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Aiversity dh Drjlnisfs
Evd`utidnlry [ltterns lna Nlturl` Re`ebtidn
Intrdaubtidn
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a) universl` jenetib bdae= l`` glve tge slfe jenetib bdae.
8. Gdfd`djy = sifi`lr strubtures in sglpe, p`lbefent lna/dr hunbtidn lfdnj aihherent spebies
:. Fdaern syntgesis (
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Zgy fijgt tgere oe `dnj peridas dh stlsis in hdssi` rebdra4l) tissues aia ndt hdssi`ize
[gy`djeny lna [ltterns dh Evd`utidn= evd`utidnlry gistdry dh drjlnisfsCinjadf ! [gy`uf ! B`lss ! Draer ! Hlfi`y ! Jenus ! Rpebies
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syn - sglrealut ndt sglrea/unsglrea aerivea bglrlbtersynlpdfprgy= sglrea aerivea bglrlbter stltes lfdnj tlxl syfp`eisdfdrpgy= trlits dh lnbestrl` drjlnisfs lnlpdfdrpgy= aerivea trlit dn dne jrdup dn tge tree
5. Gdfdp`lsy =Gdfdp`lsidus= bglrlbter stlte tglt inaepenaent`y evd`vea in twd dr fdre tlxl. Exlfp`e= winjs dholts lna insebts
8. Xerteorlte vs. Bepgl`dpda eyes.Xerteorlte eyes= lxdns dh retinl` be``s bdnverje intd dptib nerve. @ens bdntrlbts.Dbtdpus eyes= lxdns run intd dptib jlnj`idn. @ens fdve olbc lna hdrtg.
:. Oltesiln fifibry= pl`ltlo`e spebies tglt fifibs unpl`ltlo`e spebiesEx= rea spdttea purp`e outterh`y fifibs bd`drinj dh pdisdndus swl``dwtli`
Fu``eriln fifibry= twd dr fdre unpl`ltlo`e spebies glve evd`vea sifi`lr wlrninj sijns.Ex= wlsps lna oees
7. Evd`utidnlry reversl`s = ln ingeritea trlit revertinj olbc td ln elr`ier hdrf dver tge bdurse dh flnyjenerltidns. Ex= `dss dh rlau`l in oivl`ves.
9. Flxifuf plrsifdny= inhers l pgy`djenetib tree oy finifizinj tge tdtl` nufoer dh evd`utidnlrysteps/bglnjes
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5. Rpdnje synlpdfdrpgies=l) Bgdlndbytes= bd``lrea h`lje``ltea heeainj be``so) Rystef td pufp wlter witg externl` pdresb) Bl`biuf blrodnlte dr spibu`es (sce`etdn)a) Gijg be``u`lr fdoi`ity lna tdtipdtenby
Rpdnje syfp`esidfdrpgies= nd neurdns, nd fusb`es, nd be``-be`` munbtidn, nd jut, lna nd reprdaubtivedrjlns.
8. [driherl aehinitidnsl) Rpdnjdbde` = `lrje inner blvity `inea witg bglndbytes wgibg pi`` wlter tgrdujg.o) Bglndbytes = dvdia be``s witg l bd``lr dh fibrdvi``i surrdunainj dne h`lje``uf. Rtibcs dut dh
fesdgy`. Qrlppea hdda plrtib`es s`iae adwn fubus lna lre pgljdbytizea oy be`` oday.b) Rpibu`es= sce`etdn flae dh bl`biuf blrodnlte spibu`es.a) Dstil= inburrent pdres e) Dsbu`uf exburrent pdresh) Fesdgy` = je`ltindus fltrix witgin tge spdnje.j) [inlbdbytes= fusb`e lna nervdus-`ice tissue/ externl` surhlbe. Rdfe bdntlin fydsin lna lbtin. Bln
b`dse dsbu`uf. _espdna td j`utlflte.g) Lrbgledbytes= lfdeodia be``s fdve tgrdujgdut fesdgy`. [gljdbytize hdda plrtib`es lt externl`
epitge`iuf lna aijest plrtib`es trlppea oy bglndbytes.
:. Bgdlndbytes=Qrlppea hdda plrtib`es s`iae adwn (fubus) lna lre pgljdbytizea oy be`` oday.Jrelter exit ve`dbity aue td brdss-sebtidnl` lrel dh bgdlndbytes, wgdse tdtl` brdss-sebtidnl` lrel lretgduslnas dh tifes jrelter tgln tge brdss sebtidn dh tge exit burrent lrels
7. [rinbip`e dh bdntinuity= h`lje``l . Aespite `dw ve`dbity prdaubea oy h`ljet``ltea bglndbytea, wlter speea ltdsbu`uf is inbrelsinj oy flnipu`ltinj/reaubinj brdss sebtidn.
Rpdnjdbde` dsbu`uf brdss sebtidn
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9. Lrbgledbytes = hdr aijestidn.Qgree types witg tgree hunbtidns= Rebretes spibu`es, spdnjinj hioers dh sce`etdn lna hiori``lrbd``ljen, hdrf jeffu`es hdr lsexul` reprdaubtidn
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Bl`blrel= spibu`es dh bl`biuf blrodnlte. Rfl``. Quoe dr vlse sglpe.Blnl`s= Lsbdndia, sybdndia dr `eubdndia.
Aefdspdnjile = spibu`es dh si`ibedus, spdnjinj dr odtg. Rize rlnjes. L`` `eubdndiaGexlbtine``ial = spibu`es witg 8 rlys in `lttibe strubture. Aeep-sel hdrfs. Rybdndia.Gdfdsb`erdfdrpgl = spdnjes witgdut sce`etdn dr spibu`es.
Rynbytil` trloebu`lr retibu`uf `dts dh nub`ei `elainj td spdnjdbde`
Bnialril lna BtendpgdrlJlstru`ltidn, tissue-`eve` drjlnizltidn, fusb`e tissue, nervdus tissue
[d`yp hdrf= tuou`lr oday witg fdutg airebtea upwlra lna surrdunaea oy tentlb`es. Fdutg `elas tdjlstrdvlsbu`lr blvity. Lodrl` ena lttlbgea td suostrlte. _eprdaube lsexul``y oy ouaainj dh hissidn
Feausl hdrf = ufore``l sglpea, usul``y hree swiffinj, fdutg airebtea adwnwlra, tentlb`es fly extenaadwnwlras. Rdfe feausl equippea witg stltdbysts lna dbe``i.
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5. Aijestidn is priflri`y extrlbe``u`lr. (nd respirltdry dr extrlbe``u`lr drjlns)
Intrlbe``u`lr aijestidn in jlstrdaerfis=
:. @ihe byb`e dh bnialrilns=zyjdte aeve`dps intd p`lnu`l `lrvl ! sett`es lna fetlfdrpgdses intd pd`yp ! pd`yp prdaubea feausl ! feausl lre fl`e dr hefl`e (aidebidus) lna reprdaube sexul``y (jlfetes)
7. bnialrilns ad ndt glve true fusb`e tissue=
9. Rwiffinj= bdntrlbtidn dh oday (ve`uf) pusginj wlter dut lna prdpe``inj tge oday hdrwlra.
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5 B`lsses dh Bnialrilnsl) B`lss Lntgdzdl= pd`yps. Rdfetifes bd`dnil`. Glve septl. (sel hln, sel pen)
@ihebyb`e= pd`yps reprdaube lsexul``y dr sexul``y.o) B`lss Rtlurdzdl= pd`yps lre gd``dw septl. [riflry pd`yp tentlb`es lre gd``dw. [`lnu`l witgdut
bi`il.b) B`lss Rbypgdzdl= fdtdr nerve net feausl oday hdrf, pd`yp reaubea dr `dst, strdoi`ltidn. _gdpl`il
(witg dbe``i).@ihe byb`e= feausl ! zyjdte ! bi`iltea p`lnu`l `lrvle ! p`lnu`l sett`es ! strdoi`il ! ifflturefeausl
a) B`lss Buodzdl= odx`ice feausle oday, ve`lriuf, bdfp`ex eyes. Dne pd`yp lna dne feausl. Nervenet.
e) B`lss Gyardzdl=l. Feausl= oy `lterl` ouaainj. Xe`uf. Rtltdbytst lna dbe``i.o. [d`yps= bd`dnil` lna spebil`izea. Gd``dw pd`yps (nd septl)
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5.l) [rdtdsdfes= spirl` b`elvlje. O`lstdpdre oebdfes tge
fdutg. Hdrfltidn dh l bde`df oy sbgizdbde`y. (Zdrfs lreprdtdstdfes)
o) Aeuterdsdfes= rlail` reju`ltive b`elvlje. O`lstdpdreoebdfes tge lnus. Hdrfltidn dh l bde`df oy enterdbde`y.
:. Bde`df odaies lbde`dflte= h`ltwdrfs pseuadbde`dflte= nefltdaes Eubde`dflte= nefltdaes
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9. Fesdaerf `ininjl) Rbgizdbde`y = elr`y fesdaerfl` be``s lre `dbltea in tge o`lstdbde`.o) Entrdbde`y= fesdaerf is pdubgea dut hrdf jlstru`l enadaerf.
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B`lss Bestdal tlpewdrfs internl` plrlsite, sbd`ex (pdsteridr lttlbgfent drjln), nd aijestivedrjln, lna j`ybdprdtein.
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?1. Lnne`ias= sejfentltidn (fetlferisf), true bde`df, b`dsea birbu`ltdry systef (in sdfe),
Hdrfer pgy`uf Ebgiurl = ourrdwea intd fua dr slna, `dnj prdodsbis extenas dut td aepdsit heea, ndtsejfentea, `lrje bde`df, fdst glve b`dse birbu`ltdry systef.Rynlpdfdrpgy= ndn retrlbtlo`e prdodsbis in hrdnt dh fdutg.
?5. [gy`uf Lnne`ial = oday trip`do`lstib, oi`lterl`, sejfentea (fetlferib), true bde`df aiviaea oy septl,bdfp`ete jut, trdbgdpgdre `lrvle, plrlpdail dn elbg sejfent lna setle, b`dsea birbu`ltdry systef, ndrespirltdry systef, fdre bentrl`izea nervdus systef.
?8. Rejfentltidn (Fetlferisf) = seril` repetitidn dh internl` lna externl` drjlns= sdfite bdntlinsbdfpdnents dh fdst drjln systefs. Ndt everytginj is sejfentea.
?7. Qrue bde`df, seplrltea oy septl= bde`df hdrfs vil sbgizdbde`y. [eritdneuf `ines bde`df lna hdrfsseptl(seplrlte sejfents) lna fesenteries (gd`a juts in p`lbe). Birbu`lr lna `dnjituainl` fusb`es. Jut lna`dnjituainl` o`dda vesse`s extena tgrdujg tge septl (ndt sejfentea).
Fdre lavlntljes dh l bde`df = aistrioutidn dh flteril`s tgrdujgdut tge oday. [rdviaes stdrlje lrel hdrwlste prdaubts. Fdre ehhibient `dbdfdtidn oebluse it lbts ls l gyardstltib sce`etdn ! `dbdfdtidn(ourrdwinj, brlw`inj, swiffinj)
Fdvefent =-bdntrlbtidn dh `dnjituainl` fusb`es bluses oday td sgdrten lna explna-bdntrlbtidn dh birbu`lr fusb`es bluses oday td nlrrdw lna `enjtgenplrlpdail= plirea plaa`e `ice lppenaljes dn fdst sejfentssetle= tiny bgitindus orist`es
?9. Lnne`ia gela =l) prdstdfiuf- surhlbe bdverea witg l tgin duter `lyer dh ndn bgitindus butib`eo) peristdniuf- hirst sejfent nd plrlpdail
2;. B`dsea birbu`ltdry systef=aduo`e trlnspdrt systef ! o`dda lna bde`dfib h`uia blrry hdda wlstes lna respirltdry jlses.
2
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o. Quoe awe``inj hi`ter heeaers, plrbgfent
21. B`ite``ltl= hdrf fdndpgy`etib jrdup. B`ite``uf lna `dss dh plrlpdail. _inj dh sebretdry be``s hduna in lolna lrduna tge oday. @lbc plrlpdail.
25. Rpebil`izltidn in tge elrtgwdrf. Hdda fdistenea oy fdutg lna arlwn in oy l fusbu`lr pglrynx , hddais stdrea in l tgin-wl``ea brdp. Fusbu`lr jizzlra jrinas hdda intd sfl`` piebes. Aijestidn lna losdrptidndbbur in intestine.
28. elrtgwdrf reprdaubtidn Jreen [drnd
2:. B`lss Giruanial-@eebges= `dss dh setle, lnteridr lna pdsteridr oday subcer, reaubea septl` wl``s.Bde`dfib blvity hi``ea witg bdnnebtive tissue lna fusb`e. Jut spebil`izea hdr stdrlje dh `lrje qulntities dho`dda.
27. pgy`uf Lblntgdbepgl`l = spiny gela wdrfs ! bdfes hrdf tge spines dh tgeir prdodsbis usea tdpenetrlte tge gdsts interfeailte. [lrlsites dh flny lrtgrdpdas.
29 . Bdnverjenbe evd`utidn ! fu`tip`e gdsts , spebil`izea lttlbgfent strubtures, `dss dh aijestive systef(surhlbe lrel)
1; . Nefltdaes _dunawdrf.
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Unsejfentea, pseuadbde`df (hi``ea witg h`uia, extrefe`y gijg gyardstltib pressure), `dnjituainl` fusb`es(lbt ljlinst gyardstltib pressures) , tgibc, h`exio`e butib`e. Nd birbu`ltdry dr respirltdry systef. Nervdussystef6 adrsl` lna ventrl` nerve bdras, nerve rinj.
1
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l) Flnt`e dh b`lf flnt`e bdvers tge ji``s, lna tge pdsteridr eajes dh tge flnt`e hd`as hdrf adrsl`exburrent lna ventrl` inburrent dpeninj. [lrt dh tge flnt`e is arlwn dut intd l `dnj sipgdn l``dwinjtge b`lf td ourrdw.
o) Flnt`e dh squia bdvers tge trunc, l``dwinj wlter td oe tlcen intd flnt`e blvity. Flnt`e eajesbdntrlbt, expe``inj wlter tgrdujg tge hunne`.
7.
l) Rge``= Nlbre ! BlBD 2 sgeets. [risfltib ! tgibc BlBD 2 peridstrluf= prdtebts hrdf erdsidn, prdtein6bdnbgid`in.
o) Flnt`e= inner `doe ! fusbu`lr *bi`iltea* Fiaa`e `doe ! sensdry (sbl``dps gls tentlb`es lna eyes) duter `doe ! sebretes sge``.
9. _lau`l = rlspinj, prdtrusio`e, tdnjue-`ice drjln. Feforlne, wgibg is, fduntea rdws dh tiny bgitindus
teetg tglt pdint olbcwlra. [rdtrlbtdr lna retrlbtdr fusb`es fdve tge rlau`l hdr heeainj. Rbrlpe, pierbe, telrdr but plrtib`es dh hdda.
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b`dsea birbu`ltdry systef dh bepgl`dpdas witg l netwdrc dh vesse`s lna o`dda h`dws tgrdujgji``s vil blpi``lries. Orlnbgil` (ji``) gelrts inbrelse o`dda pressure in tge ji``s l``dwinj fdre rlpiajls exbglnje hdr tgeir lbtive `ihesty`e.
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?
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Ndte= Bepgl`dpdas glve bgrdftdpgdres= pijfent be``s tglt bln oe explnaea oy fusb`e be``s. Unaer neurl`bdntrd` ! blfduh`lje lna sijnl`inj.
2;. Jrdup dh Bepgl`dpdalRuob`lss Nluti`diaelRuob`lss Bd`ediael= Draers inb`uae Butt`ehisg, Rquia, Dbtdpus lna Xlfpyrdfdrpgl (Xlfpire Rquias)
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[gy`djenetibB`lssihibltidn
[driherl =B`lss Gexlbteni``ial = j`lss spdnjes
_lail` syffetry Rpibu`es flae up si`ibib lbia=
flae dh 8 rlys Rynbytil` retibu`uf
B`lss Aefdspdnjile = 7;% dh l`` spdnjes. @eubdnbdia Rpibu`es ndt witg 8 rlys spdnjinj netwdrc dhten present
Drlnje aevi`s hinjers (lsbdndia)Dstil= `dbltea l`dnj (sfl``er gd`es)Dsbu`uf= `lrjer wgite dpeninjs `dbltea tgrdujgdut oday
Ye``dw Ol`` spdnje (`eubdndia)Dstil= sfl`` dpeninj dn surhlbeDsbu`uf= `lrjer dpeninjs, ndt in unihdrfea plttern.
B`lss Bl`blrel= bl`biuf blrodnlte exdsce`etdnBln glve l`` 2 types dh blnl` systefs
Jrlntil (Rbypgl)= sybdndia blnl` systefdsbu`uf `dbltea lt tip.Dstil `dbltea l`` dver.Rpdnjdbde`= inner bglfoer in oday
@eubdsd`enil (Lsbdndia)
Rpibu`es
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Blnl` Rystefs Lsbdndia= sifp`e. Zlter enters tgrdujg aerfl` pdres intd `lrje blvity bl``ea spdnjdbde` `inea witg
bgdlndbytes
Rybdndia = sinj`e dsbu`uf witg l `lyer dh be``s hd`aea olbc lna hdrtg td flce blnl`s in spdnjdbde`.Zlter fdve td inburrent blnl`s lna tgen intd rlail` blnl`s
@eubdndia = b`usters dh h`lje``ltea bglfoer hi``ea witg inburrent blnl`s lna aisbglrje wlter intdexburrent blnl`s tglt `ela td dsbu`uf
Dstil = blnl`s hdr inbdfinj wlter Dsbu`l= blnl`s hdr dutjdinj wlter Bgdlndbytes = `ines dpeninjs, flintlin burrent dh wlter tgrdujg blnl`s
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Bnialril
B`lss Lntgdzdl= pd`yps witg h`dwer`ice lppelrlnbe, nd feausl stlje.Inb`uaes sel lnefdne
Liptlsil lnefdne=
Aehense= tentlb`e retrlbts oebdfinj stufp lna b`dser td oday. Nefltdbysts plrl`yze prey oehdre aijestidn. Bniadbytes ! [rey blpture= tentlb`es retrlbts pu``inj prey tdwlras fdutg Lbdntil= tgrelas hduna in `dwer enas dh septl` eajes= bdntlinea nefltdbysts
lna j`lna be``s
sel wgip lna sel hln (l sdht bdrl`) pd`yps dh odtg glve 7 tentlb`es.
B`lss Gyardzdl Bd`dnil`, lsexul` pd`yp, sexul` feausl stlje Jlstrdzddias = spebil`izea hdr heeainj/tentlb`es lna fdutg jdndzddias = spebil`izea hdr reprdaubtidn dh feausl/nd tentlb`es albty`dzddias spebil`izea td aehena tge bd`dny witg tentlb`es
witg aense`y plbcea nefltdbysts.
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B`lss Rbypgdzdl= true me``ies Me``yhisg. Feausl ad ndt glve ve`uf Ex= upsiae adwn me``yhisg, Lure`il
Lure`il= rlail` syffetry. Drl`-lodrl`.
B`lss Rtlurdzdl= sd`itlry pd`yp oday
B`lss Buodzdl = buoe me``ies, feausl is preadfinln hdrf, pd`ypinbdnspibudus.
Ndte= Nefltdbysts= stinjinj drjlne``es tglt bdntlin bniadbytes, stinjinj be``s Lbdntil= tgrelas in lnefdnes hduna in `dwer enas dh septl` eajes bdntlininj nefltdbysts lna j`lna
be``s _lail` syffetry Aip`do`lstib Inbdfp`ete jut
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[`ltyge`fintges-oi`lterl`, lbde`dflte, inbdfp`ete jut, trip`do`lstib
B`lss Quroe``lril= plrlpgy`etib, ndn plrlsitib.Epiaerfis gls rgloaites, swe`` td hdrf prdtebtive fubdus sgeltg lrduna
oday. _espdnse td tdubg= sgdrtens. Fdst sensitive fiapdsteridr rejidn Hdda= pglrynx extenas td heea. In lir= oday pu``s in tijgt`y. Rquirfinj. Drientltidn td hdda= bgefdrebeptdrs dn lurib`es rebdjnize hdda
elsier oesiae tge wdrf.
B`lss Qrefltdal = plrlsitib h`uces. Drjlns hdr lttlbgfent (subcers lna gddcs) Aijenil = plrlsitize snli`s.
B`lss Fdndjenel= externl` plrlsites B`lfp dntd ji``s dh hisg witg gddcea lttlbgfent drjln ( dpistglptdr)
B`lss Bestdal = tlpewdrf @dnj h`lt oday Rbd`ex hdr lttlbgfent [rdj`dttias = reprdaubtive units @lbc aijestive systef Bdverea witg fibrdtribges td losdro nutrients
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Nefltdal[seuadbde`df, butib`e bdfpdsea dh bd``ljen
_duna wdrfs @dnjituainl` fusb`es Rdfe lre plrlsites= gddcwdrf, pinwdrfs, lsblris
Aissebtidn dh Lsblris Fl`es lre typibl``y sfl``er, glve l burvea pdsteridr ena, lna glve twd sfl``, spiny prdmebtidns
bl``ea spibu`es tge trirlailte fdutg plrts (`ips) surrdunainj tge fdutg.
Lnne`ial (sejfentea)
B`lss D`ijdbgletl- elrtgwdrfs Retle= retrlbt witg fdvefent Drjlns dh exbretidn- nepgriail B`ite``uf - reprdaubtidn `dnjituainl` fusb`es= l``dw hdr hdrwlra fdvefent lna
airebtidn (l``dws it td jet tgibcer lna tginner) birbu`lr fusb`es= l``dws hdr explnsidn dh elbg sejfent h`uia hi``ea bde`df= fdre surhlbe lrel, l``dws hdr spebil`izea
internl` drjlns.
B`lss [d`ybgleltl[lirea plaa`e `ice lppenaljes- plrlpdail
Errlnt= hree fdvinj, ourrdwinj, lna brlw`injB`lf Zdrf= `lrje, aeve`dpea gela witg pl`p.
[lrlpdaiuf `dbltea `lterl``y dn elbg sejfent Rwiffinj= uses `lterl` oday fdvefent Brlw`inj= uses plrlpdaiuf
Reaentlry= flin`y tuoe `ivinj, hi`ter lna aepdsit heeaersHeltger austers= heltgery lrfs bl``ea rlaid`es
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Fd``usbl- bde`dflte prdtdstdfes
- ndt sejfentea- flnt`e- tgibc sgeet dh epiaerfis lna butib`e tglt exbretes tge sge``- bteniail= ji``s
B`lss Bluadhdveltl lna Rd`endjlstres = wdrf`ice, nd sge``, bl`blredus sbl`es
B`lss Fdndp`lbdpgdrl= sfl``, `dw rdunaea sge``, breepinjhdda, lna aisp`ly seril` repetitidn.
B`lss [d`yp`lbdpgdrl =Bgitdns 7 bl`blredus p`ltes
Rfl`` flnt`e hdrfs jira`e lrduna p`ltes 2 bglfoerea gelrt
B`lss Jlstrdpdal =-alrt slb hduna nelr fdutg=
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7-5+' (!$",!'!1: ?!$*+!-2 * 2./.%$9).1,*% 9+$8.?? #1 ;:#8: ,:. 9$?,.+#$+ .12 $= ,:. >$2' #? ,
B`lss Oivl`vil = nd gela, nd rlau`l, seaentlry suspensidn heeaers, twd sge``s ge`a tdjetger oy laaubtdrfusb`es. Fusse` lttlbg oy oyssl` tgrelas.
B`lfs = `loil` pl`ps= lssist witg eltinj lna jltgerinj hdda.
Lt`lntib Oly Rbl``dp ls we`` ls _ijia [en Rge``
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B`lss Rblpgdpdal= tusc sge``s, ji``s `dst
B`lss Bepgl`dpdal= flrine, prealtdrs, gijg`y fdoi`e [en= refnlnts dh sge`` in squia Inc slb Rwif oy met prdpu`sidn Ze`` aeve`dpea eyes B`dsea birbu`ltdry systef Hddt= hunne` hdr expe``inj wlter
Ndte=_lau`l = rlspinj, tdnjue-`ice drjlnFlnt`e blvity = gduses ji``s dr `unjsRge``= sebretea oy flnt`e hdr prdtebtidn
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Lrtgrdpdal- glra exdsce`etdn (fd`ts)- reaubea bde`df- jls exbglnje vil ji``s, oddc `unjs (spiaers) lna trlbgele(insebts)- mdintea lppenaljes= lrje sdurbe dh seril` gdfd`djy- bdfp`ex fdutgplrts.
Ruopgy`uf Bge`iberltlB`lss Ferdstdfltl = gdrsesgde brlo,
Bge`iberle (fdutg plrts)
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Ruopgy`uf Gexlpdal= 8 `ejs, unirlfdus lppenaljes, exdsce`etdn witg sb`erdprdtein, dpen birbu`ltdrysystef, trlbgele
B`lss Insebtl Gyfendpterl- slwh`ies, wlsps, ? plirs dh feforlndus winjs. glve l wlist Gefipterl= true oujs. Glve prdodsbis hdr subcinj `iquias. Hdrewinj= ! feforlne, ! `eltgery.
Ginawinj= l`` feforlndus @epiadpterl= fdtgs, outterh`ies, glve prdodsbis Bd`edpterl= `lay oujs, oeet`es. Glra lna bgitdndus hdrewinjs. Feforlndus ginawinjs. Aipterl= h`ies, fdsquitdes. Rinj`e plir dh winjs. Drtgdpterl= bribcets, jrlssgdppers. @eltgery hdrewinj, flnaio`e, bln hd`a winjs.
J_LRRGD[[E_ - 2 tljfltl= gela, tgdrlx lna loadfen- fl`pijgiln tuou`es= hdr exbretidn
-
jut= glve brdp jizzlra lna tgen stdflbg- trlbgele= hdr jls exbglnje
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Ebgindaerfltl
B`lss Bridndiael (sel `i`ies)= fdre tgln 5 lrfs. Nd spines dr flarepdrite, strdnj sce`etdn, sessi`esuspensidn heeaer
B`lss Lsterdiael (sel stlrs)= stlr sglpea, tuoe heet witg subcers, fdst
prealtdry twd plrt stdflbg= blrailb lna py`drib _inj blnl`= rinj in benter ! wlter vlsbu`lr _lail` blnl`= blnl`s tglt `ela adwn `ej Rtdne blnl`= wlter vlsbu`lr. @elas hrdf flarepdrite td rinj
blnl` Aijestive blebl= orlnbges dut dh stdflbg ! aijests hdda Quoe heet= sfl`` prdmebtidns dn drl` surhlbe Lfpu``l= plrt dh wlter vlsbu`lr systef= hi`` witg wlter td ge`p `dbdfdtidn Lfou`lbrl` jrddves= tuoe heet prdtruae hrdf gere
B`lss Dpgiurdiael (Oritt`e stlrs) = lrfs witg gijg`y lrtibu`ltea verteorle, Inbdfp`ete jut Hew tuoe heet _eaubea bde`df
B`lss Ebgindiael (Urbgins) Nd lrfs Drl` surhlbe explnaea dver fdst dh oday Lristdt`es `lntern hdr heeainj Quoe heet B`dsea lfou`lbrl` jrddves Qest= enadsce`etdn witg flarepdrite lt tdp benter (`lrje gd`e) [eaibe``lrile (hdr aehense lna hdda blpture)
B`lss Gd`dtgurdiael (Rel Bubufoer) E`dnjltea drl` lodrl` lxis Aepdsit heeaers Nd spine Qentlb`es lrduna fdutg
Aisbglrje buveriln tuou`es
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Bgdraltl- Ndtdbgdra= h`exio`e rda `ice strubture- Adrsl` gd``dw nerve bdra- [glrynjel` pdubges dr s`its- [dst lnl` tli`- Enadsty`e/tgyrdia j`lna
Ruopgy`uf Urdbgdraltl (tunibltes) = lau`ts lresifp`ihiea. Ceep enadsty`e lna ji`` s`its
Qunib= surrdunas oday, flae dh be``u`dse Enadsty`e= sebretes fubus hdr heeainj [glrynx= bdverea witg bi`ilte be``s l``dw p`lnctdn
td fdve adwn esdpgljus Inburrent lna exburrent sipgdn= inburrent is `lrjer
Ruopgy`uf Bepgl`dbdraltl (`lnbe`ets) Ruspensidn heeaers Nd true gela Glve birri in hrdnt dh fdutg td hi`ter wlter
(sensdry aevibes)
Ruopgy`uf XerteorltlB`lss [etrdfyzdtial(`lfprey)
Lau`ts glve verteorle nd mlw, subcer `ice drl` aisb
nd plirea lppenaljes : pglrynjel` s`its Bglfoerea gelr.
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Aispersl` lna aistrioutidn ! Aispersl` = fdvefent dh inaiviaul`s lwly hrdf benters dh gijg pdpu`ltidn aensity dr hrdf tgeir
lrel dh drijin. Aispersl` dh drjlnisfs resu`ts in ordla pltterns dh jedjrlpgib aistrioutidn. Nlturl` rlnje explnsidns explna tgeir rlnje oy fdvinj intd lrel wgere tgey aia ndt exist
previdus`yd Rujjest gypdtgeses td exp`lin wgy spebies lre hduna wgere tgey lre
Rpebies Qrlnsp`lnts doservinj tge resu`ts dh intentidnl` dr lbbiaentl` trlnsp`lnts dh l spebies tdlrels wgere it wls previdus`y losent.
d Rubbesshu` is tge new spebies ndt dn`y survives out reprdaubes tgere.
Oeglvidr lna Gloitlt Re`ebtidn ! Rdfe drjlnisfs ad ndt dbbupy l`` dh tgeir pdtentil` rlnje (l`` tge lrels wgere tgey bdu`a
pdtentil``y oe subbesshu`). Rpebies aistrioutidn fly oe `ifitea oy gloitlt se`ebtidn oeglvidr.
Oidtib hlbtdrs ! Oidtib hlbtdrs tglt lhhebt tge aistrioutidn dh drjlnisfs inb`uae interlbtidns witg dtger spebies
subg ls prealtidn lna bdfpetitidn Qge inloi`ity td survive lna reprdaube fly oe aue td nejltive interlbtidns witg dtger drjlnisfs
in tge hdrf dh prealtidn, plrlsitisf, aiselse dr bdfpetitidn. Rurvivl` lna reprdaubtidn bdu`a oe `ifitea oy tge losenbe dh dtger spebies dn wgibg tge
trlnsp`lntea spebies aepenas
Loidtib hlbtdrs ! Qefperlture= be``s fly rupture ih tge wlter tgey bdntlin hreezes prdteins dh fdst drjlnisf
aenlture lt tefperltures lodve 15 aejree B. Zlter= hresgwlter dr sl`twlter gloitlts oy `ifitea loi`ity hdr dsfdreju`ltidn.
Run`ijgt= prdviaes tge enerjy tglt arives l`` ebdsystefs. Intensity lna qul`ity dh `ijgt `ifit tgeaistrioutidn dh pgdtdsyntgetib drjlnisfs. Zina= lfp`ihies tge ehhebts dh envirdnfentl` tefperlture dn drjlnisfs oy inbrelsinj gelt `dss
aue td evlpdrltidn lna bdnvebtidn _dbcs lna sdi`= pgysibl` strubture, pG lna finerl` bdfpdsitidn `ifit tge aistrioutidn dh p`lnts
lna tgus dh tge lnifl`s tglt heea updn tgef.
B`iflte=Flbrdb`iflte ! J`dol`, rejidnl`Inh`uenbea oy Odaies dh wlter, tdpdjrlpgy (fduntlins) ex. Qge rlin sgladw ehhebt, selsdnl`ity, `ltituainl`
ehhebts dn sun`ijgt intensity, lna lir birbu`ltidn lna prebipitltidn pltternsFibrdb`iflte ! tge aihherenbe in b`iflte unaer l `dj vs. tdp dh tge `dj.B`iflte is inh`uenbea oy
Odaies dh wlter= dbeln burrent inh`uenbe b`iflte l`dnj tge bdlsts dh bdntinents oy geltinj drbdd`inj dver`yinj lir flsses.
@ltituainl` vlriltidn in sun`ijgt intensity ! sun`ijgt strices tge trdpibs fdst airebt`y Relsdnl` vlriltidn in sun`ijgt intensity ! elrtgs ti`t bluses selsdnl` vlriltidn in tge intensity dh
sd`lr rlailtidn. Qi`t dh ?2.5 aejrees. Qge selsdnl` vlriltidns dh `ijgt lna tefperlture inbrelsestelai`y tdwlra tge pd`es.
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J`dol` lir birbu`ltidn lna prebipitltidn pltterns= 8 be``s tglt reju`lte tge fdvefent dh fdist lnaary lir
J`dol` wina pltterns= lir h`dwinj b`dse td elrtgs surhlbe breltes preaibtlo`e j`dol` wina pltterns. Aue td tge elrtg ti`t, tge winas lt tge equltdr o`dw fdre quibc`y lna lre aiverjea td tgewest lna elst rltger tgln tge ndrtg dr sdutg.
Fduntlins= rlin sgladw ehhebt. Zlrf fdist lir Lpprdlbges Fduntlin, lir rises lna bdd`s,re`elsinj fdisture dn tge winawlra siae dh tge pelc. Dn tge `eewlra siae dh tge fduntlin, bdd`erary lir aesbenas, losdroinj fdisture lna prdaubinj l rlin sgladw
Lqultib Oidfes= Rtrltihiea oy= @ijgt lna tefperlture= `ess `ijgt lna bdd`er tefperltures ls aeptg inbrelsesAistlnbe hrdf sgdre= pgdtdsyntgetib `ihe nelrs sgdre[e`ljib vs. oentgib. [e`ljib= dpen wlter vs. Oentgib= odttdf dh oidfeLvli`loi`ity dh nutrients/dxyjen (hresgwlter)= fdre dxyjen nelr pgdtdsyntgetib drjlnisfs.
Lqultib OidfesIntertial` zdne= lrel dh sgdre wgere dbeln feets `lna[e`ljib zdne= `ijgt penetrltes aeeper tgln neritib zdne. Dpen o`ue wlter.Oentgib ]dne= bdnsists dh tge selh`ddr oe`dw tge surhlbe wlters. Nutrients aerivea hrdf aeoris.Bdrl` _eehs= hduna in wlrf wlters lodve bdntinentl` sge`ves. Gijg dxyjen `eve`s.Estulries= rivers h`dw intd tge dbeln.
Hresgwlter oidfes@lces & [dnas= d`ijdtrdpgib (nutrient pddr lna dxyjen ribg) dr eutrdpgib (nutrient ribg, aep`etea dhdxyjen).@ittdrl` (sgl``dw, we`` `ijgtea) dr `ifnetib (wlter is tdd aeep td suppdrt lqultib p`lnts)Zet`lnas= lrel bdverea witg wlter tglt bln suppdrt lqultib p`lnts._ivers lna strelfsEstulries= trlnsitidn lrel oetween river lna sel
Dbeln @lce
Qerrestril` Oidfes=Lrel dh intejrltidn is bl``ea ebdtdne Qrdpibl` hdrest= b`uster lrduna equltdr. _linhl`` re`ltive`y bdnstlntAesert= dbbur in l olna 2;-aejree ndrtg lna sdutg `ltituae. [rebipitltidn is `dw.Rlvlnnl= wlrf yelr rduna (?1-9 aejree B) sbltterea trees lre tgdrny.Bglplrrl`= sgruo `lna witg bdd` rliny winters lna ary gdt suffers.Qefperlte jrlss`lna= prebipitltidn is gijg`y selsdnl`, ary winters lna wet suffers.Bdniherdus hdrests= winters lre bd`a lna `dnj. Ruffer fly oe gdt. Adfinltea oy l hew spebies.
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Lrtib Qunarl= tree`ess oidfe. Zinters lre `dnj lna bd`a. Ruffers lre sgdrt. Hrdzen `lyer dh sdi` ! perflhrdstQefperlte Ordla`elh hdrests= aistinbt, gijg`y aiverse, vertibl` `lyers, inb`uainj b`dsea blndpy, unaerstdrytrees, sgruo `lyer lna gerolbedus strltuf
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Bdffunity Ebd`djy
Oid`djibl` bdffunity ! lssefo`lje dh pdpu`ltidns dh vlridus spebies `ivinj b`dse endujg hdr pdtentil`interlbtidn
_e`ltidnsgips oetween spebies=Bdfpetitidn[realtidn & GeroivdreRyfoidsisAiselse
Interspebihib Interlbtidns
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8) Bdffensl`isf = dne spebies oenehits, lna dtger is unlhhebtea. (+/;)
Lalptltidns & Interlbtidns= Bdevd`utidn= evd`utidnlry lalptltidns dh twd interlbtinj spebies
Rpebies Aiversity = vlriety dh drjlnisfs tglt flce up tge bdffunity_ibgness = tge tdtl` # dh aihherent spebies in tge bdffunity_e`ltive Lounalnbe = tge prdpdrtidn elbg spebies represents dh tge tdtl` inaiviaul`s in tge bdffunityBdffunity witg even spebies lounalnbe6 fdre aiverse tglt dne witg dne/twd spebies lounalnt lna dtgerrlre.
Qrdpgib Rtrubture = heeainj re`ltidnsgips oetween drjlnisfsHdda bglins ! `inc trdpgib `eve`s hrdf prdaubers td tdp blrnivdresHdda weos ! orlnbginj hdda bglin witg bdfp`ex trdpgib interlbtidns
Qwd Gypdtgeses=Enerjetib gypdtgesis= sujjests tglt tge `enjtg dh l hdda bglin is `ifitea oy tge inehhibienby dh enerjytrlnsher l`dnj tge bglin.
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B`iflte flin bluse4 ! I tginc sd! Qwd b`ifltib hlbtdrs= sd`lr enerjy & wlter lvli`loi`ityFelsurea oy evlpdtrlnspirltidn=
Lbtul` evlpdtrlnspirltidn= tge evlpdrltidn dh wlter hrdf sdi` p`us tge trlnspirltidn dh wlter hrdfp`lnts
[dtentil` evlpdtrlnspirltidn= l felsure dh enerjy lvli`loi`ity out ndt wlter lvli`loi`ity.Aeterfinea oy lfdunt dh sd`lr rlailtidn lna tefperlture
Lrel Ehhebts= L`` dtger hlbtdrs oeinj equl`, tge `lrjer tge jedjrlpgib lrel dh l bdffunity, tge jrelter tgenufoer dh spebies. Exp`lnltidn= `lrje lrels dhher l jrelter aiversity hdr gloitlts lna fibrdgloitlts tglnsfl`` lrels.
Is`lna Equi`ioriuf Fdae`= spebies ribgness aepenas dn is`lna size, aistlnbe hrdf flin`lna, iffijrltidnlna extinbtidn
Intejrltea Gypdtgesis= aesbrioes l bdffunity ls ln lssefo`lje dh b`dse`y `incea spebies, `dbcea intdlssdbiltidn oy flnaltdry oidtib interlbtidn tglt bluses tge bdffunity td hunbtidn ls ln intejrltea unit.^_iver fdae`= sujjests tglt fdst dh tge spebies in l bdffunity lre lssdbiltea tijgt`y witg plrtibu`lr dtgerspebies in l weo/`incea in l tijgt weo dh interlbtidns. Qge `dss dh even l sinj`e spebies gls strdnjreperbussidns hdr tge bdffunity
Inaiviaul`istib Gypdtgesis = aepibts l p`lnt bdffunity ls l bglnje lssefo`lje dh spebies hduna in tgeslfe lrel sifp`y oebluse tgey glppen td glve sifi`lr loidtib requirefents. (Qefperlture, rlinhl``, lna sdi`type) ! bdffunities lre `ddse`y drjlnizea lssdbiltea dh inaepenaent aistrioutea spebies
_eaunalnby fdae`= fdst dh tge spebies in l bdffunity lre ndt tijgt`y lssdbiltea witg dne lndtger lna tgeweo dh `ihe is very `ddse. Ih l spebies is `dst, dtger spebies wi`` hi`` tge jlp
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Aensity ! # dh inaiviaul`s per unit lre dh vd`ufe
Aispersidn ! plttern dh splbinj lfdnj inaiviaul`s witgin tge odunalries dh tge pdpu`ltidnd [ltterns= B`ufpea, _lnadf & Unihdrfd Qerritdril`ity= aehense dh l odunaea pgysibl` splbe ljlinst enbrdlbgfent oy dtgers.
Aefdjrlpgy ! stuay dh vitl` stltistibs dh pdpu`ltidns lna gdw tgey bglnje dver tifed Oirtg rltes lna gdw tgey vlry, lna aeltg rltes.
@ihe tlo`es= lje spebihib sufflries dh tge survivl` plttern dh l pdpu`ltidn.d [reaibt ln inaiviaul`s stltistibl` bglnbe dh ayinj aurinj elbg intervl` dh tge inaiviaul`s
`ihe.
Rurvivdrsgip burves= p`dt dh tge prdpdrtidn dh nufoers in l bdgdrt sti`` l`ive lt elbg lje.
_eprdaubtive tlo`e= lje spebihib sufflry dh tge reprdaubtive rltes in l pdpu`ltidn
@ihe Gistdry Aiversity= `ihe gistdry ! wgen reprdaubtidn oejins, gdw tgey reprdaube lna gdw flnydhhsprinj
Oij olnj reprdaubtidn dr sefe`plrity ! dne sgdt lt reprdaubtidn Iterdplrity ! repeltea reprdaubtidn
Expdnentil` Fdae`= M burve[er blpitl rlte dh inbrelse= bglnje in pdpu`ltidn 6 oirtgs aeltgs (aurinj tife intervl`)]erd pdpu`ltidn jrdwtg ! dbburs wgen tge per blpitl oirtg lna aeltg rltes lre equl`
@djistib Jrdwtg= R burve [er blpitl rlte dh inbrelse aeb`ines ls blrryinj blplbity is relbgea
Blrryinj blplbity ! syfod`izea ls C, flxifuf pdp size tglt l plrtibu`lr envirdnfent blnsuppdrt.
C se`ebtidn ! aensity aepenaent se`ebtidn. Re`ebts hdr `ihe gistdry trlits tglt lre sensitive tdpdpu`ltidn aensity
d C spebies= sfl`` # dh dhhsprinj, fea-`lrje lnifl`s, `dnjer `ihespln _ se`ebtidn ! aensity-inaepenaent se`ebtidn se`ebts dr `ihe gistdry trlits tglt flxifize
reprdaubtidnd _ spebies= `lrje # dh dhhsprinj, sgdrt `ihe spln, nd plrentl` blre, sfl``.
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Aensity aepenaent pdpu`ltidn reju`ltidn=Aensity aepenaent oirtg lna aeltg rltes 6 nejltive heeaolbc tglt reju`lte pdp jrdwtgLhhebtea oy hlbtdrs= bdfpetitidn, territdril`ity, gel`tg, prealtidn, tdxib wlstes, intrinsib hlbtdrs
Rtloi`ity lna H`ubtultidn=Fetlpdpu`ltidn ! jrdups dh pdpu`ltidns `incea oy iffijrltidn lna efijrltidn
B`lssib, flin`lna is`lna, ndnequi`ioriuf lna pltbgy.
Aefdjrlpgib Qrlnsitidn ! fdvefent hrdf tge hirst tdwlra tge sebdna stlteLje strubture= tge re`ltive nufoer dh inaiviaul`s dh elbg lje.Inhlnt fdrtl`ity= nufoer dh inhlnt aeltgs per
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EbdsystefsEbdsystef= bdnsists dh l`` tge drjlnisfs `ivinj in l bdffunity ls we`` tge loidtib hlbtdrs witg wgibg tgeyinterlbt.
Enerjy lna nutrients plss hrdf priflry prdaubers (lutdtrdpgs) td priflry bdnsufers(geroivdres) td sebdnalry bdnsufers (blrnivdres) lna sd dn.
Enerjy h`dw= enters ls `ijgt, exits ls gelt.
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Intrlspebihib= territdril` oeglvidr lna dtger bdnsequenbes dh bdfpetitidn fly flintlingeroivdres pdpu`ltidns aensities oe`dw wglt tge vejetltidn bdu`a heea
Interspebihib bdfpetitidn= prealtdrs, plrlsites lna aiselse lre tge fdst ifpdrtlnt hlbtdrs`ifitinj tge jrdwtg dh geroivdre pdpu`ltidns.
Bgefibl` Byb`inj= invd`ve odtg oidtib lna loidtib bdfpdnents ! oidjedbgefibl` byb`es.
Zlter Byb`e= wlter is essentil` td l`` drjlnisfs lna its lvli`loi`ity inh`uenbes rltes dh ebdsystef prdbesses,plrtibu`lr`y priflry prdaubtidn lna aebdfp in terrestril` ebdsystefs
@iquia wlter is tge priflry pgysibl` pglse, sdfe drjlnisfs glrvest wlter vlpdr. Hreezinj dh sdi`wlter bln `ifit lvli`loi`ity
_eservdirs= Dbeln bdntlins 9:%. ?% oduna in j`lbiers lna pd`lr ibe blps.
8/13/2019 Organisms and Populations Package
47/47
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