Nutrition And Management Strategies In Livestock
Production
Awosanmi Olugbenga Ph.D., M.B.A.
General Manager
Folawiyo Farms Ltd, Ilora
Goals Of Livestock Production
• To produce meat, milk,egg &fish as food items
• A very large and global industry
WORLD FEED PRODUCTION
Projected Animal and Poultry Feed Production for 1997(M
tonnes) World
USA
Canada
Mexico
Brazil
S.America
China
Asia Europe
Total 600
140
12 2 18 40 50 100 120
Poultry
200
46 4 5 6 15 20 30 32
Nutrition
• Basis for sound health and profitable livestock production
• 70% of Total Production Costs in Intensive Animal Production Systems
• Profits is frequently only 12-15% of total feed costs
• Importance underlined by changing concepts- Optimum Nutrition, Total Nutrition.
Production Costs Frozen Chicken %
• Doc 28.65• Feed 43.58• Drugs &Vaccines
9.15• Overheads 11.56• Energy 4.03• Labour 1.85• Miscellaneous 1.18
Production Costs Eggs %
• Feed 54.29• Labour 2.09• Drugs & Vaccines
0.16• Overheads 39.70• Miscellaneous 3.76
TOTAL NUTRITION
• NUTRIENTS• Carbohydrates• Fats• Minerals• Proteins• Vitamins• Water
• NUTRICINES
• Antioxidants(Bht/Bha)
• Colours(Carophyll)
• Emulsifiers(Lecithin)
• Enzymes(Roxazyme G)
• Flavours(Essential oils)
• Organic acids(Biotronic)
TOTAL NUTRITION contd
• NUTRIENTS are the generally recognized components of feed such as Carbohydrates etc
• NUTRICINES are components of feeds that exert a beneficial effect upon health and metabolism, yet are not direct nutrients
Nutrition In Practice1
• Quality of Feed Ingredients
-adulteration (oyster-shells/bone-meal mixed with sand)
-GNC with shell
- methionine with starch
- moist maize with dry maize
Nutrition In Practice 2
• High bacteria load(colliforms,salmonella,etc– Blood-meal, fish-meal esp 65%,Bone-meal
Nutrition In Practice 3
• Mycotoxin contamination(Aflatoxins, Ochratoxins,Fumonisins,Tricothecenes etc)
Groundnut cake, Maize
Use of Mycotoxin binders/detoxifiers
• Vitamin mineral premix potency/expiry(cold storage, procurement in small batches)
Proximate Analysis Of Some Ingredients On Farm
No
Sample C.P.% Energy Kcal/kg
Fat%
C.F.%
Ca % P %
Aflatoxin (ppb)
1. Maize 370
2. Wheat 11.65 3106 1.5 3.5 - - -
3. Rice Meal
11.21 3800 28.5 5.5 - - -
4. Biscuit Crumbs
7.44 3502.55 - 2.18 - - -
5. Biscuit Crumbs
8.76 3432 - - - - -
6. PKC 17.51 2755 20 - - - -
7. Limestone
- - - - 38.9 - -
8. GNC 39.79 2721 11.5 16.5 - - 320
9. GNC 41.03 - - - - - -
10 GNC - - - - - - 284
11 GNC - - - - - - 228
12 GNC - - - - - - 200
13 GNC 50.94 - - - - - -
14 GNC - - - - - - 50
15 GNC - - - - - - 45.6
16 GNC - - - - - - 62
17 GNC - - - - - - 344
18 GNC - - - - - - 322
19 GNC - - - - - - 20
20 Norms GNC
40min 2680 5.5 8.0max
20chicks 100adults
21 SBM 47.91 - - 9.87 - - -
22 SBC 47.22 - - - - - -
23 CSC 38.76 - - 11.47
- - -
24 CSC 39.4 - - - - - 42
Proximate Analysis Of Some Ingredients On Farm2
No. Sample C.P.%
Energy(Kcak/kg)
Fat%
C.F.%
Ca%
Aflatoxin(ppb)
6 PKC 17.51 2755 20 - - -
7 Limestone
- - - - 38.9 -
8 GNC 39.79 2721 11.5 16.5 - 320
9 GNC 41.03 - - - - -
Proximate Analysis of Some Ingredients On Farm3
No Sample
C.P. %
M.E. %
Fat %
C.F. %
Ca %
Aflatoxin(ppb)
10 GNC - - - - - 284
11 GNC - - - - - 228
12 GNC - - - - - 200
13 GNC 50.94 - - - - -
14 GNC - - - - - 50
15 GNC - - - - - 45.6
16 GNC - - - - - 62
Proximate Analysis of Some Ingredients On Farm4
No Sample C.P. %
ME(kcal/kg)
Fat %
C.F. %
Ca %
Aflatoxin(ppb)
17 GNC - - - - - 344
18 GNC - - - - - 322
19 GNC - - - - - 20
20 GNC - - - - - 45.6
21 GNC - - - - - 62
NormsGNC
40min 2680min
5.5 8.0max
20chicks100adults
Nutrition In Practice 4
• Ration Formulation to meet specifications• Least cost programmes• Spread sheet short cut• Calorie/protein ratio• Mix of ingredients for balance e.g protein- soybean meal/fish- meal/cotton
seedcake/groundnut cake/palmkernel cake Minerals-Limestone/oyster shell Bone-meal/calcium di-phosphate
Nutrition In Practice 5
• Ensure proper/adequate mixing(15mins for vertical mixers)
• Ensure appropriate particle size• Use of Alternative Ingredients
Maize-Wheat/Rice-meal/ Biscuit crumbs
.Use of oil for broilers also for large egg size(linoleic acid), good for dry season because of heat increment, full fat soya very useful
Nutrition In Practice 6
• Monitoring of feed intake• Effect of heat stress- feeding in cool hours of the day• Adjutment of nutrient levels to make up for drop in
intake• Use of ice blocks, vitamin C, planting of shade trees• Freshness of feed• Palatability• Availability of clean water• Pelleting of feed
MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
• Geo-climatic changes due to Ozone layer depletion(green-house effect) exerting environmental stress
• Ambient temperatures peaks @ 39-40 oC often with high RH
• Results in high mortality and heavy production losses
Panacea
• Environmental control
• Tunnel ventillation
• Ceiling fans
• Poly-urethane under coating of roof
• Alluminium/asbestos roofing
• Thatching of roof
Management Strategies 2
• Optimum size/scale of operations
• With declining profit margins, volume becomes a matter of must (mega size)
Management Strategies 3
• Integration to various extents from backward to forward very useful
• Diversification into complementary areas
• Poultry and Aquaculture
• Waste to wealth
• Table fish-Fingerling production- Fish feed production
• Feed raw materials- Feed production
Diversification
• Aquaculture
Pond construction
• Excellent returns
Diversification
• Fingerling Hatchery
Fingerling Hatchery
• High pottentials
Fingerling Production
Diversification
• Fish pellets production
Diversification
• Fish feed production
Diversification
• Crop processing• Multi-grain thresher• Nova Technologies
Diversification
• Snail Rearing
Diversification
• Ruminant production
Diversification
• Cattle
Forward Integration
• Marketing• Wholesale• Retail
Backward Integration
• Hedge against inflation
• Efficient utilization of resources
Environmental Control
• Good cost recovery• Sahlmet- Germany
Management Strategy
• Environmental control• Roof thatching
Training
• Management retreat• In-house, external
training• Net-working with
stake holders• International trade
fairs/ courses
Health Management
• Becoming very challenging with increasing disease risks, build-up of disease resistance ,poor quality of inputs(doc, vaccines,drugs,feed ingredients,spare-parts etc)
• Calls for dynamism with emphasis on prevention,biosecurity, and good technical back-up(serology, bacteriology and drug sensitivity tests)
Management Strategies
• Need to have good hold on competition,excellent customer service and efficient net-work for information and knowledge
• Need to participate actively in pressure group activities to protect interests and promote good interphase with policy makers and regulatory bodies
Thank You
• An invited paper presented at Animal Science Department, University Of Ibadan on Thursday,31st August 2006
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