Carbohydratesstarches and sugars
most calories for most people
wheat, rice, oats, corn,…
Contain:
Cn(H2O)n
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Carbohydrates
building blocks are called:
monosaccharides
aka., simple sugars
e.g., glucose, fructose
Carbohydrates
glycogen
starch
cellulose plant, unbranched
plant, branched
animal, branched
All made from glucose
Why do we need glucose ?
ingestive heterotrophs
cellular respiration
glucose + O2 H20 + CO2 + ATPenergy
lipids (fats, oils, steroids)
molecules that do not mix with water
made of hydrocarbon chains
non-polar
Some other molecules are “polar” and will mix well with water:
hydrophilic
Some molecules are not polar (non-polar) and don’t mix well with water:
hydrophobic
Proteins:
Functions:
structure
protection
collagen, keratin
antibodies
enzymes DNA Polymerase
transport through membrane
Fiber
not a source of calories
helps “move” stuff through gut
lower blood cholesterol
carbohydrate (cellulose)
“vegetarian” vs. omnivore
plants material are good sources for most nutrients except:
meat-avoiders meat-eaters
balance of amino acids
vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin)
REVIEW
Chapter 10 Nutrition
A. Human nutritional requirements
– Macronutrients
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids
– Micronutrients
vitamins and minerals
B. Digestive system– Anatomy and chemistry– absorbing nutrients– Cellular respiration
Digestion
chemical breakdown food using enzymes
physically break food into smaller pieces
vs
mechanical
Protein digestion:
small intestine
protein peptidestrypsin
(pancreas)
peptides amino acidspeptidase
blood
(small intestine)
Absorption
from “gut” into body
some large particles are transported
endocytosis
(exocytosis)
Fig. 10-11d
Chapter 10 Nutrition
A. Human nutritional requirements
– Macronutrients
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids
– Micronutrients
vitamins and minerals
B. Digestive system– Anatomy and chemistry– absorbing nutrients– Cellular respiration
Production of energy
Remember cellular respiration?
Cellular respiration (includes Kreb’s cycle):
Glucose + O2 CO2 + H2O + ATP (energy)
Production of energy
cellular respiration
three subpathways
glycolysis
Kreb’s cycle
Electron transport chain
three subpathways
glycolysis
Kreb’s cycle
Electron transport chain
use glucose
make CO2
use O2
Cellular respiration
Glucose CO2 (energy)ATP+H2O+O2+
make H2Omake ATP
Chapter 10 Nutrition
A. Human nutritional requirements
– Macronutrients
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids
– Micronutrients
vitamins and minerals
B. Digestive system– Anatomy and chemistry– absorbing nutrients– Cellular respiration
Chapter 10 Nutrition
C. Circulatory system– Anatomy – distributing nutrients– Cardiovascular disease
D. Malnutrition and Poor health
Circulatory system
Blood
platletswhite blood cells
red blood cellsCells:
(plasma; water, protein, ions, etc.)Fluid
transport O2
immune systemblood clotting
Circulatory system
Vessels
veins
carry blood from heartarteriescarry blood to heart
capillaries exchange of materials
Circulatory system
Heart
4 valves
R + L atria
4 chambers
R + L ventricles
receive blood
pump blood
2 AV valves
2 semilunar valves
Circulatory system
Two circuits
pulmonary
O2-rich blood from left ventricle
systemic
out to the systems of the body
to lungs to exchange gasesO2-poor blood from the right venticle
Figure 10.14 CO2
O2
O2CO2
lungs(air)
cells
externalrespiration
internalrespiration
internalrespiration
alveolus
high O2
low CO2
externalrespiration
internalrespiration
high O2
low CO2
low O2
high CO2
low O2
high CO2
cells/tissuesair
low O2
high CO2
high O2
low CO2
Circulatory system
Heart
Signal to beat comes from withinBeats about 1/second
pacemaker
Has its own blood vesselscoronary vessels
Cardiovascular Disease
Heart and/or vessels
number one cause of death/year
Risk factors:
gendergeneticshypertension
Behavior:
smokingdiet (bad)exercise (lack of)stress
epidemiology
study of disease factors in large populations
AustrailiaNew ZealandUSA
high meat intake
(saturated fats)
high incidence of CV disease
Mediterranean countries
olive oil(unsaturated fats)
lower incidence of CV disease
Japan
Japanese in Hawaii or CA
low consumption of saturated
fats
lower incidence of CV disease
higher consumption of saturated
fats
higher incidence of CV disease
Lipid transport
Lipids-not soluble in H2OBlood is mostly H2O
Carrier proteins in blood
HDL
LDL
high-density lipoprotein
low-density lipoprotein
Lipid transport
Lipids-not soluble in H2OBlood is mostly H2O
Carrier proteins in blood
HDL
LDL
carry cholesterol from tissue
carry cholesterol to tissue
Lipid transport
Lipids-not soluble in H2OBlood is mostly H2O
Carrier proteins in blood
HDL
LDL
“good”
“bad”
ratio(1)
(4)
Malnutrition
Industrialized nations
obesity
too many calories
too much high-fat food
diet
reduce calorieintake
exercise
increase calories used
+BALANCE
“When she weighed 65 kg (140 pounds), Melanie thought of herself as fat and ugly. Her menstrual periods stopped when her weight dropped to 45 kg (100 pounds). Now that she weighs 40 kg (90 pounds), all her friends tell her she is too skinny, but she is sure they are wrong because she still thinks of herself as chubby. She wants to lose even more weight. Melanie has an eating disorder called anorexia nervosa. Her body is not getting the nutrition it needs. She could die the the situation remains untreated.” (BT3, pg. 326)
BMI body mass index
[ ]weight/height2
pounds/inches2 x 703.7
weight/height2
kg/m2
>=25 overweight>=30 obese
Chapter 10 Nutrition
A. Human nutritional requirements
– Macronutrients
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids
– Micronutrients
vitamins and minerals
B. Digestive system– Anatomy and chemistry– absorbing nutrients– Cellular respiration
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