Millennium Development Goals Millennium Development Goals
A South – Asian PerspectiveA South – Asian Perspective
August 13, 2005August 13, 2005
By: Dr. Yasmeen Sabeeh Qazi By: Dr. Yasmeen Sabeeh Qazi
Senior Program AdvisorSenior Program Advisor
Packard Foundation Packard Foundation
GENESIS & SYNTHESIS:GENESIS & SYNTHESIS: MDGs emerged as an agreed Development Agenda in MDGs emerged as an agreed Development Agenda in
September 2000 in UN sponsored Millennium SummitSeptember 2000 in UN sponsored Millennium Summit
147 World leaders agreed to a global compact – MDGs147 World leaders agreed to a global compact – MDGs
Further supported by G8 countries in 2003Further supported by G8 countries in 2003
Considered as a quantifiable “Development Agenda” Considered as a quantifiable “Development Agenda” emerging from the series of conferences in 1990s on emerging from the series of conferences in 1990s on Development Development
ESSENCE:ESSENCE: Eight GoalsEight Goals Each goal - a specific commitment to reverse the spread Each goal - a specific commitment to reverse the spread
of poverty and disease by 2015of poverty and disease by 2015 Supported by an “Action Plan” with 18 quantifiable Supported by an “Action Plan” with 18 quantifiable
targets combating:targets combating:• PovertyPoverty• HungerHunger• DiseaseDisease• Illiteracy Illiteracy • Environmental DegradationEnvironmental Degradation• Discrimination against womenDiscrimination against women
Goals assign clear responsibilities to rich countries to Goals assign clear responsibilities to rich countries to
provide developing countriesprovide developing countries More Aid More Aid Fairer terms of tradeFairer terms of trade Meaningful Debt Relief Meaningful Debt Relief UNDP Human Development Report 2003 provides most UNDP Human Development Report 2003 provides most
comprehensive analysis to date of: comprehensive analysis to date of: Status of Global Campaign Status of Global Campaign Concrete Policy ReformsConcrete Policy Reforms Resource commitments needed to make these goals a Resource commitments needed to make these goals a
reality by 2015reality by 2015
Challenges:Challenges:
More than a billion people still struggle to survive on less More than a billion people still struggle to survive on less than a dollar a day than a dollar a day
Most of them lack access to basic health services & safe Most of them lack access to basic health services & safe drinking waterdrinking water
Globally one child out of five does not complete primary Globally one child out of five does not complete primary
schoolschool
In much of the developing world, the HIV/AIDS pandemic In much of the developing world, the HIV/AIDS pandemic continues to spread uncheckedcontinues to spread unchecked
Nearly 800 million people or 15% of world’s population, Nearly 800 million people or 15% of world’s population, suffer from chronic hungersuffer from chronic hunger
Challenges:Challenges:
If current trend continues, South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa will not If current trend continues, South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa will not meet the target by 2015meet the target by 2015
In Sub-Saharan Africa, a child has only a one-in-three chances of In Sub-Saharan Africa, a child has only a one-in-three chances of completing primary schoolcompleting primary school
And one-in four school aged children in South Asia are not being And one-in four school aged children in South Asia are not being educatededucated
Half a million women die in pregnancy or childbirth each year ,or one Half a million women die in pregnancy or childbirth each year ,or one every minute of a day every minute of a day
A woman in Sub-Saharan Africa is 100 times more likely to die in A woman in Sub-Saharan Africa is 100 times more likely to die in pregnancy or childbirth than is a women in Western Europepregnancy or childbirth than is a women in Western Europe
South – Asian Perspective:South – Asian Perspective:
South Asia with GNI per capita at $460 is home to nearly South Asia with GNI per capita at $460 is home to nearly 40% of world’s poor living on less than dollar a day40% of world’s poor living on less than dollar a day
Since 1990, region has experienced rapid GDP growth, Since 1990, region has experienced rapid GDP growth, averaging 5.4% a year averaging 5.4% a year
This growth has helped to reduce the consumption This growth has helped to reduce the consumption poverty rate substantially poverty rate substantially
India has reduced poverty rate by 5 – 10 % since 1990India has reduced poverty rate by 5 – 10 % since 1990 Only exception is Pakistan where poverty has stagnated Only exception is Pakistan where poverty has stagnated
at around 33% using national poverty linesat around 33% using national poverty lines Challenges remain on measurement of consistent Challenges remain on measurement of consistent
poverty trends & has created a debate on measuring poverty trends & has created a debate on measuring poverty trends in the 1990spoverty trends in the 1990s
Encouraging success in reduction of Encouraging success in reduction of mortality in children under five mortality in children under five
Rates has reduced substantially between Rates has reduced substantially between 1990 and 2002 – from 130 to 95 per 1000 1990 and 2002 – from 130 to 95 per 1000 live birth live birth
Especially IMR is significantly reduced in Especially IMR is significantly reduced in Bangladesh; from 144 to 73 per 1000 live Bangladesh; from 144 to 73 per 1000 live birthsbirths
MDG 1 :MDG 1 : Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Target 1:Target 1: Halve, between 1990 & 2015 the proportion Halve, between 1990 & 2015 the proportion of people whose income is less than one of people whose income is less than one
dollar a day dollar a day
People living on less than 1 dollar a day in South Asia is 428 million (31.1%) People living on less than 1 dollar a day in South Asia is 428 million (31.1%) in 2001 compared to 462 million (40.1%) in 1990in 2001 compared to 462 million (40.1%) in 1990
People living on less than 2 dollar a day in South Asia is 1,059 million People living on less than 2 dollar a day in South Asia is 1,059 million (76.9%) compared to 958 million (85.5%) in 1990(76.9%) compared to 958 million (85.5%) in 1990
Greatest number of poor people live in South Asia, but the proportion of Greatest number of poor people live in South Asia, but the proportion of poor is highest in Sub – Saharan Africa, where slow economic growth has poor is highest in Sub – Saharan Africa, where slow economic growth has left millions at the margins of survivalleft millions at the margins of survival
If projected growth remains on track, global poverty rates will fall to 12.7 If projected growth remains on track, global poverty rates will fall to 12.7 percent- less than half the 1990 level- and 363 million more people will avert percent- less than half the 1990 level- and 363 million more people will avert extreme povertyextreme poverty
Source: World Bank DataSource: World Bank Data
MDG 1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty & MDG 1: Eradicate Extreme Poverty & HungerHunger
Target 2:Target 2: Halve between 1990 & 2015 the proportions of Halve between 1990 & 2015 the proportions of people who suffer from hungerpeople who suffer from hunger
Malnutrition plays a role in more than half of all child deathsMalnutrition plays a role in more than half of all child deaths Prevalence rates of underweight children have been falling Prevalence rates of underweight children have been falling
in most regions, but too slowly to achieve 2015 targetsin most regions, but too slowly to achieve 2015 targets In many regions the number of hungry people continues to In many regions the number of hungry people continues to
growgrow In South Asia however, progress in the prevalence rates of In South Asia however, progress in the prevalence rates of
underweight children have been fast, the malnutrition rates underweight children have been fast, the malnutrition rates declining by 25% declining by 25%
However the rates of malnutrition in general population However the rates of malnutrition in general population remains high in South Asiaremains high in South Asia
MDG 2: Achieve Universal Primary MDG 2: Achieve Universal Primary
EducationEducation Target 3:Target 3: Ensure that, by 2015 children every where, boys Ensure that, by 2015 children every where, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schoolingschooling
According to World Bank study, only 37 of 155 developing According to World Bank study, only 37 of 155 developing countries analyzed have achieved universal primary education countries analyzed have achieved universal primary education
Based on 1990s trends, another 32 are likely to achieve that Based on 1990s trends, another 32 are likely to achieve that goal goal
But 70 countries risk not reaching the goal unless progress is But 70 countries risk not reaching the goal unless progress is acceleratedaccelerated
South Asia has chronically low enrollment & completion rates South Asia has chronically low enrollment & completion rates and completion rates in Middle East and North Africa and completion rates in Middle East and North Africa stagnated in 1990sstagnated in 1990s
Primary Completion rate average primary School onlyPrimary Completion rate average primary School only
MDG 3: Promote Gender Equality and MDG 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women:Empower Women:
Target 4:Target 4: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and to all secondary education, preferably by 2005, and to all levels of education no later than 2015levels of education no later than 2015
The differences between boys and girls schooling are The differences between boys and girls schooling are greatest in regions with the lowest primary school greatest in regions with the lowest primary school completion rates and lowest average incomescompletion rates and lowest average incomes
In South Asia girls enrollment in Primary schools is 12 In South Asia girls enrollment in Primary schools is 12 points lower than boyspoints lower than boys
And only 61% of girls complete primary school compared And only 61% of girls complete primary school compared with 86% of boys with 86% of boys
Gender disparity at school is still serious in many Sub-Gender disparity at school is still serious in many Sub-Saharan African and South Asian countriesSaharan African and South Asian countries
Beyond schooling the gender disparity in literacy is Beyond schooling the gender disparity in literacy is widespread, impinging on women empowermentwidespread, impinging on women empowerment
Gender disparity in labor market is observed throughout Gender disparity in labor market is observed throughout the world in different proportionthe world in different proportion
Of the 109 countries with data for late 1990s,only 18 had Of the 109 countries with data for late 1990s,only 18 had a share of women equal or slightly higher than that of a share of women equal or slightly higher than that of menmen
Over the last decade there has been only a small Over the last decade there has been only a small progress, globally, in gender equality in wage progress, globally, in gender equality in wage employment in the non – agriculture sectoremployment in the non – agriculture sector
Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary educationeducation
MDG 4: Reduce Child MortalityMDG 4: Reduce Child MortalityTarget 5Target 5 : : Reduce by two thirds, between 1990 and Reduce by two thirds, between 1990 and
2015, the under five Mortality rate2015, the under five Mortality rate
Child mortality is closely linked to povertyChild mortality is closely linked to poverty In 2002, the average under five mortality rates were:In 2002, the average under five mortality rates were: -121 deaths per 1000 live births in low- income countries-121 deaths per 1000 live births in low- income countries - 40 in lower middle income countries - 40 in lower middle income countries - 22 in upper-middle-income countries- 22 in upper-middle-income countries - 7 or less in high-income countries- 7 or less in high-income countries
In 2002 : 48 countries had child mortality rates greater than 100 In 2002 : 48 countries had child mortality rates greater than 100 and 15 countries have greater than 200and 15 countries have greater than 200
Mortality rates for children under 5 dropped by 15 percent since Mortality rates for children under 5 dropped by 15 percent since 1990, but the rates remain high in developing countries1990, but the rates remain high in developing countries
More than 10 million children die each year in More than 10 million children die each year in the developing world, vast majority from the developing world, vast majority from preventable causespreventable causes
In developing countries 1 child in 10 dies before In developing countries 1 child in 10 dies before its 5its 5thth birthday, compared with 1 in 143 in high – birthday, compared with 1 in 143 in high – income countriesincome countries
At current rates of progress only a few countries At current rates of progress only a few countries will likely to achieve this MDG of reducing child will likely to achieve this MDG of reducing child mortality to one – third of their 1990 levelsmortality to one – third of their 1990 levels
Just as child deaths are the result of many Just as child deaths are the result of many causes, reducing child mortality will require causes, reducing child mortality will require multiple, complimentary interventionsmultiple, complimentary interventions
MDG 5: Improve Maternal Health MDG 5: Improve Maternal Health
Target 6 :Target 6 : Reduce by three quarters, between 1990Reduce by three quarters, between 1990
and 2015, the maternal mortality ratioand 2015, the maternal mortality ratio Worldwide, more than 50 million women suffer from poor Worldwide, more than 50 million women suffer from poor
reproductive health and serious pregnancy – related illnesses reproductive health and serious pregnancy – related illnesses and disabilityand disability
Every year more than 500,000 women die from complications of Every year more than 500,000 women die from complications of pregnancy and child birth.pregnancy and child birth.
Most of these deaths occur in Asia, but the risk of dying is Most of these deaths occur in Asia, but the risk of dying is highest in Africahighest in Africa
In developing countries, only about half of deliveries are In developing countries, only about half of deliveries are attended by professional health staffattended by professional health staff
In South East Asia currently 35% births are attended by skilled In South East Asia currently 35% births are attended by skilled attendantsattendants
The extreme risk of dying from pregnancy or The extreme risk of dying from pregnancy or child birth in South East Asia is 1 in 140child birth in South East Asia is 1 in 140
Lifetime Risk of Maternal Death, 2000Lifetime Risk of Maternal Death, 2000
MDG 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and MDG 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseasesother diseases
Target 7 :Target 7 : Have halted by 2015 & begun to reverse the Have halted by 2015 & begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDSspread of HIV/AIDS
In 2003, 36 million adults and 2 million children were living In 2003, 36 million adults and 2 million children were living with HIV/AIDS with HIV/AIDS
66% of these cases are in Sub-Saharan Africa66% of these cases are in Sub-Saharan Africa Almost a million new cases in South & East Asia , where Almost a million new cases in South & East Asia , where
more than 7 million people are living with HIV/AIDSmore than 7 million people are living with HIV/AIDS HIV strikes at youth - women are particularly vulnerable HIV strikes at youth - women are particularly vulnerable More than half of those newly infected with HIV are between More than half of those newly infected with HIV are between
15 and 24 year old - 13% for males and 6% for females15 and 24 year old - 13% for males and 6% for females East Asia have the lowest rates of known infected casesEast Asia have the lowest rates of known infected cases
Target 7 :Target 7 : Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverseHave halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseasesthe incidence of malaria and other major diseases
WHO estimates that 300 – 500 million cases of Malaria WHO estimates that 300 – 500 million cases of Malaria occur every year, leading to 1.1 million deathsoccur every year, leading to 1.1 million deaths
90% of all cases occur in Sub-Saharan Africa & may 90% of all cases occur in Sub-Saharan Africa & may account for as much as 25% of child mortality account for as much as 25% of child mortality
Tuberculosis kills around 2 million people a year, most of Tuberculosis kills around 2 million people a year, most of them 15-45 years old them 15-45 years old
Each year there are about 3 million new cases in South Each year there are about 3 million new cases in South East AsiaEast Asia
MDG 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability MDG 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability
Target 9:Target 9: Integrate the principles of sustainable Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes & development into country policies and programmes & reverse the losses of environmental resourcesreverse the losses of environmental resources
Forest cover 20% of land in South Asia and about 30% Forest cover 20% of land in South Asia and about 30% of all land around the world of all land around the world
Forest shrank by 95 million hectares in the last decade, Forest shrank by 95 million hectares in the last decade, the minimum change is however in South Asia, Middle the minimum change is however in South Asia, Middle East & North AfricaEast & North Africa
Target 10 :Target 10 : Halve by 2015 the proportion of people without Halve by 2015 the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitationsustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation
Access to safe water has improved in last decade but in Access to safe water has improved in last decade but in 2000, 1.2 billion people still lacked access to an improved 2000, 1.2 billion people still lacked access to an improved water sourcewater source
Out of this, 40% are in East Asia & Pacific and 25% in Sub-Out of this, 40% are in East Asia & Pacific and 25% in Sub-Saharan AfricaSaharan Africa
Meeting MDGs will require providing about 1.5 billion people Meeting MDGs will require providing about 1.5 billion people with access to safe water and 2 billion with access to basic with access to safe water and 2 billion with access to basic sanitation facilities between 2000 and 2015sanitation facilities between 2000 and 2015
Population with access to an improved water Population with access to an improved water source (%)source (%)
Target 11 :Target 11 : Have achieved by 2020 a significant Have achieved by 2020 a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellersimprovement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers
Slums are the stage to the most acute scenarios of urban Slums are the stage to the most acute scenarios of urban poverty, physical & environmental deprivationpoverty, physical & environmental deprivation
Approx. one-third of the Urban Population globally live in Approx. one-third of the Urban Population globally live in these conditionsthese conditions
Where available, trend data indicate that this problem is Where available, trend data indicate that this problem is worsening worsening
In case of no major interventions it is expected that 924 In case of no major interventions it is expected that 924 million slum dwellers in 2001 will grow to 1.5 billion by 2020 million slum dwellers in 2001 will grow to 1.5 billion by 2020 [UN-HABITAT][UN-HABITAT]
MDG 8: Build a Global Partnership for DevelopmentMDG 8: Build a Global Partnership for Development Goal 8 complements the first 7 goals and has 7 targetsGoal 8 complements the first 7 goals and has 7 targets (12-18)(12-18) It calls for an open, rule-based trading and financial systemIt calls for an open, rule-based trading and financial system More generous AID to countries committed to poverty More generous AID to countries committed to poverty
reduction reduction Relief for debt problems of developing countriesRelief for debt problems of developing countries It draws attention to problems of least developed land locked It draws attention to problems of least developed land locked
countries & small island states countries & small island states Calls for co-operation with private sector to address youth Calls for co-operation with private sector to address youth
unemploymentunemployment Ensure access to affordable, essential drugsEnsure access to affordable, essential drugs Make available the benefits of new technologiesMake available the benefits of new technologies Monterrey Consensus: In March 2002, leaders from Monterrey Consensus: In March 2002, leaders from
developing and high income countries agreed on new developing and high income countries agreed on new strategies for attacking global poverty in Monterrey, Mexicostrategies for attacking global poverty in Monterrey, Mexico
Commitment was made to increase official development Commitment was made to increase official development assistance in real term by about 16 billion a year by 2006assistance in real term by about 16 billion a year by 2006
What will it take to achieve the What will it take to achieve the Millennium Development Goals?Millennium Development Goals?
Political will , commitment & focusPolitical will , commitment & focus
Monitoring the processMonitoring the process
Economies need to grow to provide jobs & more income for Economies need to grow to provide jobs & more income for poor peoplepoor people
Health & Education system must deliver services to everyone, Health & Education system must deliver services to everyone, men & women, rich & poormen & women, rich & poor
Infrastructure has to work and be accessible to allInfrastructure has to work and be accessible to all
Policies need to empower people to participate in the development processPolicies need to empower people to participate in the development process
Fortify partnerships with private sector to complement & supplement Fortify partnerships with private sector to complement & supplement government programsgovernment programs
Prioritization and context setting in development work at each country levelPrioritization and context setting in development work at each country level
Overcoming financial, human and institutional resource constraintsOvercoming financial, human and institutional resource constraints
Increased resources & new financial commitments by the wealthiest nationsIncreased resources & new financial commitments by the wealthiest nations
While sustained growth would be necessary for poverty reduction, While sustained growth would be necessary for poverty reduction, concomitant improvement in institutional delivery mechanisms will be concomitant improvement in institutional delivery mechanisms will be essential for achieving progress in all other dimensions of MDGs.essential for achieving progress in all other dimensions of MDGs.
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