ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am very much indebted to reverend President His Holiness Shri Jagadguru
Gurusiddeshwara Mahaswamiji, Murusavira Matha, Hubli and Sri B.R.Patil,
Chairman, Shri. J.G.C.H.Society’s Ayurvedic Medical College, Ghataprabha, Dr. B.
K. H.Patil, CEO, Shri. J. G. Co-op. Hospital Society Ayurvedic Medical College
Ghataprabha for deputing me for P.G. study in the same institute.
I also express my sincere gratitude to and offer my sincere thanks to
Dr.C.S.Banakar for his kind support and co-operation. I would like to extend my
gratitude to Dr. J.K.Sharma, M.D. (Ayu) Principal, Shri. J.G.C.H.Society’s Ayurvedic
Medical College, Ghataprabha, who has always supported me throughout my study.
I thank Dr. Agate, M.D. Professor PG Department of Dravyaguna for
providing an opportunity to carry out this work under his able guidance. I will be ever
grateful for his invaluable guidance, constructive suggestions, love and affection and
thought provoking ideas in every stage of this work.
I wholeheartedly express my deepest Love, Gratitude and greatest respect to
my better half Dr.Subhash Bagade, MD (Ayu) Co-guide, Registrar P.G Faculty, Asst.
Prof. PG. Department of Dravyaguna, Shri. J.G.C.H.Society’s Ayurvedic Medical
College, Ghataprabha for his encouragement, support, co-operation and guidance as
without him this would not be so valuable. At the same time I would like to recall my
daughter Brahmee for her love, co-operation.
I take this opportunity to recall and express my ever lasting sense of
Reverence to my late Parents, who provoked me to study this system and are always
with me. At the same time I express my sense of gratitude to my in-laws for their
kind support. I am not finding the words to express my gratitude to my brother, sister
and rest of the other family members.
I am very much thanking to Dr. P. V. Raj MD (Ayu) Prof. P.G Department of
Dravya Guna, Shri. J.G.C.H.Society’s Ayurvedic Medical College, Ghataprabha. for
his support and guidance during this work. I also offer my special and sincere thanks
to Dr. S.L Athani for his timely help, support and co-operation during my study.
.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ii
I take this opportunity to convey my thanks to my colleagues Dr. Arun
Naragund, Dr. K. P Pattnaik, Dr V.R.Mane, Dr.S. S. Mathapati, Dr. S. B.Chougala. I
also thank Dr. P. V. Pandurangi, Ph.D. Sanskrit scholar, Shri S. B. Patil, Office
superintendent, Mr. S. B. Chalageri, Librarian, former librarians Mr. K. B.Kulakarni,
Mrs. Rajita Sharma who have always opened the door of Library for my study, and all
the other technical and non-technical staff of the college for their co-operation and
help.
I, in this special moment, should be very thankful to Shri Vishnu Kangaralakar
for his guidance in conducting Phytochemical analysis, Dr.Harsha Hegde,
Mr.Shripada Bhatta, Mr. Prakash patil from I.C.M.R. Belgaum for their advice in
conducting statistical analysis of the study.
My special acknowledgements to all P.G. and U.G. students, for their
wonderful co-operation during my entire course.
Lastly I acknowledge my thanks to those who have directly or indirectly
extended their support for the completion of my work.
ABBREVIATIONS
iii
ABBREVIATIONS
A.WØû Ashtanga Hrudaya
cÉ.xÉÔ. Charaka Sutrasthana
cÉ.ÍcÉ. Charaka Chikitsa Sthana
ÌlÉ.AÉ Nighntu Adarsha
ÌmÉë.ÌlÉ Priya Nighantu
kÉ.ÌlÉ Dhanwantari Nighantu
Mæü.ÌlÉ Kaiyyadeva Nighantu
pÉÉ.ÌlÉ. Bhavaprakasha Niaghantu
UÉ.ÌlÉ Raja Niaghntu
qÉ.ÌlÉ Madanapala Niaghantu
qÉÉ.Sì Madhava Dravyaguna
xÉÑ.xÉÔ Sushruta SutraSthana
xÉÑ. ÌlÉ Sushruta Nidanasthana
vÉÉ .ÌlÉ Shaligrama Niaghantu
A.WØû.ÍcÉ Ashnga Hrudaya Chikitsa Sthana
cÉ.S Chakradatta
vÉÉ.xÉÇ.qÉ.ZÉÇ Sharangadhar Madhyama Khanda
API Ayurvedic Pharmacopiea of India
A.Hr. Chi: Ashtanga Hrudaya Chikitsa Sthana
Cha.Su. Charaka SutraSthana
Cha. Chi. Charaka Chikitsa Sthana
Su. Su. Sushruta Sutrasthana
Su. Chi. Sushruta Chikitsa Sthana
Su. Ni. Sushruta Nidanasthana
LIST OF TABLES, GRAPHS, PHOTOS
i
LIST OF TABLES
SI.No. TABLE
1 Showing Gana and Varga of Madjucchishtha
2 Showing important Paryaya nanma of Madhuchchishtha
3 Showing Gunas of Madhuchchishtha
4 Showing important Karmas of Madhuchchishtha
5 Showing important Prayoga of Madhucchishtha in different Vyadhi
6 Showing Vishishta yoga of Madhucchishtha
7 Showing Gana -Varga of Shala niryasa
8 Showing synonyms of Shalaniryasa.
9 Showing Guna of Shalaniryasa
10 Showing Karma of Shalaniryasa
11 Showing Prayoga of Shala niryasa.
12 Showing Vishisgtha yogas of Shala niryasa
13 Showing, the name of the disease according to different authors
14 Showing the varieties of Kshudraroga
15 Showing the Samprapti Ghataka
16 Showing Preliminary Phytochemical Screening
17 Showing Macroscopic characters of Shorea robusta Gaertn Resin and
Madhuchcchishta
18 Showing Physical Standards
19 Values of water soluble extractives of Shorea robusta and
Madhucchishtha
20 Values of alcohol soluble extractives of Shala Niryasa and
Madhucchishtha:
21 Ash Values of Shalaniryasa and Madhucchishtha:
22 Results of chemical tests for detection of organic chemical
constituents:
23 Showing Age wise distributions of Patients
LIST OF TABLES, GRAPHS, PHOTOS
ii
24 Showing Sex wise distribution of patients
25 Showing Occupation wise distribution of patients
26 Showing Education wise distribution of patients
27 Showing distribution as per Social status
28 Showing Distribution of Cracks as per causes
29 Showing distribution as per area of cracks over the foot
30 Showing distribution of cracks based on Swaroopa
31 Showing distribution of patients based on Symptoms
32 Showing percentage of relief found in daily follow up of clinical
observations in Group I (During and After treatment)
33 Showing relief found from Vedana
34 Showing relief found from Rookshata
35 Showing relief found from Shotha
36 Showing relief found from Daha
37 Showing relief from Raktasrava-
38 Relief found from Kandu
39 Showing percentage of relief found in daily follow up of clinical
observations in Group II (during and after treatment).
40 Showing relief found from Vedana
41 Showing relief found from Rookshata
42 Showing relief found from Shotha
43 Showing relief found from Daha
44 Showing relief from Raktasrava
45 Showing relief found from Kandu
46 Showing number of patients Cured in Group I and Group II
47 Statistical Analysis: Tests of Significance for Group I
48 Statistical Analysis: Tests of Significance for Group II
49 Statistical Analysis: Tests of Significance for group I and Group II
LIST OF TABLES, GRAPHS, PHOTOS
iii
LIST OF GRAPHS
SI. No. GRAPHS
1 Age wise distributions
2 Gender wise distribution
3 Occupation wise distribution
4 Education wise distribution
5 Distribution as per Social status
6 Distribution of cracks as per causes
7 Distribution as per area of cracks over the foot
8 Distribution of cracks based on Svaroopa
9 Distribution of patients based on Symptoms
10 Percentage of relief found from padadari I
11 Showing relief found from Vedana
12 Showing relief found from Rookshata
13 Showing relief found from Shotha.
14 Showing relief found from Daha.
15 Showing relief from Raktasrava
16 Relief found from Kandu.
17 Showing percentage of relief found in Padadari II
18 Showing relief found from Vedana
19 Showing relief found from Rookshata
20 Showing relief found from Shotha
21 Showing relief found from Daha
22 Showing relief from Raktasrava
23 Showing relief found from Kandu
24 Showing number of patients Cured in Group I and Group II
25 Statistical Analysis: Tests of Significance for group I
26 Statistical Analysis: Tests of Significance for group II
27 Statistical Analysis: Tests of Significance for group I and Group II
LIST OF TABLES, GRAPHS, PHOTOS
iv
LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS
Photo
No.
LIST OF PHOTOGRHAPHS
1. Madhuchchishta
2. Leaves and Flowers of Shala
3. Resin of Shala
4. Tapping of Resin
5. Resins of Shala
6. Preparation of Shalaniryasa lepa
7. Preparation of Madhuchchishta lepa
8. Estimation of water soluble and alcohol soluble extractive
9. Estimation of Ash value
10. Prepared lepa
11. Photos of Padadari before treatment
12. Photos during treatment
13. Photos of Padadari after treatment
INTRODUCTION
1
Chapter I
INTRODUCTION
Ayurveda is the science of life, which always emphasize on maintenance of
healthy body, in fact its first aim itself is
xuÉxjÉxrÉ xuÉÉxjrÉ U¤ÉhÉÇ |
To fulfill its aim, the science has explained many protective measures in
certain regimens such as Dinacharya and Rutucharya. In Dinacharya care for
every part is explained including eyes, ears, nose, oral cavity, head, skin etc.
For skin Abhyanga i.e. oil massage is explained, to follow daily, in which
special attention is given for Netra (eyes), Shiras (head), Karna (ear) and Pada
(foot). In certain Rutucharya, Abhyanga is specially indicated such as during
Shitarutu i.e. Hemanta and Shishira (winter). In these seasons there is increased
dryness due to excess dry air and loss of Snigdhata because of which people
suffer from skin crack especially of Pada.
. The foot is covered by thick skin, which has dense sensory receptors.
The Marmas (vital points) such as Kurchshirsha and Talahrudaya dwell in Pada
and it is having lot of cosmetic value. Habitual use of Padabhyanga leads to
even Drushtiprasada (good for eyes) and sustain the health of foot, which
clearly signifies Pada is important. Further all the acharyas in Dinacharya
advise to wear Padatrana while going out. But in this hurried life people are
unable to spare time to the protection, nourishment of even the vital parts such
as head and eyes and thus least to the Pada. This negligence leads to the disease
Padadari.
Common causes for crack foot include age, fashionable high healed and
improper fitting shoes, excessive walking, involving in athletics, psoriasis,
thyroid disease, diabetes, skin allergies and house hold heat specially in
kitchen. Dust also plays a role, which reduces humidity and dries out the skin.
Pada is – Foot: Dari is – crack. The disease is characterized by mild to
severe forms of cracks, which are seen in the foot, more common on the heel.
Sushruta has explained it under Kshudraroga. In the modern science, it is not
INTRODUCTION
2
considered as a disease entity but one of the symptoms. Still we have got the
distinct branch dealing with signs and symptoms along with treatment called as
Podiatry.
Cracked feet are a sure shot indication of neglect of feet care. For most
people this is a nuisance and a cosmetic problem but when the fissures or
cracks are deep, they are painful to stand on and the skin can bleed; in severe
cases this can become infected. If negligence of feet care can conduce to dry
cracked feet, then giving proper feet care can reverse the situation. Just like the
skin on the other parts of our body, our feet also need to be pampered.
The disease involves the VruddhaVata dosha leading to dryness, cracks,
and fissures. The symptoms may include Vedana, Kandu, Daha, RaktaSrava.
So the line of treatment is controlling Vata, overwhelming dryness and healing
the cracks, which is possible by cleaning, drying, and applying Snehadravya
(lubricants) to the affected area. Modern science also tells to treat the dry
cracked feet with proper moisturizers.
In Sushruta samhita the line of treatment for Padadari is-
mÉÉSSÉrÉÉïÇ ÍxÉUÉÇ ÌuÉ®É xuÉåSÉprÉXaÉÉæ mÉërÉÉåeÉrÉåiÉç |
qÉkÉÔÎcNû¸uÉxÉÉqÉeeÉxÉeÉïcÉÔhÉïbÉ×iÉæÈ M×üiÉÈ |
rÉuÉÉÀûaÉæËUMüÉåÎlqÉSÉæ mÉÉSsÉåmÉÈ mÉëvÉxrÉiÉå || (xÉÑ.ÍcÉ.20/19-20)
i.e. Siravyadha followed by Svedana, Abhyanga and application of Padalepa
prepared out of Madhucchishtha, Vasa, Majja, Sarjarasa with Ghrita.
In this way the dravyas – Madhucchishtha and Shalaniryasa are selected
for the study.
These are the best bases for many of classical lepas. When these
substances are applied to the skin, they spread easily and leave a hydrophobic
film; they also have emollient properties, that is to say, softening, lubricating
and nourishing properties so as to maintain the suppleness of the skin and to
protect the skin from atmospheric aggressions. Madhuchchishta is Mrudu,
Snigdha, Pichchila, Madhura, best Vrana shodhaka – ropaka, Bhutaghna and
mentioned to cure Vrana, Kushtha, Visarpa, Kandu, Bhagna, Bhuta badha and
INTRODUCTION
3
Sphutita twacha. Its main function is to arrest discharges, promote healing of
wounds and tissue regeneration (Vranaropana), and alleviate pain so is used in
simple to fissured bleeding cracks.
Shalaniryasa (Oleo gum resin of Shorea robusta Gaertn.f.) is stated to
be Madhura, Tikta, Kashaya, Guru, Shita, Snigdha, Tridoshahara, Bhagna
sandhanakara, Vrana shodhana ropaka and mentioned to cure Vrana, Kandu,
and heals Vipadika.
Thus in the present study the efficacy of healing property of
Madhuchchishtha and Shalaniryasa with respect to the disease Padadari is
evaluated and compared clinically.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
4
CHAPTER - II
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
To review both Ayurveda and modern literature of Madhuchchishta and
Shalaniryasa from various references.
To review literature of Padadari from all ancient Samhita’s and also from
recent journals, magazines relating to studies.
Collection and identification of genuine Madhuchchishta and Shalaniryasa.
To collect the drugs from its natural habitat, identify and authenticate the
drugs, and store it for further study.
Preparation of Madhuchchishta and Shalaniryasa lepa separately.
Pharmacognostic and Preliminary phytochemical study of selected drugs.
To evaluate the safety of both the trial drugs under study.
Conduct the single blind clinical study on patients suffering from Padadari
and to evaluate the efficacy of healing properties of Madhuchchishta and
Shalaniryasa and compare the efficacy.
DRUG REVIEW- MADHUCHCHISHTHA
5
CHAPTER III
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
3.1 MADHUCHCHISHTA
Since long the drug Madhucchishtha is often used as ground substance of
ointments and is true even today as present available moisturizers do
contain the drug. Females used to apply Sindoor with the help of
Madhucchishtha.
HISTORY:
Vedic period: The drug is failed to be traced in any of the Vedas.
Samhita:
Charakakara, Sushruta and Vagbhata have explained the drug for
external application as well as base in many preparations and mentioned it in
the treatment of Vatarakta, Vrana, Kushtha, Vipadika. Charaka used it
internally in Bhasmaka chikitsa. Especially Sushruta mentions it for Padadari.
Nighantu period:
Most of the nighantus have explained the drug under different Varga.
Almost all of the Nighantukaras starting from ancient period to till date have
mentioned elaborately regarding its Guna-Karma and Prayoga. It is the best
Vranashodhaka, Vranaropaka, Bhagnasandhanakara, Tvacha sandhanakara and
Kushtha hara.
GANA – VARGA
In Vedas and Ayurvedic treatises, drugs have been grouped into either
Vargas or Ganas. Etymologically the Varga means a group of limited number
of Dravyas having similar pharmacological actions. Gana is a large number of
Dravyas having similar pharmacological actions. The other word, which is
frequently used in this connection, is the Skandha, which includes a larger
number of Dravyas. The aim of this type of classification is to identify the
Karma or use of dravya or use of dravyas in different disease conditions.
DRUG REVIEW- MADHUCHCHISHTHA
6
Table No. 1: Showing Gana-Vargas of Madhucchishtha.
aÉhÉ – uÉaÉï kÉ.ÌlÉ qÉÉ.S qÉ.ÌlÉ Mæü.ÌlÉ pÉÉ.ÌlÉ vÉÉ.ÌlÉ
cÉÇSlÉÉÌS uÉaÉï +
AÉåwÉÍkÉ uÉaÉï +
ÌuÉÌuÉkÉÉæwÉÎSuÉaÉï + + +
C¤ÉÑMüÉÌS uÉaÉï +
PARYAYA NAMA
Names and synonyms are the important tools of identification and
analysis of Karma.
Table No. 2: Showing synonyms of Madhuchchishtha
mÉrÉÉïrÉ lÉÉqÉ cÉ.xÉÇ xÉÑ.xÉÇ A.WØû kÉ.ÌlÉ qÉÉ.Sì qÉ.ÌlÉ Mæü.ÌlÉ pÉÉ ÌlÉ UÉ.ÌlÉ vÉÉ.ÌlÉ ÌlÉ.AÉ
qÉkÉÑÎcNû¹ + + + + + + + + + + +
qÉkÉÔMü + +
ÍxÉYjÉ + + + + + + + +
qÉkÉÔijÉÏiÉ +
qÉkÉÔvÉåwÉ + + + +
qÉSlÉMü +
qÉkÉlÉeÉ +
qÉÉͤÉMüÉvÉrÉ + +
DRUG REVIEW- MADHUCHCHISHTHA
7
qÉkÉÔeÉ + +
ÌuÉvÉeÉ +
qÉkÉÔÍvÉiÉ + + +
qɲÉkÉÉU + + +
qÉÉrÉlÉ + +
qÉɤÏMüeÉÇ +
qÉrÉlÉ +
qÉSlÉMü +
qÉkÉÔeÉ +
qÉkÉÔÍsÉiÉ +
ÌlÉÂÌ£ü-
qÉkÉÔMü -– qɽiÉå qÉlrÉiÉå uÉåÌiÉ |
It is praised or thought by physicians more frequently.
ÍxÉYjÉ- – ÍxÉgcÉÌiÉ ÍxÉcrÉiÉå | AqÉUMüÉåwÉ
That which is secreted by honeybees is Siktha.
qÉkÉÔijÉÏiÉ -– qÉkÉÑlÉÈ EÎijÉiÉqÉç |
This is produced during the formation of Madhu.
qÉkÉÑvÉåwÉ – qÉkÉÑlÉÈ zÉåwÉÉå rÉ§É |
It is remainder after Madhu is extracted from honey comb.
qÉSlÉMü qÉSrÉiÉÏÌiÉ qÉSè + ÍhÉcÉç+ srÉÑÈ xuÉÉjÉåï MüÈ
It produces Mada so is called Madanaka.
qÉÉͤÉMüÉ´ÉrÉÇ qÉÉͤÉMüÉlÉÉqÉÉ´ÉrÉÈ | AípÉkÉÉlÉÉiÉç YsÉÏuÉiuÉqÉç |
DRUG REVIEW- MADHUCHCHISHTHA
8
It is shelter (Ashraya) for Makshikha (honey bees)
qÉkÉÔÎcNû¸- qÉkÉÑlÉÈ EîcNûwOûqÉuÉÍzɹqÉç |
This is produced during the formation of Madhu.
qÉɤÏMüeÉÇ qÉɤÏMüÉiÉç eÉÉiÉqÉç |
This is produced from Makshika (honeybee).
GUNA-KARMA (Pharmacological Properties)
Usually the Guna-Karmas of Madhuchchishta are mentioned in the
Nighantus in the same chapter whre in Guna-Karmas of Madhu are mentioned.
Table No. 3: Showing Gunas of Madhuchchishtha
aÉÑhÉ kÉ.ÌlÉ qÉ.ÌlÉ Mæü.ÌlÉ pÉÉ.ÌlÉ vÉÉ. ÌlÉ
qÉkÉÑU + + UxÉ
MüOÒû +
ÎxlÉakÉ + + + +
ÌmÉÎcNûsÉ + + aÉçÑhÉ
qÉç×SÒ + + + +
SÉåwÉblÉiÉÉ uÉÉiÉWûU + + +
Its use in the treatment of Bhasmaka roga and its references mentioned as its
qualities as similar to Madhu infer its Vipaka as Katu and Virya as Shita. Its
other qualities such as Snigdha, Pichchila, Mrudu are totally opposite to Vata
thus making it as Vatahara.
MüqÉï (DRUG ACTIONS)
rÉiÉç MÑüuÉïÎliÉ iÉiÉç MüqÉï | (cÉ.xÉÔ.26)
The effect of Dravya seen on the body is called as Karma. The Karma is
independent of its own to bring out the action of the Dravya.
DRUG REVIEW- MADHUCHCHISHTHA
9
Pharmacological action of a drug is defined as the action which is aimed
to obtain a specific therapeutic effect.
Table No. 4 Showing Karma of Madhuchchishtha
MüqÉï kÉ.ÌlÉ qÉ.ÌlÉ Mæü.ÌlÉ pÉÉ.ÌlÉ vÉÉ. ÌlÉ
pÉÔiÉoÉÉkÉÉlÉÉvÉMü + + + +
pÉblÉxÉlkÉÉlÉMüU + + + +
ÌuÉxÉmÉïWûU + + + +
MühQÕûûWûU +
pÉåSlÉ +
MÑü¹WûU + + + +
uÉëhÉ vÉÉåkÉlÉ +
uÉëhÉUÉåmÉhÉz + + + +
U£üÌuÉMüÉU + +
uÉÉiÉU£üWûU + + +
iuÉcÉÉ xÉÇÍkÉMüUÈ +
uÉëhÉ vÉÉåkÉlÉ +
qÉɧÉÉ (Posology)
As the internal usage of Madhuchchishta is seen only in the treatment of
Bhasmaka roga in Charaka Chikitsa sthana 15th
Grahanidishachikitsa adhyaya,
it is very Guru or heavy for digestion. So its internal dose should be adjusted
according to Agni. It is used predominantly for external purpose in as required
quantity.
DRUG REVIEW- MADHUCHCHISHTHA
10
mÉërÉÉåaÉ (Therapeutic applications)
The various disorders in which Madhuchishtha is used mainly are Vipadika,
Kushtha, Padadari, Vrana etc. and also in following mentioned conditions its
Prayoga is seen.
Table No. 5: Showing Prayoga of Madhucchishtha.
mÉërÉÉåaÉ cÉ.xÉÇ xÉÑ.xÉÇ A.WØû kÉ.ÌlÉ qÉÉ.Sì. qÉ.ÌlÉ Mæü.ÌlÉ pÉÉ.ÌlÉ vÉÉ.ÌlÉ
pÉalÉ + + + +
pÉÔiÉ + + + +
ÌuÉxÉmÉï + + + + +
MühQÒû +
MÑü¸ + + + + + +
uÉëhÉ + + + + + + + + +
uÉÉiÉU£ü + + + +
ÌuÉmÉÉÌSMüÉ + + +
ÌWûMMüÉ-µÉÉxÉ + +
uÉÉiÉurÉÉÍkÉ + +
pÉxqÉMü UÉåaÉ +
mÉÉSSÉËU +
pÉaÉlkÉU + +
AÎalÉSakÉ +
DRUG REVIEW- MADHUCHCHISHTHA
11
Vishishta Yoga: (Formulations)
Table No. 6: Showing Vishishtha Yogas of Madhuchchishtha.
S I
No.
VISHISHTHAYOGA INDICATIONS REFERANCES
1. MüÉxÉÏxÉÉkrÉ bÉÚiÉ MÑü¸, SSìÓ, mÉÉqÉÉ, ÌuÉcÉÍcÉïMüÉ, ÌuÉxÉmÉï,
ÌuÉxÄTüÉåOû, lÉÉQûÏuÉÚhÉ, SÒ¹uÉëhÉ
vÉÉ.xÉÇ.qÉ.ZÉÇ.9/51-
57
2. eÉÉirÉÉÌS bÉ×iÉ
xÉÔ¤qÉuÉÚhÉ, lÉÉQûÏuÉÚhÉ, vÉÉ.xÉÇ.qÉ.ZÉÇ..9/48-
49
3 ÌmÉhQû iÉæsÉ uÉÉiÉU£ü vÉÉ.xÉÇ.qÉ.ZÉÇ.9/146
cÉ. ÍcÉ.29/123
4. eÉÉirÉÉÌS iÉæsÉ xÉÔ¤qÉuÉÚhÉ, lÉÉQûÏuÉÚhÉ, vÉÉ.xÉÇ.qÉ.ZÉÇ. 9/171
5 ÌuÉmÉÉÌSMüÉWûU iÉæsÉ ÌuÉmÉÉÌSMüÉ cÉ.ÍcÉ.7/111)
6 ÌuÉmÉÉÌSMüÉWûU bÉ×iÉ ÌuÉmÉÉÌSMüÉ cÉ.ÍcÉ.7/120-121
7 xÉeÉïUxÉÉÌS sÉåmÉÈ mÉÉSxTÑüOûlÉ cÉ¢üS¨É
AÉqÉÌrÉMü mÉërÉÉåaÉ (Therapeutic Uses)
cÉUMü xÉÇÌWûiÉÉ:
1. ÌWûMüMüÉ,µÉÉxÉ :Madhucchishtha , Sarjarasa, Goshrunga are burnt and
Dhooma is inhaled. (Cha.Chi.17/79)
2. uÉÉiÉU£ü : Taila prepared out of Madhucchishtha, Manjistha, Sarjarasa,
Sariva is used for Abhyanga to reduce the pain (Pinda taila).
(Cha.Chi.29/123)
3. ÌuÉmÉÉÌSMüÉ: Ghrita should be prepared out of Kwatha of Jivanti,
Manjishtha, Daruharidra, Kampillaka, added with Tuttha kalka lastly
DRUG REVIEW- MADHUCHCHISHTHA
12
add Sarjarasa and Madhucchishtha and applied in Vipadika,
Charmakushtha, Kushtha etc. (Cha. Chi. 7/120-121)
4. pÉxqÉMü UÉåaÉ: Madhuchchishta and Ghruta should be mixed together
and taken along with cold water. (Cha. Chi. 15/228)
xÉÑ´ÉÑiÉ xÉÇÌWûiÉÉ
5. AÎalÉSakÉ : Ghrita prepared out of Madhuchishtha, Sarjarasa, Rodhra,
Madhuka, Chandana, Manjishtha, Murva is applied in Agnidagdha.
(Su.Su.12/27)
6. mÉÉSSÉËU: Ghrita prepared of Madhucchishtha, Vasa, Majja and
Sarjarasa is applied.(Su.Chi. 20/19-20)
7. pÉaÉlSU: Taila prepared of pippali, Madhuka, lodhra, Kushtha, ela,
Manjishtha, Sariva, Dhataki, Haridra, Daruharidra, Sarjarasa, Vacha,
Madhucchishtha, vacha is applied in Gandamaala, Mandala,
Prameha and Bhagandara.
A¹ÉÇaÉ WØûSrÉ
8. ÌuÉmÉÉÌSMüÉ: Ghrita and taila should be prepared out of Manjishtha,
Jeevanti, Darvi, Kampillaka, Dugdha and Tuttha then add the
Sarjarasa and Madhucchishtha. and applied to Vipadika, ekanga
kushtha.(A.Hr.Chi.19/77-78)
9. µÉÉxÉ LuÉÇ ÌWûMçüMüÉ: Madhucchishtha, Sarjarasa and Ghrita Dhumapana is
performed. (A.Hru.Chi.4/12)
10. pÉaÉlSU, AmÉcÉÏ, MÑü¸ : Taila prepared of Madhuka, Lodhra, pippali, Ela,
Renuka, Haridra, daruharidra, Priyangu, sarjarasa, Madhucchishtha,
Sariva, Padmaka, dhataki, dhava and applied on Apachi, Kushtha,
bhagandara, madhumeha and Vrana. (A.Hr.Chi29/33-36)
DRUG REVIEW- MADHUCHCHISHTHA
13
IMPORTANT RFERENCES-
cÉUMü xÉÇÌWûiÉÉ
xÉwÉïmÉMüUÇeÉMüÉåwÉiÉMüÐlÉÉÇ iÉæsÉÉlrÉjÉåÇaÉÑSÏlÉÉÇ cÉ |
MÑü¸åwÉÑ ÌWûiÉÉlrÉÉWÒûxiÉæsÉÇ rÉŠÉÌmÉ ZÉÌSUxÉÉUxrÉ || 119
eÉÏuÉliÉÏ qÉÇÎeÉ¸É SuÉÏï MüÎqmÉssÉMüÈ mÉrÉxiÉÑijÉÉqÉÇ |
LwÉ bÉ×iÉiÉæsÉmÉÉMüÈ ÍxÉ®È ÍxÉ®å cÉ xÉeÉïUxÉÈ || 120
SårÉÈ qÉkÉÑÎcNû¹Éå ÌuÉmÉÉÌSMüÉ iÉålÉ zÉÉqrÉiÉå AprÉ£üÉ ||
cÉqÉïMÑü¸ÌMüÌOûqÉÇ MÑü¸Ç zÉÉqrÉirÉsÉxÉMÇü cÉ || 121 CÌiÉ ÌuÉmÉÉÌSMüWûUbÉ×iÉiÉæsÉå
(cÉ. ÍcÉ. 7 MÑü¸ ÍcÉÌMüixÉÉ AkrÉrÉ)
xÉqÉkÉÑÎcNû¸qÉÉÇÎeÉ¸Ç xÉxÉeÉïUxÉxÉÉËUuÉqÉç |
ÌmÉhQûiÉæsÉÇ iÉSprÉÇaÉɲÉiÉU£üÂeÉÉmÉWûqÉç || 123 CÌiÉ ÌmÉhQûiÉæsÉÇ (cÉ. ÍcÉ. 29 uÉÉiÉU£ü ÍcÉÌMüixÉÉ
AkrÉrÉ)
qÉkÉÑÎcNû¸Ç xÉeÉïUxÉÇ bÉ×iÉÇ qÉssÉMüxÉÇmÉÑOåû |
M×üiuÉÉ kÉÔqÉÇ ÌmÉoÉåiNØÇûaÉÇ oÉÉsÉÇ uÉÉ aÉuÉÉÇ || 79 cÉ.ÍcÉ. 17 (ÌWûMüMüÉ µÉÉxÉ ÍcÉÌMüixÉÉ AkrÉrÉ)
xÉÑ´ÉÑiÉ xÉÇÌWûiÉÉ
qÉkÉÑÎcNû¸Ç xÉqÉkÉÑMÇü UÉåkÉëÇ xÉeÉïUxÉÇ iÉjÉÉ || 27
qÉÇÎeÉ¸É cÉlSlÉÇ qÉÔuÉÉïÇ ÌmÉwOèuÉÉ xÉÌmÉïÌuÉmÉÉcÉrÉåiÉç |
xÉuÉåïwÉÉqÉÎalÉSakÉlÉÉqÉåiÉSìÉåmÉhÉqÉѨÉqÉÇ || 28 (xÉÑ.xÉÔ. 12 AÎalÉMüqÉï ÌuÉÍkÉ AkrÉrÉ)
kÉluÉliÉUÏ ÌlÉbÉhOÒû:
ÍxÉYjÉMÇü qÉkÉÔMÇü ÍxÉYjÉÇ qÉkÉÔÎcNû¹Ç qÉkÉÔijÉÏiÉqÉç |
qÉkÉÔvÉåwÉÇ qÉSlÉMÇü qÉkÉÔeÉÇ qÉÉͤÉMüÉ´ÉrÉqÉç ||
ÍxÉYjÉMÇü ÎxlÉakÉqÉkÉÑUÇ pÉÔiÉblÉÇ pÉalÉxÉÎlkÉ¢ÑüiÉç |
DRUG REVIEW- MADHUCHCHISHTHA
14
WûÎliÉ ÌuÉxÉmÉïMühQèuÉÉSÏlÉç uÉëhÉUÉåmÉhÉqÉѨÉqÉqÉç ||
pÉåSlÉÇ ÌmÉÎcNûsÉÇ xuÉÉSÒ MÑü êOûuÉÉiÉÉxÉëçÎeÉlqÉëÑSÒ | ( kÉ.ÌlÉ.109,110)
qÉSlÉmÉÉsÉ ÌlÉbÉhOÒû:
qÉSlÉÇ qÉkÉÔeÉÇ ÍxÉYjÉÇ qÉkÉÔÎcNû¹Ç qÉkÉÔÍsÉiÉqÉç |
qÉSlÉÇ qÉ×SÒxÉÑÎxlÉakÉÇ pÉÔiÉblÉÇ uÉëhÉUÉåmÉhÉqÉç ||
pÉblÉxÉlkÉÉlÉMײÉiÉMÑü¹ÌuÉxÉmÉïU£üÎeÉiÉç | (qÉ.ÌlÉ.34)
MæürrÉSuÉ ÌlÉbÉhOÒû:
qÉkÉÑeÉÇ ÌuÉwÉeÉÇ ÍxÉYjÉÇ qÉkÉÔÎcNû¹Ç qÉkÉÔÌwÉiÉqÉç |
qÉkÉÑvÉåwÉÇ qÉSlÉMÇü qÉkÉÑMÇü qÉͤÉMüÉ´ÉrÉÇ ||
uÉÉiÉU£üWûUÇ ÍxÉYjÉÇ uÉëhÉzÉÉåkÉlÉUÉåmÉhÉqÉç | ( Mæü. ÌlÉ. 217,218)
pÉÉuÉmÉëMüvÉ ÌlÉbÉhOÒû :
qÉSlÉÇqÉëÑSÒxÉÑÎxlÉakÉÇpÉÔiÉblÉÇuÉëhÉUÉåmÉhÉqÉç |
pÉalÉxÉlkÉÉlÉM×ü²ÉiÉMÑü¸ÌuÉxÉmÉïU£üÎeÉiÉç || (pÉÉ. ÌlÉ. qÉkÉÑuÉaÉï)
vÉ|ÍsÉaÉëÉqÉ ÌlÉbÉhOÒû :
qÉrÉlÉÇiÉÑqÉkÉÔÎcNû¹ÇqÉkÉÔvÉåwÉÇcÉÍxÉYjÉMüqÉç |
qÉkuÉÉkÉÉUÉåqÉSlÉMüqÉkÉÔÌwÉiÉqÉÌmÉxqÉ×iÉqÉç ||
ÍxÉYjÉMüÎqmÉÎcNûsÉÇxuÉÉSÒMüiÉÑÎxlÉakÉÇqÉ×SÒxqÉ×iÉqÉç |
AÎxjÉxÉÇÍkÉMüUÇuÉëhrÉÇuÉÉiÉMÑü¸ÌuÉxÉmÉïlÉÑiÉç |
U£üSÉåwÉÇuÉÉiÉU£üÇpÉÔiÉSÉåwÉÇcÉ lÉÉzÉrÉåiÉç |
xTÑüÌOûiÉxrÉÉXaÉsÉåmÉålÉiuÉcÉÈxÉÇÍkÉMüUÇqÉiÉqÉç|| (zvÉÉÍsÉaÉëÉqÉ ÌlÉbÉÇOÒû – qÉkÉÑuÉaÉï )
DRUG REVIEW- MADHUCHCHISHTHA
15
MODERN DRUG REVIEW
YELLOW BEES WAX: Cera flava
VERNACULAR NAMES:
Bengal-Mom.
Hindi- Mom
Gujarati- Min.
Kannada- Mena.
Malayalam- Mezhugu.
Tamil- Mezhugu.
Marathi- Mema.
Telugu- Mynamu.
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:
A yellow bee is purified wax and obtained from the honeycomb of the
bees Apis mellifera and other species of Apis belonging to family Apidae.
HISTORICAL USE:
Beeswax was ancient man's first plastic, and for thousands of years has
been used as a modeling material, to create sculpture and jewelry molds for use
in the lost-wax casting process, or Cire perdue.
The use of wax is seen since ancient days for casting of metals, its
coating model with plaster, in preparation of moulds and filling it with molten
metal that is still used today by jewellers, goldsmiths and sculptors, in dentistry
and even in the industrial manufacture of complex components by investment
casting of metals. In the Roman period, beeswax was used as waterproofing
agent for painted walls and as a medium for the Fayum mummy portraits.
In the Middle Ages beeswax was considered valuable enough to become
a form of currency. It was also used in bow making. More recently it found use
as a component of sealing wax, and in cosmetics. Beeswax has been used for
hundreds of years as a sealant or lubricant for bullets in cap and ball and
firearms that use black powder. It is often mixed with other ingredients such as
DRUG REVIEW- MADHUCHCHISHTHA
16
olive oil (sweet oil) and sometimes paraffin. It can be used as an ingredient in
the bullet lube used primarily in Black Powder cartridge firing weapons.
The wax can be dissolved in turpentine and then used as a furniture finish,
sometimes blended with linseed or tung oil.
GEOLOGICAL SOURCE:
It is processed and commercially prepared in France, Italy, West Africa,
Jamaica, and India.
PROCESSING AND PREPARATION OF WAX
The combs and capping of Honeycomb are broken and boiled in soft
water. These are then enclosed in a porous bag weighted to keep under water.
The boiling causes oozing of the waste, which gets collected outside the bag
and forms a cake after cooling. The debris on outer surface is removed by
scraping. Bee’s wax is purified by heating in boiling water, sulphuric acid and
settling. The process is repeated several times and finally wax is skimmed off.
Various techniques are adopted to bleach wax, such as treatment with hydrogen
peroxide, cromic acid, ozone etc. Sometimes, treatment with charcoal, chlorine
or potassium permanganate is also given to bleach the wax. Natural bleaching
by exposing the wax to the sunlight in thin layer is also preferred.
DESCRIPTION:
Colour- Yellow to yellowish brown
Odour -Agreeable and honey like.
Taste- Faint balsamic
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:
Yellow bees wax is noncrystalline solid. It is soft to touch and crumbles
under the pressure of fingers to plastic mass. Under molten condition, it can be
given any desired shape. It breaks with a granular fracture.
DRUG REVIEW- MADHUCHCHISHTHA
17
Solubility:
It is insoluble in water, soluble in hot alcohol, ether, chloroform, carbon
tetrachloride, fixed and volatile oils.
Standards:
Melting point 62- 65 degree Celsius
Specific gravity 0.958 - 0.967
Acid value 5-10
Sap. Value 90-103
Ester value 80-95
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION:
The principal constituents are - (1) Hydrocarbons (probably C27H56 and C34H64)
about 12 per cent. (2) Cerin or Cerotic Acid, C27H54O2. (3) Myricin or Myrical
Palmitate, C30H61,C16H31O2, the principal constituent. (4) An Alcohol, C26H52O,
in small quantities. (5) Cerylic Alcohol, C27H56O.
It consists of esters of straight chain monohydric alcohols with straight
chain acids. The chief constituent of the bees wax is myricin i.e. myricil
palmitate (about 80%). Free cerotic acid (about 15%), small quantities of
melissic acid and aromatic substance cerolein are the other constituents. Indian
bees wax is characterized by its low acid value, while European bees wax has
the acid value of 17 to 22.
USES:
Bee’s wax is used in preparation of ointments, plasters and polishes. It is
used in ointments for hardening purpose and the manufacture of candles,
moulds, and in dental and electronic industries. It is also used in cosmetics for
preparation of lipsticks and face creams. Bee’s wax has little effect upon
human system, but was earlier prescribed in diarrhea and dysentery. Bee’s wax
and vegetable oil mixture is used as vehicle for the administration of repository
forma of certain medicaments such as penicillin and curare, where in it delays
DRUG REVIEW- MADHUCHCHISHTHA
18
and there by prolongs the action of the drug. It is used in the formulation of
ointments, plasters, suppositories, surgical dressings etc, in which it acts
mechanically, either imparting stiffness or giving protection from water.
ACTION: To arrest discharges, promote healing of wounds and tissue
regeneration, and alleviate pain.
INDICATIONS: Ulcer difficulty to heal, wounds, burns and scalds.
USAGES: For external use, appropriate quantity to be melted and applied
topically; often used as excipient and ground substance of ointments.
ADULTERANTS:
Very frequently bees wax is adulterated with colophony, hard paraffin,
stearic acid, japan wax, spermaceti carnauba wax and several other substances.
Adulteration can be detected on the basis of solubility and melting point.
The genuine wax should not give turbidity when 0.5g of wax is boiled
with 20 ml of aqueous caustic soda for 10 minutes and cooled.
WHITE BEES WAX: It is obtained by bleaching yellow bees wax and it
should not be used for ophthalmic purposes.
DRUG REVIEW- SHALANIRYASA
20
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
3.2 SHALANIRYASA
HISTORY
Religious significance:
In Hindu tradition the Sal tree is said to be favoured by Vishnu. Its
name "Shala", "Shaal" or "Sal", comes from Sanskrit; the Sal tree is often
confused with the Ashoka tree (Saraca indica) in the ancient literature of
the Indian Subcontinent.
Queen Māyā giving birth to the Buddha:
In Buddhist tradition, it is said that Queen Maya of Sakya gave
birth to Gautama Buddha under a sal tree or an Asoka tree in a garden in
Lumbini, while grasping its branch.
There is a standard decorative element of Hindu Indian sculpture,
which originated in a Yakshi grasping the branch of a flowering tree
while setting her foot against its roots. This decorative sculptural element
was integrated into Indian temple architecture as salabhanjika or "Sal tree
maiden", although it is not clear either whether it is a sal tree or an Asoka
tree.
VEDIC PERIOD-
The root word and vedaSalagram kosha by SK Ramachandra Rao
(typed up by Kirtida Sundari - thanx) Chapter Four Details of
Shaalagraama page 107 – 136- The Shalagram-stones that are worshipped
are only those, which are picked up from the Himalayan stream Gandaki.
The expression Shaalagraama, which is of the Puranic celebrity, refers to
a particular site in the course of this stream, where the sacred stones were
found in profusion. The site was once a village, which was distinguished
by the Shaala-trees, or by the one grand specimen of the species (as the
story told hereafter suggests); hence the name 'Shaala-graama'. The name
DRUG REVIEW- SHALANIRYASA
21
of the village is spelt variously as 'Shaala-graama' (with the initial
phoneme being palatal, 'talavyaadi'), 'Shaali-graama', Saala-graama (with
the initial phenome being dental, 'dantvyaadi') and 'Shali-graama'. Of
these forms 'Saala-graama' is the correct one, because 'Shala' is the proper
Sanskrit word for the Himalayan tree now known as Shorea robusta
(commonly, however, called, Saala, Saakhu and Sukhuaa). The word
'Saala' is derived from the root 'shala gatau' (meaning "to move") (anikriti
shaalas siddhyati'), and signifies any tree (which is moved by wind
'shalati vayunaa chalatiiti'), but refers principally to the tree mentioned
above (cf. the lexicon Visva, which says 'shaalo haale nripa matsya-
prabhede sarja-paadape').
The description of shala is traceable from Koushika Sutra and
patanjala mahabhashya wherein it is quoted that the crystal of its resin
should b worn by the baby during the naming ceremony.
SAMHITA PERIOD
Charaka samhitakara is the first person to mention the drug and has
explained Shala under Kashaya skanda, Vedanasthapana,
Asavayonivruksha varga. He has mentioned it for many diseases such as
Kushtha, Vipadika, Visarpa, Hikka, Shvasa roga, Gudadaha, Vatarakta.
Sushruta has explained the drug under Salasaradi gana and Rodhradi
gana. He has referred the drug as Kushthahara, stambhaka, Visarpahara,
Vranaropaka, Bhutanashaka, Rakshoghna. Vagbhata mentioned it in
dravyas for Mrudu Dhuma and in treatment of Hikka and Shwasa in the
form of Dhumapana etc. Ashtanga sangrahakara has explained it under
Asanadi gana, Rodhradi gana, Vedanasthapana gana.
NIGHANTU PERIOD
Almost all the authors of Nighantus, from the oldest Dhanvantari
nighantu till Nighantu adarsha have explained the drug in detail. All of
them have explained its Guna, Rasa, Virya, Vipaka, and Karma along
with Prayoga. Most of them have mentioned that it is having Tikta
DRUG REVIEW- SHALANIRYASA
22
Madhura rasa, Snigdha, Grahi, Shita Guna and is Tridoshahara, best
Vranaropaka, Vipadikahara, Kushthahara.
UNANI CHIKITSA
The use of Shala Niryasa in Unani system of Medicine is
mentioned by Vanoushadi Chandrodaya, its indications there being in
Vrana, Jalodara, Charmaroga, prurities etc.
GANA – VARGA
Table No. 7: Showing Gana-Varga of Shala niryasa
aÉhÉ – uÉaÉï cÉ.xÉÇ xÉÑ.xÉÇ A.WØû kÉ.ÌlÉ qÉÉ.Sì. qÉ.ÌlÉ Mæü.ÌlÉ pÉÉ.ÌlÉ UÉ.ÌlÉ vÉÉ.ÌlÉ ÌlÉ.AÉ ÌmÉë.ÌlÉ
AÉåwÉÍkÉ uÉaÉï +
AÉxÉuÉrÉÉåÌlÉuÉ×¤É +
ÄvÉÉsÉÉÌSuÉaÉï +
AxÉlÉÉÌS aÉhÉ +
cÉÇSlÉÉÌS uÉaÉï + +
ÌuÉÌuÉSÉæzÉçÍkÉ uÉaÉï +
LsÉÉÌS +
MüwÉÉrÉxMülkÉ +
UÉåkÉëÉÌS +
uÉåSlÉÉxjÉmÉlÉ +
WûËUiÉYrÉÌS uÉaÉï +
zMümÉÔïUÉÌSuÉaÉï + + +
zxÉÉsÉxÉ|UÉÌS +
DRUG REVIEW- SHALANIRYASA
23
PARYAYA NAMA:
The usable part Shala Niryasa or Rala is also known by many other
names in Samhitas as well as Nighantus. They are mentioned in following
table.
Table No.8: Showing synonyms of Shalaniryasa.
mÉrÉÉïrÉ lÉÉqÉ cÉ.xÉÇ xÉÑ.xÉÇ A.WØû kÉÌlÉ qÉ.ÌlÉ Mæü.ÌlÉ pÉÉ.ÌlÉ UÉ.ÌlÉ vÉ|.ÌlÉ ÌlÉ.AÉ ÌmÉë.ÌlÉ
UÉsÉ + + + + + + +
xÉeÉïUxÉ + + + + + + + + +
SåuÉkÉÔmÉ + + + +
rɤÉkÉÔmÉ + + + + + + +
xÉuÉïïUxÉ +
UÉsÉ +
xÉeÉï + +
ÌuÉÃmÉ +
uÉÌ»ûuÉssÉpÉ +
AaÉçÌlÉuÉssÉpÉ + + +
MülÉMüsÉÉåokÉuÉ + +
sÉsÉlÉ + +
¤ÉhÉ + +
oÉWÒûÃmÉ + +
kÉÔmÉlÉ +
sÉÍsÉiÉ +
UuÉ +
xÉMüsÉsɤÉhÉ +
SåuÉå¸É +
DRUG REVIEW- SHALANIRYASA
24
vÉÏiÉsÉÉ +
vÉÉsÉUxÉ +
xÉeÉïÌlÉrÉÉïxÉMü +
xÉÑUÍpÉ +
xÉÑUkÉÔmÉ +
MüÉsÉ +
xÉxrÉxÉÇuÉU +
sÉɤÉÉ +
ÌlÉÂÌ£ü
xÉÉsÉÈ- xÉÉUÉå SÉQèrÉïqÉç AìiÉvÉÌrÉiÉqÉxrÉ |
The heart wood of the tree is strong so is called as Sala.
xÉeÉïUxÉ – xÉÚeÉÌiÉ ÌlÉrÉÉïxÉÉSÏÌlÉÌiÉ |
The one, which exudates Niryasa (oleo gum resin) is called as Sarjarasa.
SåuÉkÉÔmÉ _ SåuÉmÉëÏrÉÉå kÉÔmÉ CìiÉ |
This is used as incense in god’s worship thus called as Devadhupa.
rɤ|kÉÔmÉ - rɤ|mÉëÏrÉÉå kÉÔmÉÈ |
This is used as incense in Yaksha worship also thus called as
Yakshadhupa.
vÉÉsÉ –- xÉsrÉiÉå| mÉsÉ aÉiÉÉæ|
It spreads robustly over a large area.
UÉsÉ- zvÉ|sÉuÉÚ¤| ÌlÉrÉÉïxÉÈèû |
The exudate of Shala is called as Rala.
xÉeÉï- xÉÚeÉÌiÉ ÌlÉrÉÉïxÉÉSÏÌlÉÌiÉ |
The one, which exudates Niryasa (oleo gum resin) is called as Sarja.
MüÉwrÉïÈ – M×üwÉ ÌuÉsÉåZÉlÉå |
DRUG REVIEW- SHALANIRYASA
25
It depletes the Dhatus so called as Karshya.
AµÉMühÉïMüÈ- AµÉxrÉ MühÉïÍqÉuÉmɧÉxrÉ |
Leaves resemble shape of Ashva (horse) ears.
xÉxrÉxÉçÇuÉUÈ- xÉxrÉæÈ xÉÇuÉÚÌrÉiÉå, xÉxrÉÇ TüsÉ xÉÇuÉÚhÉÉåÌiÉ CìÌiÉ |
It is always seen in fruiting so called Sasysasamvara.
uÉÌ»uÉssÉpÉ -– uÉ»åûuÉïssÉpÉÈ ÌmÉërÉÈ E®ÏmÉMüiuÉÉiÉç |
AÎalÉuÉssÉpÉ -– AalÉåÈ uÉssÉpÉÈ E®ÏmÉMüiuÉÉiÉç ÌmÉërÉÈ |
It increases the intensity of Agni (fire).
kÉÔmÉlÉ – kÉÔmÉrÉÌiÉ xÉÇkÉÔ¤|rÉÌiÉ uÉÌ»ûÍqÉÌiÉ kÉÔmÉ + srÉÑÈ|
It is used as incense and also increases the intensity of fire.
sÉÍsÉiÉÉ- sÉsrÉiÉå DmxrÉiÉå CÌiÉ |
People are inclined towards it (to use it as incense).
SåuÉå¸É- SåuÉÉlÉÉÍqÉ¸É |
It is used as incense while worshipping god.
vÉÏiÉsÉÉ- vÉÏiÉÇ sÉÉiÉÏÌiÉ |
This brings Shitata (coldness) to the body hence cures daha.
xÉeÉïÌlÉrÉÉïxÉMüÈ- xÉeÉïïxrÉ ÌlÉrÉÉïxÉÈ |
It is exudate of plant Sarja.
xÉÑUÍpÉ- xÉÚ¸ UpÉiÉååÅlÉålÉåÌiÉ |
It is very fragrant.
xÉÑUkÉÔmÉ- xÉÑUÌmÉërÉÉå kÉÔmÉÈ|
It is used as incense while worshipping Sura (god).
AeÉMühÉï- AeÉxrÉ NûÉaÉxrÉ MühÉïuÉiÉç mɧÉÇ rÉxrÉ xÉÈ|
Leaves resemble shape of Aja (Goat) ears.
DRUG REVIEW- SHALANIRYASA
26
GUNA-KARMA (Pharmacological Properties)
Guna-Karma of Shalaniryasa are exclusively mentioned in
Nighantus that are tabulated as follows.
Table No. 9: Showing Guna of Shalaniryasa
aÉÑhÉ kÉ.ÌlÉ qÉ.ÌlÉ Mæü.ÌlÉ pÉÉ.ÌlÉ UÉ.ÌlÉ vÉÉ.ÌlÉ ÌlÉ.AÉ ÌmÉë.ÌlÉ
ÌiÉ£ü + + + +
MüwÉÉrÉ + + + + + + + UxÉ
qÉkÉÑU + + + + +
aÉÑÂ + + + + aÉÑhÉ
ÎxlÉakÉ + +
EwhÉ + AlÉÑwhÉ uÉÏrÉï
vÉÉÏiÉ + + + +
uÉÉiÉWûU + + + +
ÌmɨÉWûU + + + + SÉåwÉblÉiÉÉ
MüTüWûU + + +
Authors of different Nighantu and Samhita have not mentioned Vipaka
but based on Rasa and Karma we can infer its Vipaka as Katu.
MüqÉï (DRUG ACTIONS)
Pharmacological properties of Shala Niryasa as mentioned by
different authors are mentioned in the following table.
DRUG REVIEW- SHALANIRYASA
27
Table No. 10: Showing Karma of Shala Niryasa
MüqÉï kÉ.ÌlÉ qÉÉ.Sì. qÉ.ÌlÉ Mæü.ÌlÉ pÉÉ.ÌlÉ UÉ.ÌlÉ vÉÉ.ÌlÉ ÌlÉ.AÉ ÌmÉë.ÌlÉ.
uÉëhÉWûU + + + + + +
xiÉÇqpÉlÉ + + + + +
uÉëhÉUÉåmÉhÉ + + + +
pÉalÉxÉlkÉÉlÉMüU + + + + +
ÌuÉmÉÌSMüÉWûU + + + + + +
pÉÔiÉlÉÉvÉMü + +
aÉëÉWûÏû + + + +
U¤ÉÉMüqÉï +
U£üxiÉqpÉMü +
ÌMüÍqÉblÉ +
xuÉåSWûU + + + + +
uÉhrÉï
ÌuÉvÉblÉ + +
U¤ÉÉåblÉ + +
qÉɧÉÉ (Posology)
Usually the Shala Niryasa is used externally as direct application with oil
or it is used in the form of Dhuma etc. in different diseases. Hence its
Matra (dosage) will be as required and P.V. Sharmaji has mentioned its
dose as-
1. UÉsÉcÉÔhÉï – 1- 3 gms 2. iuÉMçü YuÉÉjÉ- 50-100 ml
DRUG REVIEW- SHALANIRYASA
28
mÉërÉÉåaÉ (Therapeutic applications)
The various disorders in which the Shala niryasa is used mainly are
Kushtha, Vrana, Vipadika etc. and also in following conditions its
Prayoga is seen.
Table No.11: Showing Prayoga of Shala niryasa.
mÉërÉÉåaÉ cÉ.xÉÇ xÉÑ.xÉÇ A.WØû kÉ.ÌlÉ qÉ.ÌlÉ Mæü.ÌlÉ pÉÉ.ÌlÉ. UÉ.ÌlÉ. vÉÉ.ÌlÉ ÌlÉ.AÉ
ÌuÉmÉÉÌSMüÉ + + + + + + + +
MÑü¹ + + +
pÉÔiÉ + + + +
uÉëhÉ + + + + + + + +
pÉalÉ + + + + + + +
ÌuÉxÉmÉï + + +
+ + +
aÉëWûoÉÉkÉÉ + + + +
AÎalÉSakÉ + + + +
vÉÔsÉ + + +
EuÉU + + + +
xuÉåSWûU + + + + +
AsÉΤqÉ +
U£üÌuÉMüÉU + + + + +
U£üxÉëÉuÉ +
EimÉÉOûMü +
uÉÉiÉU£ü + +
ÌmɨÉeÉ AoÉÑïS +
uÉÉiÉeÉ AÉå¹eÉ UéåaÉ +
uÉÉiÉUÉåaÉ +
DRUG REVIEW- SHALANIRYASA
29
MühÉïxÉëÉuÉ +
mÉÔiÉlÉÉ +
qÉÑZÉqÉÍhÉMüÉ +
AvÉï +
ÌWûYMüÉ µÉÉxÉ + +
xÉmÉï,MüÐOû, sÉÔiÉÉ +
mÉËUMüÌiÉïMüÉ +
AiÉÏxÉÉU + + +
xTüÉåOû + +
MühQÕû + + +
aÉëWûhÉÏ
MÚüÍqÉ UÉåaÉ +
uÉÉiÉU£ü +
mÉëqÉåWû +
µÉåiÉ mÉëSU
ÌuÉwÉ +
SSìÓ +
mÉÉqÉÉ +
ÌuÉcÉÍcÉïMüÉ +
pÉaÉlSU + +
mÉÉSSÉUÏ +
DRUG REVIEW- SHALANIRYASA
30
AÉqÉÌrÉMü mÉërÉÉåaÉ (Therapeutic Uses)
cÉUMü xÉÇÌWûiÉÉ:
1. ÍxÉkqÉMÑü¸: Edagaja or Sarjarasa or Mulaka beeja are tritured in
Kanji is used for Udvartana.(Cha. Ci 7/126).
2. ÌWûMçüMüÉ LuÉÇ µÉÉxÉ: Madhucchishtha , Sarjarasa, Goshrunga are burnt
and Dhooma is inhaled. (Ch.Chi.17/79)
xÉÑ´ÉÑiÉ xÉÇÌWûiÉÉ
3. mÉëcNûÉ³É MüqÉï mɶÉéiÉç : After Pracchaanna karma to stop the bleeding
Sarjarasa, Shala, Arjuna, Irimeda, Dhava are rubbed in water and
applied to the Vrana. (Su.Su.14/36)
4. AÎalÉSakÉ: Ghrita prepared out of Madhuchishtha,Sarjarasa, Rodhra,
Madhuka, Chandana, Manjishtha, Murva is applied in Agnidagdha.
(Su.Su.12/27)
5. EimÉÉOûMü: Apamarga, Sarjarasa, Lakucha, Patalaa Tvaka are rubbed
in water and applied. (Su.Su.13/36)
6. mÉÉSSÉËU: Ghrita prepared of Madhucchishtha, Vasa, Majja and
Sarjarasa is applied.(Su.Chi. 20/19-20)
7. pÉaÉlSU- taila prepared of pippali, Madhuka, lodhra, Kushtha, ela,
Manjishtha, Sariva, Dhataki, Haridra, Daruharidra, Sarjarasa,
Vacha, Madhucchishtha, vacha is applied in Gandamaala,
Mandala, Prameha and Bhagandara. (Su.Chi.8/43-46)
A¹ÉçaÉ WØûSrÉû
8. ÌuÉmÉÉÌSMüÉ: Ghrita and taila should be prepared out of Manjishtha,
Jevanti, Darvi, Kampillaka, Dugdha and Tuttha then add the
Sarjarasa and Madhucchishtha. and applied to Vipadika and
Ekanga kushtha.(A.Hr.Chi.19/77-78)
DRUG REVIEW- SHALANIRYASA
31
9. µÉÉxÉ LuÉÇ ÌWûMçüMüÉ: Madhucchishtha, Sarjarasa and Ghrita
Dhumapana is performed. (A.Hr.Chi.4/12)
10. pÉaÉlSU, AmÉcÉÏ, MÑü¸: Taila prepared of Madhuka, Lodhra, pippali,
Ela, renuka, Haridra, daruharidra, Priyangu, sarjarasa,
adhucchishtha, Sariva, Padmaka, dhataki, dhava and applied on
Apachi, Kushtha, bhagandara, madhumeha and Vrana.
(A.Hr.Chi29/33-36)
ÌlÉbÉhOÒû AÉSvÉï:
Tila taila, Raala, Madhucchishtha are taken equally and prepare
ointment and applied as Upanaha for the disease in external
Vidradhi.
ÍxÉ®pÉåwÉeÉqÉÍhÉqÉÉsÉÉ:
Sarjaparpata is prepared out of Rala churna, Somala churna and
used in KaphaVatajvara, Atisara, Bhrama, Chardi.
VISHISHTA YOGA (FORMULATIONS)
Table No. 12: Showing Vishisgtha yogas of Shala niryasa.
SI
NO.
VISHISHTA
YOGA
INDICATIONS REFERANCES
1. ÌuÉmÉÉÌSMüÉWûU iÉæsÉ ÌuÉmÉÉÌSMüÉ, AsÉxÉMü,MÑü¹,
cÉqÉïMÑü¹, LMüMÑü¹, ÌMüÌiÉpÉMÑü¹
cÉ.ÍcÉ.7/111
2. MüÉxÉÏxÉÉkrÉ bÉ×iÉ MÑü¸, SSìÓ, mÉÉqÉÉ, ÌuÉcÉÍcÉïMüÉ,
ÌuÉxmÉï, ÌuÉxÄTüÉåOû, lÉÉSÏuÉÚhÉ,
SÒ¹uÉëhÉ
vÉÉ.xÉÇ.qÉ.ZÉÇ. 9/51-57
3. ÍxÉkqÉWûU sÉåmÉ ÍxÉkqÉ vÉÉ.xÉÇ.E.ZÉÇ.11/45
4. ÌmÉhQû iÉæsÉqÉç uÉÉiÉU£ü cÉ.ÍcÉ.29/123
DRUG REVIEW- SHALANIRYASA
32
vÉÉ.xÉÇ.qÉ.ZÉÇ.9/146
5. qÉWûÉuÉeÉëMü iÉæsÉ MÑü¹, lÉÉQûÏuÉÚhÉ, pÉaÉlkÉU,
aÉhQûqÉÉsÉÉ
xÉÑ.xÉÔ.9/57-63
6. ÌuÉmÉÉÌSMüÉWûU bÉÚiÉ ÌuÉmÉÉÌSMüÉ, AsÉxÉMü, MÑü¹,
cÉqÉïMÑü¹, LçMüMÑü¹, ÌMüÌOûpÉ
cÉ.ÍcÉ.7/120-121
7. qÉlÉÈvÉÏsÉÉÌS bÉÚiÉ ÌWûYMüÉ, µÉÉxÉ cÉ.ÍcÉ.17/144-146
8. lÉsÉSÉÌS mÉësÉåmÉ ÌuÉxÉmÉï cÉ.ÍcÉ.21/77
9. qÉkÉÑÎcNûwšÉÌS rÉÉåaÉ pÉaÉlSU,uÉëhÉ, MÑü¸,
qÉkÉÑqÉåWû,AmÉÍcÉ
A.WØû.ÍcÉ.29/33-36
10. ÌuÉmÉÉÌSMüÉWûU iÉæsÉ ÌuÉmÉÉÌSMüÉ cÉ.ÍcÉ.7/111
11. xÉælkÉuÉÉÌS sÉåmÉ ¤ÉÑSìUÉåaÉ ÍcÉÌMüixÉÉ rÉÉåaÉU¦ÉÉMüU
CONTROVERSY:
Bhavamishra has considered Shala and Sarjaka as two different
trees and given synonym as Ashwakarna to Shala and Ajakarna to
Sarjaka.
Where as Sushrutha in his Salasaradi Gana has included Shala,
Ashwakarna and Ajakarna as three different trees.
But Charaka has considered that these as four different trees. So
the Botanical identification is as follows:
Shala – Shorea robusta Gaertn.
Sarja - Vateria indica Linn.
Ashwakarna – Terminalia tomentosa W &A (Sharma P.V,
Dravyaguna Vignana,Vol-I, Page 389), Dipterocarpus turbinatus Gaertn
(Sharma P.V, Dravyaguna Vignana Vol-II, Page 632), Dipterocarpus
alatus (Sharma P.V, Dravyaguna Vignana Vol-II,Page 632)
DRUG REVIEW- SHALANIRYASA
33
As per Dr.Mayaram Uniyal in his book “Prayogatmaka Abhinava
Dravyaguna”.
Ashwakarna – Dipterocarpus alatus
Ajakarna – Dipterocarpus turbinatus Gaertn
Both Bapalal Vaidya (Nighnatu Adarsha I page 137) and Yadavaji
Trikamji Acharya (Dravyaguna II page 104) have mentioned that the
word Shala niryasa is not found in Samhitas and wherever it is mentioned
as Sarjarasa in those texts the Shalaniryasa only should be considered. In
support of this the commentators like Chakrapani and Dalhana have also
used the words like Shala or Rala in those instances.
DRUG REVIEW- SHALANIRYASA
34
IMPORTANT REFERENCES
cÉUMü xÉÇÌWûiÉÉ
vÉÉsÉMüOèTüsÉ MüSqoÉ mÉ©Mü iÉÑqoÉqÉÉåcÉUxÉÍzÉUÏwÉuÉÇeÉÑsÉ LsÉuÉÉsÉÑMüÉzÉÉåMüÉ CÌiÉ SzÉåqÉÉÌlÉ
uÉåSlÉÉxjÉÉmÉlÉÉÌlÉ pÉuÉÎliÉ | (cÉ.xÉÑ. 4/49)
vÉÉsÉÌmÉërÉMüAµÉMühÉïcÉlSlÉxrÉlSlÉZÉÌSUxÉmiÉmÉhÉÉïAeÉÑïlÉÉxÉlÉæËUqÉåS
ÌiÉlSÒMüÌMühÉÌWûvÉÉÍqÉvÉÑÌ£üÍvÉvÉÉmÉvÉÏUÏwÉuÉÇeÉsÉkÉluÉlÉqÉkÉÔMæü È xÉÉUxÉuÉÉ ÌuÉÇvÉÌiÉpÉïuÉÎliÉ |
cÉ.xÉÔ. 25/49
qÉkÉÑÎcNû¸Ç xÉeÉïUxÉÇ bÉ×iÉÇ qÉssÉMüxÉÇmÉÑOåû |
M×üiuÉÉ kÉÔqÉÇ ÌmÉoÉåiNØÇûaÉÇ oÉÉsÉÇ uÉÉ aÉuÉÉÇ || 79 cÉ.ÍcÉ. 17 (ÌWûMüMüÉ µÉÉxÉ ÍcÉÌMüixÉÉ
AkrÉrÉ)
xÉqÉkÉÑÎcNû¸qÉÉÇÎeÉ¸Ç xÉxÉeÉïUxÉxÉÉËUuÉqÉç |
ÌmÉhQûiÉæsÉÇ iÉSprÉÇaÉɲÉiÉU£üÂeÉÉmÉWûqÉç || 123 CÌiÉ ÌmÉhQûiÉæsÉÇ (cÉ. ÍcÉ. 29 uÉÉiÉU£ü
ÍcÉÌMüixÉÉ AkrÉrÉ)
xÉÑ´ÉÑiÉ xÉÇÌWûiÉÉ
iÉiÉÉå aÉÑaaÉÑsuÉaÉ xÉeÉïuÉcÉÉaÉÉæUxÉwÉïmÉcÉÔhÉæïsÉïuÉhÉÌlÉqoÉÍqÉ´ÉårÉÈ AerÉrÉÑ£æükÉÑïmÉrÉåiÉç, AerÉvÉåwÉåhÉ
cÉÉxrÉmÉëÉhÉÉlÉç xÉqÉsÉpÉåiÉç | (xÉÑ.xÉÔ. 5/18 AaÉëÉåmÉxÉÇaÉëWûlÉÏrÉ AÉkrÉrÉ)
qÉkÉÑÎcNû¸Ç xÉqÉkÉÑMÇü UÉåkÉëÇ xÉeÉïUxÉÇ iÉjÉÉ || 27
qÉÇÎeÉ¸É cÉlSlÉÇ qÉÔuÉÉïÇ ÌmÉwOèuÉÉ xÉÌmÉïÌuÉmÉÉcÉrÉåiÉç |
xÉuÉåïwÉÉqÉÎalÉSakÉlÉÉqÉåiÉSìÉåmÉhÉqÉѨÉqÉÇ || 28 (xÉÑ.xÉÔ. 12 AÎalÉMüqÉï ÌuÉÍkÉ AkrÉrÉ)
DRUG REVIEW- SHALANIRYASA
35
kÉluÉliÉUÏ ÌlÉbÉhOÒû:
UÉsÉÈ xÉeÉïUxÉÈzvÉÉsÉÈ ¤ÉhÉÈ MüsÉMüsÉÉå°uÉÈ |
sÉsÉlÉÈ zvÉÉsÉÌlÉrÉÉïxÉÉå rɤÉkÉÔmÉÉåÅÎalÉuÉssÉpÉÈ ||
UÉsÉÈ xuÉÉSÒÈ MüwÉÉrÉÉåwhÉÈ xiÉqpÉlÉÉå uÉëhÉUÉåmÉhÉÈ |
ÌuÉmÉÉÌSpÉÔiÉWûliÉÉ cÉ pÉalÉxÉlkÉÉlÉM×üiÉç rÉiÉÈ || (kÉ.ÌlÉ.11,12)
qÉSlÉmÉÉsÉ ÌlÉbÉhOÒÈ
UÉsÉÉ xÉeÉïUxÉÉå rɤÉkÉÔmÉÈ xÉeÉÉåÅÎalÉuÉssÉpÉÈ |
¤ÉhÉMüÈ xÉÉsÉÌlÉrÉÉïxÉÉå sÉɤÉÉxrÉÉssÉsÉlÉÉå uÉUÈ ||
UÉsÉÉ ÌWûqÉÉ aÉÑÃÎxiÉ£üÉ MüwÉÉrÉÉ aÉëÉÌWûÍhÉ eÉrÉåiÉç |
aÉëWûÉxÉëxuÉåSÌuÉxÉmÉïÌuÉwÉuÉëlÉÌuÉmÉÉÌSMüÉÈ ||(50,51)
MæüSåuÉ ÌlÉbÉhOÒûÈ
UÉsÉÈ xÉeÉïUxÉÈ xÉeÉÉåï oÉWÒûÃmÉÉååÅÎalÉuÉssÉpÉÈ |
SåuÉkÉÔmÉÉå rɤÉkÉÔmÉÉå kÉÔmÉlÉÉå sÉÍsÉiÉÉå UuÉÈ ||
xÉÑUÉsÉÉ zvÉÉsÉÌlÉrÉÉïxÉÈ zvÉÉsÉÈ xÉMüsÉsɤÉhÉÈ |
xÉÑUÉsÉÉ qÉkÉÑUÉ ÌiÉ£üÉ MüwÉÉrÉÉ aÉëÉÌWûhÉÏ aÉÑÃÈ ||
AlÉÑwhÉÉ WûÎliÉ SÉåwÉÉxÉëzvÉÔsÉxuÉåSeuÉUuÉëhÉÉlÉç |
ÌuÉxÉmÉïaÉëWûpÉÔiÉÉÎalÉSakÉÉsÉΤqÉÌuÉmÉÉÌSMüÉÈ | (422,423)
pÉÉuÉmÉëMüÉ ÌlÉbÉhOÒû- UÉsÉaÉÑhÉÉÈ
UÉsÉxiÉÑxÉÉsÉÌlÉrÉÉïxÉxiÉjÉÉxÉeÉïUxÉÈxqÉ×iÉÈ |
SåuÉkÉÔmÉÉårɤÉkÉÔmÉxiÉjÉÉ xÉuÉïUxÉ¶É xÉÈ ||
UÉsÉÉåÌWûqÉÉåaÉÑÃÎxiÉ£üÈMüwÉÉrÉÉåaÉëÉWûMüÉåWûUåiÉç |
DRUG REVIEW- SHALANIRYASA
36
SÉåwÉÉxÉëxuÉåSÌuÉxÉmÉïeuÉUuÉëhÉÌuÉmÉÉÌSMüÉÈ |
aÉëWûpÉalÉÉÎalÉSakÉÉǶÉzÉÔsÉÉÌiÉxÉÉUlÉÉzÉlÉÈ || (pÉÉ.mÉë.48,49.)
UÉeÉÌlÉbÉhOÒûÈ
UÉsÉxiÉÑÍvÉÍvÉUÈÎxlÉakÉÈMüwÉÉrÉÎxiÉ£üxÉÇaÉëWûÈ |
uÉÉiÉÌmɨÉWûUÈxTüÉãOûMühQÕûÌiÉuÉëhÉlÉÉwÉlÉÈ || (UÉ.ÌlÉ.)
vÉÉÍsÉaÉëÉqÉ ÌlÉbÉhOÒûÈ
UÉsÉxiÉÑxÉÉsÉÌlÉrÉÉïxÉxiÉjÉÉxÉeÉïUxÉÈxqÉ×iÉÈ |
SåuÉkÉÔmÉÉårɤÉkÉÔmÉÉåÌuÉÃmÉÉåuÉÌ»ûuÉssÉpÉÈ ||
ÌlÉbÉhOÒû U¦ÉÉMüU
xÉeÉïÌlÉrÉÉïxÉMüÈvÉÏiÉÈÎxlÉakɶÉiÉÑuÉUÉåaÉÑÃÈ |
aÉëÉWûMüÈxiÉÇpÉlÉÎxiÉ£üÈxuÉÉSÒ¶ÉuÉëhÉUÉåmÉhÉÈ ||
pÉalÉxÉlkÉÉlÉMüUhÉÉåqÉkÉÑUÉåuÉÉiÉÌmɨÉWûÉ |
̧ÉSÉåwÉU£üÃMüMühQÕûÌuÉxmTüÉåOûuÉëhÉlÉÉzÉlÉÈ|
xuÉåSeuÉUÌuÉxÉmÉÉïhÉÉÇaÉëWûoÉÉkÉÉÌuÉwÉxrÉcÉ |
AÌiÉxÉÉUxrÉvÉqÉlÉGÌwÉÍpÉÈmÉËUMüÐÌiÉïiÉÉÈ || (ÌlÉ.U.)
UÉsÉiÉæsÉaÉÑhÉÉÈ-
iÉæsÉÇxÉeÉïUxÉÉå°ÕiÉÇÌuÉxTüÉåOûuÉëhÉlÉÉzÉlÉqÉç |
MÑü¸mÉÉqÉÉÌ¢üÍqÉWûUÇuÉÉiÉzsÉåwqÉÉqÉrÉÉmÉWûqÉç || (AɧÉårÉxÉÇÌWûiÉÉ)
ÍxÉ®pÉåwÉeÉqÉÍhÉqÉÉsÉÉ:
ÃlkÉlSÉåvÉaÉÌiÉÇ eÉrÉlxuÉUaÉSÇ mÉÉqÉÉÇ Í¤ÉmÉlSÕUiÉÉå |
UÉÌ»ûmsÉѹÃeÉÇ WûUÎcNûÍvÉUiÉÉÇ iÉluÉlaÉÑÃiuÉÇ SkÉiÉç ||
ÍpÉlSgNÕûsÉqÉrÉÇ uÉ×hÉÉlÉÍpÉpÉuÉlÉç ÍcÉlSÎluÉxÉmÉÉïÌSMüÉlÉç |
UÉsÉÉ pÉÉÌiÉ xÉqÉÉcÉUγiÉxÉ×iÉÉæ vÉÉSÕïsÉÌuÉÌ¢üÌQûiÉqÉç || (ÍxÉ.pÉå.qÉ.)
DRUG REVIEW- SHALANIRYASA
37
MODERN REVIEW OF THE DRUG
RESIN SHOREA ROBUSTA Gaertn. f. FRUCT.
NOMENCLATURE:
Scientific Name- Shorea robusta Gaertn. f. Fruct.
VERNACULAR NAMES
The drug is universally known and accepted by its scientific name.
But still the knowledge of the names in both local and the regional
languages is very important to get the drug from the regions of its
availability.
Hindi - Sakher, Sakhu, Sakhua, Sakoh, Sal, Sala, Salwa,
Kannada - Sarjarasa, Kabbu, Bile bovu, Bile bogumara, Ral
English - Sal
Marathi - Raala, Pinvali
Gujarati - Raala.
Punjabi - Raalaarlu
Bengali - Sakher, Sakhu, Sakhua, Sakoh, Sal, Sala, Salwa.
Malayalam - Shalavriksham, Mulappumarutu, Maramaram.
Tamil - Salliyam sandanam, Sanchandanam
Telugu - Gugal, Guggilamu, Saluva, Sarjakamu, Sarjamu..
Urdu - Ral
Assam -Sal, Dieng-blei, Guggal, Jalri-chettu, Salua,
Oria - Sal,Sagua,Salva, Sodingi
Nepali - Agrakh, Sakhua, Sal, Sakwa.
Simhalese - Dammala
DRUG REVIEW- SHALANIRYASA
38
CLASSIFICATION
According to Benthem and Hooker’s system of classification-
Division: Spermatophyta
Subdivision: Angiospermae
Class: Dicotyledonae
Subclass: Polypetalae
Series: Thalamiflorae
Order: Guttiferales
Family: Dipterocarpaceae
Genus: Shorea Roxb
Species: Shorea robusta Gaertn.
FAMILY CHARECTERS – DIPTEROCARPACEAE
There are around 25 Genera and 350 species.
Habit: Trees with resinous wood. a deciduous tree; seldom leafless, bark
dark brown, smooth or with a few longitudinal cracks.
Root: Tap root
Leaves: Alternate, simple, scales- indumentum of stellate hairs, or of
peltate scales. Stipules- small or large, deciduous;
Inflorescence: Axillary panicle
Flowers: Hermaphrodite, actinomorphic, fragrant, in axillary Panicles.
Bracts – usually absent
Calyx: Tube short or long, free or adnate to the overy, lobes-5, imbricate
or velvate, usually enlarged and wing like in fruit.
Corolla: Petals-5, much twisted, free or slightly connate, often hairy.
Androecium: Stamens usually numerous, hypogynous, or subperigynous,
anthers- 2 celled, opening lengthwise, with produced
connective.
Gynoecium: Ovary- 3 celled; style- entire or 3 lobed, ovules- 2 in each
cell, pendulous or lateral, anatropous.
Fruits: Indehiscent, mostly 1 seeded.
DRUG REVIEW- SHALANIRYASA
39
Seeds: without endosperm. Cotyledons often twisted, enclosing the
radicle.
CHARECTERS OF GENUS Shorea Roxb.
Habit: Resiniferous trees.
Root: Tap root.
Leaves: Entire or repand, with parallel nerves;
Stipules: large, coriaceous and persistent, or small and deciduous or
incospicuous.
Inflorescence: large terminal or axillary recemose panicles.
Flowers: 1.2cm long, yellowish in terminal and axillary racemose
panicles 7.5-23cm long, branches Grey-tomentose
Calyx: Tube very short, not enlarged in fruit, adnate to the torous, lobes
ovate - lanceolate, imbricate, unequally enlarged in fruit, wing
like, closely embracing the fruit;
Corolla: Petals narrow-oblong or lanceolate, silky tomentose outside;
Androecium: Stamens 15-many; anthers ovate or oblong, rarely linear;
connective subulate or cuspidate; valves obtuse, rarely
cuspidate, equal, or with the exterior valve larger;
Gynoecium: Ovary 3-celled; ovules 2 in each cell; style usually subulate;
stigma entire or 3-toothed;
Fruit: 1.2 cm long, ovoid, acute, indehiscent pubescent, wings of the
fruiting calyx somewhat unequal oblong or Spathulate 5-7.5
long,obtuse with 10-15longitudinal nerves joined by numerous
straight or oblique transverse veins.
Seed: Ovoid; cotyledons fleshy, unequal, usually enclosing the superior
radical.
DRUG REVIEW- SHALANIRYASA
40
CHARECTERS OF SHOREA ROBUSTA GARTN. f. FRUCT.
Habit: A deciduous tree seldom quite leafless, black dark brown, smooth
or with a few longitudinal cracks.
Leaves: 10-30 by 15-18 cm, ovate-oblong acuminate, tough, thinly
coriacious, glabrous and shinning when mature, base-cordate or
rounded. Stipules 7.5 mm long, pubescent, deciduous; Petiole
1.2 to 2cm long; Stipules 7.5mm long pubescent, deciduous.
Inflorescence and flowers: 1.2cm long, yellowish in terminal and
axillary racemose panicles 7.5-23cm long, branches Grey-
tomentose.
Calyx: tube short, not enlarged in fruit, adnate to the torus, lobes 2.5mm
long, grey-tomentose outside, ovate, accresent in fruit.
Petals: Narrow-oblong or lanceolate, Silky tomentose outside.
Androecium: Stamens up to 50, shorter than the petals; connectives with
subulate bearded appendages minutely 3-fid at the apex.
Gynoecium: Ovary 3celled, style subulate.
Fruit: 1.2 cm long, ovoid, acute, indehiscent pubescent, wings of the
fruiting calyx somewhat unequal oblong or spathulate 5-7.5 long,
obtuse with 10-15longitudinal nerves joined by numerous straight
or oblique transverse veins.
RESIN of Shorea robusta Gaertn:
Stalactitic pieces of dried Resin of varying sizes, resembling crude
sulphur, outer surface rough, longitudinally shriveled, more often covered
with glossy shining resinous coating, pale creamish yellow in colour.
Fracture – Brittle and splintery exposes an uneven resinous surface.
Specific gravity: 0.94-0.96.
Saponification value: 35-37
Acid value: 22-24
Odour – Faint, balsamic
Taste –Astringent.
DRUG REVIEW- SHALANIRYASA
41
DISTRIBUTION:
The Sal tree is widely distributed in India, covering approx. 13.3%
of the total forst area in the country from the plains upto 900-1700 m
altitude covering part of North, East and central India. In the North
extends from Punjab, Himachal Pradesh to Haryana states through the sub
Himalayan tracts, outer Himalayas to Assam and Tripura states covring
Garo, Khasi and Jaintia hills. In the East it is distributed from Western
Bengal, Orissa upto Vishakhapattanam in South and through greater part
of South astern Madhya Pradesh upto Chindawara and Hoshangabad
districts in the west. Also distributed in Nepal and Bhutan.
ECOLOGY:
Shorea robusta occurs in both deciduous dry and moist forests and
in evergreen moist forests. It accounts for about 14% of the total forest
area in India. Native: India, Myanmar, Nepal.
PROPAGATION AND CULTIVATION:
The most favorable is the moist sandy loam with good subsoil
drainage. It thrives well on deep boulder deposits overlain by a sufficient
depth of fertile porous loam. An excess of clay in the subsoil produces
stunted growth. It coppices well up to a moderate size;
The fruits of Sal ripen in June, immediately before the normal
onset of monsoon and under favorable conditions the seed germinates
soon after falling; sometimes germination may begin even in tree. The
most important single factor affecting natural regeneration is the time-lag
between the falling of seed and the commencement of monsoon and also
the draught. A spacing of 27-36m between the mother trees and frequent
weeding during rains help the growth of the seedlings. For artificial
reproduction, fresh seeds collected as soon as they fall on the ground and
sown immediately. The annual yield of 4-5 Kg of resin per tree is
obtained by tapping.
DRUG REVIEW- SHALANIRYASA
42
SUBSTITUTION AND ADULTERATION
Resinous exudates from the stem bark of Vateria indica Linn.,
from Dipterocarpaceae family is known as Chandrasa and Vellakuninkam
in North and South India respectively is often used as substitute. This
material occurs as small round tears and flakes of deep orange or blood
red colour.
REVIEW OF RESIN
DEFINITION AND GENERAL CHRACTERS OF RESIN:
Resins are amorphous products of complex nature. These are
amorphous mixtures of essential oils, terpens and carboxylic acids found
as exudations from the trunk of various trees. They are transparent or
translucent solids, semisolids or liquid substances containing large
number of carbon atoms. They are insoluble in water, but soluble in
alcohol, volatile oils, fixed oils, chloral hydrate and non polar organic
solvents like benzene or ether. They are hard electrically non conductive
and combustible masses. When heated, they soften and ultimately melt.
They are usually formed in schizogenous or schizolysigenous cavities or
ducts as end products of metabolism.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESINS:
Resins are classified as per occurrence in combination with other
components-
1. Oleo-resins: when resin is associated with volatile oil; mixture is
called as oleoresins. Ex turpentine, copaiba, ginger and capsicum.
2. Oleo-gum resin: when oleoresin is associated with gum the
mixture is called oleo-gum. Ex: myrrh, asafetida etc.,
3. Balsams: Balsams are resinous mixtures containing large
proportion of free or combined benzoic or cinnamic acid Ex: jolu
balsam, benzoin, peru balsam.
DRUG REVIEW- SHALANIRYASA
43
4. Glycoresin: Glycoresins are mixtures of resin with glycosides.
These on hydrolysis give an aglycome (complex resin) and
sugar. Glycoresins are present in Podophyllum and Jalap.
METHODS OF COLLECTION OF RESINS:
Resins are obtained from plants by various methods.
1. The incision is made over plant and pathological exudate is
collected e.g : Asafoetida, Myrrh, etc
2. Fossil resins are collected e.g.: Copal, Kauri
3. Heating plant material collects resins e.g.: Guaiacum
4. Material is distilled for separation of volatile oil e.g.: Colophony.
5. Material is extracted with alcohol and is precipitated with water
e.g.: Podophyllum, Capsicum.
6. Tapping method
METHOD OF COLLECTION OF SHOREA ROBUSTA Gaertn. f.
FRUCT. RESIN FROM THE TREE
Resin of Shorea robusta Gaertn.f. Fruct. is called as SAL
DAMMAR OR BENGAL DAMMAR. The resin is collected by tapping
method. It is collected by cutting of the 3-5 narrow strips of bark, 90-
120cm above the ground. In about 12 days the grooves become filled with
the resin, which oozes as a whitish liquid, but soon becomes brown on
drying. This is collected and the cavities of the grooves freshened, after
which the exudation continues and resin is removed as before. This
procedure is repeated several times in the year. Altogether 3 crops are
obtained, 1 in July, 2nd
in October, 3rd
in January; the 1st is the best in
quality and quantity.
DRUG REVIEW- SHALANIRYASA
44
GENERAL COMPOSITION OF RESINS:
Resins are chemically complex mixtures of:
1) Resin alcohol [Resinols]
2) Resin phenols [Resin Tannols]
3) Resin acids
4) Resenes
RESINOLS:
They give negative test with Ferric chloride. They may be
present in free or in combination with resin acids to form esters. These
acids may be Benzoic acids, Salicylic acids etc. The example of resinols
is benzoresinol (in Benzoin), Storeresinol (in storax).
RESINO-TANNOLS:
They contain Tannins and give positive test for Phenols
with ferric chloride. They have high molecular weight and occur as esters
or free Toluresinotannol (in Tolu balsam), Aloresinotannol (in Aloes).
RESIN ACIDS:
Resin acids contain a large proportion of oxy-acids. They are
found in free and esterified form. They are soluble in aqueous alkali
solutions and form soap like froth on shaking or colloidal suspension.
Their metallic salts are called resinates. The examples are acetic acid (in
colophony), copaivic and oxy copaivic acid (in copaiba) and commiphoric
acid (in myrrh).
RESENES:
They are inert neutral complex and high molecular weight
substance. They are very stable and not affected by any chemical
reactions. They are insoluble in acid and alkali e.g.: asaresenes (in
Asafoetida), dracoresene (in dragons blood) etc.
DRUG REVIEW- SHALANIRYASA
45
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SHOREA ROBUSTA Gaertn. f.
FRUCT. RESIN
Sal resin on dry distillation yields an essential oil known as chua oil.
Analysis of oil –
Homocatecol monomethyl ether-0.46.
4-oxy-3-methoxy-ethylbengene-0.39.
4-oxy3-methoxyl-1-propylbengene- 0.53.
Homocatecol dimethyl ether- 4.78
3-methoxy-4-ethoxy-1-methylbengene-9.38
3,4-dimethoxyl-1-propyl bengene-15.88
Oxygenated aromatic compounds -40.25.
Hydrocarbons-25.91%.
NON–PHARMACOLOGICAL USES OF SHOREA ROBUSTA Gaertn.
f. FRUCT. RESIN:
It is widely used as incense, especially as an ingredient, which is
burnt in religious ceremonies. It is also used in inferior paints and
varnishes and for caulking boats. Even used for hardening waxes for used
in the manufactures of shoe polish, carbon papers, typewriter ribbons. Sal
dammar has been used as a plastering medium for walls and roofs and as
cementing medium for plywood, asbestos sheaths.
DISEASE REVIEW-PADADARI
48
3.3 DISEASE REVIEW
PADADARI
HISTORY
Vedic period: Even though the disease Padadari is very common its mention is
not found in any of the Veda.
Samhita period:
Charaka Samhita: Charakacharya has not explained the disease entity
Padadari but he has elucidated Vipadika in Kshudra Kushtha. As commentators
clarified Vipadika is different from Padadari, as it involves saptadushyas of
Kushtha and manifests on Hasta and Pada both.
Susruta Samhita: Sushruta first explains the disease Padadari in Kshudra roga
nidana adhyaya of nidanasthana (13th
) and Kshudara chikitsa adhyaya (20th)of
chikitsa sthana. Dalhana’s commentary on it says that some of the authors refer
Vicharchika as padadari but it is not so because the later involves vitiation of
Tridosha and Krimi.
AlrÉå iÉÑ ÌuÉcÉÍcÉïMæüuÉ xjÉÉlÉpÉåSålÉ mÉÉSSÉUÏirÉÑcrÉiÉå ÌuÉmÉÉÌSMåüÌiÉ cÉ |
IÉxrÉÉÈ MÑü¹iuÉålÉ xÉuÉïSÉåwÉeÉiuÉÇ xÉÌMüÍqÉiuÉÇ cÉåÌiÉ | (QûsWûhÉ)
Ashtanga Hrudaya: Vagbhata has not explained Padadari but similar to
Charaka he has elucidated the disease Vipadika in Kshudra kushtha in Kushtha
nidana as well as Kushtha chikitsa Adhyaya in Nidana sthana and Chikitsa
sthana respectively.
Madhava nidana: Madhava has explained the disease Padadari in Kshudra
roga nidana-- adhyaya.
DEFINITION KSHUDRA ROGA:
According to different authors there are different meanings for Kshudra roga
that are given below.
1. Kshudra means Alpa or Laghu. These disease explanations are briefly
explained by the acharyas.
DISEASE REVIEW-PADADARI
49
2. The diseases which are not suitable for any other classification or category
are grouped under this heading and named as Kshudra roga.
3. The Nidana, Lakshana are said to be Kshudra (less).
4. Few diseases are not actualy Kshudraroga but they are included in
Kshudraroga and explained elaborately. Based on “Chatrino gachayantiti
nyaya” means in chatri sammuha if few may not hold Chatri (Umbrella)
even then this sammuha is also called as Chatrino gachyantiti nyaya.
Example for this is Agnirohini, which is big disease.
5. Few diseases are manifest mainly in children thats why named as Kshudra
like Ajagallika, Ahiputana etc
6. Kshudrarogas are explained in brief, not explained based on Dosha and
Dushya sambandha.
Table No.13: Showing the varieties of Kshudraroga
¤ÉÑSìUÉåaÉ lÉÉqÉ xÉÑ´ÉÑiÉ qÉÉkÉuÉ uÉÉapÉOû
AeÉaÉÎssÉMüÉ + +
rÉuÉmÉëÉZrÉ + + +
Al§ÉÉsÉeÉÏ + + AsÉeÉÏ
ÌuÉuÉ×iÉÉ + + +
MücÉNûÌmÉMüÉ + + -
uÉsqÉÏMü + + +
ClSìÌuÉ® + + ÌuÉ®É
aÉSïpÉ + + +
mÉÉwÉÉhÉaÉSïpÉ - + +
mÉlÉÍxÉMüÉ - + +
DISEASE REVIEW-PADADARI
50
eÉÉsÉaÉSïpÉ - + +
CËUuÉåssÉMü + + +
aÉlkÉlÉÉqÉÉ - + +
AÎalÉUÉåWûÉåÍhÉ _ + +
ÍcÉmmÉ + + +
MÑülÉZÉ + + +
AlÉÑÎvÉrÉ + + -
ÌuÉSÉËUMüÉ _ _ ÌuÉSÉrÉï
zvÉMïüUÉoÉÑïS + + +
mÉÉSSÉËU + + -
MüSU + + +
AsÉqÉMü + + +
ClSìsÉÑmiÉ + + _
SÉÃhÉ + + -
AÃÇÌwÉMüÉ + + _
mÉÍsÉiÉ + + _
rÉÑuÉÉlÉÌmÉÌSMüÉ + + _
mÉÍ©ÌlÉMühPûMü + + +
eÉiÉÑqÉÍhÉ + + _
qÉwÉMü + + qÉÉwÉ
ÌiÉsÉMüÉsÉMü + + +
lrÉcÉNû + + sÉÉgNûlÉ
urÉlaÉ + + +
lÉÏÍsÉMüÉ - + -
DISEASE REVIEW-PADADARI
51
mÉËUuÉÌiÉïMüÉ - + -
AuÉmÉÉÌOûMüÉ + + -
ÌlÉîmÉëMüÉzÉ + + -
xÉͳÉ®aÉÑS + + -
AÌWûmÉÔiÉlÉ + + -
uÉëÑwÉhÉMücÉNÕû + + -
aÉÑSpÉëÇwÉ + + -
uÉUÉWûSÇwOíû - + -
aÉSïpÉÏ - + +
aÉlkÉqÉÉsÉÉ - + +
UÉÎeÉMüÉ - - +
mÉëxÉÑÎmiÉ - + +
EiMüÉåOû - - +
MüÉåPû - - +
mÉÉqÉÉ + - -
ÌuÉcÉÍcÉïMüÉ + - -
qÉxÉÔËUMüÉ + - +
ÌuÉxTüÉåOû + - +
Mü¤ÉÉrÉÉÈ - - +
qÉÑZÉSÕÌwÉMüÉ - - +
ÌlÉSÉlÉ : mÉËU¢üqÉhÉvÉÏsÉxrÉ uÉÉrÉÑUirÉjÉïäÉrÉÉåÈ | (xÉÑ.ÌlÉ.13/28)
Habit of excess walking is the foremost causative factor for the disease.
DISEASE REVIEW-PADADARI
52
mÉçÔuÉïÃmÉ: No pre monitory symptoms have been explained for Kshudraroga
hence not even to Padadari.
ÃmÉ: mÉÉSrÉÉåÈ MñüÂiÉå SÉUÏÇ xÉÂeÉÉÇ iÉsÉxÉÇ´ÏiÉÉqÉç || (xÉÑ.ÌlÉ.13/28)
Cracks on dorsum of foot, which will be painful.
xÉÇmÉëÉÎmiÉ: Due to continuous indulgence into Vatakara Vihara such as excessive
walking Vata gets vitiated leading to Twak and Mamsa darana and Rasakshaya
manifesting the Vyadhi- Padadari.
uÉÉiÉMüU ÌuÉWûÉU
uÉÉiÉuÉ×Ì®
iuÉMçü, qÉÉÇxÉ SUhÉ mÉÉSSÉËU urÉÉÍkÉ
xÉÇmÉëÉÎmiÉbÉOûMü:
Table. 14 Showing the Samprapti Ghataka
1 SÉåwÉ uÉÉiÉ
2 SÕwrÉ UxÉ,qÉÉÇxÉ
5 xÉëÉåiÉxÉç UxÉuÉWû xÉëÉåiÉxÉç, qÉÉÇxÉuÉWû xÉëÉåiÉxÉç
7 E°uÉxjÉÉlÉ mÉÉS
9 urÉ£üxjÉÉlÉ mÉÉS
10 UÉåaÉqÉÉaÉï oÉɽ
11 UÉåaÉxuÉpÉÉuÉ ÍcÉU
DISEASE REVIEW-PADADARI
53
According to modern science the crack foot is the symptom not the
major disease.
CAUSES OF CRACK HEEL
1. Negligence of foot care.
2. If you are predisposed to dry skin, you are likely to develop cracks
on your feet. The way you walk and put your weight down on your
feet can also contribute to this problem.
3. Some people tend to have a naturally dry skin that predisposes them
to the cracks. The thickened dry skin (callus) around the heel that is
more likely to crack is often due to mechanical factors that increase
pressures in that area (e.g. the way you walk).
4. Low humidity is a prime dryer. Dry air sucks moisture out of skin,
that’s why cracked skin is a particular problem in winter.
5. Usage of irritants like detergents, perfumes, lotions, rubbing alcohol
and nail polish remover etc. It makes sense to avoid household
substances that cause dry, cracked skin, but many people work with
moisture thieves like paints, solvents and other chemicals everyday.
6. Prolonged standing (at work or home, especially on hard floors)
Walking heavily on one foot also causes dry cracked feet. Standing
for several hours or having jobs that involves standing for extended
periods of time like teaching, working as a traffic policeman,
working in a laboratory, a factory, etc. results in exertion of a lot of
pressure of the feet causing the skin to crack.
7. Being overweight (this increases the pressure on the normal fat pad
under the heel, causing it to expand sideways - if the skin is not
supple and flexible, the pressures to 'crack' are high)
8. Open back on the shoes (this allows the fat under the heel to expand
sideways and increases the pressure to 'crack')
DISEASE REVIEW-PADADARI
54
9. Some medical conditions predispose to a drying skin (e.g. autonomic
neuropathy in those with diabetes leads to less sweating; an
underactive thyroid lowers the body's metabolic rate and there is a
reduction in sweating, leading to a dryness of the skin)
10. Inactive sweat glands in the feet can also be reasons to dry cracking
feet.
11. Skin conditions (eg psoriasis and eczema) can cause the skin of the
feet to dry, thicken and crack.
12. Epodiatry.com explains that there are also medical reasons that can
cause the skin of the foot to crack, including hypothyroidism
(underactive thyroid), which reduces the body's metabolic rate,
making a person sweat less. When you don't sweat enough, this can
lead to dry skin
13. Even simple Vitamin deficiencies can cause cracked heals.
APPERANCE OF CRACKED HEEL
The skin is normally dry and may have a thick callus which appears as
yellow or dark brown discolored area of skin, especially along the inside border
of the heel. Cracks in the skin are usually obvious.
SYMPTOMS OF CRACKED HEEL
If the cracks are bad enough there will be pain on weight bearing, which
is not there when weight is off the heel. The edges or rim around the heel will
generally have a thicker area of skin (callus). Wearing open or thin soled shoes
usually make the symptoms worse.
“Dehydrated skin is brittle, like fingernails," explains Leonard Swinyer,
M.D., clinical professor of dermatology at the University of Utah in Salt Lake
City. And, like fingernails, brittle skin cannot bend easily without (ouch)
cracking.
DISEASE REVIEW-PADADARI
55
Referances-
mÉËU¢üqÉhÉzvÉÉÏsÉxrÉ uÉÉrÉÑUirÉjÉïäÉrÉÉåÈ |
mÉÉSrÉÉåÈ MÑüÃiÉå SÉUÏÇ xÉÃeÉÉÇ iÉsÉxÉÇÍ´ÉiÉÈ || (xÉÑ.ÌlÉ.5./13)
AlrÉå iÉÑ ÌuÉcÉÍcÉïMæüuÉ xjÉÉlÉpÉåSålÉ mÉÉSSÉUÏirÉÑcrÉiÉå ÌuÉmÉÉÌSMåüÌiÉ cÉ |
IÉxrÉÉÈ MÑü¹iuÉålÉ xÉuÉïSÉåwÉeÉiuÉÇ xÉÌMüÍqÉiuÉÇ cÉåÌiÉ | (QûsWûhÉ)
ÂerÉÉåÅÌiÉMühQÕûÌiÉïÃeÉÈ xÉ Ã¤ÉÉ pÉuÉÎliÉ aÉɧÉåwÉÑ(mÉÉÍhÉmÉÉSåwÉÔ) ÌuÉcÉÍcÉïMüÉrÉÉqÉç |
MühQÕûqÉÌiÉ SÉWûÃeÉÉåmÉmɳÉÉ ÌuÉmÉÉÌSMüÉ mÉÉSaÉiÉrÉqÉåuÉ|| (xÉÑ.ÌlÉ.5/13QûsWûhÉ)
uÉæmÉÉÌSMÇü mÉÉÍhÉmÉÉSxTÑüOûlÉÇ iÉÏuÉëuÉåSlÉqÉç || (cÉ.ÍcÉ.7/22)
mÉÉSSÉrÉÉïÇ ÍxÉUÉÇ ÌuÉ®É xuÉåSÉprÉXaÉÉæ mÉërÉÉåeÉrÉåiÉç |
qÉkÉÔÎcNû¹uÉxÉÉqÉeÉeÉxÉeÉïcÉÔhÉïbÉ×iÉæÈ M×üiÉÈ |
rÉuÉÉÀûaÉæËUMüÉåÎlqÉSÉæÈ mÉÉSsÉåmÉÈ mÉvÉxrÉiÉå || (xÉÑ.ÍcÉ.20/19-20)
MATERIALS & METHODS
56
CHAPTER IV
MATERIALS AND METHODS
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES:
1. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of Shalaniryasa.
2. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of Madhucchishtha.
3. To evaluate and compare the healing property of Madhucchishtha and
Shalaniryasa with respect to the disease Padadari.
STUDY DESIGN:
1. Pharmacognostic study of Shalaniryasa is carried out on the basis of
organoleptic characters.
2. Pharmacognostic study of Madhucchishtha is carried out on the basis of
organoleptic characters.
3. Preliminary phytochemical study is carried out on the basis of chemical
tests conducted for alkaloids, carbohydrates, proteins, steroids, saponins,
tannins and Thin Layer Chromatography.
4. The lepa of Sarjarasa and Madhucchishtha prepared separately, to easily
apply on the foot, at Bhaishajya kalpana department of Shri. J.G.C.H.S.
Ayurvedic Medical College, Ghataprabha.
5. The healing property of Shalaniryasa and Madhuccchishtha is evaluated
on patients from O.P.D. and I.P.D. of J.G.C.H. Ayurvedic Medical
College Ghataprabha.
PLANT MATERIAL
Shalaniryasa is collected from the local market after proper examination
for genuinity and used for the study.
Madhucchishtha was obtained from honeycombs. The combs and capping
of Honeycomb are fried in Tilataila, then put into cold water for some time,
wax was collected on the surface then it was washed with water dried and
collected in airtight box.
MATERIALS & METHODS
57
PHARMACOGNOSTICAL STUDY:
A). ORGANOLEPTIC EVALUATION OF DRUG:
Macroscopic characters of Shala niryasa and Madhucchishtha, for the
colour, odour, taste and shape are studied.
B). PHYSICOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF DRUG:
ASH VALUES
Total ash
About 2 g of crude drug powder was accurately weighed in a tared silica
dish previously ignited and weighed. Incinerated gradually by increasing the
heat, not exceeding dull red heat, until free from carbon, cooled and weighed.
The percentage of ash was calculated with reference to the air-dried drug.
Acid-insoluble ash
The ash was boiled for 10 minutes with 25 ml of dilute hydrochloric
acid, and the insoluble matter was collected in a gooch crucible. It was washed
with hot water, ignited, and weighed. The percentage of acid-insoluble ash was
calculated with reference to the air-dried drug.
Water-soluble ash
The total ash was boiled for 5 minutes with 25 ml of water. The
insoluble matter was collected in a gooch crucible. It was washed with hot
water, ignited, and weighed. The percentage of water-soluble ash was
calculated with reference to the air-dried drug.
Determination of alcohol soluble extractives:
Procedure: Macerate 5 g of the air dried drug, coarsely powdered, with 100 ml
of Alcohol of the specified strength in a closed flask for twenty-four hours,
shaking frequently during six hours and allowing standing for eighteen hours.
Filter rapidly, taking precautions against loss of solvent, evaporate 25 ml of the
filtrate to dryness in a tared flat bottomed shallow dish, and dry at 105º, to
MATERIALS & METHODS
58
constant weight and weigh. Calculate the percentage of alcohol-soluble
extractive with reference to the air-dried drug.
Determination of water soluble extractives:
Procedure: Proceed as directed for the determination of Alcohol-soluble
extractive, using chloroform water instead of ethanol.
C). QUALITATIVE CHEMICAL TESTS:
Table No. 16: Showing Preliminary Phytochemical Screening
Sl. No Tests Criteria
I. Test for alkaloids
Dragendorff’s Test Orange brown
precipitate
Wagner’s test Reddish brown
precipitate
Hager’s Test Yellow precipitate
Mayer’s Test Cream precipitate
II. Test for Carbohydrates and Glycosides
Molish’s test Purple to violet colour
ring
Fehlings solution Test Brick red precipitate
III. Test for Phytosterols and Triterpenoids
Liebermann’s Buchard’s Test Deep red colour
Salkowski reaction Red colour
IV. Tests for Proteins and Aminoacids
Millon’s Test White precipitate turns
red on heating
Ninhydrin solution Test Violet colour
VI. Test for Saponin
Foam test 1 cm foam layer
VII. Tests for Phenolic compounds
and Tannins
Ferric chloride solution Blue green colour
MATERIALS & METHODS
59
THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY
Take a beaker with watch glass, and pour the solvent into the beaker to a
depth of just less than 0.5 cm. and then using a pencil, draw a line across the
pre-coated Silica gel plate carefully at the 0.5 cm mark. The spot arising above
this level is taken into consideration. Dissolve sample to be analyzed in a few
drops of a volatile solvent such as hexanes, ethyl acetate, or methylene
chloride. Spot the solution to be analyzed (10µl per spot) by using capillary
pipette on TLC plate origin and wait for dry. Repeat the procedure 3 times.
Place the prepared TLC plate in the developing beaker, cover the beaker with
the watch glass, and leave it undisturbed on your bench top. Run until the
solvent is about half a centimeter below the top of the plate. Quickly mark a
line across the plate at the solvent front with a pencil.
Visualize the spots - Allow the solvent to evaporate completely from the silica
plate. If the spots are colored, simply mark them with a pencil. Most samples
are not colored and need to be visualized with a UV lamp. Hold a UV lamp
over the plate and mark any spots, which you see lightly with a pencil.
Refraction Value (Rf) - Measure and record the distance of each spot from the
point of its application and calculate the Rf value by dividing the distance
traveled by the spots by the distance traveled by the front of the mobile phase.
CLINICAL STUDY:
STUDY POPULATION:
Population of this study was both male and female patients suffering
from foot cracks attending Shri J.G.C.H. Ayurvedic Medical College Hospital,
Ghataprabha.
SAMPLE SELECTION:
Simple randomized sampling was carried out for this study. Inclusion
and exclusion criteria for selecting subjects for the study, was as follows.
MATERIALS & METHODS
60
a) Inclusive criteria:
Patients who have cracks on the foot (single or both).
Age- 20 years to 60 yrs
Patients of either sex taken.
Having good orientation and ability to communicate orally.
b) Exclusive criteria:
Suffering from any systemic and dreadful diseases.
Suffering with diabetes mellitus, psoriasis, athlete’s foot and
thyroid disease.
SOURCE OF DATA:
Patients attending the IPD & OPD of Shri J.G.C.H.S. Ayurvedic
Medical College Hospital, Ghataprabha.
Methods of collection of data:
It is a single blind clinical study where minimum of 30 patients in each
group are selected. The signs & symptoms are recorded on the Performa
designed for the study.
Duration of the treatment: 30 days.
Observation period:
The patients were observed for the 30 days. Assessment of the relief in
the signs and symptoms was recorded after treatment.
Instruments for the study-
Instruments of the study was divided into 2 parts as follows-
Part 1-
Instrument for data collection consisted of-
1. Demographic data included gender, age, education level, Social status.
2. Crack data included cause of cracks, area of cracks.
MATERIALS & METHODS
61
Part 2- Data analysis:
Assessment was done on objective & subjective criteria before and after the
treatment. They are analysed on the basis of different degrees and scores are
given such as severe -3, moderate -2, mild-2 and cured -0.
Subjective criteria:
a) Vedana-Pain
b) Rookshata
c) Shotha-swelling
d) Daha-burning
e) Kandu-Itching
f) Raktasrava- Bleeding
Objective criteria:
a). Superficial and deep crack
b). Affected region of foot
c). Tenderness at the affected region
d). Surrounding area of the crack-(Rookshata)
e). Bleeding.
CLINICAL GROUPS:
Patients were divided into 2 groups 30 patients for each.
Group I- Given the Sarjrasa lepa
Group II- Given the Madhuchishta lepa
PREPERATION OF SHALANIRYASA AND MADHUCCHISHTHA
LEPA:
SHALANIRYASA
Oleo gum resin of Shala: 1part; Tila taila: 1 part.
First the Tilataila is heated under Mandagni, then the powder of oleo gum resin
of the drug is added and stirred continuously till it gets mixed then it was stored
in airtight vessel.
MATERIALS & METHODS
62
MADHUCHCHISHTHA:
Madhucchishtha : 1 part; Tila taila: 1part
First the Tilataila is heated under Mandagni, then the small pieces of
Madhucchishtha are added and stirred continuously till it gets mixed then it
was allowed to get cooled in the vessel containing cold water. Then it was
filtered and collected in the airtight vessel.
Method of application of medicine-
Step1:
Patient is advised to wash legs thoroughly in Luke-warm water and then soak
them in tepid water, to remove the dust and make the area clean.
Step2:
Allowing the skin to soak for 15 - 20 minutes, gently scrub off the dried skin
by using a soft stone.
Step3:
Using a clean towel, dry the feet well paying close attention to drying the skin
between the toes. This is needed because moist area between the toes can act as
a rostrum for breeding bacteria and conduce to infections.
Step4:
Apply the Lepa of Shalaniryasa/Madhucchishtha evenly.
Step5:
After applying, the next step would be to put on clean bandage.
Pathyapathya: Patients were advised to wear flat, back covered shoes while
going out.
MATERIALS & METHODS
63
Photo No.6: Preparation of Shalaniryasa lepa
Photo No.7: Preparation of Madhuchchishta lepa
Photo No. 7.1: Prepared Lepa
MATERIALS & METHODS
64
Photo No.8: Estimation of Water soluble and Alcohol soluble extractive
Photo No.9: Estimation of Ash values
OBSERVATION AND RESULTS
65
CHAPTER V
OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS
The observations and results of study were presented as follows-
Part.1. Pharmacognostic study
Part.2. Descriptive statistics
2.1 Descriptive of demographic data.
2.2 Descriptive of clinical data.
2.3 Descriptive of cracks data.
Part. 3 - The comparisons of healing rates of Shalaniryasa and
Madhucchishtha
The results of the pharmcognostical study conducted are as follows
Part 1. PHARMACOGNOSTIC STUDY:
Table No. 17: Showing Macroscopic characters of Shala Niryasa and
Madhuchcchishta:
Sl.No Characters Shala Niryasa Madhuchchishtha
1. Biological source Resin Wax
2. Organoleptic characters
Colour Pale Yellow Yellowish to
yellowish brown
Odour Fragrant Agreeable and
honey like
Taste Tasteless Balsamic taste
Shape Big Crystals Cakes
OBSERVATION AND RESULTS
66
PHYSICO – CHEMICAL STUDY:
Table No. 18: Showing Physical Standards
Shala niryasa Madhucchishtha
AcidValue 140.25 5.61
Saponification value 36.465 98.175
Ester value - 92.56
Ratio number 16.41
Table No.19 Values of water soluble extractives of Shala Niryasa and
Madhucchishtha:
Sl.No Observed Shala Niryasa Madhucchishtha
1. Percentage of water soluble
extractives in the plant
0.4%
(Negligible)
Insoluble
Table No.20 Values of alcohol soluble extractives of Shala Niryasa and
Madhucchishtha:
Sl.No Observed Shala Niryasa Madhucchishtha
1. Percentage of alcohol soluble
extractives in the plant
91.6 %
(readily soluble )
3.4 %
(soluble)
Table No.21 Ash Values of Shalaniryasa and Madhucchishtha:
Sl.No Observed Shala Niryasa Madhucchishtha
1. Total Ash 0.5% Negligible
2. Acid insoluble Ash
3. Water soluble ash
OBSERVATION AND RESULTS
67
PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING
Table No.22 Results of chemical tests for detection of organic chemical
constituents:
TLC: As the extract is not used for the study when applied for the TLC we are
not getting different bands. Therefore it was very difficult to differentiate the
bands of the components.
Sl. No Tests Shala Niryasa Madhuchchishta
I. Test for alkaloids
Dragendorff’s Test Negative Negative
Wagner’s test Negative Negative
II. Test for Carbohydrates
Molish’s test Positive Positive
III. Test for Phytosterls
Liebermann’s Buchard’s Test Negative Negative
IV. Tests for Proteins and
Aminoacids
Millon’s Test Negative Positive
V. Test for Sterols
Salkowski reaction Negative Negative
VI. Test for Saponin glycosides
Foam test Positive Negative
VII. Tests for Phenolic compounds and
Tannins
Ferric chloride solution Negative Negative
Lead acetate solution Negative Negative
OBSERVATION AND RESULTS
68
PART. 2: DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
The study populations were cracks who treated in Shri J.G.C.H. Ayurvedic
Medical College Hopsital, Ghataprabha. Total number of patients who follow
inclusion and exclusion was 60. Group I was treated with Shalaniryasa and
Group II was treated with Madhuchchishta, each group were having 30 patients
each.
Table No. 23: Showing Age wise distributions of Patients
Number of Patients Age
Group I Percentage Group II Percentage Total
21-30 05 16.66% 06 20% 11
31-40 10 33.33% 09 30% 19
41-50 06 20% 06 20% 12
51-60 09 30% 09 30% 18
Graph No. 1
Table No. 24: Showing Sex wise distribution of patients.
No. of Patients Sex
Group I Percentage Group II Percentage Total
Male 12 40% 10 33.33% 22
Female 18 60% 20 66.66% 38
OBSERVATION AND RESULTS
69
Graph No. 2
0
5
10
15
20
groupI groupII
Sexwise distribution
malefemale
Table No. 25: Showing Occupation wise distribution of patients
No. of Patients Occupation
Group I Percentage Group II Percentage Total
Agriculture 09 30 06 20 15
Service 06 20 09 30 15
Students 06 20 03 10 09
Teacher 02 6.6 03 10 05
House wife 07 23.33 09 30 16
Graph No. 3
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Agriculture Service Student Teacher House wife
Occupation wise distribution
Group I GroupII
OBSERVATION AND RESULTS
70
Table No. 26: Showing Education wise distribution of patients.
Number of Patients Education
Group I Percentage Group II Percentage Total
Primary 12 40 09 30 19
Secondary 09 30 12 40 11
Graduate 09 30 09 30 30
Graph No. 4
Table No. 27: Showing distribution as per Social status
Number of Patients Social
status Group I Percentage Group II Percentage Total
LIG 07 23.33 06 20 13
LMIG 09 30 06 20 15
HMIG 12 40 15 50 17
HIG 02 6.6 03 10 05
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Primary Secondary Graduate
Education wise distribution
Group I Group II
OBSERVATION AND RESULTS
71
Graph No. 5
Table No. 28: Showing Distribution of Cracks as per causes
Number of Patients Causes
Group
I
Percentage Group II Percentage Total
Excessive walking 06 20 05 16.66 11
Kitchen heat 06 20 09 30 15
Excessive work in
water
03 10 01 3.3 04
Excessive work in
fields
09 30 06 20 15
Climate –winter 06 20 09 30 15
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
LIG LMIG HMIG HIG
Social status wise Distribution
Group I Group II
OBSERVATION AND RESULTS
72
Graph No. 6
Table No. 29: Showing distribution as per area of cracks over the foot
Number of Patients Number of patients /
Area of cracks Group I Percentage Group II Percentage Total
Cracks confined to heel 21 70 24 80 45
Cracks covering foot 09 30 06 20 15
Graph No. 7
Table No. 30: Showing distribution of cracks based on Swaroopa.
Swaroopa of cracks Group I Group II
Gambhira Padadari 10 16
Uttana Padadari 20 14
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Excessive
Walking
Kitchen heat Working in
Water Working in
Fields
Climate
Distribution as per causes
Group I Group II
0
5
10
15
20
25
Group I Group II
Distribution of cracks as per the area
Heel Whole foot
OBSERVATION AND RESULTS
73
Graph No.8
Table No. 31: Showing distribution of patients based on Symptoms.
Symptoms Group I Percentage Group II Percentage
Vedana 25 83.33 24 80
Rookshata 30 100 30 100
Shotha 05 16.66 04 13.33
Daha 05 16.66 05 16.66
Raktasrava 10 33.33 09 30
Kandu 02 6.66 02 6.66
Graph no. 9
OBSERVATION AND RESULTS
74
RESULTS
Following results were found during the study.
GROUP I
Table no. 32 : Showing percentage of relief found in Padadari in daily follow
up (During and After treatment)
Sl.No Lakshanas 10th
day
% 20th
day
% 30th
day
% Total
1 Gambhira
Padadari
- - 6 80 2 20 08
2 Uttana
Padadari
4 20 12 60 4 20 20
Graph No. 10
OBSERVATION AND RESULTS
75
Table No. 33: Showing relief found from Vedana
Number of days
/ Number of
patients
1st
day
10th
day
20th
day
30th
day
18 3 2 1 0
06 2 2 1 0
01 1 1 0 0
3+++ = severe 2++ = moderate 1+ = mild 0 = cured
Graph no. 11
Table No.34: Showing relief found from Rookshata –
No. of days/
no. of patients
1st
day
10th
day
20th
day
30th
day
18 3 2 1 0
12 2 2 0 0
3+++ = severe 2++ = moderate 1+ = mild 0 = cured
OBSERVATION AND RESULTS
76
Graph No. 12
Table No. 35: Showing relief found from Shotha.
Number of days /
number of patients
1st
day
10th
day
20th
day
30th
day
4 3 2 1 0
1 2 1 1 0
3+++ = severe 2++ = moderate 1+ = mild 0 = cured
Graph No. 13
OBSERVATION AND RESULTS
77
Table No. 36: Showing relief found from Daha.
Number of days
/ number of
patients
1st
day
10th
day
20th
day
30th
day
4 3 2 0 0
1 2 1 1 0
3+++ = severe 2++ = moderate 1+ mild 0 = cured
Graph No. 14
Table No. 37: Showing relief from Raktasrava-
No. of days/
no. of patients
1st
day
10th
day
20th
day
30th
day
2 3 2 1 0
6 2 1 1 0
2 1 0 0 0
3 +++ = severe 2++ = moderate 1+ = mild 0 = cured
OBSERVATION AND RESULTS
78
Graph No. 15
Table No.38: Relief found from Kandu.
Number of days
/ number of
patients
1st
day
10th
day
20th
day
30th
day
2 2 1 1 0
1 1 0 0 0
3+++ = severe 2++ = moderate 1+ = mild 0= cured
Graph No. 16
OBSERVATION AND RESULTS
79
GROUP II
Table no. 39: Showing percentage of relief found in Padadari in daily follow up
(During and After treatment)
Sl.No Lakshanas 10th
day
% 20th
day
% 30th
day
% Total
1 Gambhira Padadari - 0 13 86.66 02 13.33 15
2 Uttana Padadari 4 28.57 8 57.14 2 14.28 14
Graph No. 17
Table no. 40: Showing relief found from Vedana –
Number of days
/ Number of
patients
1st
day
10th
day
20th
day
30th
day
18 3 2 1 0
06 2 1 0 0
3+++ = severe 2++ = moderate 1+ = mild 0 = cured
Graph No. 18
OBSERVATION AND RESULTS
80
Table No.41: Showing relief found from Rookshata –
No. of days/
no. of patients
1st
day
10th
day
20th
day
30th
day
16 3 2 1 0
14 2 2 0 0
3+++ = severe 2++ = moderate 1+ = mild 0 = cured
Graph No. 19
Table no. 42: Showing relief found from Shotha-
No. of days/
no. of patients
1st
day
10th
day
20th
day
30th
day
3 3 2 1 0
1 2 1 1 0
3+++ = severe 2++ = moderate 1+ = mild 0 = cured
Graph No. 20
OBSERVATION AND RESULTS
81
Table no. 43: Showing relief found from Daha
No. of days/
no. of patients
1st
day
10th
day
20th
day
30th
day
3 2 1 0 0
2 3 2 1 0
3+++ = severe 2++ = moderate 1+ = mild 0 = cured
Graph No. 21
Table No. 44: Showing relief from Raktasrava-
No. of days/
no. of patients
1st
day
10th
day
20th
day
30th
day
3 3 2 1 0
5 1 0 0 0
1 2 1 0 0
3 +++ = severe 2++ = moderate 1+ = mild 0 = cured
Graph No. 22
OBSERVATION AND RESULTS
82
Table no. 45: Showing relief found from Kandu-
No. of days/
no. of patients
1st
day
10th
day
20th
day
30th
day
2 1 0 0 0
3+++ = severe 2++ = moderate 1+ = mild 0 = cured
Graph No. 23
Table No. 46: Showing number of patients Cured in Group I and Group II with
respect to Padadari.
Graph No. 24
Groups Number of
Patients
Completely
cured (3)
Moderately
cured (2)
Mildly
cured (1)
I (Shalaniryasa) 30 28 02 0
II (Madhucchishtha) 30 29 01 0
Total 57 03 0
OBSERVATION AND RESULTS
83
Table no.47 :Statistical Analysis: Tests of Significance for group I
Group I
Symptoms
Before
Treatment
Mean
After
Treatment
Mean
Standard
Deviatetion
Unpaired
‘t’ value
P value Singnificance
Padadari 2.80 00 0.76 16.5209 <0.0001 Extremely
statistically
significant
Vedana 2.23 00 1.14 10.7763 <0.0001 Extremely
statistically
significant
Rukshata 2.60 00 0.50 28.5803 <0.0001 Extremely
statistically
significant
Shotha 0.47 00 1.07 2.3794 =0.0241 Statistically
significant
Daha 0.47 00 1.07 2.3794 =0.0241 Statistically
significant
Raktasrava 0.067 00 1.03 3.5509 =0.0013 Statistically
significant
Kandu 0.17 00 0.53 1.7202 =0.0960 Not quitely
significant
Graph No. 25
OBSERVATION AND RESULTS
84
Table no. 48 :Statistical Analysis: Tests of Significance for group II
Group II
Symptoms
Before
Treatment
Mean
After
Treatment
Mean
Standard
Deviatetion
Unpaired
‘t’ value
P value Singnificance
Padadari 2.90 00 0.55 23.9592 <0.0001 Extremely
statistically
significant
Vedana 2.20 00 1.19 10.1590 <0.0001 Extremely
statistically
significant
Rukshata 2.53 00 0.51 27.3457 <0.0001 Extremely
statistically
significant
Shotha 0.37 00 0.96 2.0827 =0.0462 Statistically
significant
Daha 0.40 00 0.93 2.3503 =0.0258 Statistically
significant
Raktasrava 0.53 00 0.97 3.0016 =0.0055 very
Statistically
significant
Kandu 0.07 00 0.25 1.4392 =0.1608 Not quitely
significant
Graph No. 26
OBSERVATION AND RESULTS
85
Table no. 49 :Statistical Analysis: Tests of Significance for group I and
Group II
Group I
Symptoms
After
Treatment
Mean
Standard
Deviatetion
Unpaired
‘t’ value
P value Singnificance
Group
I
Group
II
Group
I
Group
II
Padadari 0.1300 0.0700 0.5100 0.3700 0.5216 =0.6040 Not
stastically
significant
Vedana 2.2300 2.200 1.1400 1.1900 0.0997 =0.9209 Not
stastically
significant
Rukshata 2.600 2.5300 0.5000 0.51000 0.5368 =0.5934 Not
stastically
significant
Shotha 0.4700 0.3700 1.0700 0.9600 0.3810 =0.7046 Not
stastically
significant
Daha 0.4700 0.4000 1.0700 0.9300 0.2704 =0.7878 Not
stastically
significant
Raktasrava 0.6700 0.5300 1.0300 0.9700 0.5420 =0.5899 Not
stastically
significant
Kandu 0.1700 0.0700 0.5300 0.2500 0.9347 =0.3538 Not
stastically
significant
Graph No. 27
DISCUSSION
89
CHAPTER VI
DISCUSSION
The results of this study were discussed in 3 parts as follows:
Part 1. Discussion on Preliminary Phytochemical analysis of both the drugs used
in study.
Part 2. The discussion of research methodology and the study design
Part 3. The discussion on statistical analysis.
Part 4.The discussion on results of the study.
Part 1.- Discussion on Preliminary Phytochemical analysis of both the drugs
used in study.
The Preliminary Phytochemical analyses were carried out for both the drugs in the
Dravyaguna Laboratory of Shri. J. G. Co-op Hospital Society’s Ayurvedic
Medical College, Ghataprabha. Organoleptic characters of both the drugs under
trial were found similar with the description mentioned in Wealth of India. The
standards for purity and identity are not mentioned in the Ayurvedic
Pharmacopeias or Ayurvedic Formularies. The standard methods mentioned in
Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia of India were followed under strict supervision. Similar
tests were conducted as mentioned for Guggulu, Hingu and Sarjarasa etc of API
as they are also Resins. The results were obtained as mentioned in Table No.17,-
22.
The physical standards are found very near to the values mentioned in
Wealth of India (page no.320 and 96). Thus the Shalaniryasa and Madhuchchishta
are genuine and hence of good quality and purity.
It is found that Shalaniryasa is having both Monosaccharide and
Polysaccharides and it is rich in Saponins. Madhucchishtha is also rich in both
Monosaccharide and Polysaccharides and proteins.
DISCUSSION
90
PART 2- THE DISCUSSION OF RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND
THE STUDY DESIGN
1. Study design: The aim of this study is to carryout the preliminary
phytochemical analysis of the 2 drugs viz. Madhucchishtha and Shalaniryasa and
to evaluate and compare their curing property with respect to Padadari. This was
the single blind study, selecting the subjects by random sampling, after screening
for exclusion and inclusion criteria that were treated in the O.P.D. of Shri.
J.G.C.H.S. Ayurvedic Medical College Hospital Ghataprabha.
2. Tools of Data collection: the data collection was done in the O.P.D. of Shri
J.G.C.H. Ayurvedic medical Hospital.
Padadari was assessed by the objective and subjective criteria.
i> Incidence of Age- (Table No.23) During the study different age grouped
patients were selected from age-20 to 60years. In Group I there were 5 (16.66%)
patients between age 21-30 years, 10 (33.33%) between age 31-40 years, 6
(20%) between age 41-50 years, 9 (30%) between age 51-60 years groups. In
Group 2 there were 6 (20%) patients between 21-30 years, 9(30%) between 31-
40 years, 6 (20%) between 41-50 years and 9 (30%) between 51-60 years age
groups. It is seen that from the third decade onwards the Padadari is increased. It
may be related to the ones respective life style or working environment.
ii> Incidence of Gender- (Table No.24) For the study patients of both the
genders was considered. In the Group I, male patients were 12 (40%) and female
were 18 (60%). In Group II, 10 (33.33%) were male and 20 (66.66%) were
female. So in this randomly selected study on an average 63% were female, who
are found more suffering from Padadari in practice.
iii> Incidence of Occupation- (Table No.25) For the study, patients with
different occupations were found. Such as Farmer, Teacher, House wives,
Students, Service, and Washer man.
DISCUSSION
91
In Group I, 9 (30%) were doing agriculture, 6 (20%) were in different services, 6
(20%) were students, 2 (6.6%) were teachers, 7 (23.33%) were housewives. In
Group II, 6 (20 %) were doing agriculture, 9 (30%) were in different service, 3
(10%) were students, 3 (10%) were teachers, 9 (30%) were housewives.
Thus it is seen that in this randomly selected study more patients were
house-wives and farmers. This shows that Padadari is more in who exposed to
dust, heat, excessive work in mud, unhygienic conditions.
iv> Incidence of Education- (Table No.26): Maximum number of patients
completed primary education (40%) followed by 30% who completed secondary
education and 30% were graduates in Group I. In Group II, 30% cxompleted
secondary education, 40%Primary Education and 30% patients were Graduates.
iv> Incidence of Social status- (Table No.27) In Group I, Higher middle
income group patients were maximum i.e.40%, followed by 30% of Lower
middle income group, 23.33% were of Lower income group and only 6.6% were
of Higher income group.
Similarly in Group II, 50% were of Higher middle income group, both Lower
income group and Lower middle income group were 20% and only 10% were of
Higher income group.
So it is observed that Padadari is more common in Higher middle income
group.
v> Incidence of Causes- (Table No.28) In Group I, 30% had excessive work
in fields, 20% of each causes were excessive walking, excessive kitchen heat and
winter, and only 10% had work in water.
In Group II, 30% of each had kitchen heat and climate, 20% had work in water,
16.66% had excessive walking, and only 3.3% had excessive work in water.
So it is observed that among factors which increase Rukshata and increase Vata
such as excessive work in fields, kitchen heat and climate are major causes of
Padadari.
vi> Distribution of Cracks over Foot: (Table No.29) In the study it is
observed that, in some patients the disease was restricted to heels and in others it
DISCUSSION
92
was widely spread covering heels, toes, medial and lateral aspects of foot. So
patients were divided into 2 categories respectively.
In Group I, 21 (70%) had cracks on only heel and 9 (30%) had cracks all over the
foot. In Group II, 24 (80%) had only on heel and 6 (20%) had on whole foot.
So it is evident from the study that the cracks are more found in heel may
be because of high pressure due to use of high heeled shoes, hard heel shoe etc.
vii> Pattern of cracks: (Table No.30) In the study different pattern of cracks
were observed, hence classified into Gambhira, which were deep and Uttana,
which were superficial.
In Group I, 10 (33.33%) patients had Gambhira Padadari and 20 (66.66) had
Uttana padadari. In Group II, 16 (53.33%) had Gambhira and 14 (46.6%) had
Uttana Padadari.
The long standing Uttana Padadari when not treated or not cared properly
leads to Gambhira Padadari involving much deeper tissues.
viii> Incidence of Symptoms- (Table No.31) In the study patients presented
with various Symptoms, such as Vedana, Rookshata i.e. peeling of skin around
the cracks, various degrees of Raktasrava, Shotha, Daha- which was very
common and few had Kandu. In Group I, 25 (83.33%) of the patients had
Vedana, all the 30 (100%) patients had Rookshata, 10 (33.33%) had Raktasrava,
5 (16.66%) had Shotha and Daha, only 2 (6.6%) had Kandu. In Group II, 24
(80%) had Vedana, all the 30 (100%) patients had Rookshata, 4 (13.33%) had
Raktasrava, 5 (23.33%) had Shotha, 9 (30%) had Daha and 2 (6.66%) had
Kandu.
Thus Padadari which is caused due to Vata has chief associated symptoms-
Vedana and Rookshata.
PART 2- THE DISCUSSION ON RESULTS OF THE STUDY.
The two different drugs were compared for their wound healing property in the
disease Padadari. It is found that both the drugs are equally significant when
DISCUSSION
93
compared with percentage of healing. Group I and Group II having 30 patients
each were given Shalaniryasa and Madhucchishtha respectively and found the
following results.
1. Effect of therapy on Gambhira Padadari (Table No.32 and 39)
In Group I, 10 patients had Gambhira Padadari, among them, no one got cured on
10th
day, 6 (60%) got cured on 20th
day, 2 (20%) got cured on 30th
day. 2(20%)
patients did not get cure within 30 days.
In Group II, 16 patients had Gambhira Padadari, among them, no one got cured
on 10th
day, 13 (81.25%) got cured on 20th
day, 2 (12.5%) got cured on 30th
day.
1(6.25%) patient did not get cure within 30 days.
2. Effect of therapy on Uttana Padadari (Table No.32 and 39)
In Group I, 20 patients had Uttanapadadari, among them, 4 (20%) got cured on
10th
day, 12 (60%) on 20th
day, 4 (20%) on 30th
day. So all the 20, patients got
cured within 30 days.
In Group II, 14 patients had Uttana Padadari, among them, 4 (28.57%) got cured
on 10th
day, 8 (57.14%) got cured on 20th
day and rest 2 (14.28%) patients got
cured on 30th
day. So all the14, patients got cured within 30 days.
3. Effect of Therapy on Vedana (Table No33 and 40)
In both the Groups Vedana was the cardinal symptom as it is the Pratyatma
lakshana of Vata Dushthi.
In Group I, among 30 patients, 18 patients were having severe pain on 1st day,
after continuous application of Shalaniryasa, on the 10th
day severity reduced and
was moderate, then on 30th
day completely reduced. 6 patients had moderate pain
on 1st day after applying medicine for 10 days it reduced to moderate and on 20
th
day mild pain was there which was completely relieved within 30 days. Only 1
patient had moderate pain on 1st day and persisted till 10
th day then completely
relieved within 20 days.
DISCUSSION
94
In Group II, among 30 patients, 18 patients were having severe pain on 1st
day, after continuous application of Madhucchishtha, on 10th
day severity reduced
and was moderate then mild on 20th
day and completely reduced within 30 days.
6 patients had moderate pain on 1st day after applying medicine for 10 days it
reduced to mild and on 20th
day was completely relieved.
4. Effect of Therapy on Rookshata- (Table No34 and 41)
In Group I, among 30 patients, 18 patients had severe Rookshata, skin peeling
was present on 1st day, on application of medicine, it is reduced to moderate and
skin became Snigdha on 20th
day, and completely relieved within 30 days. 12
patients had moderate Rooksha on 1st day, which persisted till 10
th day and
completely relieved within 20 days.
In Group I, among 30 patients, 16 patients had severe Rookshata, skin peeling
was present on 1st day, on application of medicine, it is reduced to moderate and
skin became Snigdha on 20th
day, and completely relieved within 30 days. 14
patients had moderate Rooksha on 1st day, which persisted till 10
th day and
completely relieved within 20 days.
5. Effect of therapy on Shotha (Table No35 and 42)
In Group I, among 30 patients, 4 patients had severe Shotha on 1st day on
application of medicine is reduced to mild on 20th
day and completely relieved
within 30 days. 1 patient had moderate Shotha on 1st day, which reduced to mild
on 20th
day and completely relieved within 30 days.
In Group II, among 30 patients, only 3 patients were having severe Shotha on 1st
day, after continuous application of Madhucchishtha, on 10th
day severity reduced
and was moderate, then on 30th
day completely reduced. One patient had
moderate pain on 1st day after applying medicine for 10 days it reduced to mild,
which was persisting till 20 days and completely relieved within 30 days.
DISCUSSION
95
6. Effect of therapy on Daha (Table No36 and 43)
In Group I, among 30 patients, 4 patients had severe Daha on 1st day, on
application of medicine it is reduced to moderate on 10th
day and completely
relieved within 20 days. 1 patient had moderate Daha on 1st day, which reduced to
mild on 20th
day and completely relieved within 30 days.
In Group II, among 30 patients, only 3 patients were having moderate Daha on 1st
day, after continuous application of Madhucchishtha, on 10th
day severity reduced
and were mild, then on 20th
day completely reduced. 2 patients had severe pain
on 1st day after applying medicine for 10 days it reduced to moderate, then after
20 days it reduced to mild which completely relieved within 30 days.
7. Effect of therapy on Raktasrava (Table No37 and 44)
In Group I, among 30 patients, 2 patients had severe Raktasrava on 1st day on
application of medicine; it got reduced to moderate on 10th
day and mild on 20th
day and completely relieved within 30 days. 6 patients had moderate Raktasrava
on 1st day, which reduced to mild on 10
th day and completely relieved within 30
days. 2 patients had mild Raktasrava which cured within 10 days of application.
In Group II, among 30 patients, 3 patients had severe Raktasrava on 1st day on
application of medicine; it got reduced to moderate on 10th
day and mild on 20th
day and completely relieved within 30 days. 5 patients had mild Raktasrava on 1st
day, which completely relieved within 10 days only. 1 patient had moderate
Raktasrava which became mild on 10th
day cured within 20 days of application.
8. Effect of therapy on Kandu (Table No38 and 45)
In Group I, among 30 patients, 2 patients had moderate Kandu on 1st day on
application of medicine it is reduced to mild on 10th
day, which persisted till 20th
day and completely relieved within 30 days. 1 patient had mild Kandu on 1st day,
which completely relieved within 10 days.
In Group II, among 30 patients, 2 patients had mild Kandu, which was completely
reduced within 10 days.
DISCUSSION
96
9. Effect of therapy on Padadari (Table No. 46)
In Group I, among 30 patients, 28 got complete cure from Padadari, 2 got
moderate cure, none of remained with mild or uncured. Similarly in Group II,
among 30 patients, 29 got complete cure, 1 got moderate cure, none of remained
with mild or uncured.
PART 3- THE DISCUSSION ON STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: (Table No. 47)
Shalaniryasa administered for first Group, is extremely statistically
significant (P<0.0001) on Padadari, Vedana, Rukshata and statistically
significant (P=0.0013) on Raktasrava, (P=0.0241) Daha, Shotha and not quietly
significant (P =0.0960) on Kandu.
Similarly Madhuchchishtha administered for second Group is extremely
statistically significant (P < 0.0001) on Padadari, Vedana, Rukshata and
statistically significant (P=0.0055) on Raktasrava, (P=0.0258) Daha, (P=0.0462)
Shotha and not quietly significant (P=0.1608) on Kandu.
COMPARISON OF EFFICASY OF BOTH THE DRUGS
Table No. (Table No. 48)
H0 = Null hypothesis- efficacy of Shalaniryasa = efficacy of Madhuchchishta.
H1 = Alternative hypothesis- efficacy of Shalaniryasa ≠ efficacy of
Madhuchchishta.
Since‘t’ test is statistically insignificant the H0 i.e. Null Hypothesis is
accepted. And the Alternate Hypothesis is rejected. Hence both the trail drugs are
equally effective in curing the Padadari and its symptoms.
MODE OF ACTION OF DRUGS-
Shalaniryasa is having Tikta, Kashaya, Madhura rasa, Guru, Snigdha, Shita
guna and having Karmas like Sandhanakara, Vranaropana, Raktastambhana. The
properties such as Snigdha, Guru, Madhura are Vishesha to Vata on the basis of
Samanya and Vishesha theory. Padadari is the disease due to Vata dushti and
has Pratyatma lakshana like Twak Darana, Vedana, Rukshata. The drug when
applied with its above said qualities readily acts on the site to reduce Vata, and
DISCUSSION
97
relieves Vedana, provides Snigdhata to skin there by heals the Twak darana.
Along with this Tikta rasa also helps to arrests the Raktasrava and reduces
Shotha and Kandu. Its Shita virya wonderfully acts on Daha and to reduce it.
In other terms Shala niryasa when applied to the skin, it spreads easily and
leave a hydrophobic film; it also has emollient properties, that is to say,
softening, lubricating and nourishing properties so as to maintain the suppleness
of the skin and to protect the skin from atmospheric aggressions.
Thus the Samanapratyarabhdha drug Shalaniryasa significantly acts on
Padadari.
Madhuchchishtha is also having Madhura rasa, Snigdha, Mrudu, Picchila
guna that are Vishesha to Vata. Apart from this it is Vrana shodhana-ropana,
Twak sandhanakara. By virtue of all these qualities it helps reduce Vruddha Vata
of Padadari and reduces Vedana, provides Snigdhata and Mruduta to the skin so
relieves Rukshata, arrests Raktasrava and also reduces Daha. As it is Vrana
ropana and Twak sandhanakara as a result the localised Kandu also gets
mitigated.
Again this Samanapratyarabdha dravya cures Padadari significantly.
Overall, Madhucchishtha has a high potential to yield excellent emolliency
which rebuilds a naturally occlusive, protective skin barrier and actively
replenishes moisture for better skin protection thereby leaving the skin silky,
smooth and hydrated. Thus it arrests discharges, promotes healing of wounds
and helps in tissue regeneration, and alleviates pain.
Thus based on above discussion and statistical significance it can be said
that both drugs individually have a high potency to cure the disease Padadari.
CONCLUSION
98
CHAPTER VII
CONCLUSION
This was the hospital based Clinical Study to evaluate the preliminary studies
of SHALANIRYASA (OLEOGUM RESIN OF SHOREA ROBUSTA
GAERTN.F.) AND MADHUCCHISHTA along with comparison of their
healing property in PADADARI. The following conclusions can be drawn
from the study.
1. Padadari is a very common disease among house wives, farmers as a
result of less care to foot, unhygienic conditions and hard shoes and
climatic conditions etc.
2. Sushruta is the first person who made a separate category for
Kshudraroga and explained the disease Padadari under this as it is
having mild causes and symptoms, pathogenesis but worsens on
severity.
3. The trail drugs are cheaply available and Preliminary Phyto-Chemical
analysis and Physical constants showed that the drugs are genuine and of
good quality and purity. Both were found rich in Carbohydrates and so
effective in Padadari.
4. Both the drugs shown equal efficacy in healing the Padadari in each
group which witnesses the properties mentioned by Nighantukara such
as Vrana Shodhana, Ropana, Twak Sandhanakara and Vatahara.
5. Superior clinical efficacy is found by both the drugs with respect to
Pada-darana, Vedana, Shotha and Raktasrava and both rehydrated the
skin without any sort of irritation.
CONCLUSION
99
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE STUDY:
1) The study should be repeated in larger groups.
2) The study should be conducted in cracks due to psoriasis and cracks in
diseases like Hyperthyroidism, Diabetes.
3) The standardization of both the drugs is to be conducted by API and
Ayurvedic Formullary of India.
SCOPE FOR THE STUDY:
Further study is required to study the effect of both Shalaniryasa and
Maddhucchishtha on Vipadika and Vicharchika as well as moisturizer
property for cracked skin all over the body.
SUMMARY
100
CHAPTER VIII
SUMMERY
Padadari is the commonest and mild disease, which is always due to
negligence of foot care and climatic conditions. The disease looks very simple but
worsens on severity. The disease is mostly prevailing in female and farmers.
This study entitled “Clinical Evaluation Of Shalaniryasa And Madhucchishtha
In The Management Of Padadari, A Clinical Study” was undertaken with the
objective of conducting preliminary phytochemical analysis and comparing the
individual efficacy in the healing of Padadari. The drugs are very cheap, easily
available and were indicated in the management of Padadari in the formulations by
classics. Here an effort was made to evaluate individual efficacy.
The entire study was divided into 2 parts; in part I the review of literature of
Drugs, Disease, conducting preliminary phytochemical analysis of both the drugs was
carried out. The drug and disease review included the different references from
Bruhatrayi, Laghutrayi, all nighantus, and modern review from Podiatry. Preliminary
phytochemical analysis was conducted in Dravyaguna laboratory of Shri J.G.C.H.
Ayurvedic Medical College Ghataprabha, and found to be genuine.
The II part included Clinical study which was conducted in 2 different groups
containing 30 numbers of patients each, Group I treated with Shalaniryasa and Group
II with Madhuchchishta. The patients were randomly selected from the O.P.D. of Shri
J.G.C.H.Ayurvedi Medical College Ghataprabha. The patients were advised to apply
Lepa twice in as required quantity twice a day. The patients were observed for follow
up on 10, 20, 30th
days.
The results obtained are -Shalaniryasa and Madhuchchishta administered were
extremely statistically significant (P<0.0001) on Padadari, Vedana, Rukshata and
statistically significant on Raktasrava, Daha, Shotha and not quietly significant on
Kandu.
Finally in the discussion the mode of action of drugs were discussed and
concluded with scope for further study and recommendations of the study.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
101
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Case No.:
DEPT OF P.G. STUDIES IN DRAVYAGUNA
Shri. J. G. C. H. S AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLAGE,
GHATAPRABHA, BELGAUM
CASE PROFORMA
CLINICAL EVALUATION OF SHALANIRYASA AND MADHUCCHISHTHA IN
THE MANAGEMENT OF PADADARI - A COMPARATIVE STUDY
Group A/B- Shalaniryasa / Madhucchishtha
Name:
Age/ Sex: OPD No:
Occupation: Date:
Address:
Chief complaints and duration:
History of present illness:
History of past illness:
Family history:
Occupational history:
Personal history:
A. Personal habits:
1. Appetite: 2. Diet:
3. Sleep: 4. Bowel:
5. Habits:
Treatment history:
GENERAL EXAMINATION:
a. Pulse c. B.P.
b. Temp: d. Respiratory rate:
LOCAL EXAMINATION:
PADA:
DASHAVIDHA PARIKSHA:
Prakruti
Vikruti
Sara
Sanhanana
Pramana
Satmya
Satva
Aharashakti
Vyayamashakti
Vaya
Investigations:
TREATMENT:
Paste of Shalaniryasa / Madhuchishtha is applied locally on the pada after proper washing
and drying. – Two times daily.
Duration: 15 DAYS
FOLLOW UP CHART:
SYMPTOMS DAYS
Sphutana
Swabhava
Shotha Daha/
Vedana
Kandu Raktasrava
1st day
10th
day
20th
day
30th
day
REMARKS
RESULT:
Completely cured grade 3
Moderately cured grade 2
Mild cure or no cure grade 1
CONSENT FORM
I S/D/W of aged .
Address am under the treatment of Dr
do hereby give consent to treatment of disease upon myself. The nature and the purpose
of treatment have been explained to me by Dr. .
I declare that I am more than 18 years of age.
I have been informed about untoward effects if any, involved in the treatment. No
assurance has been given to me regarding the success of the treatment. I have given this
consent voluntarily out of my free will without any pressure.
Place:
Date & time: Signature Patient
I here by declare that I have explained in detail regarding the case to the patient and
answered queries to his satisfaction in a language that he could understand.
Place:
Date & time: Signature of Doctor
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