Monolithic dome.pdf
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3/30/2015 Monolithic dome Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monolithic_dome 1/3 Example of a Monolithic dome at the Centro de la Familia de Utah Migrant Head Start Center, Genola, Utah. Monolithic dome From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A monolithic dome (from Greek mono and lithic, meaning "one stone") is a structure cast in a onepiece form. The form may be permanent or temporary and may or may not remain part of the finished structure. Forms have been made using nearly every common structural material including air pressure supported fabric. Monolithic domes are a form of monolithic architecture. Contents 1 History 2 Current construction methods 3 Durability 4 Climate control 5 Disadvantages 5.1 Engineering 5.2 Social 6 Construction records 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History The igloo may be the earliest form of monolithic dome. While it is constructed of blocks of compressed snow, these blocks melt and refreeze to form a strong, homogeneous structure. The domelike shape of the igloo exhibits the two major advantages of a domeshaped structure: great strength, and good insulation. The strength is due to the natural strength of the arch, and the insulation is due to the minimal surface area of a spherical section. The first modern monolithic dome structure was built in Provo, Utah and opened in 1963 as an ice skating rink. Called Ream's Turtle after its 1967 conversion into a general store by new owner Paul Ream, the building stood until it was demolished in 2006 for new construction. Ream's Turtle was built by first creating a mound of dirt in the desired shape of the shell, an ellipsoidal section 240 feet (73 m) long, 160 feet (49 m) wide and 40 feet (12 m) high. The mound was then covered in a grid of rebar, to provide strength, and a layer of concrete approximately 4 inches (100 mm) thick. After the concrete was cured, the dirt was excavated through the doorways, leaving the roof standing in its place. The floor was then poured to finish the structure. Today, monolithic domes are used in a variety of residential, commercial and industrial projects. Because of the strength, durability and economics, they are used to store large amounts of various commodities in the cement, fertilizer, agricultural, power and mining industries. Current construction methods Modern construction differs significantly from the original concreteoverdirt method. The current methods were developed by three brothers from Idaho: Barry, Randy, and David South. The first dome built using these method was constructed in Shelley, Idaho: A reinforced concrete foundation, or "ring beam", is constructed, defining the shape of the base of the structure. The fabric form, or air form, is attached to the foundation and inflated with an air blower. The air form contains an airlock to allow workers to enter the form while it is inflated. A layer of polyurethane foam is sprayed on the interior of the form. (Its purposes are to give rigidity to the air form, secure the rebar in place, provide support for spraying in the concrete mixture, and insulate the final structure.) Rebar is attached to the outside layer of foam, using clips that are attached to the foam.
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Transcript of Monolithic dome.pdf
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3/30/2015 MonolithicdomeWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monolithic_dome 1/3
ExampleofaMonolithicdomeattheCentrodelaFamiliadeUtahMigrantHeadStartCenter,Genola,Utah.
MonolithicdomeFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Amonolithicdome(fromGreekmonoandlithic,meaning"onestone")isastructurecastinaonepieceform.Theformmaybepermanentortemporaryandmayormaynotremainpartofthefinishedstructure.
Formshavebeenmadeusingnearlyeverycommonstructuralmaterialincludingairpressuresupportedfabric.
Monolithicdomesareaformofmonolithicarchitecture.
Contents
1History2Currentconstructionmethods3Durability4Climatecontrol5Disadvantages
5.1Engineering5.2Social
6Constructionrecords7Seealso8References9Externallinks
History
Theigloomaybetheearliestformofmonolithicdome.Whileitisconstructedofblocksofcompressedsnow,theseblocksmeltandrefreezetoformastrong,homogeneousstructure.Thedomelikeshapeoftheiglooexhibitsthetwomajoradvantagesofadomeshapedstructure:greatstrength,andgoodinsulation.Thestrengthisduetothenaturalstrengthofthearch,andtheinsulationisduetotheminimalsurfaceareaofasphericalsection.
ThefirstmodernmonolithicdomestructurewasbuiltinProvo,Utahandopenedin1963asaniceskatingrink.CalledReam'sTurtleafterits1967conversionintoageneralstorebynewownerPaulReam,thebuildingstooduntilitwasdemolishedin2006fornewconstruction.
Ream'sTurtlewasbuiltbyfirstcreatingamoundofdirtinthedesiredshapeoftheshell,anellipsoidalsection240feet(73m)long,160feet(49m)wideand40feet(12m)high.Themoundwasthencoveredinagridofrebar,toprovidestrength,andalayerofconcreteapproximately4inches(100mm)thick.Aftertheconcretewascured,thedirtwasexcavatedthroughthedoorways,leavingtheroofstandinginitsplace.Thefloorwasthenpouredtofinishthestructure.
Today,monolithicdomesareusedinavarietyofresidential,commercialandindustrialprojects.Becauseofthestrength,durabilityandeconomics,theyareusedtostorelargeamountsofvariouscommoditiesinthecement,fertilizer,agricultural,powerandminingindustries.
Currentconstructionmethods
Modernconstructiondifferssignificantlyfromtheoriginalconcreteoverdirtmethod.ThecurrentmethodsweredevelopedbythreebrothersfromIdaho:Barry,Randy,andDavidSouth.ThefirstdomebuiltusingthesemethodwasconstructedinShelley,Idaho:
Areinforcedconcretefoundation,or"ringbeam",isconstructed,definingtheshapeofthebaseofthestructure.Thefabricform,orairform,isattachedtothefoundationandinflatedwithanairblower.Theairformcontainsanairlocktoallowworkerstoentertheformwhileitisinflated.Alayerofpolyurethanefoamissprayedontheinterioroftheform.(Itspurposesaretogiverigiditytotheairform,securetherebarinplace,providesupportforsprayingintheconcretemixture,andinsulatethefinalstructure.)Rebarisattachedtotheoutsidelayeroffoam,usingclipsthatareattachedtothefoam.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelley,_Idahohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Domes--Genola,_Utah.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airlockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_Start_Programhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igloohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provo,_Utahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyurethanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_skatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monolithic_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrant_workerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellipsoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_storehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genola,_Utah
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3/30/2015 MonolithicdomeWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monolithic_dome 2/3
ThisdomedgovernmentbuildinginBaghdad,formerlyapartofSaddamHussein'sregime,washitbya5,000lb(2,300kg).bomb.[1]Apartfromtheholemadebytheentryofthebomb,itremainedstructurallysound.
Severalinchesofconcretearesprayedovertherebarframe.Aftertheconcretehasset,thebloweristurnedoff.Theexposedsurfaceoftheairformmaybeleftasis,orasurfacetreatmentsuchaspaint,tile,etc.,maybeapplied.(Properselectionofairformmaterialwillensurepreventionfromlongtermdegradationduetoultravioletradiation.)
Ininstanceswherenecessityrequireseconomicalconstructionformultiplesmallandbasicdwellings,thedomecanbebuiltwithoutinsulationandtheairformcanberemovedaftercompletionandreusedtobuildadditionaldomes.
Durability
Thedome,whenfinished,isearthquake,tornadoandhurricaneresistant(theUSFederalEmergencyManagementAgencyratesthemas"nearabsoluteprotection"fromF5tornadoesandCategory5Hurricanes).Recently,anumberofmonolithicdomesconstructedusingMDItechniqueshavesurvivedmajordisasters:
SeveralmonolithicdomesinFloridasurviveddirecthitsbyHurricaneKatrinain2005.Manymonolithicdomeswereinthepathofthe2005and2006wildfiresinOklahomaandTexas,andsurvivedwithonlyslightcharringoftheexteriorfoaminsulation.In2003,amonolithicdomegovernmentbuildinginIraqsurvivedadirecthitbya5,000lb(2,300kg).bomb.Theinteriorofthestructurewastotallydestroyed,butthedomeitselfremainedstanding(seepicture).
ThedemolitionofReam'sTurtlealsodemonstratedthedurabilityofthemonolithicdomestructure.Awreckingballdemolishedastripseveralfeetwidearoundtheperimeterofthestructure,withoutacollapse.Whenadoorwayononesidewaspulleddown,thedomefinallytippedover,andcollapsed.
Climatecontrol
Themonolithicdome,foranumberofreasons,isveryenergyefficient.Thesphericalsectionsofthedomeofferminimalsurfaceareaforthevolumetheycontain,sothereislesssurfaceforheattransferwiththeoutsideair.Theonepiececonstructionofthemonolithicdomealsoeliminatesmanyoftheseamsthroughwhichaircanleak,thoughthisismitigatedtosomedegreeinresidentialdomesbytheadditionofmultipledoorsandwindows.Byplacingtheinsulatingfoamontheoutsideoftheconcreteshell,theconcreteactsasaThermalmassinsidethebuilding,reducinginteriortemperaturefluctuationsfarmorethanthetraditionalhome'sinsulationinsideofabrickorstoneveneer.
Disadvantages
Whilethemonolithicdomehasnumerousdemonstratedengineeringadvantages,therearealsosomedisadvantages,bothengineeringandsocial.
Engineering
Thetechniquesusedinmonolithicdomeconstructionareverydifferentfromnormalconstructionmethods,soonlyspeciallytrainedconstructioncrewsaresuitedforbuildingadomeusingthemoderntechniques.Thecurvedsurfacesinherenttomonolithicdomeconstructionoftenresultinoddlyshapedroomswhendividedup,whichcanresultinwastedspaceinnarrowcorners.Thereareissuesofwastedfloorspaceduetowallcurvatureandproblemsfittingfurniture,similartothoseofQuonsethuts.Thiseffectcanbeminimizedbyconstructingthedomeonastemwall,orbyusinganairformofsuchshapeastoallowforstraight,verticalwallsatgroundlevel.Themonolithicdome'slackofseamsmaymakeittoowellsealeddehumidifiersarerequiredinallbutthedriestclimates.
Social
Socialdisadvantagesofmonolithicdomesaretoalargedegreesharedbygeodesicdomes,duetothesimilarshapeandunorthodoxconstruction.Thesedisadvantagesare:
Theradicallydifferentappearanceofthedomesalsodecreasestheappealfortheiruseasprivateresidencesthestandardcircularbasedoesn'tfitwellonsmalllotsfoundinmanyareas,andthestrangeappearanceanddesignmayrunafoulofneighborhoodbuilding
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehumidifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quonset_huthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornadohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Katrinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodesic_domehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrecking_ballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildfirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iraqi_dome.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Husseinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida
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3/30/2015 MonolithicdomeWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monolithic_dome 3/3
PensacolaBeach,FloridaafterHurricaneDennisin2005
WikimediaCommonshasmediarelatedtoMonolithicdomes.
covenants.Dependingonthesituation,alargevarietyofvariationsavailablefromthestandardcircularshapecanavoidsomeoftheseproblems.Buildingpermitsmaybedifficulttoobtainiflocalofficialsarenotfamiliarwiththemonolithicdome.Resaleofamonolithicdomehomemaybedifficultbecauseofitsunconventionalappearance.
Constructionrecords
ThelargestmonolithicdomeintheworldisthehomeofFaithChapelChristianCenterinBirmingham,AL,whichis72feet(22m)tall,and280feet(85m)indiameter.[2]Insideisafloorareaof74,500squarefeet(6,920m2)intwolevels.[3]
SomecommunitiesintheUnitedStateshavechosentousemonolithicdometechnologyintheconstructionofnewschools.[4]Amap[5]ofrecentlybuiltmonolithicdomeschoolscanbefoundhere:[1](http://goo.gl/maps/FPSsI)
AresidentialdomeinPensecolaBeach,Floridahasexperiencedseveralhurricanessinceitwasbuilt.[6]
Seealso
BinishellBubbleHouses(LitchfieldPark,Arizona)HurricaneproofbuildingItaly,TexasWallaceNeff
References
1. AirForceLinkWeekInPhotosGalleryView(http://www.af.mil/weekinphotos/wipgallery.asp?week=16)2. "FCCCMonolithicDomeFacts"(http://web.archive.org/web/20080229130823/http://www.monolithic.com/gallery/churches/faith_chapelpaint/index.html).
Archivedfromtheoriginal(http://www.monolithic.com/gallery/churches/faith_chapelpaint/index.html)on20080229.Retrieved20080425.3. "ArchitecturalDomeFacts"(http://web.archive.org/web/20080619014226/http://www.faithchapel.net/templates/cusfaithchapel/details.asp?
id=25116&PID=125891).Archivedfromtheoriginal(http://www.faithchapel.net/templates/cusfaithchapel/details.asp?id=25116&PID=125891)on20080619.Retrieved20080425.
4. http://www.monolithic.com/topics/domeschoolsinamerica5. http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?
ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=100294571694516543874.000464b0fac8cef5d4111&ll=37.020098,96.152344&spn=18.214277,44.010276&source=embed6. http://www.domeofahome.com/domeinformation/hurricane/
Externallinks
BuildingMonolithicDomes(http://www.architectureweek.com/2001/0328/building_11.html),bySeanLanham,ArchitectureWeekTrinityDomeConstructionLog(http://www.trinitydome.com),afirsttimehomebuilder'sexperience
Retrievedfrom"http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monolithic_dome&oldid=634579084"
Categories: Concreteshellstructures Domes Monoliths
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Domeshttp://www.faithchapel.net/templates/cusfaithchapel/details.asp?id=25116&PID=125891http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith_Chapel_Christian_Centerhttp://goo.gl/maps/FPSsIhttp://www.architectureweek.com/2001/0328/building_1-1.htmlhttp://www.domeofahome.com/dome-information/hurricane/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Concrete_shell_structureshttp://www.af.mil/weekinphotos/wipgallery.asp?week=16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy,_Texashttp://web.archive.org/web/20080229130823/http://www.monolithic.com/gallery/churches/faith_chapel-paint/index.htmlhttp://www.monolithic.com/gallery/churches/faith_chapel-paint/index.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Monolithshttp://www.wikimediafoundation.org/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Monolithic_domeshttp://www.monolithic.com/topics/dome-schools-in-americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pensacola_Beach,_Florida_after_Hurricane_Dennis_in_2005.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monolithic_dome&oldid=634579084http://www.trinitydome.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane-proof_buildinghttp://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=100294571694516543874.000464b0fac8cef5d4111&ll=37.020098,-96.152344&spn=18.214277,44.010276&source=embedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binishellhttp://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Terms_of_Usehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_ALhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Neffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_Houses_(Litchfield_Park,_Arizona)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Categoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_Licensehttp://web.archive.org/web/20080619014226/http://www.faithchapel.net/templates/cusfaithchapel/details.asp?id=25116&PID=125891
