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POPULATION�DEVELOPMENT�PHASE�..................................................................................................................�4�
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STUDY�ONE:�MLC�EFFECT�ON�EGG�DEVELOPMENT�..............................................................................................�9�
RESEARCH�QUESTION�STUDY�1�.........................................................................................................................................�9�RESULTS�STUDY�1�..........................................................................................................................................................�9�MATERIALS�AND�METHODS�STUDY�1�................................................................................................................................�9�TABLE�1:�LARVA�DEVELOPMENT�AND�SURVIVAL�DATA�FOR�STUDY�1�.....................................................................................�10�PICTURE�1.1:�FIRST/LATER�PUPAL�STAGE,�CONTROL�S1C01�AFTER�13�DAYS�(TABLE�1)�............................................................�10�PICTURE�1.2:�FIRST/LATER�PUPAL�STAGE,�TREATMENT�S103�AFTER�13�DAYS�(TABLE�1)�..........................................................�11�SUMMARY�OF�STUDY�1�.................................................................................................................................................�11�
STUDY�TWO:�MLC�EFFECT�ON�POSTͲOVIPOSITION�EGG�MORTALITY�...................................................................�13�
RESEARCH�QUESTION�STUDY�2�.......................................................................................................................................�13�RESULTS�STUDY�2�........................................................................................................................................................�13�MATERIALS�AND�METHODS�STUDY�2�..............................................................................................................................�13�TABLE�2:�EGG�DEVELOPMENT�AND�ADULT�FLY�SURVIVAL�DATA�FOR�STUDY�2�.........................................................................�14�PICTURE�2.1:�FIRST/LATER�INSTAR,�TREATMENT�S201�AFTER�12�DAYS�(TABLE�2)�..................................................................�14�PICTURE�2.2:�FIRST/LATER�INSTAR,�CONTROL�S2C02�AFTER�12�DAYS�(TABLE�2)�...................................................................�15�SUMMARY�OF�STUDY�2�.................................................................................................................................................�15�
STUDY�THREE:�MLC�EFFECT�ON�OVIPOSITION�....................................................................................................�17�
RESEARCH�QUESTION�STUDY�3�.......................................................................................................................................�17�RESULTS�STUDY�3�........................................................................................................................................................�17�MATERIALS�AND�METHODS�STUDY�3�..............................................................................................................................�17�TABLE�3:�EGG�DEVELOPMENT�AND�ADULT�FLY�SURVIVAL�DATA�FOR�STUDY�3�.........................................................................�18�PICTURE�3.1:�OVIPOSITION,�CONTROL�S3C01�AFTER�8.5�DAYS�(TABLE�3)�............................................................................�18�PICTURE�3.2:�PREͲOVIPOSITION�ADULT�MORTALITY,�TREATMENT�S303�AFTER�8.5�DAYS�(TABLE�3)�..........................................�19�SUMMARY�OF�STUDY�3�.................................................................................................................................................�19�
STUDY�FOUR:��MLC�EFFECT�ON�FLY�HABITAT�......................................................................................................�20�
RESEARCH�QUESTION�STUDY�4�.......................................................................................................................................�20�RESULTS�STUDY�4�........................................................................................................................................................�20�MATERIALS�AND�METHODS�STUDY�4�..............................................................................................................................�20�TABLE�4:�LIFE�STAGE�SURVIVAL�DATA�FOR�STUDY�4�...........................................................................................................�22�PICTURE�4.1:�ALL�STAGES�THRIVING,�CONTROL�S4C01�AFTER�10�DAYS�(TABLE�4)�..................................................................�22�SUMMARY�OF�STUDY�4�.................................................................................................................................................�23�
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Table P.3 Population Development Phase Generation Three
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Picture P.2: Pupa in habitat (Table P.3)
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Page�10�of�23��
Table 1: Larva Development and Survival Data for Study 1
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Picture 1.1: First/later pupal stage, Control S1C01 after 13 days (Table 1)
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Page�11�of�23��
Picture 1.2: First/later pupal stage, Treatment S103 after 13 days (Table 1)
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Summary of Study 1
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��� (DFK�RI�WKH�IRXU�FKDPEHUV�ZHUH�WKHQ�REVHUYHG�IRU�VLJQV�RI�DFWLYLW\�LQFOXGLQJ�FRQWLQXHG�PRYHPHQW�RI�WKH�ODUYD��IHHGLQJ��SXSDWLRQ��DQG�PDWXULQJ�LQWR�DGXOW�IOLHV�DQG�WKH�REVHUYHG�GLIIHUHQFHV�EHWZHHQ�WKH�WUHDWPHQW�DQG�FRQWURO�FKDPEHUV�UHFRUGHG�LQ�7DEOH����
��� 'HYHORSPHQW�LQWR�SXSD�LQ�WKH�FRQWURO�FKDPEHUV�SURFHHGHG�DV�H[SHFWHG�ZLWK�������SHUFHQW�RI�WKH�ODUYD�LQ�WKH�ILUVW�RU�ODWHU�SXSDO�VWDJH�REVHUYHG�ZLWKLQ����GD\V�RI�WKH�WLPH�WKH�ODUYD�ZHUH�ILUVW�FRPPLQJOHG�DQG�WKH�VWXG\�EHJDQ���)XUWKHU������RI�WKH�ODUYD�HPHUJHG�DV�DGXOW�IOLHV�ZLWKLQ����GD\V�RI�WKH�VWDUW�RI�WKH�VWXG\��
��� 'HYHORSPHQW�LQ�WKH�7UHDWPHQW�FKDPEHUV�GLG�QRW�SURFHHG�VLJQLILFDQWO\���2QO\����SHUFHQW�RI�WKH�ODUYD�ZKHUH�LQ�WKH�ILUVW�RU�ODWHU�SXSDO�VWDJH�ZLWKLQ����GD\V�DIWHU�WKH�ODUYD�ZHUH�ILUVW�FRPPLQJOHG�DQG�WKH�VWXG\�EHJDQ���5HFDOO��WKHUH�ZHUH�DW�OHDVW������L�H��WKHUH�PD\�KDYH�EHHQ�FORVH�WR������LQ�WKH�SXSDO�VWDJH�DW�WKH�WLPH�RI�WUHDWPHQW����
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Page�12�of�23��
WUHDWPHQW�FKDPEHUV�DV�ZHOO�DV�WR�REVHUYH�WKH�FRQWURO�FKDPEHUV�IRU�DGKHUHQFH�WR�H[SHFWHG�JURZWK�SDWWHUQV��7DEOH�����
��� /DUYD�DQG�SXSD�LQ�WKH�FRQWURO�FKDPEHUV�FRQWLQXHG�WR�GHYHORS�ZLWK�DSSUR[LPDWHO\�����VXUYLYLQJ�WR�DGXOWKRRG��
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Page�13�of�23��
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Research Question Study 2��'RHV�WKH�SRVW�RYLSRVLWLRQ�DSSOLFDWLRQ�RI�3UHYHQWLQH�0/&�
RQWR�WKH�HJJV�DQG�KDELWDW�VXUIDFH�DUHD�HIIHFW�GHYHORSPHQW"�
Results Study 2��<HV��3UHYHQWLQH�0/&�FDXVHG�FRPSOHWH�PRUWDOLW\�RI�WUHDWHG�HJJV�LQ�DV�OLWWOH�DV����KRXUV��
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Materials and Methods Study 2
��� $�VDPSOH�RI����DGXOW�IOLHV�����PDOH�DQG����IHPDOH��ZDV�UDQGRPO\�FKRVHQ�IURP�
WKH�Adult Fly Test Population�FKDPEHU�3����DQG�SODFHG�LQ�HDFK�RI�IRXU�UDQGRPO\�
VHOHFWHG�VWXG\�FKDPEHUV��
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FRQWUROV�ZHUH�FKRVHQ�WR�EH�FKDPEHUV�WZR�DQG�WKUHH��7KHVH�IRXU�FKDPEHUV�ZHUH�
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3UHYHQWLQH�0&/�DQG�WDS�ZDWHU�SURGXFLQJ�D�PRLVW�VXUIDFH�LQVLGH�WKH�FKDPEHU�
LQFOXGLQJ�RYHU�WKH�KDELWDW��IOLHV�DQG�HJJV��&RQWURO�FKDPEHU�6�&���ZDV�PLVWHG�DW�
WKH�VDPH�WLPH�DV�WKH�WUHDWPHQW�FKDPEHUV�EXW�ZLWK�RQO\�WDS�ZDWHU��&RQWURO�
FKDPEHU�6�&���UHFHLYHG�QR�PLVWLQJ��
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FRQWLQXHG�PRYHPHQW�RI�WKH�IOLHV�DQG�GHYHORSPHQW�RI�WKH�HJJV���
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ZKHQ�DFWLYLW\�SHUPDQHQWO\�FHDVHG�DQG�IOLHV�ZHUH�LGHQWLILHG�DV�GHDG����
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Page�14�of�23��
Table 2: Egg Development and Adult Fly Survival data for Study 2
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2YLSRVLWLRQ�7DSHUHG��7UHDWPHQW�$SSOLHG��DIWHU�FXPXODWLYH�WLPH�ODSVH����������
3HUFHQW�ILUVW�ODWHU�,QVWDU��VWDJH�REVHUYHG�DIWHU�FXPXODWLYH�WLPH�ODSVH�RI����������
3HUFHQW�ILUVW�SXSDO�VWDJH�REVHUYHG�DIWHU�FXPXODWLYH�WLPH�ODSVH�RI����������
3HUFHQW�$GXOW�)OLHV�HPHUJLQJ�DIWHU�FXPXODWLYH�WLPH�ODSVH�RI����������
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Picture 2.1: First/Later Instar, Treatment S201 after 12 days (Table 2)
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Page�15�of�23��
Picture 2.2: First/Later Instar, Control S2C02 after 12 days (Table 2) �
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Summary of Study 2
��� $GXOW�IOLHV�ZHUH�SODFHG�LQ�IRXU�VWXG\�FKDPEHUV�ZLWK�KDELWDWV�VLPLODU�WR�ZKLFK�WKH\�ZRXOG�EH�REVHUYHG�LQ�QDWXUH��
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��� 7KH�WUHDWPHQW�FKDPEHUV�ZHUH�PLVWHG�ZKHQ�LW�DSSHDUHG�WKDW�RYLSRVLWLRQ�KDG�VXEVWDQWLDOO\�WDSHUHG��DSSUR[LPDWHO\����GD\V�DIWHU�WKH�IOLHV�ZHUH�FRPPLQJOHG�LQWR�WKHLU�UHVSHFWLYH�FKDPEHUV�DW�WKH�EHJLQQLQJ�RI�WKH�VWXG\�����
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Page�16�of�23��
FKDPEHUV�DV�ZHOO�DV�WR�REVHUYH�WKH�FRQWURO�FKDPEHUV�IRU�DGKHUHQFH�WR�H[SHFWHG�JURZWK�SDWWHUQV��
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Page�17�of�23��
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Research Question Study 3��'RHV�WKH�3UH�RYLSRVLWLRQ�DSSOLFDWLRQ�RI�3UHYHQWLQH�0/&�
RQWR�WKH�HJJV�DQG�KDELWDW�VXUIDFH�DUHD�HIIHFW�RYLSRVLWLRQ�DQG�IXUWKHU�GHYHORSPHQW"�
Results Study 3��<HV��3UHYHQWLQH�0/&�FDXVHG�FRPSOHWH�PRUWDOLW\�RI�DGXOW�IOLHV�LQ�DV�OLWWOH�DV����KRXUV�SUHYHQWLQJ�RYLSRVLWLRQ��
Materials and Methods Study 3
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VHOHFWHG�VWXG\�FKDPEHUV��
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SURGXFLQJ�D�PRLVW�VXUIDFH�LQVLGH�WKH�FKDPEHU�LQFOXGLQJ�RYHU�WKH�KDELWDW�DQG�IOLHV���
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EXW�ZLWK�RQO\�WDS�ZDWHU��&RQWURO�FKDPEHU�6�&����FRQWURO��UHFHLYHG�QR�PLVWLQJ��
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IOLHV��WKH�VWDUW�RI�RYLSRVLWLRQLQJ��DQG�IXUWKHU�GHYHORSPHQW�RI�WKH�HJJV��
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DFWLYLW\�SHUPDQHQWO\�FHDVHG�DQG�WKH�LQVHFWV�ZHUH�LGHQWLILHG�DV�GHDG����
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Page�18�of�23��
Table 3: Egg Development and Adult Fly Survival data for Study 3
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3HUFHQW�ILUVW�,QVWDU��VWDJH�REVHUYHG�DIWHU�FXPXODWLYH�WLPH�ODSVH�RI����������
3HUFHQW�ILUVW�SXSDO�VWDJH�REVHUYHG�DIWHU�FXPXODWLYH�WLPH�ODSVH�RI����������
3HUFHQW�$GXOW�)OLHV�HPHUJLQJ�DIWHU�FXPXODWLYH�WLPH�ODSVH�RI����������
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Picture 3.1: Oviposition, Control S3C01 after 8.5 days (Table 3)
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Page�19�of�23��
Picture 3.2: Pre-oviposition Adult Mortality, Treatment S303 after 8.5 days (Table 3) �
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Summary of Study 3
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Research Question Study 4��'RHV�WKH�DSSOLFDWLRQ�RI�3UHYHQWLYH�0/&�LQWR�D�KDELWDW�
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Results Study 4��<HV��3UHYHQWLQH�0/&�FDXVHG�FRPSOHWH�PRUWDOLW\�RI�FRPPLQJOHG�HJJV��ODUYD��DQG�DGXOW�IOLHV�LQ�DV�OLWWOH�DV����KRXUV��
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Materials and Methods Study 4
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Page�22�of�23��
Table 4: Life Stage Survival data for Study 4
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Picture 4.1: All stages thriving, Control S4C01 after 10 days (Table 4) �
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Page�23�of�23��
Summary of Study 4
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