Opportunities for Opportunities for Water EfficiencyWater Efficiency
State Agencies & UniversitiesState Agencies & Universities
Sharron Rogers/Rusty Harris-Bishop/Terry AlbrechtSharron Rogers/Rusty Harris-Bishop/Terry AlbrechtGovernment Agency Environmental Sustainability Government Agency Environmental Sustainability CoordinatorCoordinatorNC Div. Pollution Prevention and Environmental AssistanceNC Div. Pollution Prevention and Environmental Assistance
Utility Saving Initiative – USIUtility Saving Initiative – USI&& Water System Protection EO Water System Protection EO
NC Drought Status
NC Water Use NC Water Use RestrictionsRestrictions
Emergency RestrictionsEmergency Restrictions– 6 Water Systems6 Water Systems
Voluntary RestrictionsVoluntary Restrictions– 122 Water Systems122 Water Systems
September 9, 2002
Mandatory RestrictionsMandatory Restrictions–76 Water Systems76 Water Systems
Executive Order #26Executive Order #26 Water System ProtectionWater System Protection
All state government agencies discontinue “non-essential” water use until further notice
All such agencies immediately develop and begin implementing long term, financially feasible conservation measures
Signed August 15, 2002Signed August 15, 2002
Definition of Definition of “Non-Essential” Water Use“Non-Essential” Water Use Do not have any health or safety Do not have any health or safety
impacts; impacts; Are not required by regulation; Are not required by regulation;
and and Are not needed to meet the core Are not needed to meet the core
functions of the agencyfunctions of the agency
Examples of Examples of ‘non-essential’ water use‘non-essential’ water use
Irrigation of lawns and Irrigation of lawns and ornamental plants; ornamental plants;
Washing cars, off-road Washing cars, off-road equipment, and other equipment, and other vehicles unless necessary vehicles unless necessary for operator safety; for operator safety;
Washing of all building Washing of all building exteriors, outside structures, exteriors, outside structures, streets, sidewalks and streets, sidewalks and parking lots; parking lots;
Operation of all inside and Operation of all inside and outside decorative pools and outside decorative pools and fountains; fountains;
Routine watering of athletic Routine watering of athletic fields; fields;
Recreational water uses Recreational water uses such as swimming pools; such as swimming pools;
Dust suppression with water Dust suppression with water sources other than treated sources other than treated wastewater; wastewater;
Operating hoses without Operating hoses without hand-operated nozzles; hand-operated nozzles;
Using hoses for clean up (i.e. Using hoses for clean up (i.e. do not use hose as a broom), do not use hose as a broom), unless required by health unless required by health code; code;
Washing partial loads in Washing partial loads in washing machines and washing machines and dishwashers; dishwashers;
Non-essential ice machines; Non-essential ice machines; Don’t supply tap water at Don’t supply tap water at
eating establishments unless eating establishments unless requested; requested;
Leaks, drips and other water Leaks, drips and other water losseslosses. .
Low & No-Cost Low & No-Cost MeasuresMeasures Install aerators on all Install aerators on all
faucets faucets Put water-filled plastic Put water-filled plastic
bottles (milk jugs) or bottles (milk jugs) or dams in toilet tanksdams in toilet tanks
Install low flow Install low flow showerheads and other showerheads and other plumbing equipment plumbing equipment
Reduce water pressure Reduce water pressure Reduce water flow rates Reduce water flow rates
at lavatory faucets and at lavatory faucets and at tank-less toilet valves at tank-less toilet valves
Turn off water-using Turn off water-using equipment when not in equipment when not in useuse
Reduce or eliminate Reduce or eliminate once-through cooling once-through cooling water water
Turn off air handling and Turn off air handling and cooling towers at nights cooling towers at nights and on weekendsand on weekends
Attach shut-off nozzles Attach shut-off nozzles to all hand held hosesto all hand held hoses
Sweep instead of using Sweep instead of using a hose to clean and a hose to clean and implement other dry implement other dry cleanup techniques cleanup techniques
Minimize garbage Minimize garbage disposal use disposal use
Long Term Long Term Conservation/Efficiency Conservation/Efficiency Programs:Programs: Delegation of authority Delegation of authority Inventory water uses Inventory water uses Identification and tracking of daily water use Identification and tracking of daily water use
– Establishment of a Baseline – Establishment of a Baseline Detection & repair of leaks Detection & repair of leaks Installation of water conservation Installation of water conservation
devices/equipment/fixtures as feasible devices/equipment/fixtures as feasible Employee education and awareness program Employee education and awareness program Form a rapid response system for fixing leaks Form a rapid response system for fixing leaks
and replacing malfunction equipment and replacing malfunction equipment
State Agencies ActionsState Agencies Actions Exec Order 26 Water System Exec Order 26 Water System
Protection ParticipationProtection Participation Voluntary Compliance with Local Voluntary Compliance with Local
Government RestrictionsGovernment Restrictions Establish Baseline Water UseEstablish Baseline Water Use Prepare for USI participationPrepare for USI participation
DID YOU KNOW DID YOU KNOW N C State Government. . .N C State Government. . . Owns <12,500 buildingsOwns <12,500 buildings Manages <82 million sq ft of Manages <82 million sq ft of
buildingsbuildings 35 facilities with NPDES waste water 35 facilities with NPDES waste water
discharge permitsdischarge permits 4.2 MGPD of waste water permitted4.2 MGPD of waste water permitted 149 hazardous waste generators149 hazardous waste generators 516K acres land managed516K acres land managed > 140 m miles per yr traveled> 140 m miles per yr traveled
NC Project GreenNC Project Green
North Carolina State Government’s Contribution North Carolina State Government’s Contribution to Environmental Sustainabilityto Environmental Sustainability
www.SustainableNC.org www.SustainableNC.org Executive Order #156Executive Order #156
NC Government NC Government “Business” Activities“Business” Activities
PurchasingPurchasing Office OperationsOffice Operations TransportationTransportation
Fleet Fleet Maintenance/Maintenance/ProcurementProcurement
Landscaping/Landscaping/Agricultural OpsAgricultural Ops
Facility Facility ManagementManagement
ManufacturingManufacturingConstruction/Construction/LeasingLeasing Food ServiceFood Service
Water Balance – Water Balance – TypicalTypical
School and Universities
Domestic48%Landscaping
30%
Unaccounted for4%
Cooling & Heating
5%
Once through Cooling
5%
Kitchen4%
Laundry3%
Leaks1%
Benefits of Water Benefits of Water Efficiency ProgramsEfficiency Programs
Reduces Water DemandReduces Water Demand– Generally faster, cheaper & easier Generally faster, cheaper & easier
Waste and Wastewater Treatment SavingsWaste and Wastewater Treatment Savings– Reduce and defers costs & pretreatment req.Reduce and defers costs & pretreatment req.
Less Environmental ImpactLess Environmental Impact– Due to less surface and subsurface withdrawalsDue to less surface and subsurface withdrawals
Sustained Water QualitySustained Water Quality– New supplies can be of lesser qualityNew supplies can be of lesser quality
Planning forPlanning forWater EfficiencyWater Efficiency Information CollectionInformation Collection Top management supportTop management support Determine internal baselines and/or external Determine internal baselines and/or external
benchmarksbenchmarks Determine target areasDetermine target areas Determine best available techniques and Determine best available techniques and
technologies -advantages & disadvantages projectstechnologies -advantages & disadvantages projects Develop Action plan with timelines & Develop Action plan with timelines &
responsibilitiesresponsibilities Track & Communicate ResultsTrack & Communicate Results
Establishing a BaselineEstablishing a Baseline Record incoming water and production
information. Identify all points and amounts of water
use (intermittent and continuous). Determine water quality requirements for
each area of water use. Develop a chart of the various operations
and the estimated daily water use.
Water Management Water Management OptionsOptions
Sanitary/DomesticSanitary/Domestic Cooling & HeatingCooling & Heating Kitchen/Food Preparation Kitchen/Food Preparation Cleaning & Rinsing Cleaning & Rinsing ReuseReuse LandscapingLandscaping
Sanitary/Domestic Sanitary/Domestic EfficiencyEfficiency
Driving Factor - 1992 Energy Policy ActDriving Factor - 1992 Energy Policy Act Toilet RetrofitsToilet Retrofits
– displacement devices, flapper valve, displacement devices, flapper valve, inserts... inserts...
1.6 gpf Toilets 1.6 gpf Toilets – gravity, flushvalve, pressurized flush gravity, flushvalve, pressurized flush
unitsunits 1.0 gpf Urinals1.0 gpf Urinals Maintenance ChecklistsMaintenance Checklists
Payback for Toilet Payback for Toilet ReplacementsReplacements
Payback for 1.6 gpf Toilet Replacements(for 1980 to mid 1990 3.5 gpf tank units)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
95 105 115 125 135 145 155 165 175 185 195 205 215 225 235 245 255 265 275 285 295 305 315
Installed Cost ($//toilet)
Payb
ack
(yea
rs)
Users/toilet 5
Users/toilet 8
Users/toilet 11
Users/toilet 14
Ensuring a Successful Toilet Ensuring a Successful Toilet Replacement ProjectReplacement Project Replace highest Replace highest
use toilets firstuse toilets first Select type Select type
carefullycarefully Know Know
sewer/sanitary sewer/sanitary infrastructureinfrastructure
Base decisions on Base decisions on current modelscurrent models
Educate Educate employees toilet employees toilet trash can trash can
Check referencesCheck references Consider noise Consider noise
levelslevels Plan for legal Plan for legal
disposal/disposal/recycling optionsrecycling options
Domestic/Sanitary Domestic/Sanitary ContinuedContinued
FaucetsFaucets– aerators, flow restrictor, aerators, flow restrictor, automatic automatic
& metered shut-offs& metered shut-offs– Payback .05-.7 yrsPayback .05-.7 yrs
ShowerheadsShowerheads– behavior, leaks, replacementsbehavior, leaks, replacements– Payback .25-2.5 yrsPayback .25-2.5 yrs
Infrared/Ultrasonic SensorsInfrared/Ultrasonic Sensors Waterless UrinalsWaterless Urinals
Cooling & HeatingCooling & Heating
Cooling tower schematic
Cooling Tower Water Cooling Tower Water BalanceBalance
blowdown (TDS or µmhos) Concentration Ratio =
make-up (TDS or µmhos)
Blowdown OptimizationBlowdown Optimization
Concentration ratio is typically 2-3Concentration ratio is typically 2-3 Can be increased to 6 or moreCan be increased to 6 or more
– e.g. increasing CR from 2 to 6 will saving 40% of make-e.g. increasing CR from 2 to 6 will saving 40% of make-up waterup water
Dependant on feedwater qualityDependant on feedwater quality– pH, TDS, alkalinity , conductivity, hardness, pH, TDS, alkalinity , conductivity, hardness,
microorganismsmicroorganisms Sub-meteringSub-metering Conductivity controllersConductivity controllers
Cooling Water TreatmentCooling Water Treatment
Sulfuric Acid TreatmentSulfuric Acid Treatment Side-stream filtrationSide-stream filtration OzoneOzone MagnetsMagnets Alternative Source of Make-upAlternative Source of Make-up
Work with your service contractors
Boiler Water Boiler Water ManagementManagement Chemical metering systemsChemical metering systems Biocide selectionBiocide selection Improved blowdown techniques Improved blowdown techniques
(total dissolved solids >= (total dissolved solids >= 2000 ppm)2000 ppm)
Optimizing temperature Optimizing temperature requirementsrequirements
Kitchen & Food PrepKitchen & Food Prep & Dishwashers & Dishwashers
BehavioralBehavioral– educate staffeducate staff– report leaksreport leaks– run racks only when fullrun racks only when full
MechanicalMechanical– recycle final rinse waterrecycle final rinse water– use “electric eye” sensors on conveyor use “electric eye” sensors on conveyor
systemssystems– use properly sized dishwashersuse properly sized dishwashers
Dishwasher Water UseDishwasher Water UseTypical Water Use of Commercial Dishwashers
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
ucounter
singledoor
clineconv
flightconv
Type
gals/rack
max.
min.
Kitchen & Food PrepKitchen & Food PrepOther Water Use OptionOther Water Use Option Kitchen FaucetsKitchen Faucets
– leaks, aerators, pedal operated controllersleaks, aerators, pedal operated controllers Pre-rinse SprayersPre-rinse Sprayers
– 1.6 to 2.65 gpm models available1.6 to 2.65 gpm models available Ice-making MachinesIce-making Machines
– Air Cooled (<50 gal/100 lbs. ice) Air Cooled (<50 gal/100 lbs. ice) vs. vs. Water Cooled (120-300 gal/100 lbs. ice)Water Cooled (120-300 gal/100 lbs. ice)
Garbage Disposal UseGarbage Disposal Use
Cleaning and RinsingCleaning and RinsingEfficient Washing/Sanitation Efficient Washing/Sanitation TechniquesTechniques Conduct “Dry Cleanup” First Conduct “Dry Cleanup” First
– Use Use squeegeessqueegees, brooms, shovels, vacuums; , brooms, shovels, vacuums; collect residuals for reuse/recycle collect residuals for reuse/recycle
Low Volume - High Pressure NozzlesLow Volume - High Pressure Nozzles Air-Assisted NozzlesAir-Assisted Nozzles Flow RestrictorsFlow Restrictors Automatic Shut-offs, TimersAutomatic Shut-offs, Timers Proper Equipment, Technique, & TrainingProper Equipment, Technique, & Training
– (e.g. do not use a hose as a broom)(e.g. do not use a hose as a broom)
Other Process Other Process Water Reuse MeasuresWater Reuse Measures
Reuse of once through, non-contact Reuse of once through, non-contact cooling water for next process bath or for cooling water for next process bath or for pre-heatpre-heat
Reuse of oil/water separator filtrate for Reuse of oil/water separator filtrate for mop water or paint booth water curtainsmop water or paint booth water curtains
Use of reverse osmosis reject water for Use of reverse osmosis reject water for cooling tower make-upcooling tower make-up
Condensate recovery & reuseCondensate recovery & reuse Other ideas?Other ideas?
LandscapingLandscaping Water Efficiency Water Efficiency
NaturescapingNaturescaping– Planning & DesignPlanning & Design– Soil Analysis & Soil Analysis &
ImprovementImprovement– Proper Plant Proper Plant
SelectionSelection– Practical Turf AreasPractical Turf Areas– Efficient IrrigationEfficient Irrigation– Use MulchesUse Mulches– Proper MaintenanceProper Maintenance– Watering GuidanceWatering Guidance
Remember the Typical Remember the Typical Institutional Water Institutional Water BalanceBalance
School and Universities
Domestic48%Landscaping
30%
Unaccounted for4%
Cooling & Heating
5%
Once through Cooling
5%
Kitchen4%
Laundry3%
Leaks1%
The Cost of WaterThe Cost of Water
Units of water X $/unit (water) Units of water X $/unit (sewerage charge )
= Your water bill
Top Water Efficiency MeasuresTop Water Efficiency Measures
Recycle waterRecycle water Improve maintenance Improve maintenance
to replace partsto replace parts Use domestic water Use domestic water
efficiency measuresefficiency measures Change operational Change operational
practicespractices Adjust cooling tower Adjust cooling tower
blowdownblowdown Repair leaksRepair leaks
Reduce irrigation Reduce irrigation schedulesschedules
Adjust equipmentAdjust equipment Install spray nozzlesInstall spray nozzles Install/replace Install/replace
automatic shut-offsautomatic shut-offs Reduce dishwasher Reduce dishwasher
loadsloads Turn off equipment Turn off equipment
when not in usewhen not in use
What utilities do?What utilities do?
Water Conservation DriversWater Conservation Drivers– Ordinance / Stage statusOrdinance / Stage status– ““excess use” surchargesexcess use” surcharges– Enforcement & Civil PenaltiesEnforcement & Civil Penalties
NegotiateNegotiate
What can utility staff What can utility staff do?do? Promote AwarenessPromote Awareness
Media CoverageMedia CoverageHighlighting the ChampionsHighlighting the ChampionsBilling insertsBilling insertsWebsiteWebsite
CommunicationsCommunications– Business RoundtablesBusiness Roundtables– Council Sessions Council Sessions – ““Tell us what you are Tell us what you are
doing?” on websitedoing?” on website
What can outsiders What can outsiders do?do?
On-site AssistanceOn-site Assistance
– In-houseIn-houseUsing Self Assessment Checklist, Using Self Assessment Checklist,
Data surveys, benchmarking, Data surveys, benchmarking, etcetc
– Division of Pollution Division of Pollution Prevention & WRPPrevention & WRP
Vendors & Vendors & SuppliersSuppliers
Things to RememberThings to Remember
Industry regulatory requirements: Industry regulatory requirements: USDA, FDA, Local health USDA, FDA, Local health requirementsrequirements
Local building codes, fire safetyLocal building codes, fire safety EPA/State – water reuse rules, EPA/State – water reuse rules,
impacts to dischargeimpacts to discharge Customer / Product quality Customer / Product quality
expectations & requirementsexpectations & requirements
Things to AskThings to AskYourselfYourself Do we have continuing senior Do we have continuing senior
management commitment?management commitment? Do we have the information we need?Do we have the information we need? Have we established a team?Have we established a team? Do we have an Action Plan & schedule?Do we have an Action Plan & schedule? How are we promoting awareness?How are we promoting awareness? How are we encouraging How are we encouraging
employee/student participation?employee/student participation? Are contingency plans in the works?Are contingency plans in the works?
ResourcesResources Technical Assistance & On-site AssessmentsTechnical Assistance & On-site Assessments -NCDPPEA – Ron Pridgeon, (919) 715-6517, -NCDPPEA – Ron Pridgeon, (919) 715-6517, ronron
..pridgeonpridgeon@@ncmailncmail.net.net-Terry Albrecht (828) 251-6622, -Terry Albrecht (828) 251-6622, [email protected]@ncmail.net
Fact Sheets, Checklists, Manuals, PostersFact Sheets, Checklists, Manuals, Posters www.SustainableNC.org/water.htmwww.SustainableNC.org/water.htm
NC Drought Information:NC Drought Information: www.ncwater.orgwww.ncwater.org State Agency Mandates:State Agency Mandates: www.SustainableNC.orgwww.SustainableNC.org
Checklists • Office Buildings • Dormitory/Group Living Operations • Food Service Operations • Hospitals/Medical Facilities • Industrial Laundering Operations • Landscaping/Irrigation • Schools • & bunch of Factsheets
Posters • Water Conservation Poster• Water Conservation Workplace Tips• Poster Water Conservation Message• Drip Reporting
Checklists and Posters
www.SustainableNC.org/water.htm
What Contingency Measures What Contingency Measures are we seeing in NC?are we seeing in NC?1. Shutting down of all restrooms, food 1. Shutting down of all restrooms, food
preparation areas and water fountains.preparation areas and water fountains.2. Putting portable restroom facilities in use.2. Putting portable restroom facilities in use.3. Making bottled water available to employees.3. Making bottled water available to employees.4. Drilling wells to supply water to 4. Drilling wells to supply water to
manufacturing processes.manufacturing processes.5. Bringing in water by tanker truck from 5. Bringing in water by tanker truck from
geographical areas with more abundant water geographical areas with more abundant water supplies.supplies.
6. Treating and recycling waste water generated 6. Treating and recycling waste water generated by the manufacturing process back into the by the manufacturing process back into the manufacturing process and/or cooling towers.manufacturing process and/or cooling towers.
"When the well is dry,
we know the worth of water."--Benjamin Franklin
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