Padadari dg

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am very much indebted to reverend President His Holiness Shri Jagadguru

Gurusiddeshwara Mahaswamiji, Murusavira Matha, Hubli and Sri B.R.Patil,

Chairman, Shri. J.G.C.H.Society’s Ayurvedic Medical College, Ghataprabha, Dr. B.

K. H.Patil, CEO, Shri. J. G. Co-op. Hospital Society Ayurvedic Medical College

Ghataprabha for deputing me for P.G. study in the same institute.

I also express my sincere gratitude to and offer my sincere thanks to

Dr.C.S.Banakar for his kind support and co-operation. I would like to extend my

gratitude to Dr. J.K.Sharma, M.D. (Ayu) Principal, Shri. J.G.C.H.Society’s Ayurvedic

Medical College, Ghataprabha, who has always supported me throughout my study.

I thank Dr. Agate, M.D. Professor PG Department of Dravyaguna for

providing an opportunity to carry out this work under his able guidance. I will be ever

grateful for his invaluable guidance, constructive suggestions, love and affection and

thought provoking ideas in every stage of this work.

I wholeheartedly express my deepest Love, Gratitude and greatest respect to

my better half Dr.Subhash Bagade, MD (Ayu) Co-guide, Registrar P.G Faculty, Asst.

Prof. PG. Department of Dravyaguna, Shri. J.G.C.H.Society’s Ayurvedic Medical

College, Ghataprabha for his encouragement, support, co-operation and guidance as

without him this would not be so valuable. At the same time I would like to recall my

daughter Brahmee for her love, co-operation.

I take this opportunity to recall and express my ever lasting sense of

Reverence to my late Parents, who provoked me to study this system and are always

with me. At the same time I express my sense of gratitude to my in-laws for their

kind support. I am not finding the words to express my gratitude to my brother, sister

and rest of the other family members.

I am very much thanking to Dr. P. V. Raj MD (Ayu) Prof. P.G Department of

Dravya Guna, Shri. J.G.C.H.Society’s Ayurvedic Medical College, Ghataprabha. for

his support and guidance during this work. I also offer my special and sincere thanks

to Dr. S.L Athani for his timely help, support and co-operation during my study.

.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ii

I take this opportunity to convey my thanks to my colleagues Dr. Arun

Naragund, Dr. K. P Pattnaik, Dr V.R.Mane, Dr.S. S. Mathapati, Dr. S. B.Chougala. I

also thank Dr. P. V. Pandurangi, Ph.D. Sanskrit scholar, Shri S. B. Patil, Office

superintendent, Mr. S. B. Chalageri, Librarian, former librarians Mr. K. B.Kulakarni,

Mrs. Rajita Sharma who have always opened the door of Library for my study, and all

the other technical and non-technical staff of the college for their co-operation and

help.

I, in this special moment, should be very thankful to Shri Vishnu Kangaralakar

for his guidance in conducting Phytochemical analysis, Dr.Harsha Hegde,

Mr.Shripada Bhatta, Mr. Prakash patil from I.C.M.R. Belgaum for their advice in

conducting statistical analysis of the study.

My special acknowledgements to all P.G. and U.G. students, for their

wonderful co-operation during my entire course.

Lastly I acknowledge my thanks to those who have directly or indirectly

extended their support for the completion of my work.

ABBREVIATIONS

iii

ABBREVIATIONS

A.WØû Ashtanga Hrudaya

cÉ.xÉÔ. Charaka Sutrasthana

cÉ.ÍcÉ. Charaka Chikitsa Sthana

ÌlÉ.AÉ Nighntu Adarsha

ÌmÉë.ÌlÉ Priya Nighantu

kÉ.ÌlÉ Dhanwantari Nighantu

Mæü.ÌlÉ Kaiyyadeva Nighantu

pÉÉ.ÌlÉ. Bhavaprakasha Niaghantu

UÉ.ÌlÉ Raja Niaghntu

qÉ.ÌlÉ Madanapala Niaghantu

qÉÉ.Sì Madhava Dravyaguna

xÉÑ.xÉÔ Sushruta SutraSthana

xÉÑ. ÌlÉ Sushruta Nidanasthana

vÉÉ .ÌlÉ Shaligrama Niaghantu

A.WØû.ÍcÉ Ashnga Hrudaya Chikitsa Sthana

cÉ.S Chakradatta

vÉÉ.xÉÇ.qÉ.ZÉÇ Sharangadhar Madhyama Khanda

API Ayurvedic Pharmacopiea of India

A.Hr. Chi: Ashtanga Hrudaya Chikitsa Sthana

Cha.Su. Charaka SutraSthana

Cha. Chi. Charaka Chikitsa Sthana

Su. Su. Sushruta Sutrasthana

Su. Chi. Sushruta Chikitsa Sthana

Su. Ni. Sushruta Nidanasthana

LIST OF TABLES, GRAPHS, PHOTOS

i

LIST OF TABLES

SI.No. TABLE

1 Showing Gana and Varga of Madjucchishtha

2 Showing important Paryaya nanma of Madhuchchishtha

3 Showing Gunas of Madhuchchishtha

4 Showing important Karmas of Madhuchchishtha

5 Showing important Prayoga of Madhucchishtha in different Vyadhi

6 Showing Vishishta yoga of Madhucchishtha

7 Showing Gana -Varga of Shala niryasa

8 Showing synonyms of Shalaniryasa.

9 Showing Guna of Shalaniryasa

10 Showing Karma of Shalaniryasa

11 Showing Prayoga of Shala niryasa.

12 Showing Vishisgtha yogas of Shala niryasa

13 Showing, the name of the disease according to different authors

14 Showing the varieties of Kshudraroga

15 Showing the Samprapti Ghataka

16 Showing Preliminary Phytochemical Screening

17 Showing Macroscopic characters of Shorea robusta Gaertn Resin and

Madhuchcchishta

18 Showing Physical Standards

19 Values of water soluble extractives of Shorea robusta and

Madhucchishtha

20 Values of alcohol soluble extractives of Shala Niryasa and

Madhucchishtha:

21 Ash Values of Shalaniryasa and Madhucchishtha:

22 Results of chemical tests for detection of organic chemical

constituents:

23 Showing Age wise distributions of Patients


ii

24 Showing Sex wise distribution of patients

25 Showing Occupation wise distribution of patients

26 Showing Education wise distribution of patients

27 Showing distribution as per Social status

28 Showing Distribution of Cracks as per causes

29 Showing distribution as per area of cracks over the foot

30 Showing distribution of cracks based on Swaroopa

31 Showing distribution of patients based on Symptoms

32 Showing percentage of relief found in daily follow up of clinical

observations in Group I (During and After treatment)

33 Showing relief found from Vedana

34 Showing relief found from Rookshata

35 Showing relief found from Shotha

36 Showing relief found from Daha

37 Showing relief from Raktasrava-

38 Relief found from Kandu

39 Showing percentage of relief found in daily follow up of clinical

observations in Group II (during and after treatment).





44 Showing relief from Raktasrava

45 Showing relief found from Kandu

46 Showing number of patients Cured in Group I and Group II

47 Statistical Analysis: Tests of Significance for Group I

48 Statistical Analysis: Tests of Significance for Group II

49 Statistical Analysis: Tests of Significance for group I and Group II


iii

LIST OF GRAPHS

SI. No. GRAPHS

1 Age wise distributions

2 Gender wise distribution

3 Occupation wise distribution

4 Education wise distribution

5 Distribution as per Social status

6 Distribution of cracks as per causes

7 Distribution as per area of cracks over the foot

8 Distribution of cracks based on Svaroopa

9 Distribution of patients based on Symptoms

10 Percentage of relief found from padadari I



13 Showing relief found from Shotha.

14 Showing relief found from Daha.


16 Relief found from Kandu.

17 Showing percentage of relief found in Padadari II






23 Showing relief found from Kandu

24 Showing number of patients Cured in Group I and Group II

25 Statistical Analysis: Tests of Significance for group I

26 Statistical Analysis: Tests of Significance for group II

27 Statistical Analysis: Tests of Significance for group I and Group II


iv

LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS

Photo

No.

LIST OF PHOTOGRHAPHS

1. Madhuchchishta

2. Leaves and Flowers of Shala

3. Resin of Shala

4. Tapping of Resin

5. Resins of Shala

6. Preparation of Shalaniryasa lepa

7. Preparation of Madhuchchishta lepa

8. Estimation of water soluble and alcohol soluble extractive

9. Estimation of Ash value

10. Prepared lepa

11. Photos of Padadari before treatment

12. Photos during treatment

13. Photos of Padadari after treatment

INTRODUCTION

1

Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

Ayurveda is the science of life, which always emphasize on maintenance of

healthy body, in fact its first aim itself is

xuÉxjÉxrÉ xuÉÉxjrÉ U¤ÉhÉÇ |

To fulfill its aim, the science has explained many protective measures in

certain regimens such as Dinacharya and Rutucharya. In Dinacharya care for

every part is explained including eyes, ears, nose, oral cavity, head, skin etc.

For skin Abhyanga i.e. oil massage is explained, to follow daily, in which

special attention is given for Netra (eyes), Shiras (head), Karna (ear) and Pada

(foot). In certain Rutucharya, Abhyanga is specially indicated such as during

Shitarutu i.e. Hemanta and Shishira (winter). In these seasons there is increased

dryness due to excess dry air and loss of Snigdhata because of which people

suffer from skin crack especially of Pada.

. The foot is covered by thick skin, which has dense sensory receptors.

The Marmas (vital points) such as Kurchshirsha and Talahrudaya dwell in Pada

and it is having lot of cosmetic value. Habitual use of Padabhyanga leads to

even Drushtiprasada (good for eyes) and sustain the health of foot, which

clearly signifies Pada is important. Further all the acharyas in Dinacharya

advise to wear Padatrana while going out. But in this hurried life people are

unable to spare time to the protection, nourishment of even the vital parts such

as head and eyes and thus least to the Pada. This negligence leads to the disease

Padadari.

Common causes for crack foot include age, fashionable high healed and

improper fitting shoes, excessive walking, involving in athletics, psoriasis,

thyroid disease, diabetes, skin allergies and house hold heat specially in

kitchen. Dust also plays a role, which reduces humidity and dries out the skin.

Pada is – Foot: Dari is – crack. The disease is characterized by mild to

severe forms of cracks, which are seen in the foot, more common on the heel.

Sushruta has explained it under Kshudraroga. In the modern science, it is not

INTRODUCTION

2

considered as a disease entity but one of the symptoms. Still we have got the

distinct branch dealing with signs and symptoms along with treatment called as

Podiatry.

Cracked feet are a sure shot indication of neglect of feet care. For most

people this is a nuisance and a cosmetic problem but when the fissures or

cracks are deep, they are painful to stand on and the skin can bleed; in severe

cases this can become infected. If negligence of feet care can conduce to dry

cracked feet, then giving proper feet care can reverse the situation. Just like the

skin on the other parts of our body, our feet also need to be pampered.

The disease involves the VruddhaVata dosha leading to dryness, cracks,

and fissures. The symptoms may include Vedana, Kandu, Daha, RaktaSrava.

So the line of treatment is controlling Vata, overwhelming dryness and healing

the cracks, which is possible by cleaning, drying, and applying Snehadravya

(lubricants) to the affected area. Modern science also tells to treat the dry

cracked feet with proper moisturizers.

In Sushruta samhita the line of treatment for Padadari is-

mÉÉSSÉrÉÉïÇ ÍxÉUÉÇ ÌuÉ®É xuÉåSÉprÉXaÉÉæ mÉërÉÉåeÉrÉåiÉç |

qÉkÉÔÎcNû¸uÉxÉÉqÉeeÉxÉeÉïcÉÔhÉïbÉ×iÉæÈ M×üiÉÈ |

rÉuÉÉÀûaÉæËUMüÉåÎlqÉSÉæ mÉÉSsÉåmÉÈ mÉëvÉxrÉiÉå || (xÉÑ.ÍcÉ.20/19-20)

i.e. Siravyadha followed by Svedana, Abhyanga and application of Padalepa

prepared out of Madhucchishtha, Vasa, Majja, Sarjarasa with Ghrita.

In this way the dravyas – Madhucchishtha and Shalaniryasa are selected

for the study.

These are the best bases for many of classical lepas. When these

substances are applied to the skin, they spread easily and leave a hydrophobic

film; they also have emollient properties, that is to say, softening, lubricating

and nourishing properties so as to maintain the suppleness of the skin and to

protect the skin from atmospheric aggressions. Madhuchchishta is Mrudu,

Snigdha, Pichchila, Madhura, best Vrana shodhaka – ropaka, Bhutaghna and

mentioned to cure Vrana, Kushtha, Visarpa, Kandu, Bhagna, Bhuta badha and

INTRODUCTION

3

Sphutita twacha. Its main function is to arrest discharges, promote healing of

wounds and tissue regeneration (Vranaropana), and alleviate pain so is used in

simple to fissured bleeding cracks.

Shalaniryasa (Oleo gum resin of Shorea robusta Gaertn.f.) is stated to

be Madhura, Tikta, Kashaya, Guru, Shita, Snigdha, Tridoshahara, Bhagna

sandhanakara, Vrana shodhana ropaka and mentioned to cure Vrana, Kandu,

and heals Vipadika.

Thus in the present study the efficacy of healing property of

Madhuchchishtha and Shalaniryasa with respect to the disease Padadari is

evaluated and compared clinically.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

4

CHAPTER - II

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

To review both Ayurveda and modern literature of Madhuchchishta and

Shalaniryasa from various references.

To review literature of Padadari from all ancient Samhita’s and also from

recent journals, magazines relating to studies.

Collection and identification of genuine Madhuchchishta and Shalaniryasa.

To collect the drugs from its natural habitat, identify and authenticate the

drugs, and store it for further study.

Preparation of Madhuchchishta and Shalaniryasa lepa separately.

Pharmacognostic and Preliminary phytochemical study of selected drugs.

To evaluate the safety of both the trial drugs under study.

Conduct the single blind clinical study on patients suffering from Padadari

and to evaluate the efficacy of healing properties of Madhuchchishta and

Shalaniryasa and compare the efficacy.

DRUG REVIEW- MADHUCHCHISHTHA

5

CHAPTER III

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

3.1 MADHUCHCHISHTA

Since long the drug Madhucchishtha is often used as ground substance of

ointments and is true even today as present available moisturizers do

contain the drug. Females used to apply Sindoor with the help of

Madhucchishtha.

HISTORY:

Vedic period: The drug is failed to be traced in any of the Vedas.

Samhita:

Charakakara, Sushruta and Vagbhata have explained the drug for

external application as well as base in many preparations and mentioned it in

the treatment of Vatarakta, Vrana, Kushtha, Vipadika. Charaka used it

internally in Bhasmaka chikitsa. Especially Sushruta mentions it for Padadari.

Nighantu period:

Most of the nighantus have explained the drug under different Varga.

Almost all of the Nighantukaras starting from ancient period to till date have

mentioned elaborately regarding its Guna-Karma and Prayoga. It is the best

Vranashodhaka, Vranaropaka, Bhagnasandhanakara, Tvacha sandhanakara and

Kushtha hara.

GANA – VARGA

In Vedas and Ayurvedic treatises, drugs have been grouped into either

Vargas or Ganas. Etymologically the Varga means a group of limited number

of Dravyas having similar pharmacological actions. Gana is a large number of

Dravyas having similar pharmacological actions. The other word, which is

frequently used in this connection, is the Skandha, which includes a larger

number of Dravyas. The aim of this type of classification is to identify the

Karma or use of dravya or use of dravyas in different disease conditions.


6

Table No. 1: Showing Gana-Vargas of Madhucchishtha.

aÉhÉ – uÉaÉï kÉ.ÌlÉ qÉÉ.S qÉ.ÌlÉ Mæü.ÌlÉ pÉÉ.ÌlÉ vÉÉ.ÌlÉ

cÉÇSlÉÉÌS uÉaÉï +

AÉåwÉÍkÉ uÉaÉï +

ÌuÉÌuÉkÉÉæwÉÎSuÉaÉï + + +

C¤ÉÑMüÉÌS uÉaÉï +

PARYAYA NAMA

Names and synonyms are the important tools of identification and

analysis of Karma.

Table No. 2: Showing synonyms of Madhuchchishtha

mÉrÉÉïrÉ lÉÉqÉ cÉ.xÉÇ xÉÑ.xÉÇ A.WØû kÉ.ÌlÉ qÉÉ.Sì qÉ.ÌlÉ Mæü.ÌlÉ pÉÉ ÌlÉ UÉ.ÌlÉ vÉÉ.ÌlÉ ÌlÉ.AÉ

qÉkÉÑÎcNû¹ + + + + + + + + + + +

qÉkÉÔMü + +

ÍxÉYjÉ + + + + + + + +

qÉkÉÔijÉÏiÉ +

qÉkÉÔvÉåwÉ + + + +

qÉSlÉMü +

qÉkÉlÉeÉ +

qÉÉÍ¤ÉMüÉvÉrÉ + +


7

qÉkÉÔeÉ + +

ÌuÉvÉeÉ +

qÉkÉÔÍvÉiÉ + + +

qÉ²ÉkÉÉU + + +

qÉÉrÉlÉ + +

qÉÉ¤ÏMüeÉÇ +

qÉrÉlÉ +

qÉSlÉMü +

qÉkÉÔeÉ +

qÉkÉÔÍsÉiÉ +

ÌlÉÂÌ£ü-

qÉkÉÔMü -– qÉ½iÉå qÉlrÉiÉå uÉåÌiÉ |

It is praised or thought by physicians more frequently.

ÍxÉYjÉ- – ÍxÉgcÉÌiÉ ÍxÉcrÉiÉå | AqÉUMüÉåwÉ

That which is secreted by honeybees is Siktha.

qÉkÉÔijÉÏiÉ -– qÉkÉÑlÉÈ EÎijÉiÉqÉç |

This is produced during the formation of Madhu.

qÉkÉÑvÉåwÉ – qÉkÉÑlÉÈ zÉåwÉÉå rÉ§É |

It is remainder after Madhu is extracted from honey comb.

qÉSlÉMü qÉSrÉiÉÏÌiÉ qÉSè + ÍhÉcÉç+ srÉÑÈ xuÉÉjÉåï MüÈ

It produces Mada so is called Madanaka.

qÉÉÍ¤ÉMüÉ´ÉrÉÇ qÉÉÍ¤ÉMüÉlÉÉqÉÉ´ÉrÉÈ | AípÉkÉÉlÉÉiÉç YsÉÏuÉiuÉqÉç |


8

It is shelter (Ashraya) for Makshikha (honey bees)

qÉkÉÔÎcNû¸- qÉkÉÑlÉÈ EîcNûwOûqÉuÉÍzÉ¹qÉç |

This is produced during the formation of Madhu.

qÉÉ¤ÏMüeÉÇ qÉÉ¤ÏMüÉiÉç eÉÉiÉqÉç |

This is produced from Makshika (honeybee).

GUNA-KARMA (Pharmacological Properties)

Usually the Guna-Karmas of Madhuchchishta are mentioned in the

Nighantus in the same chapter whre in Guna-Karmas of Madhu are mentioned.

Table No. 3: Showing Gunas of Madhuchchishtha

aÉÑhÉ kÉ.ÌlÉ qÉ.ÌlÉ Mæü.ÌlÉ pÉÉ.ÌlÉ vÉÉ. ÌlÉ

qÉkÉÑU + + UxÉ

MüOÒû +

ÎxlÉakÉ + + + +

ÌmÉÎcNûsÉ + + aÉçÑhÉ

qÉç×SÒ + + + +

SÉåwÉblÉiÉÉ uÉÉiÉWûU + + +

Its use in the treatment of Bhasmaka roga and its references mentioned as its

qualities as similar to Madhu infer its Vipaka as Katu and Virya as Shita. Its

other qualities such as Snigdha, Pichchila, Mrudu are totally opposite to Vata

thus making it as Vatahara.

MüqÉï (DRUG ACTIONS)

rÉiÉç MÑüuÉïÎliÉ iÉiÉç MüqÉï | (cÉ.xÉÔ.26)

The effect of Dravya seen on the body is called as Karma. The Karma is

independent of its own to bring out the action of the Dravya.


9

Pharmacological action of a drug is defined as the action which is aimed

to obtain a specific therapeutic effect.

Table No. 4 Showing Karma of Madhuchchishtha

MüqÉï kÉ.ÌlÉ qÉ.ÌlÉ Mæü.ÌlÉ pÉÉ.ÌlÉ vÉÉ. ÌlÉ

pÉÔiÉoÉÉkÉÉlÉÉvÉMü + + + +

pÉblÉxÉlkÉÉlÉMüU + + + +

ÌuÉxÉmÉïWûU + + + +

MühQÕûûWûU +

pÉåSlÉ +

MÑü¹WûU + + + +

uÉëhÉ vÉÉåkÉlÉ +

uÉëhÉUÉåmÉhÉz + + + +

U£üÌuÉMüÉU + +

uÉÉiÉU£üWûU + + +

iuÉcÉÉ xÉÇÍkÉMüUÈ +

uÉëhÉ vÉÉåkÉlÉ +

qÉÉ§ÉÉ (Posology)

As the internal usage of Madhuchchishta is seen only in the treatment of

Bhasmaka roga in Charaka Chikitsa sthana 15th

Grahanidishachikitsa adhyaya,

it is very Guru or heavy for digestion. So its internal dose should be adjusted

according to Agni. It is used predominantly for external purpose in as required

quantity.


10

mÉërÉÉåaÉ (Therapeutic applications)

The various disorders in which Madhuchishtha is used mainly are Vipadika,

Kushtha, Padadari, Vrana etc. and also in following mentioned conditions its

Prayoga is seen.

Table No. 5: Showing Prayoga of Madhucchishtha.

mÉërÉÉåaÉ cÉ.xÉÇ xÉÑ.xÉÇ A.WØû kÉ.ÌlÉ qÉÉ.Sì. qÉ.ÌlÉ Mæü.ÌlÉ pÉÉ.ÌlÉ vÉÉ.ÌlÉ

pÉalÉ + + + +

pÉÔiÉ + + + +

ÌuÉxÉmÉï + + + + +

MühQÒû +

MÑü¸ + + + + + +

uÉëhÉ + + + + + + + + +

uÉÉiÉU£ü + + + +

ÌuÉmÉÉÌSMüÉ + + +

ÌWûMMüÉ-µÉÉxÉ + +

uÉÉiÉurÉÉÍkÉ + +

pÉxqÉMü UÉåaÉ +

mÉÉSSÉËU +

pÉaÉlkÉU + +

AÎalÉSakÉ +


11

Vishishta Yoga: (Formulations)

Table No. 6: Showing Vishishtha Yogas of Madhuchchishtha.

S I

No.

VISHISHTHAYOGA INDICATIONS REFERANCES

1. MüÉxÉÏxÉÉkrÉ bÉÚiÉ MÑü¸, SSìÓ, mÉÉqÉÉ, ÌuÉcÉÍcÉïMüÉ, ÌuÉxÉmÉï,

ÌuÉxÄTüÉåOû, lÉÉQûÏuÉÚhÉ, SÒ¹uÉëhÉ

vÉÉ.xÉÇ.qÉ.ZÉÇ.9/51-

57

2. eÉÉirÉÉÌS bÉ×iÉ

xÉÔ¤qÉuÉÚhÉ, lÉÉQûÏuÉÚhÉ, vÉÉ.xÉÇ.qÉ.ZÉÇ..9/48-

49

3 ÌmÉhQû iÉæsÉ uÉÉiÉU£ü vÉÉ.xÉÇ.qÉ.ZÉÇ.9/146

cÉ. ÍcÉ.29/123

4. eÉÉirÉÉÌS iÉæsÉ xÉÔ¤qÉuÉÚhÉ, lÉÉQûÏuÉÚhÉ, vÉÉ.xÉÇ.qÉ.ZÉÇ. 9/171

5 ÌuÉmÉÉÌSMüÉWûU iÉæsÉ ÌuÉmÉÉÌSMüÉ cÉ.ÍcÉ.7/111)

6 ÌuÉmÉÉÌSMüÉWûU bÉ×iÉ ÌuÉmÉÉÌSMüÉ cÉ.ÍcÉ.7/120-121

7 xÉeÉïUxÉÉÌS sÉåmÉÈ mÉÉSxTÑüOûlÉ cÉ¢üS¨É

AÉqÉÌrÉMü mÉërÉÉåaÉ (Therapeutic Uses)

cÉUMü xÉÇÌWûiÉÉ:

1. ÌWûMüMüÉ,µÉÉxÉ :Madhucchishtha , Sarjarasa, Goshrunga are burnt and

Dhooma is inhaled. (Cha.Chi.17/79)

2. uÉÉiÉU£ü : Taila prepared out of Madhucchishtha, Manjistha, Sarjarasa,

Sariva is used for Abhyanga to reduce the pain (Pinda taila).

(Cha.Chi.29/123)

3. ÌuÉmÉÉÌSMüÉ: Ghrita should be prepared out of Kwatha of Jivanti,

Manjishtha, Daruharidra, Kampillaka, added with Tuttha kalka lastly


12

add Sarjarasa and Madhucchishtha and applied in Vipadika,

Charmakushtha, Kushtha etc. (Cha. Chi. 7/120-121)

4. pÉxqÉMü UÉåaÉ: Madhuchchishta and Ghruta should be mixed together

and taken along with cold water. (Cha. Chi. 15/228)

xÉÑ´ÉÑiÉ xÉÇÌWûiÉÉ

5. AÎalÉSakÉ : Ghrita prepared out of Madhuchishtha, Sarjarasa, Rodhra,

Madhuka, Chandana, Manjishtha, Murva is applied in Agnidagdha.

(Su.Su.12/27)

6. mÉÉSSÉËU: Ghrita prepared of Madhucchishtha, Vasa, Majja and

Sarjarasa is applied.(Su.Chi. 20/19-20)

7. pÉaÉlSU: Taila prepared of pippali, Madhuka, lodhra, Kushtha, ela,

Manjishtha, Sariva, Dhataki, Haridra, Daruharidra, Sarjarasa, Vacha,

Madhucchishtha, vacha is applied in Gandamaala, Mandala,

Prameha and Bhagandara.

A¹ÉÇaÉ WØûSrÉ

8. ÌuÉmÉÉÌSMüÉ: Ghrita and taila should be prepared out of Manjishtha,

Jeevanti, Darvi, Kampillaka, Dugdha and Tuttha then add the

Sarjarasa and Madhucchishtha. and applied to Vipadika, ekanga

kushtha.(A.Hr.Chi.19/77-78)

9. µÉÉxÉ LuÉÇ ÌWûMçüMüÉ: Madhucchishtha, Sarjarasa and Ghrita Dhumapana is

performed. (A.Hru.Chi.4/12)

10. pÉaÉlSU, AmÉcÉÏ, MÑü¸ : Taila prepared of Madhuka, Lodhra, pippali, Ela,

Renuka, Haridra, daruharidra, Priyangu, sarjarasa, Madhucchishtha,

Sariva, Padmaka, dhataki, dhava and applied on Apachi, Kushtha,

bhagandara, madhumeha and Vrana. (A.Hr.Chi29/33-36)


13

IMPORTANT RFERENCES-

cÉUMü xÉÇÌWûiÉÉ

xÉwÉïmÉMüUÇeÉMüÉåwÉiÉMüÐlÉÉÇ iÉæsÉÉlrÉjÉåÇaÉÑSÏlÉÉÇ cÉ |

MÑü¸åwÉÑ ÌWûiÉÉlrÉÉWÒûxiÉæsÉÇ rÉŠÉÌmÉ ZÉÌSUxÉÉUxrÉ || 119

eÉÏuÉliÉÏ qÉÇÎeÉ¸É SuÉÏï MüÎqmÉssÉMüÈ mÉrÉxiÉÑijÉÉqÉÇ |

LwÉ bÉ×iÉiÉæsÉmÉÉMüÈ ÍxÉ®È ÍxÉ®å cÉ xÉeÉïUxÉÈ || 120

SårÉÈ qÉkÉÑÎcNû¹Éå ÌuÉmÉÉÌSMüÉ iÉålÉ zÉÉqrÉiÉå AprÉ£üÉ ||

cÉqÉïMÑü¸ÌMüÌOûqÉÇ MÑü¸Ç zÉÉqrÉirÉsÉxÉMÇü cÉ || 121 CÌiÉ ÌuÉmÉÉÌSMüWûUbÉ×iÉiÉæsÉå

(cÉ. ÍcÉ. 7 MÑü¸ ÍcÉÌMüixÉÉ AkrÉrÉ)

xÉqÉkÉÑÎcNû¸qÉÉÇÎeÉ¸Ç xÉxÉeÉïUxÉxÉÉËUuÉqÉç |

ÌmÉhQûiÉæsÉÇ iÉSprÉÇaÉÉ²ÉiÉU£üÂeÉÉmÉWûqÉç || 123 CÌiÉ ÌmÉhQûiÉæsÉÇ (cÉ. ÍcÉ. 29 uÉÉiÉU£ü ÍcÉÌMüixÉÉ

AkrÉrÉ)

qÉkÉÑÎcNû¸Ç xÉeÉïUxÉÇ bÉ×iÉÇ qÉssÉMüxÉÇmÉÑOåû |

M×üiuÉÉ kÉÔqÉÇ ÌmÉoÉåiNØÇûaÉÇ oÉÉsÉÇ uÉÉ aÉuÉÉÇ || 79 cÉ.ÍcÉ. 17 (ÌWûMüMüÉ µÉÉxÉ ÍcÉÌMüixÉÉ AkrÉrÉ)


qÉkÉÑÎcNû¸Ç xÉqÉkÉÑMÇü UÉåkÉëÇ xÉeÉïUxÉÇ iÉjÉÉ || 27

qÉÇÎeÉ¸É cÉlSlÉÇ qÉÔuÉÉïÇ ÌmÉwOèuÉÉ xÉÌmÉïÌuÉmÉÉcÉrÉåiÉç |

xÉuÉåïwÉÉqÉÎalÉSakÉlÉÉqÉåiÉSìÉåmÉhÉqÉÑ¨ÉqÉÇ || 28 (xÉÑ.xÉÔ. 12 AÎalÉMüqÉï ÌuÉÍkÉ AkrÉrÉ)

kÉluÉliÉUÏ ÌlÉbÉhOÒû:

ÍxÉYjÉMÇü qÉkÉÔMÇü ÍxÉYjÉÇ qÉkÉÔÎcNû¹Ç qÉkÉÔijÉÏiÉqÉç |

qÉkÉÔvÉåwÉÇ qÉSlÉMÇü qÉkÉÔeÉÇ qÉÉÍ¤ÉMüÉ´ÉrÉqÉç ||

ÍxÉYjÉMÇü ÎxlÉakÉqÉkÉÑUÇ pÉÔiÉblÉÇ pÉalÉxÉÎlkÉ¢ÑüiÉç |


14

WûÎliÉ ÌuÉxÉmÉïMühQèuÉÉSÏlÉç uÉëhÉUÉåmÉhÉqÉÑ¨ÉqÉqÉç ||

pÉåSlÉÇ ÌmÉÎcNûsÉÇ xuÉÉSÒ MÑü êOûuÉÉiÉÉxÉëçÎeÉlqÉëÑSÒ | ( kÉ.ÌlÉ.109,110)

qÉSlÉmÉÉsÉ ÌlÉbÉhOÒû:

qÉSlÉÇ qÉkÉÔeÉÇ ÍxÉYjÉÇ qÉkÉÔÎcNû¹Ç qÉkÉÔÍsÉiÉqÉç |

qÉSlÉÇ qÉ×SÒxÉÑÎxlÉakÉÇ pÉÔiÉblÉÇ uÉëhÉUÉåmÉhÉqÉç ||

pÉblÉxÉlkÉÉlÉM×²ÉiÉMÑü¹ÌuÉxÉmÉïU£üÎeÉiÉç | (qÉ.ÌlÉ.34)

MæürrÉSuÉ ÌlÉbÉhOÒû:

qÉkÉÑeÉÇ ÌuÉwÉeÉÇ ÍxÉYjÉÇ qÉkÉÔÎcNû¹Ç qÉkÉÔÌwÉiÉqÉç |

qÉkÉÑvÉåwÉÇ qÉSlÉMÇü qÉkÉÑMÇü qÉÍ¤ÉMüÉ´ÉrÉÇ ||

uÉÉiÉU£üWûUÇ ÍxÉYjÉÇ uÉëhÉzÉÉåkÉlÉUÉåmÉhÉqÉç | ( Mæü. ÌlÉ. 217,218)

pÉÉuÉmÉëMüvÉ ÌlÉbÉhOÒû :

qÉSlÉÇqÉëÑSÒxÉÑÎxlÉakÉÇpÉÔiÉblÉÇuÉëhÉUÉåmÉhÉqÉç |

pÉalÉxÉlkÉÉlÉM×ü²ÉiÉMÑü¸ÌuÉxÉmÉïU£üÎeÉiÉç || (pÉÉ. ÌlÉ. qÉkÉÑuÉaÉï)

vÉ|ÍsÉaÉëÉqÉ ÌlÉbÉhOÒû :

qÉrÉlÉÇiÉÑqÉkÉÔÎcNû¹ÇqÉkÉÔvÉåwÉÇcÉÍxÉYjÉMüqÉç |

qÉkuÉÉkÉÉUÉåqÉSlÉMüqÉkÉÔÌwÉiÉqÉÌmÉxqÉ×iÉqÉç ||

ÍxÉYjÉMüÎqmÉÎcNûsÉÇxuÉÉSÒMüiÉÑÎxlÉakÉÇqÉ×SÒxqÉ×iÉqÉç |

AÎxjÉxÉÇÍkÉMüUÇuÉëhrÉÇuÉÉiÉMÑü¸ÌuÉxÉmÉïlÉÑiÉç |

U£üSÉåwÉÇuÉÉiÉU£üÇpÉÔiÉSÉåwÉÇcÉ lÉÉzÉrÉåiÉç |

xTÑüÌOûiÉxrÉÉXaÉsÉåmÉålÉiuÉcÉÈxÉÇÍkÉMüUÇqÉiÉqÉç|| (zvÉÉÍsÉaÉëÉqÉ ÌlÉbÉÇOÒû – qÉkÉÑuÉaÉï )


15

MODERN DRUG REVIEW

YELLOW BEES WAX: Cera flava

VERNACULAR NAMES:

Bengal-Mom.

Hindi- Mom

Gujarati- Min.

Kannada- Mena.

Malayalam- Mezhugu.

Tamil- Mezhugu.

Marathi- Mema.

Telugu- Mynamu.

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE:

A yellow bee is purified wax and obtained from the honeycomb of the

bees Apis mellifera and other species of Apis belonging to family Apidae.

HISTORICAL USE:

Beeswax was ancient man's first plastic, and for thousands of years has

been used as a modeling material, to create sculpture and jewelry molds for use

in the lost-wax casting process, or Cire perdue.

The use of wax is seen since ancient days for casting of metals, its

coating model with plaster, in preparation of moulds and filling it with molten

metal that is still used today by jewellers, goldsmiths and sculptors, in dentistry

and even in the industrial manufacture of complex components by investment

casting of metals. In the Roman period, beeswax was used as waterproofing

agent for painted walls and as a medium for the Fayum mummy portraits.

In the Middle Ages beeswax was considered valuable enough to become

a form of currency. It was also used in bow making. More recently it found use

as a component of sealing wax, and in cosmetics. Beeswax has been used for

hundreds of years as a sealant or lubricant for bullets in cap and ball and

firearms that use black powder. It is often mixed with other ingredients such as


16

olive oil (sweet oil) and sometimes paraffin. It can be used as an ingredient in

the bullet lube used primarily in Black Powder cartridge firing weapons.

The wax can be dissolved in turpentine and then used as a furniture finish,

sometimes blended with linseed or tung oil.

GEOLOGICAL SOURCE:

It is processed and commercially prepared in France, Italy, West Africa,

Jamaica, and India.

PROCESSING AND PREPARATION OF WAX

The combs and capping of Honeycomb are broken and boiled in soft

water. These are then enclosed in a porous bag weighted to keep under water.

The boiling causes oozing of the waste, which gets collected outside the bag

and forms a cake after cooling. The debris on outer surface is removed by

scraping. Bee’s wax is purified by heating in boiling water, sulphuric acid and

settling. The process is repeated several times and finally wax is skimmed off.

Various techniques are adopted to bleach wax, such as treatment with hydrogen

peroxide, cromic acid, ozone etc. Sometimes, treatment with charcoal, chlorine

or potassium permanganate is also given to bleach the wax. Natural bleaching

by exposing the wax to the sunlight in thin layer is also preferred.

DESCRIPTION:

Colour- Yellow to yellowish brown

Odour -Agreeable and honey like.

Taste- Faint balsamic

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:

Yellow bees wax is noncrystalline solid. It is soft to touch and crumbles

under the pressure of fingers to plastic mass. Under molten condition, it can be

given any desired shape. It breaks with a granular fracture.


17

Solubility:

It is insoluble in water, soluble in hot alcohol, ether, chloroform, carbon

tetrachloride, fixed and volatile oils.

Standards:

Melting point 62- 65 degree Celsius

Specific gravity 0.958 - 0.967

Acid value 5-10

Sap. Value 90-103

Ester value 80-95

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION:

The principal constituents are - (1) Hydrocarbons (probably C27H56 and C34H64)

about 12 per cent. (2) Cerin or Cerotic Acid, C27H54O2. (3) Myricin or Myrical

Palmitate, C30H61,C16H31O2, the principal constituent. (4) An Alcohol, C26H52O,

in small quantities. (5) Cerylic Alcohol, C27H56O.

It consists of esters of straight chain monohydric alcohols with straight

chain acids. The chief constituent of the bees wax is myricin i.e. myricil

palmitate (about 80%). Free cerotic acid (about 15%), small quantities of

melissic acid and aromatic substance cerolein are the other constituents. Indian

bees wax is characterized by its low acid value, while European bees wax has

the acid value of 17 to 22.

USES:

Bee’s wax is used in preparation of ointments, plasters and polishes. It is

used in ointments for hardening purpose and the manufacture of candles,

moulds, and in dental and electronic industries. It is also used in cosmetics for

preparation of lipsticks and face creams. Bee’s wax has little effect upon

human system, but was earlier prescribed in diarrhea and dysentery. Bee’s wax

and vegetable oil mixture is used as vehicle for the administration of repository

forma of certain medicaments such as penicillin and curare, where in it delays


18

and there by prolongs the action of the drug. It is used in the formulation of

ointments, plasters, suppositories, surgical dressings etc, in which it acts

mechanically, either imparting stiffness or giving protection from water.

ACTION: To arrest discharges, promote healing of wounds and tissue

regeneration, and alleviate pain.

INDICATIONS: Ulcer difficulty to heal, wounds, burns and scalds.

USAGES: For external use, appropriate quantity to be melted and applied

topically; often used as excipient and ground substance of ointments.

ADULTERANTS:

Very frequently bees wax is adulterated with colophony, hard paraffin,

stearic acid, japan wax, spermaceti carnauba wax and several other substances.

Adulteration can be detected on the basis of solubility and melting point.

The genuine wax should not give turbidity when 0.5g of wax is boiled

with 20 ml of aqueous caustic soda for 10 minutes and cooled.

WHITE BEES WAX: It is obtained by bleaching yellow bees wax and it

should not be used for ophthalmic purposes.


19

PHOTO NO. 1: MADHUCHCHISHTA

DRUG REVIEW- SHALANIRYASA

20

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

3.2 SHALANIRYASA

HISTORY

Religious significance:

In Hindu tradition the Sal tree is said to be favoured by Vishnu. Its

name "Shala", "Shaal" or "Sal", comes from Sanskrit; the Sal tree is often

confused with the Ashoka tree (Saraca indica) in the ancient literature of

the Indian Subcontinent.

Queen Māyā giving birth to the Buddha:

In Buddhist tradition, it is said that Queen Maya of Sakya gave

birth to Gautama Buddha under a sal tree or an Asoka tree in a garden in

Lumbini, while grasping its branch.

There is a standard decorative element of Hindu Indian sculpture,

which originated in a Yakshi grasping the branch of a flowering tree

while setting her foot against its roots. This decorative sculptural element

was integrated into Indian temple architecture as salabhanjika or "Sal tree

maiden", although it is not clear either whether it is a sal tree or an Asoka

tree.

VEDIC PERIOD-

The root word and vedaSalagram kosha by SK Ramachandra Rao

(typed up by Kirtida Sundari - thanx) Chapter Four Details of

Shaalagraama page 107 – 136- The Shalagram-stones that are worshipped

are only those, which are picked up from the Himalayan stream Gandaki.

The expression Shaalagraama, which is of the Puranic celebrity, refers to

a particular site in the course of this stream, where the sacred stones were

found in profusion. The site was once a village, which was distinguished

by the Shaala-trees, or by the one grand specimen of the species (as the

story told hereafter suggests); hence the name 'Shaala-graama'. The name


21

of the village is spelt variously as 'Shaala-graama' (with the initial

phoneme being palatal, 'talavyaadi'), 'Shaali-graama', Saala-graama (with

the initial phenome being dental, 'dantvyaadi') and 'Shali-graama'. Of

these forms 'Saala-graama' is the correct one, because 'Shala' is the proper

Sanskrit word for the Himalayan tree now known as Shorea robusta

(commonly, however, called, Saala, Saakhu and Sukhuaa). The word

'Saala' is derived from the root 'shala gatau' (meaning "to move") (anikriti

shaalas siddhyati'), and signifies any tree (which is moved by wind

'shalati vayunaa chalatiiti'), but refers principally to the tree mentioned

above (cf. the lexicon Visva, which says 'shaalo haale nripa matsya-

prabhede sarja-paadape').

The description of shala is traceable from Koushika Sutra and

patanjala mahabhashya wherein it is quoted that the crystal of its resin

should b worn by the baby during the naming ceremony.

SAMHITA PERIOD

Charaka samhitakara is the first person to mention the drug and has

explained Shala under Kashaya skanda, Vedanasthapana,

Asavayonivruksha varga. He has mentioned it for many diseases such as

Kushtha, Vipadika, Visarpa, Hikka, Shvasa roga, Gudadaha, Vatarakta.

Sushruta has explained the drug under Salasaradi gana and Rodhradi

gana. He has referred the drug as Kushthahara, stambhaka, Visarpahara,

Vranaropaka, Bhutanashaka, Rakshoghna. Vagbhata mentioned it in

dravyas for Mrudu Dhuma and in treatment of Hikka and Shwasa in the

form of Dhumapana etc. Ashtanga sangrahakara has explained it under

Asanadi gana, Rodhradi gana, Vedanasthapana gana.

NIGHANTU PERIOD

Almost all the authors of Nighantus, from the oldest Dhanvantari

nighantu till Nighantu adarsha have explained the drug in detail. All of

them have explained its Guna, Rasa, Virya, Vipaka, and Karma along

with Prayoga. Most of them have mentioned that it is having Tikta


22

Madhura rasa, Snigdha, Grahi, Shita Guna and is Tridoshahara, best

Vranaropaka, Vipadikahara, Kushthahara.

UNANI CHIKITSA

The use of Shala Niryasa in Unani system of Medicine is

mentioned by Vanoushadi Chandrodaya, its indications there being in

Vrana, Jalodara, Charmaroga, prurities etc.

GANA – VARGA

Table No. 7: Showing Gana-Varga of Shala niryasa

aÉhÉ – uÉaÉï cÉ.xÉÇ xÉÑ.xÉÇ A.WØû kÉ.ÌlÉ qÉÉ.Sì. qÉ.ÌlÉ Mæü.ÌlÉ pÉÉ.ÌlÉ UÉ.ÌlÉ vÉÉ.ÌlÉ ÌlÉ.AÉ ÌmÉë.ÌlÉ

AÉåwÉÍkÉ uÉaÉï +

AÉxÉuÉrÉÉåÌlÉuÉ×¤É +

ÄvÉÉsÉÉÌSuÉaÉï +

AxÉlÉÉÌS aÉhÉ +

cÉÇSlÉÉÌS uÉaÉï + +

ÌuÉÌuÉSÉæzÉçÍkÉ uÉaÉï +

LsÉÉÌS +

MüwÉÉrÉxMülkÉ +

UÉåkÉëÉÌS +

uÉåSlÉÉxjÉmÉlÉ +

WûËUiÉYrÉÌS uÉaÉï +

zMümÉÔïUÉÌSuÉaÉï + + +

zxÉÉsÉxÉ|UÉÌS +


23

PARYAYA NAMA:

The usable part Shala Niryasa or Rala is also known by many other

names in Samhitas as well as Nighantus. They are mentioned in following

table.

Table No.8: Showing synonyms of Shalaniryasa.

mÉrÉÉïrÉ lÉÉqÉ cÉ.xÉÇ xÉÑ.xÉÇ A.WØû kÉÌlÉ qÉ.ÌlÉ Mæü.ÌlÉ pÉÉ.ÌlÉ UÉ.ÌlÉ vÉ|.ÌlÉ ÌlÉ.AÉ ÌmÉë.ÌlÉ

UÉsÉ + + + + + + +

xÉeÉïUxÉ + + + + + + + + +

SåuÉkÉÔmÉ + + + +

rÉ¤ÉkÉÔmÉ + + + + + + +

xÉuÉïïUxÉ +

UÉsÉ +

xÉeÉï + +

ÌuÉÃmÉ +

uÉÌ»ûuÉssÉpÉ +

AaÉçÌlÉuÉssÉpÉ + + +

MülÉMüsÉÉåokÉuÉ + +

sÉsÉlÉ + +

¤ÉhÉ + +

oÉWÒûÃmÉ + +

kÉÔmÉlÉ +

sÉÍsÉiÉ +

UuÉ +

xÉMüsÉsÉ¤ÉhÉ +

SåuÉå¸É +


24

vÉÏiÉsÉÉ +

vÉÉsÉUxÉ +

xÉeÉïÌlÉrÉÉïxÉMü +

xÉÑUÍpÉ +

xÉÑUkÉÔmÉ +

MüÉsÉ +

xÉxrÉxÉÇuÉU +

sÉÉ¤ÉÉ +

ÌlÉÂÌ£ü

xÉÉsÉÈ- xÉÉUÉå SÉQèrÉïqÉç AìiÉvÉÌrÉiÉqÉxrÉ |

The heart wood of the tree is strong so is called as Sala.

xÉeÉïUxÉ – xÉÚeÉÌiÉ ÌlÉrÉÉïxÉÉSÏÌlÉÌiÉ |

The one, which exudates Niryasa (oleo gum resin) is called as Sarjarasa.

SåuÉkÉÔmÉ _ SåuÉmÉëÏrÉÉå kÉÔmÉ CìiÉ |

This is used as incense in god’s worship thus called as Devadhupa.

rÉ¤|kÉÔmÉ - rÉ¤|mÉëÏrÉÉå kÉÔmÉÈ |

This is used as incense in Yaksha worship also thus called as

Yakshadhupa.

vÉÉsÉ –- xÉsrÉiÉå| mÉsÉ aÉiÉÉæ|

It spreads robustly over a large area.

UÉsÉ- zvÉ|sÉuÉÚ¤| ÌlÉrÉÉïxÉÈèû |

The exudate of Shala is called as Rala.

xÉeÉï- xÉÚeÉÌiÉ ÌlÉrÉÉïxÉÉSÏÌlÉÌiÉ |

The one, which exudates Niryasa (oleo gum resin) is called as Sarja.

MüÉwrÉïÈ – M×üwÉ ÌuÉsÉåZÉlÉå |


25

It depletes the Dhatus so called as Karshya.

AµÉMühÉïMüÈ- AµÉxrÉ MühÉïÍqÉuÉmÉ§ÉxrÉ |

Leaves resemble shape of Ashva (horse) ears.

xÉxrÉxÉçÇuÉUÈ- xÉxrÉæÈ xÉÇuÉÚÌrÉiÉå, xÉxrÉÇ TüsÉ xÉÇuÉÚhÉÉåÌiÉ CìÌiÉ |

It is always seen in fruiting so called Sasysasamvara.

uÉÌ»uÉssÉpÉ -– uÉ»åûuÉïssÉpÉÈ ÌmÉërÉÈ E®ÏmÉMüiuÉÉiÉç |

AÎalÉuÉssÉpÉ -– AalÉåÈ uÉssÉpÉÈ E®ÏmÉMüiuÉÉiÉç ÌmÉërÉÈ |

It increases the intensity of Agni (fire).

kÉÔmÉlÉ – kÉÔmÉrÉÌiÉ xÉÇkÉÔ¤|rÉÌiÉ uÉÌ»ûÍqÉÌiÉ kÉÔmÉ + srÉÑÈ|

It is used as incense and also increases the intensity of fire.

sÉÍsÉiÉÉ- sÉsrÉiÉå DmxrÉiÉå CÌiÉ |

People are inclined towards it (to use it as incense).

SåuÉå¸É- SåuÉÉlÉÉÍqÉ¸É |

It is used as incense while worshipping god.

vÉÏiÉsÉÉ- vÉÏiÉÇ sÉÉiÉÏÌiÉ |

This brings Shitata (coldness) to the body hence cures daha.

xÉeÉïÌlÉrÉÉïxÉMüÈ- xÉeÉïïxrÉ ÌlÉrÉÉïxÉÈ |

It is exudate of plant Sarja.

xÉÑUÍpÉ- xÉÚ¸ UpÉiÉååÅlÉålÉåÌiÉ |

It is very fragrant.

xÉÑUkÉÔmÉ- xÉÑUÌmÉërÉÉå kÉÔmÉÈ|

It is used as incense while worshipping Sura (god).

AeÉMühÉï- AeÉxrÉ NûÉaÉxrÉ MühÉïuÉiÉç mÉ§ÉÇ rÉxrÉ xÉÈ|

Leaves resemble shape of Aja (Goat) ears.


26

GUNA-KARMA (Pharmacological Properties)

Guna-Karma of Shalaniryasa are exclusively mentioned in

Nighantus that are tabulated as follows.

Table No. 9: Showing Guna of Shalaniryasa

aÉÑhÉ kÉ.ÌlÉ qÉ.ÌlÉ Mæü.ÌlÉ pÉÉ.ÌlÉ UÉ.ÌlÉ vÉÉ.ÌlÉ ÌlÉ.AÉ ÌmÉë.ÌlÉ

ÌiÉ£ü + + + +

MüwÉÉrÉ + + + + + + + UxÉ

qÉkÉÑU + + + + +

aÉÑÂ + + + + aÉÑhÉ

ÎxlÉakÉ + +

EwhÉ + AlÉÑwhÉ uÉÏrÉï

vÉÉÏiÉ + + + +

uÉÉiÉWûU + + + +

ÌmÉ¨ÉWûU + + + + SÉåwÉblÉiÉÉ

MüTüWûU + + +

Authors of different Nighantu and Samhita have not mentioned Vipaka

but based on Rasa and Karma we can infer its Vipaka as Katu.

MüqÉï (DRUG ACTIONS)

Pharmacological properties of Shala Niryasa as mentioned by

different authors are mentioned in the following table.


27

Table No. 10: Showing Karma of Shala Niryasa

MüqÉï kÉ.ÌlÉ qÉÉ.Sì. qÉ.ÌlÉ Mæü.ÌlÉ pÉÉ.ÌlÉ UÉ.ÌlÉ vÉÉ.ÌlÉ ÌlÉ.AÉ ÌmÉë.ÌlÉ.

uÉëhÉWûU + + + + + +

xiÉÇqpÉlÉ + + + + +

uÉëhÉUÉåmÉhÉ + + + +

pÉalÉxÉlkÉÉlÉMüU + + + + +

ÌuÉmÉÌSMüÉWûU + + + + + +

pÉÔiÉlÉÉvÉMü + +

aÉëÉWûÏû + + + +

U¤ÉÉMüqÉï +

U£üxiÉqpÉMü +

ÌMüÍqÉblÉ +

xuÉåSWûU + + + + +

uÉhrÉï

ÌuÉvÉblÉ + +

U¤ÉÉåblÉ + +

qÉÉ§ÉÉ (Posology)

Usually the Shala Niryasa is used externally as direct application with oil

or it is used in the form of Dhuma etc. in different diseases. Hence its

Matra (dosage) will be as required and P.V. Sharmaji has mentioned its

dose as-

1. UÉsÉcÉÔhÉï – 1- 3 gms 2. iuÉMçü YuÉÉjÉ- 50-100 ml


28

mÉërÉÉåaÉ (Therapeutic applications)

The various disorders in which the Shala niryasa is used mainly are

Kushtha, Vrana, Vipadika etc. and also in following conditions its

Prayoga is seen.

Table No.11: Showing Prayoga of Shala niryasa.

mÉërÉÉåaÉ cÉ.xÉÇ xÉÑ.xÉÇ A.WØû kÉ.ÌlÉ qÉ.ÌlÉ Mæü.ÌlÉ pÉÉ.ÌlÉ. UÉ.ÌlÉ. vÉÉ.ÌlÉ ÌlÉ.AÉ

ÌuÉmÉÉÌSMüÉ + + + + + + + +

MÑü¹ + + +

pÉÔiÉ + + + +

uÉëhÉ + + + + + + + +

pÉalÉ + + + + + + +

ÌuÉxÉmÉï + + +

+ + +

aÉëWûoÉÉkÉÉ + + + +

AÎalÉSakÉ + + + +

vÉÔsÉ + + +

EuÉU + + + +

xuÉåSWûU + + + + +

AsÉÎ¤qÉ +

U£üÌuÉMüÉU + + + + +

U£üxÉëÉuÉ +

EimÉÉOûMü +

uÉÉiÉU£ü + +

ÌmÉ¨ÉeÉ AoÉÑïS +

uÉÉiÉeÉ AÉå¹eÉ UéåaÉ +

uÉÉiÉUÉåaÉ +


29

MühÉïxÉëÉuÉ +

mÉÔiÉlÉÉ +

qÉÑZÉqÉÍhÉMüÉ +

AvÉï +

ÌWûYMüÉ µÉÉxÉ + +

xÉmÉï,MüÐOû, sÉÔiÉÉ +

mÉËUMüÌiÉïMüÉ +

AiÉÏxÉÉU + + +

xTüÉåOû + +

MühQÕû + + +

aÉëWûhÉÏ

MÚüÍqÉ UÉåaÉ +

uÉÉiÉU£ü +

mÉëqÉåWû +

µÉåiÉ mÉëSU

ÌuÉwÉ +

SSìÓ +

mÉÉqÉÉ +

ÌuÉcÉÍcÉïMüÉ +

pÉaÉlSU + +

mÉÉSSÉUÏ +


30

AÉqÉÌrÉMü mÉërÉÉåaÉ (Therapeutic Uses)

cÉUMü xÉÇÌWûiÉÉ:

1. ÍxÉkqÉMÑü¸: Edagaja or Sarjarasa or Mulaka beeja are tritured in

Kanji is used for Udvartana.(Cha. Ci 7/126).

2. ÌWûMçüMüÉ LuÉÇ µÉÉxÉ: Madhucchishtha , Sarjarasa, Goshrunga are burnt

and Dhooma is inhaled. (Ch.Chi.17/79)


3. mÉëcNûÉ³É MüqÉï mÉ¶ÉéiÉç : After Pracchaanna karma to stop the bleeding

Sarjarasa, Shala, Arjuna, Irimeda, Dhava are rubbed in water and

applied to the Vrana. (Su.Su.14/36)

4. AÎalÉSakÉ: Ghrita prepared out of Madhuchishtha,Sarjarasa, Rodhra,

Madhuka, Chandana, Manjishtha, Murva is applied in Agnidagdha.

(Su.Su.12/27)

5. EimÉÉOûMü: Apamarga, Sarjarasa, Lakucha, Patalaa Tvaka are rubbed

in water and applied. (Su.Su.13/36)

6. mÉÉSSÉËU: Ghrita prepared of Madhucchishtha, Vasa, Majja and

Sarjarasa is applied.(Su.Chi. 20/19-20)

7. pÉaÉlSU- taila prepared of pippali, Madhuka, lodhra, Kushtha, ela,

Manjishtha, Sariva, Dhataki, Haridra, Daruharidra, Sarjarasa,

Vacha, Madhucchishtha, vacha is applied in Gandamaala,

Mandala, Prameha and Bhagandara. (Su.Chi.8/43-46)

A¹ÉçaÉ WØûSrÉû

8. ÌuÉmÉÉÌSMüÉ: Ghrita and taila should be prepared out of Manjishtha,

Jevanti, Darvi, Kampillaka, Dugdha and Tuttha then add the

Sarjarasa and Madhucchishtha. and applied to Vipadika and

Ekanga kushtha.(A.Hr.Chi.19/77-78)


31

9. µÉÉxÉ LuÉÇ ÌWûMçüMüÉ: Madhucchishtha, Sarjarasa and Ghrita

Dhumapana is performed. (A.Hr.Chi.4/12)

10. pÉaÉlSU, AmÉcÉÏ, MÑü¸: Taila prepared of Madhuka, Lodhra, pippali,

Ela, renuka, Haridra, daruharidra, Priyangu, sarjarasa,

adhucchishtha, Sariva, Padmaka, dhataki, dhava and applied on

Apachi, Kushtha, bhagandara, madhumeha and Vrana.

(A.Hr.Chi29/33-36)

ÌlÉbÉhOÒû AÉSvÉï:

Tila taila, Raala, Madhucchishtha are taken equally and prepare

ointment and applied as Upanaha for the disease in external

Vidradhi.

ÍxÉ®pÉåwÉeÉqÉÍhÉqÉÉsÉÉ:

Sarjaparpata is prepared out of Rala churna, Somala churna and

used in KaphaVatajvara, Atisara, Bhrama, Chardi.

VISHISHTA YOGA (FORMULATIONS)

Table No. 12: Showing Vishisgtha yogas of Shala niryasa.

SI

NO.

VISHISHTA

YOGA

INDICATIONS REFERANCES

1. ÌuÉmÉÉÌSMüÉWûU iÉæsÉ ÌuÉmÉÉÌSMüÉ, AsÉxÉMü,MÑü¹,

cÉqÉïMÑü¹, LMüMÑü¹, ÌMüÌiÉpÉMÑü¹

cÉ.ÍcÉ.7/111

2. MüÉxÉÏxÉÉkrÉ bÉ×iÉ MÑü¸, SSìÓ, mÉÉqÉÉ, ÌuÉcÉÍcÉïMüÉ,

ÌuÉxmÉï, ÌuÉxÄTüÉåOû, lÉÉSÏuÉÚhÉ,

SÒ¹uÉëhÉ

vÉÉ.xÉÇ.qÉ.ZÉÇ. 9/51-57

3. ÍxÉkqÉWûU sÉåmÉ ÍxÉkqÉ vÉÉ.xÉÇ.E.ZÉÇ.11/45

4. ÌmÉhQû iÉæsÉqÉç uÉÉiÉU£ü cÉ.ÍcÉ.29/123


32

vÉÉ.xÉÇ.qÉ.ZÉÇ.9/146

5. qÉWûÉuÉeÉëMü iÉæsÉ MÑü¹, lÉÉQûÏuÉÚhÉ, pÉaÉlkÉU,

aÉhQûqÉÉsÉÉ

xÉÑ.xÉÔ.9/57-63

6. ÌuÉmÉÉÌSMüÉWûU bÉÚiÉ ÌuÉmÉÉÌSMüÉ, AsÉxÉMü, MÑü¹,

cÉqÉïMÑü¹, LçMüMÑü¹, ÌMüÌOûpÉ

cÉ.ÍcÉ.7/120-121

7. qÉlÉÈvÉÏsÉÉÌS bÉÚiÉ ÌWûYMüÉ, µÉÉxÉ cÉ.ÍcÉ.17/144-146

8. lÉsÉSÉÌS mÉësÉåmÉ ÌuÉxÉmÉï cÉ.ÍcÉ.21/77

9. qÉkÉÑÎcNûwšÉÌS rÉÉåaÉ pÉaÉlSU,uÉëhÉ, MÑü¸,

qÉkÉÑqÉåWû,AmÉÍcÉ

A.WØû.ÍcÉ.29/33-36

10. ÌuÉmÉÉÌSMüÉWûU iÉæsÉ ÌuÉmÉÉÌSMüÉ cÉ.ÍcÉ.7/111

11. xÉælkÉuÉÉÌS sÉåmÉ ¤ÉÑSìUÉåaÉ ÍcÉÌMüixÉÉ rÉÉåaÉU¦ÉÉMüU

CONTROVERSY:

Bhavamishra has considered Shala and Sarjaka as two different

trees and given synonym as Ashwakarna to Shala and Ajakarna to

Sarjaka.

Where as Sushrutha in his Salasaradi Gana has included Shala,

Ashwakarna and Ajakarna as three different trees.

But Charaka has considered that these as four different trees. So

the Botanical identification is as follows:

Shala – Shorea robusta Gaertn.

Sarja - Vateria indica Linn.

Ashwakarna – Terminalia tomentosa W &A (Sharma P.V,

Dravyaguna Vignana,Vol-I, Page 389), Dipterocarpus turbinatus Gaertn

(Sharma P.V, Dravyaguna Vignana Vol-II, Page 632), Dipterocarpus

alatus (Sharma P.V, Dravyaguna Vignana Vol-II,Page 632)


33

As per Dr.Mayaram Uniyal in his book “Prayogatmaka Abhinava

Dravyaguna”.

Ashwakarna – Dipterocarpus alatus

Ajakarna – Dipterocarpus turbinatus Gaertn

Both Bapalal Vaidya (Nighnatu Adarsha I page 137) and Yadavaji

Trikamji Acharya (Dravyaguna II page 104) have mentioned that the

word Shala niryasa is not found in Samhitas and wherever it is mentioned

as Sarjarasa in those texts the Shalaniryasa only should be considered. In

support of this the commentators like Chakrapani and Dalhana have also

used the words like Shala or Rala in those instances.


34

IMPORTANT REFERENCES

cÉUMü xÉÇÌWûiÉÉ

vÉÉsÉMüOèTüsÉ MüSqoÉ mÉ©Mü iÉÑqoÉqÉÉåcÉUxÉÍzÉUÏwÉuÉÇeÉÑsÉ LsÉuÉÉsÉÑMüÉzÉÉåMüÉ CÌiÉ SzÉåqÉÉÌlÉ

uÉåSlÉÉxjÉÉmÉlÉÉÌlÉ pÉuÉÎliÉ | (cÉ.xÉÑ. 4/49)

vÉÉsÉÌmÉërÉMüAµÉMühÉïcÉlSlÉxrÉlSlÉZÉÌSUxÉmiÉmÉhÉÉïAeÉÑïlÉÉxÉlÉæËUqÉåS

ÌiÉlSÒMüÌMühÉÌWûvÉÉÍqÉvÉÑÌ£üÍvÉvÉÉmÉvÉÏUÏwÉuÉÇeÉsÉkÉluÉlÉqÉkÉÔMæü È xÉÉUxÉuÉÉ ÌuÉÇvÉÌiÉpÉïuÉÎliÉ |

cÉ.xÉÔ. 25/49

qÉkÉÑÎcNû¸Ç xÉeÉïUxÉÇ bÉ×iÉÇ qÉssÉMüxÉÇmÉÑOåû |

M×üiuÉÉ kÉÔqÉÇ ÌmÉoÉåiNØÇûaÉÇ oÉÉsÉÇ uÉÉ aÉuÉÉÇ || 79 cÉ.ÍcÉ. 17 (ÌWûMüMüÉ µÉÉxÉ ÍcÉÌMüixÉÉ

AkrÉrÉ)

xÉqÉkÉÑÎcNû¸qÉÉÇÎeÉ¸Ç xÉxÉeÉïUxÉxÉÉËUuÉqÉç |

ÌmÉhQûiÉæsÉÇ iÉSprÉÇaÉÉ²ÉiÉU£üÂeÉÉmÉWûqÉç || 123 CÌiÉ ÌmÉhQûiÉæsÉÇ (cÉ. ÍcÉ. 29 uÉÉiÉU£ü

ÍcÉÌMüixÉÉ AkrÉrÉ)


iÉiÉÉå aÉÑaaÉÑsuÉaÉÂ xÉeÉïuÉcÉÉaÉÉæUxÉwÉïmÉcÉÔhÉæïsÉïuÉhÉÌlÉqoÉÍqÉ´ÉårÉÈ AerÉrÉÑ£æükÉÑïmÉrÉåiÉç, AerÉvÉåwÉåhÉ

cÉÉxrÉmÉëÉhÉÉlÉç xÉqÉsÉpÉåiÉç | (xÉÑ.xÉÔ. 5/18 AaÉëÉåmÉxÉÇaÉëWûlÉÏrÉ AÉkrÉrÉ)

qÉkÉÑÎcNû¸Ç xÉqÉkÉÑMÇü UÉåkÉëÇ xÉeÉïUxÉÇ iÉjÉÉ || 27

qÉÇÎeÉ¸É cÉlSlÉÇ qÉÔuÉÉïÇ ÌmÉwOèuÉÉ xÉÌmÉïÌuÉmÉÉcÉrÉåiÉç |

xÉuÉåïwÉÉqÉÎalÉSakÉlÉÉqÉåiÉSìÉåmÉhÉqÉÑ¨ÉqÉÇ || 28 (xÉÑ.xÉÔ. 12 AÎalÉMüqÉï ÌuÉÍkÉ AkrÉrÉ)


35

kÉluÉliÉUÏ ÌlÉbÉhOÒû:

UÉsÉÈ xÉeÉïUxÉÈzvÉÉsÉÈ ¤ÉhÉÈ MüsÉMüsÉÉå°uÉÈ |

sÉsÉlÉÈ zvÉÉsÉÌlÉrÉÉïxÉÉå rÉ¤ÉkÉÔmÉÉåÅÎalÉuÉssÉpÉÈ ||

UÉsÉÈ xuÉÉSÒÈ MüwÉÉrÉÉåwhÉÈ xiÉqpÉlÉÉå uÉëhÉUÉåmÉhÉÈ |

ÌuÉmÉÉÌSpÉÔiÉWûliÉÉ cÉ pÉalÉxÉlkÉÉlÉM×üiÉç rÉiÉÈ || (kÉ.ÌlÉ.11,12)

qÉSlÉmÉÉsÉ ÌlÉbÉhOÒÈ

UÉsÉÉ xÉeÉïUxÉÉå rÉ¤ÉkÉÔmÉÈ xÉeÉÉåÅÎalÉuÉssÉpÉÈ |

¤ÉhÉMüÈ xÉÉsÉÌlÉrÉÉïxÉÉå sÉÉ¤ÉÉxrÉÉssÉsÉlÉÉå uÉUÈ ||

UÉsÉÉ ÌWûqÉÉ aÉÑÃÎxiÉ£üÉ MüwÉÉrÉÉ aÉëÉÌWûÍhÉ eÉrÉåiÉç |

aÉëWûÉxÉëxuÉåSÌuÉxÉmÉïÌuÉwÉuÉëlÉÌuÉmÉÉÌSMüÉÈ ||(50,51)

MæüSåuÉ ÌlÉbÉhOÒûÈ

UÉsÉÈ xÉeÉïUxÉÈ xÉeÉÉåï oÉWÒûÃmÉÉååÅÎalÉuÉssÉpÉÈ |

SåuÉkÉÔmÉÉå rÉ¤ÉkÉÔmÉÉå kÉÔmÉlÉÉå sÉÍsÉiÉÉå UuÉÈ ||

xÉÑUÉsÉÉ zvÉÉsÉÌlÉrÉÉïxÉÈ zvÉÉsÉÈ xÉMüsÉsÉ¤ÉhÉÈ |

xÉÑUÉsÉÉ qÉkÉÑUÉ ÌiÉ£üÉ MüwÉÉrÉÉ aÉëÉÌWûhÉÏ aÉÑÃÈ ||

AlÉÑwhÉÉ WûÎliÉ SÉåwÉÉxÉëzvÉÔsÉxuÉåSeuÉUuÉëhÉÉlÉç |

ÌuÉxÉmÉïaÉëWûpÉÔiÉÉÎalÉSakÉÉsÉÎ¤qÉÌuÉmÉÉÌSMüÉÈ | (422,423)

pÉÉuÉmÉëMüÉ ÌlÉbÉhOÒû- UÉsÉaÉÑhÉÉÈ

UÉsÉxiÉÑxÉÉsÉÌlÉrÉÉïxÉxiÉjÉÉxÉeÉïUxÉÈxqÉ×iÉÈ |

SåuÉkÉÔmÉÉårÉ¤ÉkÉÔmÉxiÉjÉÉ xÉuÉïUxÉ¶É xÉÈ ||

UÉsÉÉåÌWûqÉÉåaÉÑÃÎxiÉ£üÈMüwÉÉrÉÉåaÉëÉWûMüÉåWûUåiÉç |


36

SÉåwÉÉxÉëxuÉåSÌuÉxÉmÉïeuÉUuÉëhÉÌuÉmÉÉÌSMüÉÈ |

aÉëWûpÉalÉÉÎalÉSakÉÉÇ¶ÉzÉÔsÉÉÌiÉxÉÉUlÉÉzÉlÉÈ || (pÉÉ.mÉë.48,49.)

UÉeÉÌlÉbÉhOÒûÈ

UÉsÉxiÉÑÍvÉÍvÉUÈÎxlÉakÉÈMüwÉÉrÉÎxiÉ£üxÉÇaÉëWûÈ |

uÉÉiÉÌmÉ¨ÉWûUÈxTüÉãOûMühQÕûÌiÉuÉëhÉlÉÉwÉlÉÈ || (UÉ.ÌlÉ.)

vÉÉÍsÉaÉëÉqÉ ÌlÉbÉhOÒûÈ

UÉsÉxiÉÑxÉÉsÉÌlÉrÉÉïxÉxiÉjÉÉxÉeÉïUxÉÈxqÉ×iÉÈ |

SåuÉkÉÔmÉÉårÉ¤ÉkÉÔmÉÉåÌuÉÃmÉÉåuÉÌ»ûuÉssÉpÉÈ ||

ÌlÉbÉhOÒû U¦ÉÉMüU

xÉeÉïÌlÉrÉÉïxÉMüÈvÉÏiÉÈÎxlÉakÉ¶ÉiÉÑuÉUÉåaÉÑÃÈ |

aÉëÉWûMüÈxiÉÇpÉlÉÎxiÉ£üÈxuÉÉSÒ¶ÉuÉëhÉUÉåmÉhÉÈ ||

pÉalÉxÉlkÉÉlÉMüUhÉÉåqÉkÉÑUÉåuÉÉiÉÌmÉ¨ÉWûÉ |

Ì§ÉSÉåwÉU£üÃMüMühQÕûÌuÉxmTüÉåOûuÉëhÉlÉÉzÉlÉÈ|

xuÉåSeuÉUÌuÉxÉmÉÉïhÉÉÇaÉëWûoÉÉkÉÉÌuÉwÉxrÉcÉ |

AÌiÉxÉÉUxrÉvÉqÉlÉGÌwÉÍpÉÈmÉËUMüÐÌiÉïiÉÉÈ || (ÌlÉ.U.)

UÉsÉiÉæsÉaÉÑhÉÉÈ-

iÉæsÉÇxÉeÉïUxÉÉå°ÕiÉÇÌuÉxTüÉåOûuÉëhÉlÉÉzÉlÉqÉç |

MÑü¸mÉÉqÉÉÌ¢üÍqÉWûUÇuÉÉiÉzsÉåwqÉÉqÉrÉÉmÉWûqÉç || (AÉ§ÉårÉxÉÇÌWûiÉÉ)

ÍxÉ®pÉåwÉeÉqÉÍhÉqÉÉsÉÉ:

ÃlkÉlSÉåvÉaÉÌiÉÇ eÉrÉlxuÉUaÉSÇ mÉÉqÉÉÇ Í¤ÉmÉlSÕUiÉÉå |

UÉÌ»ûmsÉÑ¹ÃeÉÇ WûUÎcNûÍvÉUiÉÉÇ iÉluÉlaÉÑÃiuÉÇ SkÉiÉç ||

ÍpÉlSgNÕûsÉqÉrÉÇ uÉ×hÉÉlÉÍpÉpÉuÉlÉç ÍcÉlSÎluÉxÉmÉÉïÌSMüÉlÉç |

UÉsÉÉ pÉÉÌiÉ xÉqÉÉcÉUÎ³iÉxÉ×iÉÉæ vÉÉSÕïsÉÌuÉÌ¢üÌQûiÉqÉç || (ÍxÉ.pÉå.qÉ.)


37

MODERN REVIEW OF THE DRUG

RESIN SHOREA ROBUSTA Gaertn. f. FRUCT.

NOMENCLATURE:

Scientific Name- Shorea robusta Gaertn. f. Fruct.

VERNACULAR NAMES

The drug is universally known and accepted by its scientific name.

But still the knowledge of the names in both local and the regional

languages is very important to get the drug from the regions of its

availability.

Hindi - Sakher, Sakhu, Sakhua, Sakoh, Sal, Sala, Salwa,

Kannada - Sarjarasa, Kabbu, Bile bovu, Bile bogumara, Ral

English - Sal

Marathi - Raala, Pinvali

Gujarati - Raala.

Punjabi - Raalaarlu

Bengali - Sakher, Sakhu, Sakhua, Sakoh, Sal, Sala, Salwa.

Malayalam - Shalavriksham, Mulappumarutu, Maramaram.

Tamil - Salliyam sandanam, Sanchandanam

Telugu - Gugal, Guggilamu, Saluva, Sarjakamu, Sarjamu..

Urdu - Ral

Assam -Sal, Dieng-blei, Guggal, Jalri-chettu, Salua,

Oria - Sal,Sagua,Salva, Sodingi

Nepali - Agrakh, Sakhua, Sal, Sakwa.

Simhalese - Dammala


38

CLASSIFICATION

According to Benthem and Hooker’s system of classification-

Division: Spermatophyta

Subdivision: Angiospermae

Class: Dicotyledonae

Subclass: Polypetalae

Series: Thalamiflorae

Order: Guttiferales

Family: Dipterocarpaceae

Genus: Shorea Roxb

Species: Shorea robusta Gaertn.

FAMILY CHARECTERS – DIPTEROCARPACEAE

There are around 25 Genera and 350 species.

Habit: Trees with resinous wood. a deciduous tree; seldom leafless, bark

dark brown, smooth or with a few longitudinal cracks.

Root: Tap root

Leaves: Alternate, simple, scales- indumentum of stellate hairs, or of

peltate scales. Stipules- small or large, deciduous;

Inflorescence: Axillary panicle

Flowers: Hermaphrodite, actinomorphic, fragrant, in axillary Panicles.

Bracts – usually absent

Calyx: Tube short or long, free or adnate to the overy, lobes-5, imbricate

or velvate, usually enlarged and wing like in fruit.

Corolla: Petals-5, much twisted, free or slightly connate, often hairy.

Androecium: Stamens usually numerous, hypogynous, or subperigynous,

anthers- 2 celled, opening lengthwise, with produced

connective.

Gynoecium: Ovary- 3 celled; style- entire or 3 lobed, ovules- 2 in each

cell, pendulous or lateral, anatropous.

Fruits: Indehiscent, mostly 1 seeded.


39

Seeds: without endosperm. Cotyledons often twisted, enclosing the

radicle.

CHARECTERS OF GENUS Shorea Roxb.

Habit: Resiniferous trees.

Root: Tap root.

Leaves: Entire or repand, with parallel nerves;

Stipules: large, coriaceous and persistent, or small and deciduous or

incospicuous.

Inflorescence: large terminal or axillary recemose panicles.

Flowers: 1.2cm long, yellowish in terminal and axillary racemose

panicles 7.5-23cm long, branches Grey-tomentose

Calyx: Tube very short, not enlarged in fruit, adnate to the torous, lobes

ovate - lanceolate, imbricate, unequally enlarged in fruit, wing

like, closely embracing the fruit;

Corolla: Petals narrow-oblong or lanceolate, silky tomentose outside;

Androecium: Stamens 15-many; anthers ovate or oblong, rarely linear;

connective subulate or cuspidate; valves obtuse, rarely

cuspidate, equal, or with the exterior valve larger;

Gynoecium: Ovary 3-celled; ovules 2 in each cell; style usually subulate;

stigma entire or 3-toothed;

Fruit: 1.2 cm long, ovoid, acute, indehiscent pubescent, wings of the

fruiting calyx somewhat unequal oblong or Spathulate 5-7.5

long,obtuse with 10-15longitudinal nerves joined by numerous

straight or oblique transverse veins.

Seed: Ovoid; cotyledons fleshy, unequal, usually enclosing the superior

radical.


40

CHARECTERS OF SHOREA ROBUSTA GARTN. f. FRUCT.

Habit: A deciduous tree seldom quite leafless, black dark brown, smooth

or with a few longitudinal cracks.

Leaves: 10-30 by 15-18 cm, ovate-oblong acuminate, tough, thinly

coriacious, glabrous and shinning when mature, base-cordate or

rounded. Stipules 7.5 mm long, pubescent, deciduous; Petiole

1.2 to 2cm long; Stipules 7.5mm long pubescent, deciduous.

Inflorescence and flowers: 1.2cm long, yellowish in terminal and

axillary racemose panicles 7.5-23cm long, branches Grey-

tomentose.

Calyx: tube short, not enlarged in fruit, adnate to the torus, lobes 2.5mm

long, grey-tomentose outside, ovate, accresent in fruit.

Petals: Narrow-oblong or lanceolate, Silky tomentose outside.

Androecium: Stamens up to 50, shorter than the petals; connectives with

subulate bearded appendages minutely 3-fid at the apex.

Gynoecium: Ovary 3celled, style subulate.

Fruit: 1.2 cm long, ovoid, acute, indehiscent pubescent, wings of the

fruiting calyx somewhat unequal oblong or spathulate 5-7.5 long,

obtuse with 10-15longitudinal nerves joined by numerous straight

or oblique transverse veins.

RESIN of Shorea robusta Gaertn:

Stalactitic pieces of dried Resin of varying sizes, resembling crude

sulphur, outer surface rough, longitudinally shriveled, more often covered

with glossy shining resinous coating, pale creamish yellow in colour.

Fracture – Brittle and splintery exposes an uneven resinous surface.

Specific gravity: 0.94-0.96.

Saponification value: 35-37

Acid value: 22-24

Odour – Faint, balsamic

Taste –Astringent.


41

DISTRIBUTION:

The Sal tree is widely distributed in India, covering approx. 13.3%

of the total forst area in the country from the plains upto 900-1700 m

altitude covering part of North, East and central India. In the North

extends from Punjab, Himachal Pradesh to Haryana states through the sub

Himalayan tracts, outer Himalayas to Assam and Tripura states covring

Garo, Khasi and Jaintia hills. In the East it is distributed from Western

Bengal, Orissa upto Vishakhapattanam in South and through greater part

of South astern Madhya Pradesh upto Chindawara and Hoshangabad

districts in the west. Also distributed in Nepal and Bhutan.

ECOLOGY:

Shorea robusta occurs in both deciduous dry and moist forests and

in evergreen moist forests. It accounts for about 14% of the total forest

area in India. Native: India, Myanmar, Nepal.

PROPAGATION AND CULTIVATION:

The most favorable is the moist sandy loam with good subsoil

drainage. It thrives well on deep boulder deposits overlain by a sufficient

depth of fertile porous loam. An excess of clay in the subsoil produces

stunted growth. It coppices well up to a moderate size;

The fruits of Sal ripen in June, immediately before the normal

onset of monsoon and under favorable conditions the seed germinates

soon after falling; sometimes germination may begin even in tree. The

most important single factor affecting natural regeneration is the time-lag

between the falling of seed and the commencement of monsoon and also

the draught. A spacing of 27-36m between the mother trees and frequent

weeding during rains help the growth of the seedlings. For artificial

reproduction, fresh seeds collected as soon as they fall on the ground and

sown immediately. The annual yield of 4-5 Kg of resin per tree is

obtained by tapping.


42

SUBSTITUTION AND ADULTERATION

Resinous exudates from the stem bark of Vateria indica Linn.,

from Dipterocarpaceae family is known as Chandrasa and Vellakuninkam

in North and South India respectively is often used as substitute. This

material occurs as small round tears and flakes of deep orange or blood

red colour.

REVIEW OF RESIN

DEFINITION AND GENERAL CHRACTERS OF RESIN:

Resins are amorphous products of complex nature. These are

amorphous mixtures of essential oils, terpens and carboxylic acids found

as exudations from the trunk of various trees. They are transparent or

translucent solids, semisolids or liquid substances containing large

number of carbon atoms. They are insoluble in water, but soluble in

alcohol, volatile oils, fixed oils, chloral hydrate and non polar organic

solvents like benzene or ether. They are hard electrically non conductive

and combustible masses. When heated, they soften and ultimately melt.

They are usually formed in schizogenous or schizolysigenous cavities or

ducts as end products of metabolism.

CLASSIFICATION OF RESINS:

Resins are classified as per occurrence in combination with other

components-

1. Oleo-resins: when resin is associated with volatile oil; mixture is

called as oleoresins. Ex turpentine, copaiba, ginger and capsicum.

2. Oleo-gum resin: when oleoresin is associated with gum the

mixture is called oleo-gum. Ex: myrrh, asafetida etc.,

3. Balsams: Balsams are resinous mixtures containing large

proportion of free or combined benzoic or cinnamic acid Ex: jolu

balsam, benzoin, peru balsam.


43

4. Glycoresin: Glycoresins are mixtures of resin with glycosides.

These on hydrolysis give an aglycome (complex resin) and

sugar. Glycoresins are present in Podophyllum and Jalap.

METHODS OF COLLECTION OF RESINS:

Resins are obtained from plants by various methods.

1. The incision is made over plant and pathological exudate is

collected e.g : Asafoetida, Myrrh, etc

2. Fossil resins are collected e.g.: Copal, Kauri

3. Heating plant material collects resins e.g.: Guaiacum

4. Material is distilled for separation of volatile oil e.g.: Colophony.

5. Material is extracted with alcohol and is precipitated with water

e.g.: Podophyllum, Capsicum.

6. Tapping method

METHOD OF COLLECTION OF SHOREA ROBUSTA Gaertn. f.

FRUCT. RESIN FROM THE TREE

Resin of Shorea robusta Gaertn.f. Fruct. is called as SAL

DAMMAR OR BENGAL DAMMAR. The resin is collected by tapping

method. It is collected by cutting of the 3-5 narrow strips of bark, 90-

120cm above the ground. In about 12 days the grooves become filled with

the resin, which oozes as a whitish liquid, but soon becomes brown on

drying. This is collected and the cavities of the grooves freshened, after

which the exudation continues and resin is removed as before. This

procedure is repeated several times in the year. Altogether 3 crops are

obtained, 1 in July, 2nd

in October, 3rd

in January; the 1st is the best in

quality and quantity.


44

GENERAL COMPOSITION OF RESINS:

Resins are chemically complex mixtures of:

1) Resin alcohol [Resinols]

2) Resin phenols [Resin Tannols]

3) Resin acids

4) Resenes

RESINOLS:

They give negative test with Ferric chloride. They may be

present in free or in combination with resin acids to form esters. These

acids may be Benzoic acids, Salicylic acids etc. The example of resinols

is benzoresinol (in Benzoin), Storeresinol (in storax).

RESINO-TANNOLS:

They contain Tannins and give positive test for Phenols

with ferric chloride. They have high molecular weight and occur as esters

or free Toluresinotannol (in Tolu balsam), Aloresinotannol (in Aloes).

RESIN ACIDS:

Resin acids contain a large proportion of oxy-acids. They are

found in free and esterified form. They are soluble in aqueous alkali

solutions and form soap like froth on shaking or colloidal suspension.

Their metallic salts are called resinates. The examples are acetic acid (in

colophony), copaivic and oxy copaivic acid (in copaiba) and commiphoric

acid (in myrrh).

RESENES:

They are inert neutral complex and high molecular weight

substance. They are very stable and not affected by any chemical

reactions. They are insoluble in acid and alkali e.g.: asaresenes (in

Asafoetida), dracoresene (in dragons blood) etc.


45

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SHOREA ROBUSTA Gaertn. f.

FRUCT. RESIN

Sal resin on dry distillation yields an essential oil known as chua oil.

Analysis of oil –

Homocatecol monomethyl ether-0.46.

4-oxy-3-methoxy-ethylbengene-0.39.

4-oxy3-methoxyl-1-propylbengene- 0.53.

Homocatecol dimethyl ether- 4.78

3-methoxy-4-ethoxy-1-methylbengene-9.38

3,4-dimethoxyl-1-propyl bengene-15.88

Oxygenated aromatic compounds -40.25.

Hydrocarbons-25.91%.

NON–PHARMACOLOGICAL USES OF SHOREA ROBUSTA Gaertn.

f. FRUCT. RESIN:

It is widely used as incense, especially as an ingredient, which is

burnt in religious ceremonies. It is also used in inferior paints and

varnishes and for caulking boats. Even used for hardening waxes for used

in the manufactures of shoe polish, carbon papers, typewriter ribbons. Sal

dammar has been used as a plastering medium for walls and roofs and as

cementing medium for plywood, asbestos sheaths.


46

Photo No.2: Leaves and Flowers of Shala.

Photo No. 3 Resin of Shala.


47

Photo No. 4: Tapping of resin.

Photo No. 5: Resins of Shala.

DISEASE REVIEW-PADADARI

48

3.3 DISEASE REVIEW

PADADARI

HISTORY

Vedic period: Even though the disease Padadari is very common its mention is

not found in any of the Veda.

Samhita period:

Charaka Samhita: Charakacharya has not explained the disease entity

Padadari but he has elucidated Vipadika in Kshudra Kushtha. As commentators

clarified Vipadika is different from Padadari, as it involves saptadushyas of

Kushtha and manifests on Hasta and Pada both.

Susruta Samhita: Sushruta first explains the disease Padadari in Kshudra roga

nidana adhyaya of nidanasthana (13th

) and Kshudara chikitsa adhyaya (20th)of

chikitsa sthana. Dalhana’s commentary on it says that some of the authors refer

Vicharchika as padadari but it is not so because the later involves vitiation of

Tridosha and Krimi.

AlrÉå iÉÑ ÌuÉcÉÍcÉïMæüuÉ xjÉÉlÉpÉåSålÉ mÉÉSSÉUÏirÉÑcrÉiÉå ÌuÉmÉÉÌSMåüÌiÉ cÉ |

IÉxrÉÉÈ MÑü¹iuÉålÉ xÉuÉïSÉåwÉeÉiuÉÇ xÉÌMüÍqÉiuÉÇ cÉåÌiÉ | (QûsWûhÉ)

Ashtanga Hrudaya: Vagbhata has not explained Padadari but similar to

Charaka he has elucidated the disease Vipadika in Kshudra kushtha in Kushtha

nidana as well as Kushtha chikitsa Adhyaya in Nidana sthana and Chikitsa

sthana respectively.

Madhava nidana: Madhava has explained the disease Padadari in Kshudra

roga nidana-- adhyaya.

DEFINITION KSHUDRA ROGA:

According to different authors there are different meanings for Kshudra roga

that are given below.

1. Kshudra means Alpa or Laghu. These disease explanations are briefly

explained by the acharyas.


49

2. The diseases which are not suitable for any other classification or category

are grouped under this heading and named as Kshudra roga.

3. The Nidana, Lakshana are said to be Kshudra (less).

4. Few diseases are not actualy Kshudraroga but they are included in

Kshudraroga and explained elaborately. Based on “Chatrino gachayantiti

nyaya” means in chatri sammuha if few may not hold Chatri (Umbrella)

even then this sammuha is also called as Chatrino gachyantiti nyaya.

Example for this is Agnirohini, which is big disease.

5. Few diseases are manifest mainly in children thats why named as Kshudra

like Ajagallika, Ahiputana etc

6. Kshudrarogas are explained in brief, not explained based on Dosha and

Dushya sambandha.

Table No.13: Showing the varieties of Kshudraroga

¤ÉÑSìUÉåaÉ lÉÉqÉ xÉÑ´ÉÑiÉ qÉÉkÉuÉ uÉÉapÉOû

AeÉaÉÎssÉMüÉ + +

rÉuÉmÉëÉZrÉ + + +

Al§ÉÉsÉeÉÏ + + AsÉeÉÏ

ÌuÉuÉ×iÉÉ + + +

MücÉNûÌmÉMüÉ + + -

uÉsqÉÏMü + + +

ClSìÌuÉ® + + ÌuÉ®É

aÉSïpÉ + + +

mÉÉwÉÉhÉaÉSïpÉ - + +

mÉlÉÍxÉMüÉ - + +


50

eÉÉsÉaÉSïpÉ - + +

CËUuÉåssÉMü + + +

aÉlkÉlÉÉqÉÉ - + +

AÎalÉUÉåWûÉåÍhÉ _ + +

ÍcÉmmÉ + + +

MÑülÉZÉ + + +

AlÉÑÎvÉrÉ + + -

ÌuÉSÉËUMüÉ _ _ ÌuÉSÉrÉï

zvÉMïüUÉoÉÑïS + + +

mÉÉSSÉËU + + -

MüSU + + +

AsÉqÉMü + + +

ClSìsÉÑmiÉ + + _

SÉÃhÉ + + -

AÃÇÌwÉMüÉ + + _

mÉÍsÉiÉ + + _

rÉÑuÉÉlÉÌmÉÌSMüÉ + + _

mÉÍ©ÌlÉMühPûMü + + +

eÉiÉÑqÉÍhÉ + + _

qÉwÉMü + + qÉÉwÉ

ÌiÉsÉMüÉsÉMü + + +

lrÉcÉNû + + sÉÉgNûlÉ

urÉlaÉ + + +

lÉÏÍsÉMüÉ - + -


51

mÉËUuÉÌiÉïMüÉ - + -

AuÉmÉÉÌOûMüÉ + + -

ÌlÉÃ®mÉëMüÉzÉ + + -

xÉÍ³ÉÂ®aÉÑS + + -

AÌWûmÉÔiÉlÉ + + -

uÉëÑwÉhÉMücÉNÕû + + -

aÉÑSpÉëÇwÉ + + -

uÉUÉWûSÇwOíû - + -

aÉSïpÉÏ - + +

aÉlkÉqÉÉsÉÉ - + +

UÉÎeÉMüÉ - - +

mÉëxÉÑÎmiÉ - + +

EiMüÉåOû - - +

MüÉåPû - - +

mÉÉqÉÉ + - -

ÌuÉcÉÍcÉïMüÉ + - -

qÉxÉÔËUMüÉ + - +

ÌuÉxTüÉåOû + - +

Mü¤ÉÉrÉÉÈ - - +

qÉÑZÉSÕÌwÉMüÉ - - +

ÌlÉSÉlÉ : mÉËU¢üqÉhÉvÉÏsÉxrÉ uÉÉrÉÑUirÉjÉïÃ¤ÉrÉÉåÈ | (xÉÑ.ÌlÉ.13/28)

Habit of excess walking is the foremost causative factor for the disease.


52

mÉçÔuÉïÃmÉ: No pre monitory symptoms have been explained for Kshudraroga

hence not even to Padadari.

ÃmÉ: mÉÉSrÉÉåÈ MñüÂiÉå SÉUÏÇ xÉÂeÉÉÇ iÉsÉxÉÇ´ÏiÉÉqÉç || (xÉÑ.ÌlÉ.13/28)

Cracks on dorsum of foot, which will be painful.

xÉÇmÉëÉÎmiÉ: Due to continuous indulgence into Vatakara Vihara such as excessive

walking Vata gets vitiated leading to Twak and Mamsa darana and Rasakshaya

manifesting the Vyadhi- Padadari.

uÉÉiÉMüU ÌuÉWûÉU

uÉÉiÉuÉ×Ì®

iuÉMçü, qÉÉÇxÉ SUhÉ mÉÉSSÉËU urÉÉÍkÉ

xÉÇmÉëÉÎmiÉbÉOûMü:

Table. 14 Showing the Samprapti Ghataka

1 SÉåwÉ uÉÉiÉ

2 SÕwrÉ UxÉ,qÉÉÇxÉ

5 xÉëÉåiÉxÉç UxÉuÉWû xÉëÉåiÉxÉç, qÉÉÇxÉuÉWû xÉëÉåiÉxÉç

7 E°uÉxjÉÉlÉ mÉÉS

9 urÉ£üxjÉÉlÉ mÉÉS

10 UÉåaÉqÉÉaÉï oÉÉ½

11 UÉåaÉxuÉpÉÉuÉ ÍcÉU


53

According to modern science the crack foot is the symptom not the

major disease.

CAUSES OF CRACK HEEL

1. Negligence of foot care.

2. If you are predisposed to dry skin, you are likely to develop cracks

on your feet. The way you walk and put your weight down on your

feet can also contribute to this problem.

3. Some people tend to have a naturally dry skin that predisposes them

to the cracks. The thickened dry skin (callus) around the heel that is

more likely to crack is often due to mechanical factors that increase

pressures in that area (e.g. the way you walk).

4. Low humidity is a prime dryer. Dry air sucks moisture out of skin,

that’s why cracked skin is a particular problem in winter.

5. Usage of irritants like detergents, perfumes, lotions, rubbing alcohol

and nail polish remover etc. It makes sense to avoid household

substances that cause dry, cracked skin, but many people work with

moisture thieves like paints, solvents and other chemicals everyday.

6. Prolonged standing (at work or home, especially on hard floors)

Walking heavily on one foot also causes dry cracked feet. Standing

for several hours or having jobs that involves standing for extended

periods of time like teaching, working as a traffic policeman,

working in a laboratory, a factory, etc. results in exertion of a lot of

pressure of the feet causing the skin to crack.

7. Being overweight (this increases the pressure on the normal fat pad

under the heel, causing it to expand sideways - if the skin is not

supple and flexible, the pressures to 'crack' are high)

8. Open back on the shoes (this allows the fat under the heel to expand

sideways and increases the pressure to 'crack')


54

9. Some medical conditions predispose to a drying skin (e.g. autonomic

neuropathy in those with diabetes leads to less sweating; an

underactive thyroid lowers the body's metabolic rate and there is a

reduction in sweating, leading to a dryness of the skin)

10. Inactive sweat glands in the feet can also be reasons to dry cracking

feet.

11. Skin conditions (eg psoriasis and eczema) can cause the skin of the

feet to dry, thicken and crack.

12. Epodiatry.com explains that there are also medical reasons that can

cause the skin of the foot to crack, including hypothyroidism

(underactive thyroid), which reduces the body's metabolic rate,

making a person sweat less. When you don't sweat enough, this can

lead to dry skin

13. Even simple Vitamin deficiencies can cause cracked heals.

APPERANCE OF CRACKED HEEL

The skin is normally dry and may have a thick callus which appears as

yellow or dark brown discolored area of skin, especially along the inside border

of the heel. Cracks in the skin are usually obvious.

SYMPTOMS OF CRACKED HEEL

If the cracks are bad enough there will be pain on weight bearing, which

is not there when weight is off the heel. The edges or rim around the heel will

generally have a thicker area of skin (callus). Wearing open or thin soled shoes

usually make the symptoms worse.

“Dehydrated skin is brittle, like fingernails," explains Leonard Swinyer,

M.D., clinical professor of dermatology at the University of Utah in Salt Lake

City. And, like fingernails, brittle skin cannot bend easily without (ouch)

cracking.


55

Referances-

mÉËU¢üqÉhÉzvÉÉÏsÉxrÉ uÉÉrÉÑUirÉjÉïÃ¤ÉrÉÉåÈ |

mÉÉSrÉÉåÈ MÑüÃiÉå SÉUÏÇ xÉÃeÉÉÇ iÉsÉxÉÇÍ´ÉiÉÈ || (xÉÑ.ÌlÉ.5./13)

AlrÉå iÉÑ ÌuÉcÉÍcÉïMæüuÉ xjÉÉlÉpÉåSålÉ mÉÉSSÉUÏirÉÑcrÉiÉå ÌuÉmÉÉÌSMåüÌiÉ cÉ |

IÉxrÉÉÈ MÑü¹iuÉålÉ xÉuÉïSÉåwÉeÉiuÉÇ xÉÌMüÍqÉiuÉÇ cÉåÌiÉ | (QûsWûhÉ)

ÂerÉÉåÅÌiÉMühQÕûÌiÉïÃeÉÈ xÉ Ã¤ÉÉ pÉuÉÎliÉ aÉÉ§ÉåwÉÑ(mÉÉÍhÉmÉÉSåwÉÔ) ÌuÉcÉÍcÉïMüÉrÉÉqÉç |

MühQÕûqÉÌiÉ SÉWûÃeÉÉåmÉmÉ³ÉÉ ÌuÉmÉÉÌSMüÉ mÉÉSaÉiÉrÉqÉåuÉ|| (xÉÑ.ÌlÉ.5/13QûsWûhÉ)

uÉæmÉÉÌSMÇü mÉÉÍhÉmÉÉSxTÑüOûlÉÇ iÉÏuÉëuÉåSlÉqÉç || (cÉ.ÍcÉ.7/22)

mÉÉSSÉrÉÉïÇ ÍxÉUÉÇ ÌuÉ®É xuÉåSÉprÉXaÉÉæ mÉërÉÉåeÉrÉåiÉç |

qÉkÉÔÎcNû¹uÉxÉÉqÉeÉeÉxÉeÉïcÉÔhÉïbÉ×iÉæÈ M×üiÉÈ |

rÉuÉÉÀûaÉæËUMüÉåÎlqÉSÉæÈ mÉÉSsÉåmÉÈ mÉvÉxrÉiÉå || (xÉÑ.ÍcÉ.20/19-20)

MATERIALS & METHODS

56

CHAPTER IV

MATERIALS AND METHODS

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES:

1. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of Shalaniryasa.

2. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of Madhucchishtha.

3. To evaluate and compare the healing property of Madhucchishtha and

Shalaniryasa with respect to the disease Padadari.

STUDY DESIGN:

1. Pharmacognostic study of Shalaniryasa is carried out on the basis of

organoleptic characters.

2. Pharmacognostic study of Madhucchishtha is carried out on the basis of

organoleptic characters.

3. Preliminary phytochemical study is carried out on the basis of chemical

tests conducted for alkaloids, carbohydrates, proteins, steroids, saponins,

tannins and Thin Layer Chromatography.

4. The lepa of Sarjarasa and Madhucchishtha prepared separately, to easily

apply on the foot, at Bhaishajya kalpana department of Shri. J.G.C.H.S.

Ayurvedic Medical College, Ghataprabha.

5. The healing property of Shalaniryasa and Madhuccchishtha is evaluated

on patients from O.P.D. and I.P.D. of J.G.C.H. Ayurvedic Medical

College Ghataprabha.

PLANT MATERIAL

Shalaniryasa is collected from the local market after proper examination

for genuinity and used for the study.

Madhucchishtha was obtained from honeycombs. The combs and capping

of Honeycomb are fried in Tilataila, then put into cold water for some time,

wax was collected on the surface then it was washed with water dried and

collected in airtight box.

MATERIALS & METHODS

57

PHARMACOGNOSTICAL STUDY:

A). ORGANOLEPTIC EVALUATION OF DRUG:

Macroscopic characters of Shala niryasa and Madhucchishtha, for the

colour, odour, taste and shape are studied.

B). PHYSICOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF DRUG:

ASH VALUES

Total ash

About 2 g of crude drug powder was accurately weighed in a tared silica

dish previously ignited and weighed. Incinerated gradually by increasing the

heat, not exceeding dull red heat, until free from carbon, cooled and weighed.

The percentage of ash was calculated with reference to the air-dried drug.

Acid-insoluble ash

The ash was boiled for 10 minutes with 25 ml of dilute hydrochloric

acid, and the insoluble matter was collected in a gooch crucible. It was washed

with hot water, ignited, and weighed. The percentage of acid-insoluble ash was

calculated with reference to the air-dried drug.

Water-soluble ash

The total ash was boiled for 5 minutes with 25 ml of water. The

insoluble matter was collected in a gooch crucible. It was washed with hot

water, ignited, and weighed. The percentage of water-soluble ash was

calculated with reference to the air-dried drug.

Determination of alcohol soluble extractives:

Procedure: Macerate 5 g of the air dried drug, coarsely powdered, with 100 ml

of Alcohol of the specified strength in a closed flask for twenty-four hours,

shaking frequently during six hours and allowing standing for eighteen hours.

Filter rapidly, taking precautions against loss of solvent, evaporate 25 ml of the

filtrate to dryness in a tared flat bottomed shallow dish, and dry at 105º, to

MATERIALS & METHODS

58

constant weight and weigh. Calculate the percentage of alcohol-soluble

extractive with reference to the air-dried drug.

Determination of water soluble extractives:

Procedure: Proceed as directed for the determination of Alcohol-soluble

extractive, using chloroform water instead of ethanol.

C). QUALITATIVE CHEMICAL TESTS:

Table No. 16: Showing Preliminary Phytochemical Screening

Sl. No Tests Criteria

I. Test for alkaloids

Dragendorff’s Test Orange brown

precipitate

Wagner’s test Reddish brown

precipitate

Hager’s Test Yellow precipitate

Mayer’s Test Cream precipitate

II. Test for Carbohydrates and Glycosides

Molish’s test Purple to violet colour

ring

Fehlings solution Test Brick red precipitate

III. Test for Phytosterols and Triterpenoids

Liebermann’s Buchard’s Test Deep red colour

Salkowski reaction Red colour

IV. Tests for Proteins and Aminoacids

Millon’s Test White precipitate turns

red on heating

Ninhydrin solution Test Violet colour

VI. Test for Saponin

Foam test 1 cm foam layer

VII. Tests for Phenolic compounds

and Tannins

Ferric chloride solution Blue green colour

MATERIALS & METHODS

59

THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY

Take a beaker with watch glass, and pour the solvent into the beaker to a

depth of just less than 0.5 cm. and then using a pencil, draw a line across the

pre-coated Silica gel plate carefully at the 0.5 cm mark. The spot arising above

this level is taken into consideration. Dissolve sample to be analyzed in a few

drops of a volatile solvent such as hexanes, ethyl acetate, or methylene

chloride. Spot the solution to be analyzed (10µl per spot) by using capillary

pipette on TLC plate origin and wait for dry. Repeat the procedure 3 times.

Place the prepared TLC plate in the developing beaker, cover the beaker with

the watch glass, and leave it undisturbed on your bench top. Run until the

solvent is about half a centimeter below the top of the plate. Quickly mark a

line across the plate at the solvent front with a pencil.

Visualize the spots - Allow the solvent to evaporate completely from the silica

plate. If the spots are colored, simply mark them with a pencil. Most samples

are not colored and need to be visualized with a UV lamp. Hold a UV lamp

over the plate and mark any spots, which you see lightly with a pencil.

Refraction Value (Rf) - Measure and record the distance of each spot from the

point of its application and calculate the Rf value by dividing the distance

traveled by the spots by the distance traveled by the front of the mobile phase.

CLINICAL STUDY:

STUDY POPULATION:

Population of this study was both male and female patients suffering

from foot cracks attending Shri J.G.C.H. Ayurvedic Medical College Hospital,

Ghataprabha.

SAMPLE SELECTION:

Simple randomized sampling was carried out for this study. Inclusion

and exclusion criteria for selecting subjects for the study, was as follows.

MATERIALS & METHODS

60

a) Inclusive criteria:

Patients who have cracks on the foot (single or both).

Age- 20 years to 60 yrs

Patients of either sex taken.

Having good orientation and ability to communicate orally.

b) Exclusive criteria:

Suffering from any systemic and dreadful diseases.

Suffering with diabetes mellitus, psoriasis, athlete’s foot and

thyroid disease.

SOURCE OF DATA:

Patients attending the IPD & OPD of Shri J.G.C.H.S. Ayurvedic

Medical College Hospital, Ghataprabha.

Methods of collection of data:

It is a single blind clinical study where minimum of 30 patients in each

group are selected. The signs & symptoms are recorded on the Performa

designed for the study.

Duration of the treatment: 30 days.

Observation period:

The patients were observed for the 30 days. Assessment of the relief in

the signs and symptoms was recorded after treatment.

Instruments for the study-

Instruments of the study was divided into 2 parts as follows-

Part 1-

Instrument for data collection consisted of-

1. Demographic data included gender, age, education level, Social status.

2. Crack data included cause of cracks, area of cracks.

MATERIALS & METHODS

61

Part 2- Data analysis:

Assessment was done on objective & subjective criteria before and after the

treatment. They are analysed on the basis of different degrees and scores are

given such as severe -3, moderate -2, mild-2 and cured -0.

Subjective criteria:

a) Vedana-Pain

b) Rookshata

c) Shotha-swelling

d) Daha-burning

e) Kandu-Itching

f) Raktasrava- Bleeding

Objective criteria:

a). Superficial and deep crack

b). Affected region of foot

c). Tenderness at the affected region

d). Surrounding area of the crack-(Rookshata)

e). Bleeding.

CLINICAL GROUPS:

Patients were divided into 2 groups 30 patients for each.

Group I- Given the Sarjrasa lepa

Group II- Given the Madhuchishta lepa

PREPERATION OF SHALANIRYASA AND MADHUCCHISHTHA

LEPA:

SHALANIRYASA

Oleo gum resin of Shala: 1part; Tila taila: 1 part.

First the Tilataila is heated under Mandagni, then the powder of oleo gum resin

of the drug is added and stirred continuously till it gets mixed then it was stored

in airtight vessel.

MATERIALS & METHODS

62

MADHUCHCHISHTHA:

Madhucchishtha : 1 part; Tila taila: 1part

First the Tilataila is heated under Mandagni, then the small pieces of

Madhucchishtha are added and stirred continuously till it gets mixed then it

was allowed to get cooled in the vessel containing cold water. Then it was

filtered and collected in the airtight vessel.

Method of application of medicine-

Step1:

Patient is advised to wash legs thoroughly in Luke-warm water and then soak

them in tepid water, to remove the dust and make the area clean.

Step2:

Allowing the skin to soak for 15 - 20 minutes, gently scrub off the dried skin

by using a soft stone.

Step3:

Using a clean towel, dry the feet well paying close attention to drying the skin

between the toes. This is needed because moist area between the toes can act as

a rostrum for breeding bacteria and conduce to infections.

Step4:

Apply the Lepa of Shalaniryasa/Madhucchishtha evenly.

Step5:

After applying, the next step would be to put on clean bandage.

Pathyapathya: Patients were advised to wear flat, back covered shoes while

going out.

MATERIALS & METHODS

63

Photo No.6: Preparation of Shalaniryasa lepa

Photo No.7: Preparation of Madhuchchishta lepa

Photo No. 7.1: Prepared Lepa

MATERIALS & METHODS

64

Photo No.8: Estimation of Water soluble and Alcohol soluble extractive

Photo No.9: Estimation of Ash values

OBSERVATION AND RESULTS

65

CHAPTER V

OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS

The observations and results of study were presented as follows-

Part.1. Pharmacognostic study

Part.2. Descriptive statistics

2.1 Descriptive of demographic data.

2.2 Descriptive of clinical data.

2.3 Descriptive of cracks data.

Part. 3 - The comparisons of healing rates of Shalaniryasa and

Madhucchishtha

The results of the pharmcognostical study conducted are as follows

Part 1. PHARMACOGNOSTIC STUDY:

Table No. 17: Showing Macroscopic characters of Shala Niryasa and

Madhuchcchishta:

Sl.No Characters Shala Niryasa Madhuchchishtha

1. Biological source Resin Wax

2. Organoleptic characters

Colour Pale Yellow Yellowish to

yellowish brown

Odour Fragrant Agreeable and

honey like

Taste Tasteless Balsamic taste

Shape Big Crystals Cakes


66

PHYSICO – CHEMICAL STUDY:

Table No. 18: Showing Physical Standards

Shala niryasa Madhucchishtha

AcidValue 140.25 5.61

Saponification value 36.465 98.175

Ester value - 92.56

Ratio number 16.41

Table No.19 Values of water soluble extractives of Shala Niryasa and

Madhucchishtha:

Sl.No Observed Shala Niryasa Madhucchishtha

1. Percentage of water soluble

extractives in the plant

0.4%

(Negligible)

Insoluble

Table No.20 Values of alcohol soluble extractives of Shala Niryasa and

Madhucchishtha:


1. Percentage of alcohol soluble

extractives in the plant

91.6 %

(readily soluble )

3.4 %

(soluble)

Table No.21 Ash Values of Shalaniryasa and Madhucchishtha:


1. Total Ash 0.5% Negligible

2. Acid insoluble Ash

3. Water soluble ash


67

PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING

Table No.22 Results of chemical tests for detection of organic chemical

constituents:

TLC: As the extract is not used for the study when applied for the TLC we are

not getting different bands. Therefore it was very difficult to differentiate the

bands of the components.

Sl. No Tests Shala Niryasa Madhuchchishta

I. Test for alkaloids

Dragendorff’s Test Negative Negative

Wagner’s test Negative Negative

II. Test for Carbohydrates

Molish’s test Positive Positive

III. Test for Phytosterls

Liebermann’s Buchard’s Test Negative Negative

IV. Tests for Proteins and

Aminoacids

Millon’s Test Negative Positive

V. Test for Sterols

Salkowski reaction Negative Negative

VI. Test for Saponin glycosides

Foam test Positive Negative

VII. Tests for Phenolic compounds and

Tannins

Ferric chloride solution Negative Negative

Lead acetate solution Negative Negative


68

PART. 2: DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

The study populations were cracks who treated in Shri J.G.C.H. Ayurvedic

Medical College Hopsital, Ghataprabha. Total number of patients who follow

inclusion and exclusion was 60. Group I was treated with Shalaniryasa and

Group II was treated with Madhuchchishta, each group were having 30 patients

each.

Table No. 23: Showing Age wise distributions of Patients

Number of Patients Age

Group I Percentage Group II Percentage Total

21-30 05 16.66% 06 20% 11

31-40 10 33.33% 09 30% 19

41-50 06 20% 06 20% 12

51-60 09 30% 09 30% 18

Graph No. 1

Table No. 24: Showing Sex wise distribution of patients.

No. of Patients Sex


Male 12 40% 10 33.33% 22

Female 18 60% 20 66.66% 38


69

Graph No. 2

0

5

10

15

20

groupI groupII

Sexwise distribution

malefemale

Table No. 25: Showing Occupation wise distribution of patients

No. of Patients Occupation


Agriculture 09 30 06 20 15

Service 06 20 09 30 15

Students 06 20 03 10 09

Teacher 02 6.6 03 10 05

House wife 07 23.33 09 30 16

Graph No. 3

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Agriculture Service Student Teacher House wife

Occupation wise distribution

Group I GroupII


70

Table No. 26: Showing Education wise distribution of patients.

Number of Patients Education


Primary 12 40 09 30 19

Secondary 09 30 12 40 11

Graduate 09 30 09 30 30

Graph No. 4

Table No. 27: Showing distribution as per Social status

Number of Patients Social

status Group I Percentage Group II Percentage Total

LIG 07 23.33 06 20 13

LMIG 09 30 06 20 15

HMIG 12 40 15 50 17

HIG 02 6.6 03 10 05

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Primary Secondary Graduate

Education wise distribution

Group I Group II


71

Graph No. 5

Table No. 28: Showing Distribution of Cracks as per causes

Number of Patients Causes

Group

I

Percentage Group II Percentage Total

Excessive walking 06 20 05 16.66 11

Kitchen heat 06 20 09 30 15

Excessive work in

water

03 10 01 3.3 04

Excessive work in

fields

09 30 06 20 15

Climate –winter 06 20 09 30 15

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

LIG LMIG HMIG HIG

Social status wise Distribution

Group I Group II


72

Graph No. 6

Table No. 29: Showing distribution as per area of cracks over the foot

Number of Patients Number of patients /

Area of cracks Group I Percentage Group II Percentage Total

Cracks confined to heel 21 70 24 80 45

Cracks covering foot 09 30 06 20 15

Graph No. 7

Table No. 30: Showing distribution of cracks based on Swaroopa.

Swaroopa of cracks Group I Group II

Gambhira Padadari 10 16

Uttana Padadari 20 14

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Excessive

Walking

Kitchen heat Working in

Water Working in

Fields

Climate

Distribution as per causes

Group I Group II

0

5

10

15

20

25

Group I Group II

Distribution of cracks as per the area

Heel Whole foot


73

Graph No.8

Table No. 31: Showing distribution of patients based on Symptoms.

Symptoms Group I Percentage Group II Percentage

Vedana 25 83.33 24 80

Rookshata 30 100 30 100

Shotha 05 16.66 04 13.33

Daha 05 16.66 05 16.66

Raktasrava 10 33.33 09 30

Kandu 02 6.66 02 6.66

Graph no. 9


74

RESULTS

Following results were found during the study.

GROUP I

Table no. 32 : Showing percentage of relief found in Padadari in daily follow

up (During and After treatment)

Sl.No Lakshanas 10th

day

% 20th

day

% 30th

day

% Total

1 Gambhira

Padadari

- - 6 80 2 20 08

2 Uttana

Padadari

4 20 12 60 4 20 20

Graph No. 10


75

Table No. 33: Showing relief found from Vedana

Number of days

/ Number of

patients

1st

day

10th

day

20th

day

30th

day

18 3 2 1 0

06 2 2 1 0

01 1 1 0 0

3+++ = severe 2++ = moderate 1+ = mild 0 = cured

Graph no. 11

Table No.34: Showing relief found from Rookshata –

No. of days/

no. of patients

1st

day

10th

day

20th

day

30th

day

18 3 2 1 0

12 2 2 0 0



76

Graph No. 12

Table No. 35: Showing relief found from Shotha.

Number of days /

number of patients

1st

day

10th

day

20th

day

30th

day

4 3 2 1 0

1 2 1 1 0


Graph No. 13


77

Table No. 36: Showing relief found from Daha.

Number of days

/ number of

patients

1st

day

10th

day

20th

day

30th

day

4 3 2 0 0

1 2 1 1 0

3+++ = severe 2++ = moderate 1+ mild 0 = cured

Graph No. 14

Table No. 37: Showing relief from Raktasrava-

No. of days/

no. of patients

1st

day

10th

day

20th

day

30th

day

2 3 2 1 0

6 2 1 1 0

2 1 0 0 0

3 +++ = severe 2++ = moderate 1+ = mild 0 = cured


78

Graph No. 15

Table No.38: Relief found from Kandu.

Number of days

/ number of

patients

1st

day

10th

day

20th

day

30th

day

2 2 1 1 0

1 1 0 0 0

3+++ = severe 2++ = moderate 1+ = mild 0= cured

Graph No. 16


79

GROUP II

Table no. 39: Showing percentage of relief found in Padadari in daily follow up

(During and After treatment)

Sl.No Lakshanas 10th

day

% 20th

day

% 30th

day

% Total

1 Gambhira Padadari - 0 13 86.66 02 13.33 15

2 Uttana Padadari 4 28.57 8 57.14 2 14.28 14

Graph No. 17

Table no. 40: Showing relief found from Vedana –

Number of days

/ Number of

patients

1st

day

10th

day

20th

day

30th

day

18 3 2 1 0

06 2 1 0 0


Graph No. 18


80

Table No.41: Showing relief found from Rookshata –

No. of days/

no. of patients

1st

day

10th

day

20th

day

30th

day

16 3 2 1 0

14 2 2 0 0


Graph No. 19

Table no. 42: Showing relief found from Shotha-

No. of days/

no. of patients

1st

day

10th

day

20th

day

30th

day

3 3 2 1 0

1 2 1 1 0


Graph No. 20


81

Table no. 43: Showing relief found from Daha

No. of days/

no. of patients

1st

day

10th

day

20th

day

30th

day

3 2 1 0 0

2 3 2 1 0


Graph No. 21

Table No. 44: Showing relief from Raktasrava-

No. of days/

no. of patients

1st

day

10th

day

20th

day

30th

day

3 3 2 1 0

5 1 0 0 0

1 2 1 0 0

3 +++ = severe 2++ = moderate 1+ = mild 0 = cured

Graph No. 22


82

Table no. 45: Showing relief found from Kandu-

No. of days/

no. of patients

1st

day

10th

day

20th

day

30th

day

2 1 0 0 0


Graph No. 23

Table No. 46: Showing number of patients Cured in Group I and Group II with

respect to Padadari.

Graph No. 24

Groups Number of

Patients

Completely

cured (3)

Moderately

cured (2)

Mildly

cured (1)

I (Shalaniryasa) 30 28 02 0

II (Madhucchishtha) 30 29 01 0

Total 57 03 0


83

Table no.47 :Statistical Analysis: Tests of Significance for group I

Group I

Symptoms

Before

Treatment

Mean

After

Treatment

Mean

Standard

Deviatetion

Unpaired

‘t’ value

P value Singnificance

Padadari 2.80 00 0.76 16.5209 <0.0001 Extremely

statistically

significant

Vedana 2.23 00 1.14 10.7763 <0.0001 Extremely

statistically

significant

Rukshata 2.60 00 0.50 28.5803 <0.0001 Extremely

statistically

significant

Shotha 0.47 00 1.07 2.3794 =0.0241 Statistically

significant

Daha 0.47 00 1.07 2.3794 =0.0241 Statistically

significant

Raktasrava 0.067 00 1.03 3.5509 =0.0013 Statistically

significant

Kandu 0.17 00 0.53 1.7202 =0.0960 Not quitely

significant

Graph No. 25


84

Table no. 48 :Statistical Analysis: Tests of Significance for group II

Group II

Symptoms

Before

Treatment

Mean

After

Treatment

Mean

Standard

Deviatetion

Unpaired

‘t’ value


Padadari 2.90 00 0.55 23.9592 <0.0001 Extremely

statistically

significant

Vedana 2.20 00 1.19 10.1590 <0.0001 Extremely

statistically

significant

Rukshata 2.53 00 0.51 27.3457 <0.0001 Extremely

statistically

significant

Shotha 0.37 00 0.96 2.0827 =0.0462 Statistically

significant

Daha 0.40 00 0.93 2.3503 =0.0258 Statistically

significant

Raktasrava 0.53 00 0.97 3.0016 =0.0055 very

Statistically

significant

Kandu 0.07 00 0.25 1.4392 =0.1608 Not quitely

significant

Graph No. 26


85

Table no. 49 :Statistical Analysis: Tests of Significance for group I and

Group II

Group I

Symptoms

After

Treatment

Mean

Standard

Deviatetion

Unpaired

‘t’ value


Group

I

Group

II

Group

I

Group

II

Padadari 0.1300 0.0700 0.5100 0.3700 0.5216 =0.6040 Not

stastically

significant

Vedana 2.2300 2.200 1.1400 1.1900 0.0997 =0.9209 Not

stastically

significant

Rukshata 2.600 2.5300 0.5000 0.51000 0.5368 =0.5934 Not

stastically

significant

Shotha 0.4700 0.3700 1.0700 0.9600 0.3810 =0.7046 Not

stastically

significant

Daha 0.4700 0.4000 1.0700 0.9300 0.2704 =0.7878 Not

stastically

significant

Raktasrava 0.6700 0.5300 1.0300 0.9700 0.5420 =0.5899 Not

stastically

significant

Kandu 0.1700 0.0700 0.5300 0.2500 0.9347 =0.3538 Not

stastically

significant

Graph No. 27


86

11. PHOTOS OF PADADRI BEFORE TREATMENT -


87

12. PHOTOS OF PADADARI DURING TREATMENT


88

13. PHOTOS OF PADADARI AFTER TREATMENT

DISCUSSION

89

CHAPTER VI

DISCUSSION

The results of this study were discussed in 3 parts as follows:

Part 1. Discussion on Preliminary Phytochemical analysis of both the drugs used

in study.

Part 2. The discussion of research methodology and the study design

Part 3. The discussion on statistical analysis.

Part 4.The discussion on results of the study.

Part 1.- Discussion on Preliminary Phytochemical analysis of both the drugs

used in study.

The Preliminary Phytochemical analyses were carried out for both the drugs in the

Dravyaguna Laboratory of Shri. J. G. Co-op Hospital Society’s Ayurvedic

Medical College, Ghataprabha. Organoleptic characters of both the drugs under

trial were found similar with the description mentioned in Wealth of India. The

standards for purity and identity are not mentioned in the Ayurvedic

Pharmacopeias or Ayurvedic Formularies. The standard methods mentioned in

Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia of India were followed under strict supervision. Similar

tests were conducted as mentioned for Guggulu, Hingu and Sarjarasa etc of API

as they are also Resins. The results were obtained as mentioned in Table No.17,-

22.

The physical standards are found very near to the values mentioned in

Wealth of India (page no.320 and 96). Thus the Shalaniryasa and Madhuchchishta

are genuine and hence of good quality and purity.

It is found that Shalaniryasa is having both Monosaccharide and

Polysaccharides and it is rich in Saponins. Madhucchishtha is also rich in both

Monosaccharide and Polysaccharides and proteins.

DISCUSSION

90

PART 2- THE DISCUSSION OF RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND

THE STUDY DESIGN

1. Study design: The aim of this study is to carryout the preliminary

phytochemical analysis of the 2 drugs viz. Madhucchishtha and Shalaniryasa and

to evaluate and compare their curing property with respect to Padadari. This was

the single blind study, selecting the subjects by random sampling, after screening

for exclusion and inclusion criteria that were treated in the O.P.D. of Shri.

J.G.C.H.S. Ayurvedic Medical College Hospital Ghataprabha.

2. Tools of Data collection: the data collection was done in the O.P.D. of Shri

J.G.C.H. Ayurvedic medical Hospital.

Padadari was assessed by the objective and subjective criteria.

i> Incidence of Age- (Table No.23) During the study different age grouped

patients were selected from age-20 to 60years. In Group I there were 5 (16.66%)

patients between age 21-30 years, 10 (33.33%) between age 31-40 years, 6

(20%) between age 41-50 years, 9 (30%) between age 51-60 years groups. In

Group 2 there were 6 (20%) patients between 21-30 years, 9(30%) between 31-

40 years, 6 (20%) between 41-50 years and 9 (30%) between 51-60 years age

groups. It is seen that from the third decade onwards the Padadari is increased. It

may be related to the ones respective life style or working environment.

ii> Incidence of Gender- (Table No.24) For the study patients of both the

genders was considered. In the Group I, male patients were 12 (40%) and female

were 18 (60%). In Group II, 10 (33.33%) were male and 20 (66.66%) were

female. So in this randomly selected study on an average 63% were female, who

are found more suffering from Padadari in practice.

iii> Incidence of Occupation- (Table No.25) For the study, patients with

different occupations were found. Such as Farmer, Teacher, House wives,

Students, Service, and Washer man.

DISCUSSION

91

In Group I, 9 (30%) were doing agriculture, 6 (20%) were in different services, 6

(20%) were students, 2 (6.6%) were teachers, 7 (23.33%) were housewives. In

Group II, 6 (20 %) were doing agriculture, 9 (30%) were in different service, 3

(10%) were students, 3 (10%) were teachers, 9 (30%) were housewives.

Thus it is seen that in this randomly selected study more patients were

house-wives and farmers. This shows that Padadari is more in who exposed to

dust, heat, excessive work in mud, unhygienic conditions.

iv> Incidence of Education- (Table No.26): Maximum number of patients

completed primary education (40%) followed by 30% who completed secondary

education and 30% were graduates in Group I. In Group II, 30% cxompleted

secondary education, 40%Primary Education and 30% patients were Graduates.

iv> Incidence of Social status- (Table No.27) In Group I, Higher middle

income group patients were maximum i.e.40%, followed by 30% of Lower

middle income group, 23.33% were of Lower income group and only 6.6% were

of Higher income group.

Similarly in Group II, 50% were of Higher middle income group, both Lower

income group and Lower middle income group were 20% and only 10% were of

Higher income group.

So it is observed that Padadari is more common in Higher middle income

group.

v> Incidence of Causes- (Table No.28) In Group I, 30% had excessive work

in fields, 20% of each causes were excessive walking, excessive kitchen heat and

winter, and only 10% had work in water.

In Group II, 30% of each had kitchen heat and climate, 20% had work in water,

16.66% had excessive walking, and only 3.3% had excessive work in water.

So it is observed that among factors which increase Rukshata and increase Vata

such as excessive work in fields, kitchen heat and climate are major causes of

Padadari.

vi> Distribution of Cracks over Foot: (Table No.29) In the study it is

observed that, in some patients the disease was restricted to heels and in others it

DISCUSSION

92

was widely spread covering heels, toes, medial and lateral aspects of foot. So

patients were divided into 2 categories respectively.

In Group I, 21 (70%) had cracks on only heel and 9 (30%) had cracks all over the

foot. In Group II, 24 (80%) had only on heel and 6 (20%) had on whole foot.

So it is evident from the study that the cracks are more found in heel may

be because of high pressure due to use of high heeled shoes, hard heel shoe etc.

vii> Pattern of cracks: (Table No.30) In the study different pattern of cracks

were observed, hence classified into Gambhira, which were deep and Uttana,

which were superficial.

In Group I, 10 (33.33%) patients had Gambhira Padadari and 20 (66.66) had

Uttana padadari. In Group II, 16 (53.33%) had Gambhira and 14 (46.6%) had

Uttana Padadari.

The long standing Uttana Padadari when not treated or not cared properly

leads to Gambhira Padadari involving much deeper tissues.

viii> Incidence of Symptoms- (Table No.31) In the study patients presented

with various Symptoms, such as Vedana, Rookshata i.e. peeling of skin around

the cracks, various degrees of Raktasrava, Shotha, Daha- which was very

common and few had Kandu. In Group I, 25 (83.33%) of the patients had

Vedana, all the 30 (100%) patients had Rookshata, 10 (33.33%) had Raktasrava,

5 (16.66%) had Shotha and Daha, only 2 (6.6%) had Kandu. In Group II, 24

(80%) had Vedana, all the 30 (100%) patients had Rookshata, 4 (13.33%) had

Raktasrava, 5 (23.33%) had Shotha, 9 (30%) had Daha and 2 (6.66%) had

Kandu.

Thus Padadari which is caused due to Vata has chief associated symptoms-

Vedana and Rookshata.

PART 2- THE DISCUSSION ON RESULTS OF THE STUDY.

The two different drugs were compared for their wound healing property in the

disease Padadari. It is found that both the drugs are equally significant when

DISCUSSION

93

compared with percentage of healing. Group I and Group II having 30 patients

each were given Shalaniryasa and Madhucchishtha respectively and found the

following results.

1. Effect of therapy on Gambhira Padadari (Table No.32 and 39)

In Group I, 10 patients had Gambhira Padadari, among them, no one got cured on

10th

day, 6 (60%) got cured on 20th

day, 2 (20%) got cured on 30th

day. 2(20%)

patients did not get cure within 30 days.

In Group II, 16 patients had Gambhira Padadari, among them, no one got cured

on 10th

day, 13 (81.25%) got cured on 20th


day.

1(6.25%) patient did not get cure within 30 days.

2. Effect of therapy on Uttana Padadari (Table No.32 and 39)

In Group I, 20 patients had Uttanapadadari, among them, 4 (20%) got cured on

10th

day, 12 (60%) on 20th

day, 4 (20%) on 30th

day. So all the 20, patients got

cured within 30 days.

In Group II, 14 patients had Uttana Padadari, among them, 4 (28.57%) got cured

on 10th


day and rest 2 (14.28%) patients got

cured on 30th

day. So all the14, patients got cured within 30 days.

3. Effect of Therapy on Vedana (Table No33 and 40)

In both the Groups Vedana was the cardinal symptom as it is the Pratyatma

lakshana of Vata Dushthi.

In Group I, among 30 patients, 18 patients were having severe pain on 1st day,

after continuous application of Shalaniryasa, on the 10th

day severity reduced and

was moderate, then on 30th

day completely reduced. 6 patients had moderate pain

on 1st day after applying medicine for 10 days it reduced to moderate and on 20

th

day mild pain was there which was completely relieved within 30 days. Only 1

patient had moderate pain on 1st day and persisted till 10

th day then completely

relieved within 20 days.

DISCUSSION

94

In Group II, among 30 patients, 18 patients were having severe pain on 1st

day, after continuous application of Madhucchishtha, on 10th

day severity reduced

and was moderate then mild on 20th

day and completely reduced within 30 days.

6 patients had moderate pain on 1st day after applying medicine for 10 days it

reduced to mild and on 20th

day was completely relieved.

4. Effect of Therapy on Rookshata- (Table No34 and 41)

In Group I, among 30 patients, 18 patients had severe Rookshata, skin peeling

was present on 1st day, on application of medicine, it is reduced to moderate and

skin became Snigdha on 20th

day, and completely relieved within 30 days. 12

patients had moderate Rooksha on 1st day, which persisted till 10

th day and

completely relieved within 20 days.

In Group I, among 30 patients, 16 patients had severe Rookshata, skin peeling

was present on 1st day, on application of medicine, it is reduced to moderate and

skin became Snigdha on 20th

day, and completely relieved within 30 days. 14

patients had moderate Rooksha on 1st day, which persisted till 10

th day and

completely relieved within 20 days.

5. Effect of therapy on Shotha (Table No35 and 42)

In Group I, among 30 patients, 4 patients had severe Shotha on 1st day on

application of medicine is reduced to mild on 20th

day and completely relieved

within 30 days. 1 patient had moderate Shotha on 1st day, which reduced to mild

on 20th

day and completely relieved within 30 days.

In Group II, among 30 patients, only 3 patients were having severe Shotha on 1st



and was moderate, then on 30th

day completely reduced. One patient had

moderate pain on 1st day after applying medicine for 10 days it reduced to mild,

which was persisting till 20 days and completely relieved within 30 days.

DISCUSSION

95

6. Effect of therapy on Daha (Table No36 and 43)

In Group I, among 30 patients, 4 patients had severe Daha on 1st day, on

application of medicine it is reduced to moderate on 10th

day and completely

relieved within 20 days. 1 patient had moderate Daha on 1st day, which reduced to

mild on 20th

day and completely relieved within 30 days.

In Group II, among 30 patients, only 3 patients were having moderate Daha on 1st



and were mild, then on 20th

day completely reduced. 2 patients had severe pain

on 1st day after applying medicine for 10 days it reduced to moderate, then after

20 days it reduced to mild which completely relieved within 30 days.

7. Effect of therapy on Raktasrava (Table No37 and 44)

In Group I, among 30 patients, 2 patients had severe Raktasrava on 1st day on

application of medicine; it got reduced to moderate on 10th

day and mild on 20th

day and completely relieved within 30 days. 6 patients had moderate Raktasrava

on 1st day, which reduced to mild on 10

th day and completely relieved within 30

days. 2 patients had mild Raktasrava which cured within 10 days of application.

In Group II, among 30 patients, 3 patients had severe Raktasrava on 1st day on

application of medicine; it got reduced to moderate on 10th

day and mild on 20th

day and completely relieved within 30 days. 5 patients had mild Raktasrava on 1st

day, which completely relieved within 10 days only. 1 patient had moderate

Raktasrava which became mild on 10th

day cured within 20 days of application.

8. Effect of therapy on Kandu (Table No38 and 45)

In Group I, among 30 patients, 2 patients had moderate Kandu on 1st day on

application of medicine it is reduced to mild on 10th

day, which persisted till 20th

day and completely relieved within 30 days. 1 patient had mild Kandu on 1st day,

which completely relieved within 10 days.

In Group II, among 30 patients, 2 patients had mild Kandu, which was completely

reduced within 10 days.

DISCUSSION

96

9. Effect of therapy on Padadari (Table No. 46)

In Group I, among 30 patients, 28 got complete cure from Padadari, 2 got

moderate cure, none of remained with mild or uncured. Similarly in Group II,

among 30 patients, 29 got complete cure, 1 got moderate cure, none of remained

with mild or uncured.

PART 3- THE DISCUSSION ON STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: (Table No. 47)

Shalaniryasa administered for first Group, is extremely statistically

significant (P<0.0001) on Padadari, Vedana, Rukshata and statistically

significant (P=0.0013) on Raktasrava, (P=0.0241) Daha, Shotha and not quietly

significant (P =0.0960) on Kandu.

Similarly Madhuchchishtha administered for second Group is extremely

statistically significant (P < 0.0001) on Padadari, Vedana, Rukshata and

statistically significant (P=0.0055) on Raktasrava, (P=0.0258) Daha, (P=0.0462)

Shotha and not quietly significant (P=0.1608) on Kandu.

COMPARISON OF EFFICASY OF BOTH THE DRUGS

Table No. (Table No. 48)

H0 = Null hypothesis- efficacy of Shalaniryasa = efficacy of Madhuchchishta.

H1 = Alternative hypothesis- efficacy of Shalaniryasa ≠ efficacy of

Madhuchchishta.

Since‘t’ test is statistically insignificant the H0 i.e. Null Hypothesis is

accepted. And the Alternate Hypothesis is rejected. Hence both the trail drugs are

equally effective in curing the Padadari and its symptoms.

MODE OF ACTION OF DRUGS-

Shalaniryasa is having Tikta, Kashaya, Madhura rasa, Guru, Snigdha, Shita

guna and having Karmas like Sandhanakara, Vranaropana, Raktastambhana. The

properties such as Snigdha, Guru, Madhura are Vishesha to Vata on the basis of

Samanya and Vishesha theory. Padadari is the disease due to Vata dushti and

has Pratyatma lakshana like Twak Darana, Vedana, Rukshata. The drug when

applied with its above said qualities readily acts on the site to reduce Vata, and

DISCUSSION

97

relieves Vedana, provides Snigdhata to skin there by heals the Twak darana.

Along with this Tikta rasa also helps to arrests the Raktasrava and reduces

Shotha and Kandu. Its Shita virya wonderfully acts on Daha and to reduce it.

In other terms Shala niryasa when applied to the skin, it spreads easily and

leave a hydrophobic film; it also has emollient properties, that is to say,

softening, lubricating and nourishing properties so as to maintain the suppleness

of the skin and to protect the skin from atmospheric aggressions.

Thus the Samanapratyarabhdha drug Shalaniryasa significantly acts on

Padadari.

Madhuchchishtha is also having Madhura rasa, Snigdha, Mrudu, Picchila

guna that are Vishesha to Vata. Apart from this it is Vrana shodhana-ropana,

Twak sandhanakara. By virtue of all these qualities it helps reduce Vruddha Vata

of Padadari and reduces Vedana, provides Snigdhata and Mruduta to the skin so

relieves Rukshata, arrests Raktasrava and also reduces Daha. As it is Vrana

ropana and Twak sandhanakara as a result the localised Kandu also gets

mitigated.

Again this Samanapratyarabdha dravya cures Padadari significantly.

Overall, Madhucchishtha has a high potential to yield excellent emolliency

which rebuilds a naturally occlusive, protective skin barrier and actively

replenishes moisture for better skin protection thereby leaving the skin silky,

smooth and hydrated. Thus it arrests discharges, promotes healing of wounds

and helps in tissue regeneration, and alleviates pain.

Thus based on above discussion and statistical significance it can be said

that both drugs individually have a high potency to cure the disease Padadari.

CONCLUSION

98

CHAPTER VII

CONCLUSION

This was the hospital based Clinical Study to evaluate the preliminary studies

of SHALANIRYASA (OLEOGUM RESIN OF SHOREA ROBUSTA

GAERTN.F.) AND MADHUCCHISHTA along with comparison of their

healing property in PADADARI. The following conclusions can be drawn

from the study.

1. Padadari is a very common disease among house wives, farmers as a

result of less care to foot, unhygienic conditions and hard shoes and

climatic conditions etc.

2. Sushruta is the first person who made a separate category for

Kshudraroga and explained the disease Padadari under this as it is

having mild causes and symptoms, pathogenesis but worsens on

severity.

3. The trail drugs are cheaply available and Preliminary Phyto-Chemical

analysis and Physical constants showed that the drugs are genuine and of

good quality and purity. Both were found rich in Carbohydrates and so

effective in Padadari.

4. Both the drugs shown equal efficacy in healing the Padadari in each

group which witnesses the properties mentioned by Nighantukara such

as Vrana Shodhana, Ropana, Twak Sandhanakara and Vatahara.

5. Superior clinical efficacy is found by both the drugs with respect to

Pada-darana, Vedana, Shotha and Raktasrava and both rehydrated the

skin without any sort of irritation.

CONCLUSION

99

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE STUDY:

1) The study should be repeated in larger groups.

2) The study should be conducted in cracks due to psoriasis and cracks in

diseases like Hyperthyroidism, Diabetes.

3) The standardization of both the drugs is to be conducted by API and

Ayurvedic Formullary of India.

SCOPE FOR THE STUDY:

Further study is required to study the effect of both Shalaniryasa and

Maddhucchishtha on Vipadika and Vicharchika as well as moisturizer

property for cracked skin all over the body.

SUMMARY

100

CHAPTER VIII

SUMMERY

Padadari is the commonest and mild disease, which is always due to

negligence of foot care and climatic conditions. The disease looks very simple but

worsens on severity. The disease is mostly prevailing in female and farmers.

This study entitled “Clinical Evaluation Of Shalaniryasa And Madhucchishtha

In The Management Of Padadari, A Clinical Study” was undertaken with the

objective of conducting preliminary phytochemical analysis and comparing the

individual efficacy in the healing of Padadari. The drugs are very cheap, easily

available and were indicated in the management of Padadari in the formulations by

classics. Here an effort was made to evaluate individual efficacy.

The entire study was divided into 2 parts; in part I the review of literature of

Drugs, Disease, conducting preliminary phytochemical analysis of both the drugs was

carried out. The drug and disease review included the different references from

Bruhatrayi, Laghutrayi, all nighantus, and modern review from Podiatry. Preliminary

phytochemical analysis was conducted in Dravyaguna laboratory of Shri J.G.C.H.

Ayurvedic Medical College Ghataprabha, and found to be genuine.

The II part included Clinical study which was conducted in 2 different groups

containing 30 numbers of patients each, Group I treated with Shalaniryasa and Group

II with Madhuchchishta. The patients were randomly selected from the O.P.D. of Shri

J.G.C.H.Ayurvedi Medical College Ghataprabha. The patients were advised to apply

Lepa twice in as required quantity twice a day. The patients were observed for follow

up on 10, 20, 30th

days.

The results obtained are -Shalaniryasa and Madhuchchishta administered were

extremely statistically significant (P<0.0001) on Padadari, Vedana, Rukshata and

statistically significant on Raktasrava, Daha, Shotha and not quietly significant on

Kandu.

Finally in the discussion the mode of action of drugs were discussed and

concluded with scope for further study and recommendations of the study.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

101

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Case No.:

DEPT OF P.G. STUDIES IN DRAVYAGUNA

Shri. J. G. C. H. S AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLAGE,

GHATAPRABHA, BELGAUM

CASE PROFORMA

CLINICAL EVALUATION OF SHALANIRYASA AND MADHUCCHISHTHA IN

THE MANAGEMENT OF PADADARI - A COMPARATIVE STUDY

Group A/B- Shalaniryasa / Madhucchishtha

Name:

Age/ Sex: OPD No:

Occupation: Date:

Address:

Chief complaints and duration:

History of present illness:

History of past illness:

Family history:

Occupational history:

Personal history:

A. Personal habits:

1. Appetite: 2. Diet:

3. Sleep: 4. Bowel:

5. Habits:

Treatment history:

GENERAL EXAMINATION:

a. Pulse c. B.P.

b. Temp: d. Respiratory rate:

LOCAL EXAMINATION:

PADA:

DASHAVIDHA PARIKSHA:

Prakruti

Vikruti

Sara

Sanhanana

Pramana

Satmya

Satva

Aharashakti

Vyayamashakti

Vaya

Investigations:

TREATMENT:

Paste of Shalaniryasa / Madhuchishtha is applied locally on the pada after proper washing

and drying. – Two times daily.

Duration: 15 DAYS

FOLLOW UP CHART:

SYMPTOMS DAYS

Sphutana

Swabhava

Shotha Daha/

Vedana

Kandu Raktasrava

1st day

10th

day

20th

day

30th

day

REMARKS

RESULT:

Completely cured grade 3

Moderately cured grade 2

Mild cure or no cure grade 1

CONSENT FORM

I S/D/W of aged .

Address am under the treatment of Dr

do hereby give consent to treatment of disease upon myself. The nature and the purpose

of treatment have been explained to me by Dr. .

I declare that I am more than 18 years of age.

I have been informed about untoward effects if any, involved in the treatment. No

assurance has been given to me regarding the success of the treatment. I have given this

consent voluntarily out of my free will without any pressure.

Place:

Date & time: Signature Patient

I here by declare that I have explained in detail regarding the case to the patient and

answered queries to his satisfaction in a language that he could understand.

Place:

Date & time: Signature of Doctor

Padadari dg

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