Organizational DesignOrganizational Design
Chapter 6
Charles R. Swanson, Leonard Territo,and Robert W. Taylor
Police Administration:Police Administration:Structures, Processes, and BehaviorStructures, Processes, and Behavior
(Eighth Edition)(Eighth Edition)
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
Organizing
Identify jobs to be
done
Determine how to group jobs
Forming grades of authority
Equalize responsibilit
yand
authority
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
• Division of labor
• Produces different groups of functional responsibilities
Specialization
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
• Requirement that each lower level of organization be supervised by a higher level
• Rank v. Title
Principle of Hierarchy
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
• The number of personnel a supervisor can personally manage effectively
• Numerous factors impact the span of management
Span of Management
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
• Focuses on two spatial levels of differentiation– Vertical Differentiation v. Horizontal Differentiation
Organizational Structure and Design
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
• Clientele
• Style of service
• Geography
• Time
• Process
Grouping of Personnel
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
Geographical Grouping of Personnel
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
Top-Down vs. Bottom-Up Approaches
Top-Down Bottom-Upvs.
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
Flat Organizational Structure
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
Types of Organizational Design
MatrixMatrixFunctionalFunctionalLine and Staff
Line and Staff
Line Structure
Line Structure
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
Line Structure
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
Line and Staff Structure
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
Functional Structure
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
Matrix Structure
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
Decentralization vs. Centralization
Decentralization Centralizationvs.
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
• Services decentralized and community-based
• Less specialized
• Less bureaucratic
• Empowers individual officers
• Participatory atmosphere
• Open/Sensitive to community
Community Policing:Organizational Design
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
• Proactive
• Prevention-based
• Focus on integrating intelligence throughout the department
• Analysts communicate to decision-makers
• Decision-makers communicate downward
• Relies on good communication to have planned responses– Rather than haphazard reactions
Intelligence-Led Policing:Organizational Design
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
Unique Features of Sheriff’s Departments
• Most sheriff’s departments have a chief deputy/ undersheriff– Typically assumes complete operational control over
the entire organization– Sheriff has political responsibilities outside of the
agency
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
Line and Staff Relationships
Linepoint of
view
Linepoint of
view
Staffpoint of
view
Staffpoint of
viewStaff takes credit for successful operations
Staff points the finger for failed operations
Commanders do not know how to utilize staff
Commanders are short-sighted and resist new ideas
Staff fail to see the “big picture”
Police Administration (8th Edition)Swanson, Territo, and Taylor
© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
Informal Organization
Naturalness
EmpathyInteractions
Leadership
Cohesiveness and unity
Democratic Orientation
Social Distance
Group Pressures
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