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ExampleofaMonolithicdomeattheCentrodelaFamiliadeUtahMigrantHeadStartCenter,Genola,Utah.

MonolithicdomeFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Amonolithicdome(fromGreekmonoandlithic,meaning"onestone")isastructurecastinaonepieceform.Theformmaybepermanentortemporaryandmayormaynotremainpartofthefinishedstructure.

Formshavebeenmadeusingnearlyeverycommonstructuralmaterialincludingairpressuresupportedfabric.

Monolithicdomesareaformofmonolithicarchitecture.

Contents

1History2Currentconstructionmethods3Durability4Climatecontrol5Disadvantages

5.1Engineering5.2Social

6Constructionrecords7Seealso8References9Externallinks

History

Theigloomaybetheearliestformofmonolithicdome.Whileitisconstructedofblocksofcompressedsnow,theseblocksmeltandrefreezetoformastrong,homogeneousstructure.Thedomelikeshapeoftheiglooexhibitsthetwomajoradvantagesofadomeshapedstructure:greatstrength,andgoodinsulation.Thestrengthisduetothenaturalstrengthofthearch,andtheinsulationisduetotheminimalsurfaceareaofasphericalsection.

ThefirstmodernmonolithicdomestructurewasbuiltinProvo,Utahandopenedin1963asaniceskatingrink.CalledReam'sTurtleafterits1967conversionintoageneralstorebynewownerPaulReam,thebuildingstooduntilitwasdemolishedin2006fornewconstruction.

Ream'sTurtlewasbuiltbyfirstcreatingamoundofdirtinthedesiredshapeoftheshell,anellipsoidalsection240feet(73m)long,160feet(49m)wideand40feet(12m)high.Themoundwasthencoveredinagridofrebar,toprovidestrength,andalayerofconcreteapproximately4inches(100mm)thick.Aftertheconcretewascured,thedirtwasexcavatedthroughthedoorways,leavingtheroofstandinginitsplace.Thefloorwasthenpouredtofinishthestructure.

Today,monolithicdomesareusedinavarietyofresidential,commercialandindustrialprojects.Becauseofthestrength,durabilityandeconomics,theyareusedtostorelargeamountsofvariouscommoditiesinthecement,fertilizer,agricultural,powerandminingindustries.

Currentconstructionmethods

Modernconstructiondifferssignificantlyfromtheoriginalconcreteoverdirtmethod.ThecurrentmethodsweredevelopedbythreebrothersfromIdaho:Barry,Randy,andDavidSouth.ThefirstdomebuiltusingthesemethodwasconstructedinShelley,Idaho:

Areinforcedconcretefoundation,or"ringbeam",isconstructed,definingtheshapeofthebaseofthestructure.Thefabricform,orairform,isattachedtothefoundationandinflatedwithanairblower.Theairformcontainsanairlocktoallowworkerstoentertheformwhileitisinflated.Alayerofpolyurethanefoamissprayedontheinterioroftheform.(Itspurposesaretogiverigiditytotheairform,securetherebarinplace,providesupportforsprayingintheconcretemixture,andinsulatethefinalstructure.)Rebarisattachedtotheoutsidelayeroffoam,usingclipsthatareattachedtothefoam.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelley,_Idahohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Domes--Genola,_Utah.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airlockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_Start_Programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igloohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provo,_Utahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyurethanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_skatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monolithic_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrant_workerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellipsoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_storehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genola,_Utah



ThisdomedgovernmentbuildinginBaghdad,formerlyapartofSaddamHussein'sregime,washitbya5,000lb(2,300kg).bomb.[1]Apartfromtheholemadebytheentryofthebomb,itremainedstructurallysound.

Severalinchesofconcretearesprayedovertherebarframe.Aftertheconcretehasset,thebloweristurnedoff.Theexposedsurfaceoftheairformmaybeleftasis,orasurfacetreatmentsuchaspaint,tile,etc.,maybeapplied.(Properselectionofairformmaterialwillensurepreventionfromlongtermdegradationduetoultravioletradiation.)

Ininstanceswherenecessityrequireseconomicalconstructionformultiplesmallandbasicdwellings,thedomecanbebuiltwithoutinsulationandtheairformcanberemovedaftercompletionandreusedtobuildadditionaldomes.

Durability

Thedome,whenfinished,isearthquake,tornadoandhurricaneresistant(theUSFederalEmergencyManagementAgencyratesthemas"nearabsoluteprotection"fromF5tornadoesandCategory5Hurricanes).Recently,anumberofmonolithicdomesconstructedusingMDItechniqueshavesurvivedmajordisasters:

SeveralmonolithicdomesinFloridasurviveddirecthitsbyHurricaneKatrinain2005.Manymonolithicdomeswereinthepathofthe2005and2006wildfiresinOklahomaandTexas,andsurvivedwithonlyslightcharringoftheexteriorfoaminsulation.In2003,amonolithicdomegovernmentbuildinginIraqsurvivedadirecthitbya5,000lb(2,300kg).bomb.Theinteriorofthestructurewastotallydestroyed,butthedomeitselfremainedstanding(seepicture).

ThedemolitionofReam'sTurtlealsodemonstratedthedurabilityofthemonolithicdomestructure.Awreckingballdemolishedastripseveralfeetwidearoundtheperimeterofthestructure,withoutacollapse.Whenadoorwayononesidewaspulleddown,thedomefinallytippedover,andcollapsed.

Climatecontrol

Themonolithicdome,foranumberofreasons,isveryenergyefficient.Thesphericalsectionsofthedomeofferminimalsurfaceareaforthevolumetheycontain,sothereislesssurfaceforheattransferwiththeoutsideair.Theonepiececonstructionofthemonolithicdomealsoeliminatesmanyoftheseamsthroughwhichaircanleak,thoughthisismitigatedtosomedegreeinresidentialdomesbytheadditionofmultipledoorsandwindows.Byplacingtheinsulatingfoamontheoutsideoftheconcreteshell,theconcreteactsasaThermalmassinsidethebuilding,reducinginteriortemperaturefluctuationsfarmorethanthetraditionalhome'sinsulationinsideofabrickorstoneveneer.

Disadvantages

Whilethemonolithicdomehasnumerousdemonstratedengineeringadvantages,therearealsosomedisadvantages,bothengineeringandsocial.

Engineering

Thetechniquesusedinmonolithicdomeconstructionareverydifferentfromnormalconstructionmethods,soonlyspeciallytrainedconstructioncrewsaresuitedforbuildingadomeusingthemoderntechniques.Thecurvedsurfacesinherenttomonolithicdomeconstructionoftenresultinoddlyshapedroomswhendividedup,whichcanresultinwastedspaceinnarrowcorners.Thereareissuesofwastedfloorspaceduetowallcurvatureandproblemsfittingfurniture,similartothoseofQuonsethuts.Thiseffectcanbeminimizedbyconstructingthedomeonastemwall,orbyusinganairformofsuchshapeastoallowforstraight,verticalwallsatgroundlevel.Themonolithicdome'slackofseamsmaymakeittoowellsealeddehumidifiersarerequiredinallbutthedriestclimates.

Social

Socialdisadvantagesofmonolithicdomesaretoalargedegreesharedbygeodesicdomes,duetothesimilarshapeandunorthodoxconstruction.Thesedisadvantagesare:

Theradicallydifferentappearanceofthedomesalsodecreasestheappealfortheiruseasprivateresidencesthestandardcircularbasedoesn'tfitwellonsmalllotsfoundinmanyareas,andthestrangeappearanceanddesignmayrunafoulofneighborhoodbuilding

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehumidifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quonset_huthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornadohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Katrinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodesic_domehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrecking_ballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildfirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iraqi_dome.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Husseinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida



PensacolaBeach,FloridaafterHurricaneDennisin2005

WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoMonolithicdomes.

covenants.Dependingonthesituation,alargevarietyofvariationsavailablefromthestandardcircularshapecanavoidsomeoftheseproblems.Buildingpermitsmaybedifficulttoobtainiflocalofficialsarenotfamiliarwiththemonolithicdome.Resaleofamonolithicdomehomemaybedifficultbecauseofitsunconventionalappearance.

Constructionrecords

ThelargestmonolithicdomeintheworldisthehomeofFaithChapelChristianCenterinBirmingham,AL,whichis72feet(22m)tall,and280feet(85m)indiameter.[2]Insideisafloorareaof74,500squarefeet(6,920m2)intwolevels.[3]

SomecommunitiesintheUnitedStateshavechosentousemonolithicdometechnologyintheconstructionofnewschools.[4]Amap[5]ofrecentlybuiltmonolithicdomeschoolscanbefoundhere:[1](http://goo.gl/maps/FPSsI)

AresidentialdomeinPensecolaBeach,Floridahasexperiencedseveralhurricanessinceitwasbuilt.[6]

Seealso

BinishellBubbleHouses(LitchfieldPark,Arizona)HurricaneproofbuildingItaly,TexasWallaceNeff

References

1. AirForceLinkWeekInPhotosGalleryView(http://www.af.mil/weekinphotos/wipgallery.asp?week=16)2. "FCCCMonolithicDomeFacts"(http://web.archive.org/web/20080229130823/http://www.monolithic.com/gallery/churches/faith_chapelpaint/index.html).

Archivedfromtheoriginal(http://www.monolithic.com/gallery/churches/faith_chapelpaint/index.html)on20080229.Retrieved20080425.3. "ArchitecturalDomeFacts"(http://web.archive.org/web/20080619014226/http://www.faithchapel.net/templates/cusfaithchapel/details.asp?

id=25116&PID=125891).Archivedfromtheoriginal(http://www.faithchapel.net/templates/cusfaithchapel/details.asp?id=25116&PID=125891)on20080619.Retrieved20080425.

4. http://www.monolithic.com/topics/domeschoolsinamerica5. http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?

ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=100294571694516543874.000464b0fac8cef5d4111&ll=37.020098,96.152344&spn=18.214277,44.010276&source=embed6. http://www.domeofahome.com/domeinformation/hurricane/

Externallinks

BuildingMonolithicDomes(http://www.architectureweek.com/2001/0328/building_11.html),bySeanLanham,ArchitectureWeekTrinityDomeConstructionLog(http://www.trinitydome.com),afirsttimehomebuilder'sexperience

Retrievedfrom"http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monolithic_dome&oldid=634579084"

Categories: Concreteshellstructures Domes Monoliths

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