Peds Focus- thoracic trauma [Read-Only] · 10/9/2015 2 Pediatric Thoracic Trauma • 5‐10 % peds...

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10/9/2015 1 Pediatric Thoracic Trauma Jeffrey H. Haynes MD FACS FAAP Director, Children’s Trauma Center Professor of Surgery and Pediatrics Children’s Hospital of Richmond VCU Health Children’s Trauma Center Learning Objectives Understand the difference in approach to pediatric and adult blunt trauma in terms of physiology and anatomy with specific reference to thoracic injury Review the ATLS approach to  thoracic trauma Review E and M of specific thoracic injuries Case scenarios

Transcript of Peds Focus- thoracic trauma [Read-Only] · 10/9/2015 2 Pediatric Thoracic Trauma • 5‐10 % peds...

Page 1: Peds Focus- thoracic trauma [Read-Only] · 10/9/2015 2 Pediatric Thoracic Trauma • 5‐10 % peds trauma admissions • 85% blunt; 15% penetrating • Multisystem involvement>50%

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Pediatric Thoracic Trauma

Jeffrey H. Haynes MD FACS FAAPDirector, Children’s Trauma CenterProfessor of Surgery and PediatricsChildren’s Hospital of Richmond

VCU Health 

Children’s Trauma Center

Learning Objectives

• Understand the difference in approach to pediatric and adult blunt trauma in terms of physiology and anatomy with specific reference to thoracic injury

• Review the ATLS approach to  thoracic trauma

• Review E and M of specific thoracic injuries

• Case scenarios

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Pediatric Thoracic Trauma

• 5‐10 % peds trauma admissions

• 85% blunt; 15% penetrating

• Multisystem involvement>50%

• Overall 15 % die

– 50% of these from associated head injury

• Second only to head injury as cause of traumatic death in children

Advanced Trauma Life Support

• Predicated on identifying and treating the most life threatening injuries first

• A process; do it the same way every time to avoid missed injuries

• Taught sequentially; performed concurrently

• An organized team approach

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ATLS

• Primary Survey

– Airway‐ patent or not? Adjuncts. Oxygen.

– Breathing‐ chest movement, auscultation 

– Circulation‐pale, cool?  Cap refill. BP

– Disability‐ neurologic deficit. GCS.

– Expose‐ quickly assess all. Keep warm.

ATLS

• Secondary Survey

– A head to toe examination and system evaluation

– Called out to recorder

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ATLS

• Tests/adjuncts/consults

– CXR

– C‐ spine evaluation

– Labs, U/A

– CT imaging as needed

– Consultants/transfer as needed ASAP

• A formal management plan is now made for admission or transfer

Trauma Lab Panel

• ABG

• Lactate

• Electrolytes

• LFT’s(CMP)

• Lipase

• Urinalysis

• UPT as indicated

• Ethanol/Drugs of Abuse Screen

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Anatomic Differences: Chest• Ribs largely cartilaginous; tend to bend not break. Fracture= large force applied

• Mediastinum very mobile; can shift one side to the other easily resulting in pneumothorax‐tension pneumothorax‐cardiac tamponade

• Lungs can absorb significant energy without obvious signs(pulmonary

• contusion common)

Pediatric Physiologic Differences

• Ability to maintain cardiac output during hypovolemia through increased heart rate 

• Ability to maintain blood pressure through vasoconstriction; hypotension then ensues after advanced hypovolemia

• Beware the tachycardic, peripherally cool pediatric trauma patient

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Evaluation of Thoracic Trauma

• Careful history

• Look, Listen, Feel

• CXR standard; hard to beat risk/benefit

• FAST/Pericardial views

• CTA for suspected vascular injury

• Bronchoscopy/Esophagoscopy

Pneumothorax

• Violation of parietal or visceral pleura

• Inadequate oxygenation/ventilation

• Simple, Tension, Open

• Major risk is progression to tension

• Dx: Auscultate, CXR

• In extremis: needle thoracostomydiagnostic and therapeutic. Don’t wait for CXR!

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Treatment of Pneumothorax

• Tube thoracostomy=chest tube

• Sized appropriately; bigger is better

• Anterior axillary line, nipple level

• Local anesthesia adequate

• Top of rib always

• Confirm by output, pleurodynamics, CXR

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Hemothorax• Majority from blunt trauma; intercostal bleeder from rib fx most common

• Dx: CXR; CT

• RX: Chest tube

• Majority stop bleeding

• Operative indication 15‐20 ml/kg initial or 5‐10 ml/kg/hr ongoing for 3‐4 hours

Pericardial Tamponade

• Rare except in penetrating trauma

• Fibrous pericardium; restrictive lesion

• Dx: JVD, muffled heart tones, FAST

• Rx: needle aspiration with cardiac surgical availability

• Pericardial window

• In extremis: Thoracotomy

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Tracheobronchial Injury

• Dx:

– Significant blunt trauma

– Large air leak with persistent pneumothorax

– Subcutaneous air

– Bronchoscopy

• Rx:

– Dependent on findings

– Ranges from additional chest tube to primary repair

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Major Vascular Injury

• Fortunately uncommon in blunt trauma

• Suspect: widened mediastinum, apical cap, deviated NGT

• Dx: CTA; angio if unclear

• Rx: conservative vs OR

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Diaphragm Rupture

• Uncommon

• Left greater than right

• Can be missed by CT

• Suspect with hemothorax; lucency in chest; ngt deviation

• Treatment operative

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Myocardial Contusion

• Blunt trauma setting

• Often associated with sternal fracture

• Localized tenderness

• Myocardial electrical irritability

• Cardiac enzymes elevated

• ECHO indicated r/o other injury

• Treatment supportive

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Penetrating Thoracic Trauma• Goal is to identify and treat injuries from path of penetration

• Isolated hemothorax injury: Chest tube with output assessment: OR vsobservation

• Involvement of mediastinum: FAST, CTA

• Involvement of SCA/SCV: CTA

• Beware penetration below nipple level: is abdomen involved?

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Pediatric ED Thoracotomy

• Role in penetrating trauma with acute arrest

– Goal: volume preservation/resuscitation allowing operative repair of injury

– Anterolateral thoracotomy with aortic cross clamp

– To OR if signs of life

• No effective role in blunt trauma