynes MD FACS FAAPDirector, Children’s Trauma CenterProfessor of Surgery and PediatricsChildren’s Hospital of Richmond

VCU Health 

Children’s Trauma Center

Learning Objectives

• Understand the difference in approach to pediatric and adult blunt trauma in terms of physiology and anatomy with specific reference to thoracic injury

• Review the ATLS approach to  thoracic trauma

• Review E and M of specific thoracic injuries

• Case scenarios

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Pediatric Thoracic Trauma

• 5‐10 % peds trauma admissions

• 85% blunt; 15% penetrating

• Multisystem involvement>50%

• Overall 15 % die

– 50% of these from associated head injury

• Second only to head injury as cause of traumatic death in children

Advanced Trauma Life Support

• Predicated on identifying and treating the most life threatening injuries first

• A process; do it the same way every time to avoid missed injuries

• Taught sequentially; performed concurrently

• An organized team approach

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ATLS

• Primary Survey

– Airway‐ patent or not? Adjuncts. Oxygen.

– Breathing‐ chest movement, auscultation 

– Circulation‐pale, cool?  Cap refill. BP

– Disability‐ neurologic deficit. GCS.

– Expose‐ quickly assess all. Keep warm.

ATLS

• Secondary Survey

– A head to toe examination and system evaluation

– Called out to recorder

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ATLS

• Tests/adjuncts/consults

– CXR

– C‐ spine evaluation

– Labs, U/A

– CT imaging as needed

– Consultants/transfer as needed ASAP

• A formal management plan is now made for admission or transfer

Trauma Lab Panel

• ABG

• Lactate

• Electrolytes

• LFT’s(CMP)

• Lipase

• Urinalysis

• UPT as indicated

• Ethanol/Drugs of Abuse Screen

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Anatomic Differences: Chest• Ribs largely cartilaginous; tend to bend not break. Fracture= large force applied

• Mediastinum very mobile; can shift one side to the other easily resulting in pneumothorax‐tension pneumothorax‐cardiac tamponade

• Lungs can absorb significant energy without obvious signs(pulmonary

• contusion common)

Pediatric Physiologic Differences

• Ability to maintain cardiac output during hypovolemia through increased heart rate 

• Ability to maintain blood pressure through vasoconstriction; hypotension then ensues after advanced hypovolemia

• Beware the tachycardic, peripherally cool pediatric trauma patient

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Evaluation of Thoracic Trauma

• Careful history

• Look, Listen, Feel

• CXR standard; hard to beat risk/benefit

• FAST/Pericardial views

• CTA for suspected vascular injury

• Bronchoscopy/Esophagoscopy

Pneumothorax

• Violation of parietal or visceral pleura

• Inadequate oxygenation/ventilation

• Simple, Tension, Open

• Major risk is progression to tension

• Dx: Auscultate, CXR

• In extremis: needle thoracostomydiagnostic and therapeutic. Don’t wait for CXR!

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Treatment of Pneumothorax

• Tube thoracostomy=chest tube

• Sized appropriately; bigger is better

• Anterior axillary line, nipple level

• Local anesthesia adequate

• Top of rib always

• Confirm by output, pleurodynamics, CXR

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Hemothorax• Majority from blunt trauma; intercostal bleeder from rib fx most common

• Dx: CXR; CT

• RX: Chest tube

• Majority stop bleeding

• Operative indication 15‐20 ml/kg initial or 5‐10 ml/kg/hr ongoing for 3‐4 hours

Pericardial Tamponade

• Rare except in penetrating trauma

• Fibrous pericardium; restrictive lesion

• Dx: JVD, muffled heart tones, FAST

• Rx: needle aspiration with cardiac surgical availability

• Pericardial window

• In extremis: Thoracotomy

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Tracheobronchial Injury

• Dx:

– Significant blunt trauma

– Large air leak with persistent pneumothorax

– Subcutaneous air

– Bronchoscopy

• Rx:

– Dependent on findings

– Ranges from additional chest tube to primary repair

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Major Vascular Injury

• Fortunately uncommon in blunt trauma

• Suspect: widened mediastinum, apical cap, deviated NGT

• Dx: CTA; angio if unclear

• Rx: conservative vs OR

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Diaphragm Rupture

• Uncommon

• Left greater than right

• Can be missed by CT

• Suspect with hemothorax; lucency in chest; ngt deviation

• Treatment operative

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Myocardial Contusion

• Blunt trauma setting

• Often associated with sternal fracture

• Localized tenderness

• Myocardial electrical irritability

• Cardiac enzymes elevated

• ECHO indicated r/o other injury

• Treatment supportive

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Penetrating Thoracic Trauma• Goal is to identify and treat injuries from path of penetration

• Isolated hemothorax injury: Chest tube with output assessment: OR vsobservation

• Involvement of mediastinum: FAST, CTA

• Involvement of SCA/SCV: CTA

• Beware penetration below nipple level: is abdomen involved?

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Pediatric ED Thoracotomy

• Role in penetrating trauma with acute arrest

– Goal: volume preservation/resuscitation allowing operative repair of injury

– Anterolateral thoracotomy with aortic cross clamp

– To OR if signs of life

• No effective role in blunt trauma