EVOLUTION CHAPTER 15. Evolution: the change over time of the genetic composition of populations...
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EVOLUTION
CHAPTER 15
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• Evolution: the change over time of the genetic composition of populations
• Natural Selection: populations of organisms can change over the generations if individuals having certain heritable traits leave more offspring than others (differential reproductive success)
• Evolutionary Adapations: a prevalence of inherited characteristics that enhance organisms’ survival and reproduction
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EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY– Linnaeus - taxonomy - Lyell - uniformitarianism
– Hutton - gradualism - Darwin - evolution
– Lamarck - evolution - Mendel - inheritance
– Malthus - populations - Wallace - evolution
– Cuvier - paleontology - Count Buffon - evolution
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RESISTANCE TO THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION
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RESISTANCE TO THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION
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DARWIN’S INFLUENCES
Taxonomy matured during mid-eighteenth centuryLinnaeus believed in:
He developed the binomial system of nomenclature
System of classification for living things Count Buffon:
Wrote 44-volume catalog of all known plants and animals
Suggested descent with modification
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Lamarck = First biologist to: Propose evolution Link diversity with environmental adaptation
Concluded more complex organisms are descended from less complex organisms: SIMPLE TO COMPLEX
Proposed inheritance of acquired characteristics – Lamarckianism
DARWIN’S INFLUENCES
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Passing on Acquired Traits
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DESIRE TO CHANGE
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Use and Disuse
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HMS BEAGLE VOYAGE• Invited to travel around the
world– 1831-1836 (22 years old!)– makes many observations of
nature• main mission of the Beagle was to
chart South American coastline
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• While on the voyage of the HMS Beagle in the 1830s, Charles Darwin observed– similarities between living and fossil
organisms
– the diversity of life on the Galápagos Islands, such as blue-footed boobies and giant tortoises
Figure 13.1A
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FINCHES
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MALTHUSOverpopulation and
species control
LYELLEarth is subject to slow but continuous cycles of erosion
Proposed uniformitarianism, rates and processes of change are constant
DARWIN’S INFLUENCES
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• Darwin became convinced that the Earth was old and continually changing– He concluded that living things also
change, or evolve over generations
– He also stated that living species descended from earlier life-forms: descent with modification (originally Buffon and Erasmus Darwin)
• All organisms are related through decent from an ancestor that lived in the remote past.
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1. Population has Variation2. Variations may be favorable3. More offspring are produced than survive4. Survivors have favorable traits5. Populations change over time
DARWIN’S 5 MAJOR CONCLUSIONS
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ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES
• ......ALL THIS LEADS TO HIS THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION and SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST
• 1859 Publication
• Wallace influence
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Early 19th century
IndustrialRevolution
WITNESSING NATURAL SELECTION
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Evolution evidence: Fossils
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• The fossil record shows that organisms have appeared in a historical sequence
• Many fossils link early extinct species with species living today
– These fossilized hind leg bones link living whales with their land-dwelling ancestors
Figure 13.2G, H
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2006 Fossil Discovery of Early Tetrapod
• Tiktaalik– “missing link” from sea to land
animals
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• Similar structure
• Similar development
• Different functions
• Evidence of close evolutionary relationship– recent
common ancestor
Evolution evidence: Homologous Structures
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spines
tendrilssucculent leaves
colored leaves
Homologous structures
leaves
needles
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Evolution evidence: Analogous Structures
Separate evolution of structures
similar functions similar external
form different internal
structure & development
different origin no evolutionary
relationship
Don’t be fooledby their looks!
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Evolution evidence: Comparative
Embryology
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• Modern animals may have structures that serve little or no function– remnants of structures that were functional
in ancestral species– deleterious mutations accumulate in genes
for non-critical structures without reducing fitness
• snakes & whales — remains of pelvis & leg bones of walking ancestors
• eyes on blind cave fish
• human tail bone
Evolution evidence: Vestigial Structures
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Evolution evidence: Molecular Biology
• Similarities in DNA, proteins, genes, and gene products
• Common genetic code
Closely related species have sequences that are more similar than distantly related species
DNA & proteins are a molecular record of evolutionary relationships
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Fig. 22-20
• Darwin’s observations of biogeography, the geographic distribution of species, formed an important part of his theory of evolution
• Islands have many endemic species that are often closely related to species on the mainland
Evolution evidence: Biogeography
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• Insecticide & drug resistance
–insecticide didn’t kill all individuals
–resistant survivors reproduce
–resistance is inherited
–insecticide becomes less & less effective
NATURAL SELECTION IN ACTION
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• Artificial breeding can use variations in populations to create vastly different “breeds” & “varieties”
““descendantsdescendants”” of the wolf of the wolf
““descendantsdescendants”” of wild mustard of wild mustard
ARTIFICIAL SELECTION