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ARDHI UNIVERSITY
SHOOL OF INVIRONMENTAL
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
Bachelor of Science in Municipal & IndustrialServices Engineering
(Final year Dissertation 2014)
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NAME; MANYAMA KAARE
REG # , 2795/T.2010
DISSERTATION TITTLE:
OPTIMIZATION OF SOLID WASTE SECONDARY COLLECTION ANDTRANSPORTATION : Case study area Dar es Salaam city
Supervisors:Dr. MbuligweMr. Ligate
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INTRODUCTION
Solid waste is not uniform in terms of its constituents, but all
waste bears the shared characteristic of being perceived as
valueless and therefore unwanted. If waste generated from
various sources is not managed, it may accumulate and result
into environmental pollution.
Solid management is the storage, handling, separation and
processing, collection, transfer and transport and final disposal
of solid waste,(Tchobanoglous,1993).Following global
population growth, economic and industrial development,
there has been significant increase in waste generation.
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Statement of the problem
It is found that solid waste management is becoming prevalence
problem in Dar es Salaam though there a lots of efforts made by
CBOs, NGOs and government authority including performing
research, discussion and establish paper to solve problem, these
includes dividing the City for making easy collection, transport
and disposal of solid waste, but still today the City is Dirty. The
problems to be addressed at this study area are low transportation
frequency which result into the accumulation of solid waste in
collection points and hence resulting into environmental pollution.
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Justification/Motivation
The solid waste management and transportation system is the
most important process within our environment. But it is still a
problem in our country especially Dar es salaam city ;
therefore there is a need of finding the simplest and easiest
solution for the problem in order to find the more effectively
time for transporting solid waste from the collection point
(transfer stations) to the city dump site which is located at
Pugu Kinyamwezi by considering all necessary conditions (ie.
Peak and non peak hours, week days and weekend days)
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OBJECTIVES
Main objective
To investigate how Geographical information systems (GIS tools)
optimize the secondary collection and transportation of solid wastes
Specific objectives
To study to different physical existing characteristics of the road
network
To study the dynamic features of the road users during datacollection using Global Positioning System (GPS) on the selected
routes.
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Specific objective cont . To assess the existing secondary collection of solid wastes
From the GIS map and other analyzed results of the analysis,
the causes of solid waste vehicle velocity variation
To establish GIS database for designated solid waste transfer
stations and transportation in the study area.
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Method and material
My research will be conducted through different methods
on collecting and gathering information. These are
listed below;-
Literature review
This conducted through reading different materials including
books ,papers, journals, internet and documents of relevantstudy.
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Method and material cont
Site visit and physical Observation
The site visit and observation is focused on the existing practiceson management of solid waste from the generation, collection
route, transfer and transport to disposal site . During site
visiting, various pictures will be taken to show the existingsituation and some necessary data that can be obtained.
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Method and material cont Questionnaire
Questionnaires are conducted on focusing the assessments of
different stakeholders awareness on solid waste management
based on secondary collection and transportation in order to get
their views on the current situation, and challenges.
Interview and consultation.
Interviews are conducted at various levels such as technical
personnel at the study area, local government offices and ward
residents
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Method and material cont..
Photograph
Photographs ware taken in the study area to show the existing
situation of the area indicating the management, collection and
transportation of solid waste.
Equipments
The Materials which are used to collect data at the case study area
includes GPS which is used for capturing the location of existing
solid waste transfer station , speed of trucks during transportation of
solid wastes to the city dump site.
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Method and material cont..
GIS Software
GIS software was used for mapping, analysis and finally toexplore the routing efficiency which were suitable for solid
waste collection and transportation for the selected routes ,also
to establish GIS database for solid waste management systemGPS Utility
Converting GPS data to one of several different text formats (i.e.
compatible with spreadsheets, ESRI shape files, and otherGIS compatible formats, etc.) ,converting GPS data (i.e.
Waypoints, routes, etc.) Between different map data and many
coordinate formats (Lat/Long, UTM, country grids, etc.)
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Description of the study area & Existing situation Location
Dar es Salaam is Tanzanias
largest and most important
industrial and commercial
centre with an estimated
population of more than 4
million in 2012,
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Municipal Characteristics
Table 1: Basic Data by Municipality
Source : Dar es salaam city council
Municipality Land Area
(sq.km)
% of the CityArea
(sq.km.)
Population in2012
Male Female Average
HouseholdSize 2012
Ilala 286 20 1,220,611 595,928 624,683 4.0
Kinondoni 531 36 1,775,049 860,802 914,247 4.0
Temeke 639 44 1,368,881 669,056 699,825 3.9
Dar Region 1,456 100 4,364,541 2,125,786 2,238,755 4.0
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RESULT AND DISSCUSSIONPhysical existing characteristics of road network
Current Condition of the Existing Road Network in Ilala
Source( Ilala municipal council)
Type of road Road Condition
Good (km) Fair (km) Poor (km) Total % of total
Paved 5.5 50 77.4 132.9 31
Gravel 0 22 58 80 18.6
Earth 0 15 201 216 50.4
Total 5.5 87 336.4 428.9 100
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RESULT AND DISSCUSSION cont. Physical existing characteristics of road network
Current Condition of the Existing Road Network in Kinondoni
Source( kinondoni municipal council)
Type of road Road Condition
Good (km) Fair (km) Poor (km) Total % of total
Paved 69 10 36 115 17
Gravel 37 21 258 316 45
Earth - - 263 263 38
Total 106 31 557 694 100
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Physical existing characteristics of road network
(Different season condition of roads)
During dry seasonDuring rain season
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RESULT AND DISSCUSSION Cont
Secondary collection and transportation of solidwaste
Municipal authorities, NGOs and CBOs are the one taking
responsible for solid waste collection and transportation although
others NGOs and CBOs do not take any responsibility in case oftransportation
Secondary collection points
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RESULT AND DISSCUSSION Cont Geographical information system (GIS)approach:
GIS Software data base for solid waste transportation system
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DATA COLLECTED ON THE SELECTED ROUTES
RouteTime of the
data
collected
Start of
the trip
End of
the trip
Type of
road user
considered
Route 1
Peak Hours
(1856 hours)
Temeke
mwisho
Gongo la
mboto
Truck
(TATA open
truck)
Non-Peak
Hours
(1122 hours)
Temeke
mwisho
Gongo la
mboto
Truck
(TATA open
truck)
Route 2
Peak Hours
(0835)
Clock
tower(Posta)
Pugu
kinyamwezi
Truck
(Closedtipper truck )
Non-Peak
Hours
(1347 hours)
Clock
tower(Pos
ta)
Pugu
kinyamwe
zi
Truck(Closedtipper truck )
Trucks used during data collection and solidwaste transportation
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A l i d li ti f t k iti d d d t
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Analysis and applications of truck position and speed data
Time of the datacollected
Route speed (Km/hr)
Route 1 Maxspeed(km/hr)
Minspeed
(km/hr)
Averagespeed(km/hr)
Travelspeed(km/hr)
Delaytime(sec)
PeakHours
Evening
(1835Hrs)48.96 0 17.56 23.609 1153
Non-PeakHours
Morning
(1122Hrs)66.24 0 24.43 25.757 263
Route 2 Peak
HoursEvening
(1558Hrs)51.8 0 25.37 20.147 3183
Non-PeakHours
Afternoon
(1323Hrs)61.2 0 21.14 17.658 2575
Source ( field data)
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Truck Speed on the selected roads
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Truck Speed on the selected roads
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The dynamic feature of the GPS data collected when exported into the Google Earth
Dynamic vehicles featureswhen running
Traffic Delay of the road users on selected route during Transportation of
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Traffic Delay of the road users on selected route during Transportation ofsolid wastes
Route 1 Time of the datacollected
Timeused(sec)
Requiredtime(sec))
Delay time(sec)
PeakHours
Evening
(1835Hrs)2185 1032 1153
Non-Peak
Hours
Morning
(1122Hrs)2001 1032 969
Route 2 PeakHours
Evening
(1558Hrs)
4921 1738 3183
Non-Peak
Hours
Afternoon
(1323Hrs)4313 1738 2575
Source ( field data)
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Causes of traffic congestion in the study area
Many private vehicles on theseroutes:
Shift of transport mode, from
public to private transport lead
to the increased number of
private cars on roads, in thestudy area, while the
improvement of road network
capacity to cope with this
increase is definitely stagnant
to the traffic demand Showing private cars caught in the traffic jam during morning hours
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Causes of traffic congestion in the study area cont..
Poor existing roads surfaceconditions to some roads
Poor operating and maintenance of the
roads near by the dump site (Pugu
kinyamwezi) Although the route
selected is paved but for the roadwhich approaching to the dump site
in unpaved which and is poor
operation and maintained which
cusses the delay of trucks especially
during rain seasons.Solid waste trucks in the traffic jam nearto the dump site
Causes of traffic congestion in the study area cont
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Lack of alternative routes in the
study area:
According to the physical
observation conducted on some
area within the case study area it
shows that there is limited numberof routes used in transportation of
solid wastes from nearly
secondary collection points to the
city dump site which leads a lot of
difficult especially during peak
time
Poor city planning:
Causes of traffic congestion in the study area cont..
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Best time
Non-Peak Hours0930-1530
Night time2200 -0530
Best time required for transportation of solid wastes
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
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CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
From the data collected using handheld GPS its found that there is the
variation of vehicle speed and
position. And this speed variation is
due to the following reasons
When the vehicle approaching the
bus bay
Approaching to the junction
Approaching the traffic queue
Road surface (dirty surface of the
road due to distresses especially the
road approaching to the dump site).
Also both municipality should
transport solid wastes during non peak
hours (0930-1530) and during night
time (2200-0530) in order to minimize
to loss of fuel and time , as well as to
minimize the accumulation of wastes
to the secondary collection points.
Conclusions
CONCLUSION cont
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Also from finding ,it found that
there is no alternative routes for
transporting solid wastes
especially during peak hours
when the traffic jam is high, sothat the truck will be able to
cover more than four trips per
day compared to the existing
when the truck cover the
maximum of two trips only.
Both municipality should use
the GIS data base for operation
and management of solid
wastes which describe all
roads within the municipality
especially in case of
transportation and secondary
collection from generation points.
CONCLUSION cont..
RECOMMENDATIONS cont
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The government authority should increase the number collection trucks and
solid waste collection contractors so as to increase the amount of waste
collected per day compared with the amount of solid wastes generated.
Poor solid waste secondary collection and transportation should be not be
looked at a narrow perspective, it requires a lot of strategic plan which
incorporate community and technical personnel so as to reduce risks and
negative effects on public health and the environment.
GIS has to be introduced in solid waste secondary collection and
transportation by contractors, municipal and city councils in order to ease
information management and able to manage huge spatial and non spatial
data.
RECOMMENDATIONS cont
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-THANK YOU-Contact:
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