Memorandum 1
1
MEMORANDUM
To: Design Management and the Singapore Science Centre
From: NARNYA; Natalie Agus, Crystal Tee, Benny Ng, Mak Wai Yong, Lisa Tjide
Re: Project I – Exhibition Design Proposal
2
I). INTRODUCTION
How often have we found ourselves fabricating surprisingly unique scenarios? Regardless of JK Rowling's World of
Wizardry or specific characters such as Wolverine from the X Men, both are perfect representations of Counter-
intuition - the instance whereby one is unable to easily derive an explanation for such encounters contrary to one's
instinctive knowledge and beliefs. We may even realise our absorption with the creation of these unnatural
scenarios as a means to embellish the otherwise "mundane" reality, to the extent that we transform into obsessed,
myopic individuals who overlook these otherwise omnipresent elements. Nature conceals these elements and highly
rewards the discerning who uncovers this treasure, undoubtedly, those who fail to notice this aspect of the sciences,
conclude science as a technical, and even boring endeavour. Ultimately, the last glimmer of hope lies in the young
(between ages of 9 – 16) those who have just begun their venture into science and are yet to form any biased
perceptions at all.
We have arrived to our design mission:
"To inspire appreciation via the demonstration of subtle, but counterintuitive concepts, for an ultimate greater
purpose of reviving interest in applied sciences in the human race."
Throughout the design process, we will work by closely aligning our mission to our ideas but not forgetting to
consider our user's needs and wants. We will go through a series of functional evaluation to create something which
is impactful, inspirational and bring out a new perspective of science.
II). BACKGROUND RESEARCH
Background research involves further exploration of the meaning behind exhibit and our mission. The result of this
research is the list of possible scenarios, cross referred with published texts, webpage, and patents that are related
so we that we can have an idea whether our scenarios are justifiable.
Our mission was inspired by the mission of our user, the Singapore Science Centre:
"To promote interest, learning and creativity in science and technology, through imaginative and enjoyable
experience and contribute to the nation's development of its human resource1,"
The aim of exhibition here is not merely to display scientific facts but also to be a creative platform for the visitors to
get inspired while at the same time are entertained. It gives the reason for the visitors to take a second look at the
exhibition or to visit the Science Centre again because of the level of inspiration it gives. We now look into the
scientific aspects that is currently displayed in Science Centre to get a general idea of its scope:
1 http://www.science.edu.sg/aboutus/Pages/ourvision.aspx
3
Fig 1: The list of science centre exhibits2
Exhibition Theme Brief description Notes
Candy Unwrapped To explore how the mind determines what tastes good. Temporary
Earth: Our untamed planet To raise awareness of the potential environmental threats to the public.
Permanent
Uniquely you To explores the complex combination and interaction of genetic inheritance, environment and lifestyle influences.
Permanent
House of Blood To showcase the importance of blood. Temporary
Climate Change To raise awareness of the hazards caused by global warning. Permanent
Genome To explore the building blocks of life. Permanent
Living with viruses To explore the delicate balance of the relationship between viruses, humans and other species that share a common environment.
Permanent
Marine Alcove To introduce visitors to the ocean, focusing on interesting facts about its physical environment and the creatures living there.
Permanent
Bioethics To expose the visitors to the challenges and dilemmas faced in the scientific field.
Permanent
Fire To deepen our knowledge about fire Permanent
iSpace To discover a new perspective of infocomm technology. Permanent
Sound Exhibition To explore the science of sound by learning more about sound waves and how they are transmitted.
Permanent
Mathematics Everyday To explore the many wonders and uses of mathematics in our lives.
Permanent
Space Science To discover about the science in the outerspace. Permanent
Our Solar System To learn more about our solar system. Permanent
Eco Garden To introduce the visitors to the beauty of nature. Permanent
Waterworks To discover some intriguing facts about water and find out about the importance of water in our lives.
Permanent
The Mind's Eye To challenge our senses and reveal some of the secrets behind the illusions.
Permanent
Kinetic Garden To discover the inter-relationships between the different forms of energy.
Permanent
Invent! Its in you To act as a creative platform and a catalyst for the visitors to be motivated to invent things.
Permanent
Scientist For a Day To let the visitors have the experience in being a scientist. Permanent
The broad themes of science that the Science Centre has suggest that we have almost no limitation in which field of
science we would like to pick. Drawing from site visit experiences, we realize that many scientific discoveries are
counter intuitive because they have the elements of surprise and excitement. The most recent example is the
counter-intuitive paradigm shift from classical Newtonian physics into the modern Quantum physics in the early 20th
century3. We would like to create an exhibit which people can easily relate to, constituting of things that are present
in our daily lives. We have selected five scenarios which will be further explained below:
1). Levitation
Inspired by the recent 2012 counter-intuitive blockbuster "Total Recall" (See Appendix I for details), we are now
aware that modern physics is able to bring our perception towards world into a whole different level. It is illustrated
in the movie how science gives us the imagination about the existence of floating cities, super-conductor
2 http://www.science.edu.sg/exhibitions/Pages/SCSExhibitionsHome.aspx
3 Walecka, John Dirk. Introduction To Modern Physics: Theoretical Foundations. World Scientific 2008, p1-6.
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transportation, and advanced software which is able to manipulate memories and we would like to bring the same
impact yet being more realistic through the science centre exhibition. One of the most popular research topic
currently which is also featured in the movie is the Meissner effect illustrated below (Fig. 2):
Fig 2, Ref:
http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/mag
netacademy/superconductivity101/page7.html
The magnet is suspended in the air because the force of gravity pointing downwards is cancelled out by the magnetic
force pointing upwards and it does not topple because it is locked within the magnetic field4. This phenomenon
inspires us to adopt levitation as one of our scenarios. From the typical physics exercise we came across, we found
out that one of the possible ways to levitate an object with charge -q and mass m is by using the electric field to
generate electric force which will cancel the force of gravity (Fig35):
Patents related: M12-15676.
The useful application of the levitation concept is that it can be used as the alternative source of energy. One of the
examples is Maglev7, whereby high speed transportation is made possible and efficient as train is levitated and
4 http://web.mit.edu/8.13/www/JLExperiments/JLExp39.pdf
5 http://sprott.physics.wisc.edu/phys104/sol1s02p.pdf Question number 7. 6 Refer to Appendix i(1) 7 http://www.google.com/patents/US5253591, Refer to Appendix i(2)
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
E
Fe
Fg
Fig 3. Suggested exhibit: Electric field levitator
The upper and lower plates are equal but oppositely charged
thus generating the Electric field downwards. The object has
the charge of -q in order for it to experience upward electrical
force.
5
Fig 4: Light dispersion
Fig 5: Human's
eye anatomy
accelerated by the repulsion force provided by the magnetic field rather than using mechanical methods. Other
examples include creating a city that floats and therefore allowing extra space for the growing population and also
enabling us to launch satellites to the space more conveniently than using the conventional methods (eg: using
fuel)8. Levitation opens such a broad and interesting list of applications, therefore we chose this as one of our
scenarios for or exhibits.
2. Light - its deceptive role in vision.
The process in which one begins his day is universal – one
opens his eyes, or in technical terms, one exposes his
retinas to the incoming rays of light. Counter-intuitively,
the windows to one's soul becomes one's window into
the existential world which surrounds him. Vision has now evolved into a routine, an ordinary occurrence which one
takes for granted, to the extent that one neglects the significant role of Light. The properties of Light (Fig 4) and its
significance towards one's vision will now be explored and re-assessed.
Theories regarding visible light have evolved over the centuries; it's behaviour as a particle and as a wave have
confounded scientists and researchers alike, until resolved with Niels Bohr's Principle of Complementarity9 in 1927.
Vision relies on the properties of visible light as part of the electromagnetic spectrum, where its interaction with
objects are crucial. When light falls on an object, its components
changes, as certain wavelengths are absorbed, while the rest are
reflected/ transmitted10 into one's eyes.
The human eye is a highly complex organ that allow the detection and
conversion of light into electro-chemical impulses in the neurons11, as
light refracts through the lenses, ultimately converging upon the Retina
(Fig 5). These impulses are then interpreted by the brain. The presence
of Rod and Cone12 cells in the retina also provides the additional ability
of light perception and colour differentiation. As information is contained in the altered wavelengths of light, its
crucial role in human vision is not only further re-affirmed, but also can be considered, to an extent, to be of a
counter-intuitive nature due to one's likely negligence.
Suggested exhibit: Which Wave?
A possible demonstration of this concept would be an interactive exhibit where one is asked to replicate a particular
scene based only on the ambient clues provided in the form of a sound clip. The theory behind this exhibit is similar
8 http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/engineering/extreme-machines/8-ways-magnetic-levitation-could-shape-the-future#slide-5 9 http://www.upscale.utoronto.ca/GeneralInterest/Harrison/Complementarity/CompCopen.html 10 http://www.andor.com/learning-academy/what-is-light-an-overview-of-the-properties-of-light 11 http://www.webmd.com/eye-health/amazing-human-eye 12 http://webvision.med.utah.edu/book/part-vii-color-vision/color-vision/
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to that of 20th century Radio-based Drama serials13, where the listener would be forced to replicate the scene from
their imagination based on the auditory clues provided. Similarly, the exhibit would contain a collection of ambient
sound clips at several locations unique to Singapore (eg. Marina Bay Sands, Singapore Zoological Gardens). The
listener would be exposed to a randomly selected sound-clip, to be emitted from provided headphones. He would
then be tasked with completing a rough template of the photograph on a touch-screen based device by inputting
some pictorial elements. After which, deviations from the actual photo would be calculated based on an algorithm
and the listener's reliance on the sense of sight would be revealed. Apart from educating consumers with scientific
concepts of counter-intuition, this exhibit would also serve to provide National Education in the young, as well as
raise awareness to the handicapped; those who are forced to rely on other senses apart from sight for their daily
navigation and understanding of their environment.
3. Light Bending
Considering the concepts of light’s wave- particle duality form in modern physics, and bearing in mind our theme of
counter intuition, our group began to challenge common assumptions regarding light. One of these assumptions
would include: light always travels in a straight line. However, this is not necessarily true. Light has characteristics of
a wave, and their peaks and troughs can interfere with one another causing “ constructive and destructive “
interferences. These constructive interferences create light while the destructive interferences create dark spots
and but carefully controlling the initial positions of the wave, it is possible to make it such that there is constructive
interferences only at points along the curve14.
Inspired by controversial physics theories taught during our physics lessons in school, we decided that perhaps we
could explore along this concept of light bending and create an exhibit that showcase this counter intuition.
Integrating some of the concepts learnt from physics in the past, light can indeed be bent through simple
experiments and manipulation of several properties of light (e.g. refraction and reflection).
Suggested exhibit: Total Internal Reflection
Light has many different properties and can be manipulated to show different aspects of its properties. When light
passes through a denser medium, the ray bends away from the normal resulting in the exit angle being greater than
the incident angle15. This exit angle will approach 90 degrees for some critical incident angle and when the incident
angle is greater than the critical angle, there will be a phenomenon known as “ Total internal reflection”16
Possible exhibit to showcase phenomenon: shooting a laser through water at specific angle to induce the total
internal reflection properties of light as shown in Figure 6 below17:
13 http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/radio-show.htm 14 http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2012/04/light-bends-by-itself.html 15 Total reflection., Born, M. and Wolf, E., Principles of Optics, 7th Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 49-53 (1999). 16 http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/phyopt/totint.html 17 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hBQ8fh_Fp04
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The fact that this scenario uses everyday materials (water, light) which people can easily relate to and the theory is
simple for 9-16 year olds to grasp, we decided to keep this scenario in view.
Scenario 4: Sound Waves
Human has 5 senses, namely sight, sound, smell, touch, taste18. However, we are making use of these five senses to
carry out activities for granted. In this scenario, we want to create something which reminds people of their five
senses, either one or more. Many of the current exhibits in science center involve largely visual exhibits. Thus, we
thought of integrating two of our most significant senses: sight and hearing. How many people actually know that
sound is a form of energy? Can we ‘see’ sound? How do we know if sound exists? What can we do if we can see, and
capture this form of energy? Sound is one of the six forms of energy. Similar to light, sound is a form of wave. Sound
travels through air and it cannot travel without a medium. The wave travels through a series of compression and
rarefaction of the air particles in the air19.
Besides entertainment purposes, the science centre aims to raise people’s interest in the field of science. Through
the use of interesting and beautiful phenomena, it captivates people’s interest and hopefully will motivate them to
explore the scientific knowledge behind them. A few examples that are related to sound are as such:
1. Dancing Fluid
Sound has the power to moved fluids. As the sound plays, the vibration of the speakers creates causes stress on the
non-Newtonian fluid. As we exert a certain amount of force on the fluid, the particles in the molecules will arrange
itself in such a way that resembles a solid. Hence, this causes the fluid to move and changes shape, creating an effect
which looks like a dancing fluid20:
18 http://www.scientificpsychic.com/workbook/chapter2.htm 19 http://www.fi.edu/fellows/fellow2/apr99/soundsci.html 20 http://www.google.com/patents/US20070256736 (See Appendix iii, 1)
Fig 6: Laser light
bends through
water
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Fig 7: Dancing Newtonian Fluid
(put above a speaker)21
Deriving from idea of the five senses that human has, we want to create something which triggers human’s five
senses in as many ways as possible. By focusing on the idea of sound, and the fact that sound is a form of energy, we
would like to show the counterintuitive aspect of sound. Thus, we came out with the idea of capturing sound energy
visually. It shows that our five senses actually works together. This differs from the general misconception that our
senses functions independently22.
2. Cymatic imaging - further derivation from Newtonian fluid.
We are further inspired to make use of sound energy to produce patterned images instead of random vibration such
as those reflected by the Newtonian fluid. The existing example is Cymatic imaging, which operates with the basis of
sound. Cymatic imaging is produced through the use of cymascope. Within the cymascope, sound is produced. As
sound waves travels through the plate, it causes vibrations on the plate. The vibration causes the particles in the
water to move and shift. The molecules then move in a way such that a geometric pattern is formed. At different
frequency, different pattern will be formed.
21 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yp1wUodQgqQ 22
http://science.education.nih.gov/supplements/nih3/hearing/guide/info-hearing.htm
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Fig 8, Image
References:
http://www.cy
mascope.com/
gallery.html
http://www.m
etageum.org/
Metageum07/J
ohnReid.htm
9
The cymascope serves as a platform to show the beauty of science, hoping that more visitors may relate to and
appreciate science in a new perspective.
Scenario 5: Pendulum Wave
Every time when we go to the children’s playground, we see a child screaming in joy, enjoying his or her time on the
swing. Did we ever stop and notice the significance of this motion? Yes, it’s a simple harmonic motion. The topic of
simple harmonic motion falls under one of the core topics in classical physics. As defined by Serway & Jewitt23, “An
object moves with simple harmonic motion whenever its acceleration is proportional to its position and is oppositely
directed to the displacement from equilibrium.”
where k is a constant and x is the distance away from the equilibrium position24. To a child, it might just be an object
to ride on and have fun. However, the pendulum has played a significant part in the advancement of scientific
knowledge, from the first studies by Galileo to time keeping in the form of the pendulum clock to even
demonstrating the rotation of earth about its axis.To properly define a pendulum, it is an idealised case of a mass
hanging from a massless, inextensible string and swinging to and fro in a plane with small amplitude displacement
and energy is not lost from the system.
Using newton’s 2nd law for rotational dynamics gives
Where the period of the oscillation is given by
Where L is variable which depending on the case, can either be the length of a pendulum or mass of a Spring-mass
oscillating system25. We are planning to expose the visitors to the following questions:
Possible Concepts to teach regarding periodic motion
23 (http://www.phy.olemiss.edu/~thomas/weblab/221_exp_procedures_spr2006/221_Simp_Har_Mo_Pro_F_2010.pdf) 24 ( The Penguin Dictionary of Science)(http://www.credoreference.com.libproxy.nlb.gov.sg/entry/penguinscience/simple_harmonic_motion_shm) 25 ( David H. Van Winkle. )http://www.physics.fsu.edu/courses/fall01/psc2801c/psc2801c/labs/spring.htm
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Does period of a periodic motion depend on mass?
Does period of a periodic motion depend on amplitude?
Does period of a periodic motion depend on length of pendulum?
Scenario Idea: Pendulum Waves26
In this set up, the pendulums have monotonically increasing lengths, designed to give each specific periods, which is
decreasing in this case (Fig 9). The exhibit should be placed in a vacuum box to remove the effects of air resistance,
hence removing a variable in this exhibit.
When the pendulums are set into sideways displacement, they move like a wave due to the variance in the
wavelengths of the pendulum. Observation tells that the wavelength of this wave would shorten progressively as
time passes. At half a cycle, half of the pendulums would be at maximum displacement in the positive direction
while the other half would be at maximun displacement too but in the negative direction.
Below is the justification of choosing this scenario idea:
Pros Cons
It is easy to build. Cannot change other variables like masses.
Requires little maintenance, as we can enclose the setup in
an enclosed box and use a mechanism to displace the
pendulums and to launch the experiment.
Can be some form of lever for visitors to launch
Concept not difficult. Visitors will learn the concept of
periodic motion and what affects the period of a pendulum
system. At the same time, they will learn more about
kinetic and potential energy
26
http://www.mapleprimes.com/maplesoftblog/121168-Pendulum-Waves and http://www.instructables.com/id/Unique-Pendulum-Wave-and-Release-
Mechanism/?ALLSTEPS
Fig 9: Pendulum Wave
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Interesting to observe. We could even extend and add
sound to map the movement of the pendulum. Makes
observation easier for the younger audience.
After doing research for some of the possible scenarios which we will build our exhibit upon, we will now focus on
site and customer need analysis in order to align our exhibit to their preference.
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III) SITE AND CUSTOMER NEED ANALYSIS
A). SITE ANALYSIS
Location : Singapore Science Centre
Level : 1 - Bioethics
Dates of visit : Saturday, 22 September 2012 (1000-1300) and Friday, 5 October 2012 (1400-1700)
The assigned location to us is the area within the Bioethics, near the Earth; our untamed planet. Appendix A shows
that the Bioethics is accessible through the Tesla Coil location which appears to be the central location of the Science
Centre as it connects to every other exhibition rooms. This suggests that the site is easily accessible. There is no need
to take the lift or stairs hence people with disability may reach the location conveniently.
Below is the floor plan of the location:
Site analysis and observation result:
Type Description Remarks and Evaluation
Crowd Flow There is only one entrance and exit, located side by side just near our exhibition area and separated by a thin wall in between. The hallway on the left of the area connects the visitor directly towards the earth and genome exhibition thus skipping our exhibition area. The maximum number of people the area can contain is approximately 300 people (The whole
It is best if the exhibits are placed along to the walls in area to encourage a more ordered crowd flow by leaving the middle part of the location empty (the blue arrows). People may easily browse through the exhibits which are aligned with the wall. The fact that there is no clear entrance and exit in the area shows that it is possible that the visitors may just enter and exit the exhibition in a random manner. It also
Toilets
Earth, our untamed planet area and other exhibitions
Entrance
Exit
Pathway towards
other exhibition/
alternative exit
from other
exhibition
Bioethics
Assigned
exhibition area
6m
10m ~AC
lights
Figure 10: Exhibition Area
Lightings: Relatively dim
Temperature: 23˚C
(Friday) and 21˚C
(Saturday)
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SUTD population fits in there). encourages easier evacuation in case of emergency because the exhibits do not block any pathway.
Dimension Width : 6m Length: 10m Height: 8m
Assuming that five groups are selected for the exhibition, leaving a 2m by 10m pathway through the middle of the area, by average each object can occupy 8 metre square of area. (eg: 2m by 2m dimension).
Ambience Quite noisy, there's three televisions showing the documentaries about wildlife on the wall outside the Bioethics room. There is a lot of children who runs around and causing noise due to various reasons (excitement, chat with their peers and parents, etc).
Our exhibit is preferred to not produce any noise. If required, usage of headphones is needed because a speaker will not deliver the needed clarity due to the noisy ambience.
Visitor compositions Children age 7-12: 50% Teenagers age 13-16: 15% Adults: 20% Tourists and other age groups: 5% (See appendix 2) - pictures of children in the tesla coil and at the entrance hallway towards the area
Children are attracted with objects that allow interaction such as the "cloud ring" and "down with gravity". Teenagers typically are fascinated with all exhibitions but they do not read much on the descriptions. Adults usually tag along with their children and they visit the science centre for the sake of introducing science to the young. They are typically attracted with videos and interactive exhibition. The tourists are typically diligent in studying the exhibits and they have considerably obvious amount of interest in science.
General observations 80% of the visitors like to touch more than observing or merely see the exhibition (See Appendix 3)
Level one is very crowded as compared to the level 2. (See Appendix 1)
1 out of 8 people read the exhibit descriptions for more than 30 seconds. Long exhibit description tends to be skipped (See Appendix 6).
When people are interested in the exhibits, they spend more time reading the description, try to understand the mechanism behind it and take pictures.
We need to create something which caters to the needs of most visitors, not just the children. Instead of merely capturing their attention, we need to leave a longlasting impression in them about science and drive them to be more inspired and passionate in learning about it. Besides, we also hope to help the young to find their identity in science, meaning to find out whether or not science is their passion and if yes, which field of science that they love the most. It is best if the description of the exhibits is made as simple as possible (in the laymen term) so everyone can relate to it and understand the fundamentals behind it, however still holds a good amount of clarity as well as quality.
Power supply There is one electricity plug in view. It has a type G socket and have a standard specification of 230V and 50Hz.
Our exhibit must not require a power supply that exceed this specification. Nonetheless, it seems like there are extra power supplies connected by cables that are attached to the ceilings (hidden from plain site). It is best that we does not use too much power and make an exhibit that has high efficiency of power as an effort to save the earth. It should not consume too much power and waste too much energy because it will clash with the intention of the Earth exhibition located just next to our area.
Most Popular Exhibit Egg Hatching It is surprising that the most successful exhibit is actually the least designed exhibit. We should bear in mind that we should not over design our exhibit. Instead of thinking what needs to be added, we should be thinking as well what things can be removed yet increasing the efficiency or the value of our product.
Aesthetic Objects with unique shape and filled with vibrant color usually captures visitors' attention.
However, this doesn't guarantee that visitors will be satisfied with what the exhibit displays.
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Site analysis is coupled with customer need analysis in the next section and at the end of this section we will apply
our result to our chosen scenarios.
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B). Customer Need Analysis
We conducted surveys and interviews (See appendix 4) at the same time while conducting the site analysis and the
result is shown in terms of Like/Dislike Table and Affinity diagram:
1). Like/Dislike Table (See Appendix 5).
Customer Data: Project/Product Name
Customer: A group of students between 9- 13 years old. Interviewer(s): Benny Ng, Mak Wai Yong, Natalie Agus
Address: Undisclosed Type of user: Children who visit the science centre
Date: 5th Oct 2012
Willing to do follow up? No Currently uses: Science exhibition
Question Customer Statement Interpreted Need Importance
Typical uses. 1. Would you prefer an
exhibit that is informative or purely interesting but does not really explain how it works?
2. Why do you visit the science Centre?
3. How interested are you in science?
4. Can you relate what you learnt from school to the exhibits?
1. “ Something that shows information, not just entertainment”
2. “ Brought by parents, but finds some of the exhibits interesting”
3. “Not too much”
4. “ Not really”
1. Must be able to explain the effect and not just a “ magic” show’
2. None of the current exhibits are interesting enough to generate widespread interest.
3. Do not really understand how science works and how it relates to their everyday life.
4. The scientific theories behind most of the current exhibits are to advance.
1. The exhibit must be self-explanatory or have some sort of card to explain the theory behind.
2. Most children do not find
the exhibits interesting enough to “advertise” it to their friends
3. Target group generally
finds it difficult to relate science with their daily life. Hence, help is needed to allow them to “see” the link.
4. By relating the science
that the target group studied in school to the exhibits can help them relate better generating their interest.
Likes 1. Which was your favorite
exhibit(s)?
2. Do you prefer interactive or video/ shows (informative) exhibit? What about it do you like?
1. DNA, ecogarden, schrobe effect, spinning water, eggs hatching, magnets dance to music, climate change
2. “ Interactive exhibits feels a bit more fun” “Video exhibits teaches more and the videos are interesting”
1. Do not need to be interactive but needs to be entertaining.
2. Some found interactive exhibits more interesting while other found video exhibits more interesting (no clear preference).
1. Exhibit must be entertaining. If it is interactive or informative, it cannot lose that entertainment value.
2. There is no significant preference between interactive and video exhibits and it depends on individual users.
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Dislikes 1. Which is your least
favorite exhibit?
2. Do you prefer interactive or video (informative) in exhibit? What don’t you like about the other?
1. “ Those exhibits near the entrance”
2. “ I don’t really learn a lot from the Interactive and its not even that fun” “ Videos can get a bit boring and wordy”
1. Exhibits cannot be too simple and must show an effect or behavior that is special/ unique
2. Interactive exhibits are not fun enough or do not provide a good platform to transmit information. Video exhibits might get too boring if showcasing items that require more specific terms
1. Concept cannot be overly simplistic.
2. If exhibit does include interactive aspects, must take special care to not lose its learning value. Make sure the “interactive” part is fun and not merely engaging. If decided to provide an exhibit in any video form, make sure its not too technical but fun and attention grabbing.
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2). Affinity Diagram
Age(years) General
Topic of
Interest
Specific
topic(s)
Modes of
exhibition
Percentage
of people
(%)
Evaluation Remarks
Below 10 Environment Biology Interactions 20 Visitors
generally
prefer
exhibits
related to
their
surroundings.
There is a
high
possibility
that it is
attributed to
the better
ease in
identifying
with these
topics.
Keep in view.
Lack of
counterintuitive
aspects to
explore in this
field.
Climate 40
Above 10
(11-14)
Physics (in
depth
science)
Electronics Display 10 Visitors have
background
knowledge of
science.
Thus,
preferring
more in
depth
scientific
exhibits as
opposed to
simple ones.
A possible
explanation
would be the
higher level
of
complexities
in such
scientific
concepts
required to
generate
interest in
these
audiences.
Generally, we
are more
familiar in this
field of science
and the in depth
theory behind
these topic
provides a wow-
effect, hence
adding on to the
counterintuitive
aspects of the
exhibits.
Magnetism 10
Lights 10
Aerodynamics 10
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Results and Evaluation
We need to create a medium that the visitors want so that our mission is conveyed successfully. From the
information in the like/dislike table, affinity diagram, as well as the site analysis, we know that it is clear that all of
our scenarios are seen as a counter intuitive phenomenon. The site visit also reminds us of the importance of safety
and after further research, we found out that scenario 1 has safety issues. A charged particle which is accelerated
will emit harmful electromagnetic radiation27 and electric field in an open environment may cause people to get
electrocuted, leaving us the only option to confine it within a glass panel.
Furthermore, from the affinity diagram (modes of exhibition) it seems that many visitors prefer a display that allow
interaction such as buttons to press and control the inputs, or touchable devices in order to convince themselves
about the underlying fundamentals behind the exhibits. Therefore we are unable to let the visitors to have
interaction with the electric field levitator because it means that they need to accelerate the charge particles. As a
result, we decide to add further modification to scenario 1 which is to replace the electric field with the safer
alternative which is the magnetic field as illustrated below28:
Example of existing object:
27 http://physics.fullerton.edu/~jimw/general/radreact/ 28 http://www.cpdee.ufmg.br/~palhares/33-942s.pdf
Fg
Fb
~
Open solenoid core which allows us to control the
strength of the magnetic field
Ferromagnetic (iron, steel, etc) object of mass m
Figure 11: Electromagnetic
levitator
Figure 12: Maglev Photo Frame
Reference:
http://gizmodo.com/183481/magnetic-
levitation-photo-
19
The fundamental idea is the same in the sense that the object is now able to levitate because the magnetic force
upwards balance the gravitational force.:
29
Thus we can let the visitor experiment with differing mass and magnetic field strength to find the zero net force
point which allow the object to levitate, keeping them entertained. The simplicity of the fundamentals behind is also
suitable for our target group (most of them have learned about force). And as mentioned in the background
research, there are plenty benefits and application on levitation theories especially the ones using the magnetic field
and therefore we will keep this idea for further improvement.
Similarly for scenario 2, maintaining the current theme of bending light, we decided that in order to make the display
more interesting, we could change the medium (which light passes) into one that allows us to dictate the path such
as using concrete plastic or glass. Upon further research, we found out that such a technology does already exist in
the form of an optical fiber. An optical fiber follows the same concept of total internal reflection as described before.
It is made up of a hollow tube with 2 different layers. As the light passes one layer, it is refracted and as it hits the 2nd
layer, total internal reflection occurs and light is reflected back within the tube30 as illustrated below31 (Figure 13):
In order to make this exhibit more interesting, perhaps we could alter the shape of the fiber optic cables to
exaggerate the counter intuitive effect of light bending. However, from our site visits, we found that the Science
Centre already has a display that shows this effect; hence, we cannot use this idea as a stand-alone exhibit. In order
to utilize the concept of fiber optics, we have to make adjustments to it or perhaps integrate it with other ideas.
From the Affinity diagram, we also notice that common favorite topics mentioned by the visitors are related to
climate, ecology and biology. In the context of scenario 4, we look for the relationship between sound energy and
our surrounding and we notice that there is something interesting about the images produced by the cymascope.
29 https://sbms.bnl.gov/sbmsearch/subjarea/118/1u04e011.pdf 30 http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/selvaduray/page/papers/mate115/simonkwan.pdf. Related patent: www.google.com/patents/US5558422,
31 http://computer.howstuffworks.com/fiber-optic2.htm
Figure 13: Total
internal
reflection using
fibre optics
20
The images produced carry a certain patterning in it. In fact, in nature, many plants and animals also have such
characteristics. There seem to be an algorithm governing these patterning occurring in our nature. Thus, from here,
we have drawn a link between cymatic imaging and patterning in the environment.
Inspired by a French artist, Bernar Venet, who has beautifully integrated the art and science, we hope that through
this exhibit, it encourages the synthesis of topics. Patterning in our environment occurs in a subtle way such that
human disregard the beauty of these patterning. Most of these patterns are found in plants, tree bark, skins of
animals, etc. There seem to a natural DNA which controls the algorithm of the patterning in the living creatures. As
compared to the simple biological science that youngsters learn in school, this exhibit provides as more than usual
experience, beyond what human normally see. In terms of counterintuitivity, by bringing the visitors to look at the
world at a different perspective, it would be itself be a counterintuitive experience. This exhibit may not be as
counterintuitive as a normal exhibit in technical terms but it opens up people’s perception of the world. There might
be world within world, a world that may be visible in animals’ terms. Such a result is what we are looking for. A
question that we would like people to ponder when they leave the exhibit is “Is what you see really is what it is?”
This experience could teach the younger generation to appreciate the environment around us.
For example, fractal, a form of patterning, occurs all around us much more than we expected to be. From animal’s
fur to the plants, fractals are formed with the basis of chaos theory. Although fractals occur in animals and plants,
there is no obvious reason to the formation of these patterns. The formation of patterns does not generally bring
about great changes to the survival of these things, but for some reason, the appearance of animals and plants are
purposefully wired geometrically. Below (Figure 14) is the fractal of a broccoli32:
32
http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2010/09/fractal-patterns-in-nature/
Figure 14: Fractal of a
broccoli
21
Instead of looking at science as one isolated entity, this exhibit opens up possibility for people of different fields
(especially the people working in the art field such as graphic or fashion designer) to draw out inspiration for their
works. By showing the science behind these patterns, it amazingly brings out the science behind these beautiful
patterns.
Lastly, we are aware that many of the children visitors are below 12 years old and hence have a rudimentary concept
of the Interaction between forces and masses. This can be seen from out questionnaire results (Appendix BLAH) that
all of the children interview states that the watermelon falls faster than grape in vacuum. A search on Singapore
Ministry of Education website was done and we found out that the primary focus was on the non-physical sciences
and even though they do cover topics like forces and energy, the concepts taught were rather elementary. In
addition, we got mixed response from them when we asked whether they preferred a display or interaction exhibit.
Hence, there is a pertinent need to focus on the physical sciences and in this exhibit, the concept of periodic motion
in pendulums were exhibited and imparted here. This topic is not listed in the primary school science syllabus and
hence it would be interesting and insightful for our target audience. Moreover, to cater to the different preference
amongst children for learning, the Pendulum Wave will show the concept behind periodic motion by incorporating
visual and audio aids. This allows the audience to interact with the exhibit, making learning more enjoyable.
Emphatic Lead User Analysis
Scenario involved: Scenario 2, Which Wave?
The objective of this Empathic Lead User Analysis serves to confirm the hypothesis of the importance of vision, and
subsequently, light in comparison to other senses in the daily lives of the human race.
Methodology:
The user would be tasked with accomplishing a series of tasks in a sparsely furnished room under a time limit33.
Search tasks can include (but are not restricted to) the following:
1. Navigation
2. Obtaining items of variable shape, sizes, colour, texture, and sound when striked.
3. Placing a variety of items at a variety of locations in the room.
4 separate trials shall be carried out in the order as follows (variables are italicized)
Trial Description Evaluation
User is asked to complete tasks in a brightly lit
environment without restrictions
This is also known as the control. Since the user is most likely to
accomplish this below the time limit, the timing should be recorded
User is asked to complete tasks in a brightly lit In the absence of vision, the user would depend on his other senses,
such as that of touch and hearing. As it is likely that the user would
33 Time limit may vary depending on the complexities of the tasks.
22
environment while blindfolded be unable to accomplish all of the proposed tasks, a time limit should
be imposed and the number of completed tasks recorded. The
difference between the result in this scenario and that of the control
would determine the relative importance of vision.
User is asked to complete tasks in a pitch black
environment without restrictions
This is meant to prove the hypothesis of the importance of light over
vision. While the user has "regained" his vision, accomplishing the
tasks should prove to be rather difficult in the absence of light, hence
proving (or not) the hypothesis of the importance of light over vision.
Simlarly, the user would be unable to accomplish all of the proposed
tasks, therefore a time limit should be imposed and the number of
completed tasks recorded.
User is asked to complete tasks in a brightly lit
environment while ears are plugged
This aims to show the level of importance the sense of hearing in
comparison to vision and light. Since the user is most likely to
accomplish this below the time limit, the timing should be recorded
Controlled variables
There is a possibility where the user would make use of his familiarity with the environment to accomplish the tasks,
hence defeating the initial objectives of the tests. A possible work-around of this loophole would include:
1. Decreasing the probabilities of familiarity by rearranging the furniture and orientation of the room before
and after each test without the user's knowledge
2. Direct the user to begin each trial at randomly selected locations of the designated area.
Evaluation of results
Ultimately, the time taken or percentage of accomplished tasks for each user should be tabulated and ranked. This
would allow the difficulty of each trial to be derived, hence proving or disproving the proposed hypothesis.
Exhibit : Which Wave? ver 2.0
The proposed exhibit would now experience a shift in focus. Though still counter-intuitive, this display will focus on
demonstrating the interaction of light, and hence its integral role in ones vision as opposed to the previous exhibit
which demonstrated more blatantly the importance of light and vision over other senses. In contrary to having the
same light falling on different objects and hence reflecting differently, this exhibit will explore different types of light
falling upon the same object
The exhibit would now consist of the following components:
1. A 2.5 metre tall sculpture, painted in a Red (wavelength: 650nm34), medium gloss.
34
http://science-edu.larc.nasa.gov/EDDOCS/Wavelengths_for_Colors.html#red
23
2. A framework to contain the sculpture, as well as to negate the bulk of light in the environment. Not high
priority due to already dim lighting in designated area at Singapore Science Centre
3. A variety of coloured LED light sources to be mounted on framework:
a. White LED35 (Wavelength: Broad Spectrum)
Broad Spectrum is closely similar to sunlight, hence it would reproduce the perception of the
sculpture in daylight.
b. Red LED (Wavelength: 610nm - 670nm)
Since this only contains coloured light in the Red spectrum, all of which would be reflected,
Sculpture should appear its original colour - Red.
c. Cyan LED (Wavelength: 490nm - 520nm)
There is the absence of light in the wavelengths of Red, hence sculpture should appear Grey, as
there are no Red wavelengths to be reflected.
LEDs were selected over fluorescent or even incandescent light bulbs due to its higher conversion efficiency36 over
traditional light sources, its ready availability in several colours as well as the added ability of quick response37
4. Timer
This would allow the light being shone on the object to change every 8-10 seconds, such that there is only
one type of light being cast on the sculpture at every one time.
Having ourselves aligning the scenarios according to our customers’ needs, we will now take a closer look of its
functions and make further justifications.
35
Light Emitting Diode 36
http://cool.conservation-us.org/byorg/us-doe/comparing_white_leds.pdf 37
http://www.avagotech.com/docs/AV02-1555EN
24
IV). FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS
The final stage of evaluation is to consider the function of each of our scenarios and make evaluations based on it.
The methods used will first be the Black Box Modelling, and we will then move on to analyse what is inside the black
box using functional analysis. The process is completed with activity analysis to further understand through user's
point of view. We choose two of our scenarios (Levitation and Light Bending) to be further analyzed using all the
three methods38. The other three undergoes some but not all the analysis method to avoid repetition in points to
evaluate.
Black Box Modelling of relevant object on each scenario
Scenario 1: Levitation
We chose to model the Maglev photo frame for our levitation scenario because of its relevance in the fundamental
principal of levitation using magnetic field:
From the blackbox model, we make evaluations as illustrated in the table below:
Subject Remarks Further improvement Purpose
Input Energy -
alternative
The input magnetic field energy is
fixed within the metal of which
the frame is going to be put
underneath. It is better if this
Instead of using a permanent
magnet, use a solenoid
attached to a electric power
supply instead so that the
This allows interaction as
mentioned in the CN analysis
section, which is one of the primary
preference of the visitors.
38 Note: Any similar points between the two scenarios will not be repeated. For example: it was mentioned in scenario 1 activity analysis that our exhibit need to be made noticeable, hence in scenario 2 activity analysis, the same point will not be mentioned.
Signals:
Visible: Photo frame levitates once inserted in the
device indicating that a magnetic force is act upon it.
Materials:
Money, Photos (paper, plastic, ink), Surroundings (Floor tiles, wall, table, room) , Emotions (anxious, anticipating, curious), light source.
Signals:
Weight of frame detection, Change in magnetic energy of the magnet.
Energy: Gravitational potential energy, Magnetic field energy, Human energy (chemical energy from food converted to mechanical energy to on the switch and attach the photo), Light energy to see the photo.
Energy:
Magnetic field energy, Light energy is reflected back to our
eyes so we can see the photo, gravitational potential
energy of the levitated frame.
Legend:
Energy
Materials
Signals
Maglev
Photo Frame
Materials:
Photo in the frame, Surroundings
(Floor, tiles, wall, table, room),
emotions (excited, happy,
satisfied).
25
magnetic field can be varied so
that various weights (not just the
frame) can be levitated using it.
magnetic field can be
controlled to match the
weight of the object placed
under it.
Interaction also allows a more
active learning and may leave a
lasting experience to the visitors,
bringing us closer to fulfil our
mission.
Output
Energy -
alternative
When input energy is electricity,
there can be various output
energy instead of just magnetic
field which enables us to
demonstrate features of
levitation.
Generating sound waves,
allowing small particles to be
trapped within the nodes of
the waves and put under
pressure so that it will
vibrate in place hence
appears like it is levitating.
The sound waves used can
be ultrasonic so that it is
outside the human hearing
range, hence not causing
noise pollution.
Allowing user to levitate non
ferromagnetic materials which are
relatively lightweight, for example,
plastic beads or drops of water.
Materials -
photo frame
Only objects with similar weight as
the frame can experience zero net
force and levitate beneath the
permanent magnet.
If the magnetic field can be
varied, any ferromagnetic
materials (iron, cobalt,
nickel, copper, etc) with
mass within the range of the
magnetic field variation can
be levitated.
Allows more degree of freedom in
terms of the range of
ferromagnetic objects that can be
levitated thus allowing more
experience in exploring the
principle behind magnetic
levitation.
Signals -
Magnetic field
control
There is no function with allows us
to change the amount of the
magnetic field produced by the
device.
A small circular control can
be attached using a cable to
the device to allow us to vary
the electric field generating
the magnetic field.
Giving the user a broader sense of
usage of the device and to
personalize it instead of just using
as it as it is.
Material -
table
The device is rather small and is
more suitable to put on a table to
be displayed.
Can be attached to the wall
or even hiding the device
within the ceiling. Hiding the
complexity of the device will
make the object more simple
yet artistic, thus inducing the
sense of counter-intuitivity.
It is more counterintuitive if you
see objects can levitate without
any aid in plain sight. More
attention capturing and drives
people to find out more about it
(the mechanism is hidden, not so
easy for people to guess correctly).
Material -
Light source
External light source is required in
order for us to admire the object.
It should not be either too bright
or too dim.
Imbed the object with its
own light source using warm
tone LED either within the
frame or from the upper
plate itself.
A good lighting helps to add
positive energy for the visitors.
They may feel more comfortable
observing things in a good intensity
of light.
Signal - Light
control
There is no control which allows
us to switch on or off the lights for
us to see the object.
Add a light switch to the
object.
In order to reduce energy wastage,
visitors may press the switch as
needed to see the object with
better clarity.
In summary, we modify our object into a Magnetic Levitator version 2 which magnetic field strength may be varied
by controlling the input electrical energy so that it may levitate different weight and have self illuminating function
26
using LED lights, as well as a levitator which its upper plate or whole body device is hidden from plain sight or be
made less obvious so as to emphasize the counter intuitiveness theme behind it.
27
We also are inspired to take a look into new modes of levitation using sound waves, and the device mechanism is
shown in below:
The application of this device is significant in the pharmaceutical research field39. Drugs requires specific methods of
separation and evaporation in order for the patients to get the right dose. Such manipulation of gravity helps the
scientists in preparing and conducting research on drugs in a better way40.
39 http://www.google.com/patents/US4777823 - See Appendix i (3) 40 http://news.softpedia.com/news/Achievement-Unlocked-Acoustic-Levitation-Video-293012.shtml
The sample object may also be liquids and it can be
put in the system using syringe as illustrated in this
picture:
Source: http://www.anl.gov/articles/no-magic-show-
real-world-levitation-inspire-better-pharmaceuticals
Figure 15: Acoustic levitator.
Source: http://science.howstuffworks.com/acoustic-levitation1.htm
28
Scenario 3: Light Bending
Black Box Modelling of relevant object on each scenario
From the blackbox model, we make evaluations as illustrated in the table below:
Subject Remarks Further improvement Purpose
Input Material-alternative
The main material input is laser source (monochrome) and by varying input materials, the exhibit can be made more interesting.
Instead of shooting laser from a laser pointer straight, we can shine white light through a prism which will diffract the white light into a rainbow of colours. By using lens, we can focus the different coulours into a laser and shine it through the optical fiber
We previously mentioned that the science centre already has an optical fiber exhibit. Hence, in order to improve my exhibit, using the diffraction of white light, we can not only make my exhibit different, but showcase another counter intuitive aspect of light- white light consist of a combination of many other lights. Futhermore, it makes the exhibit more interesting which from our CN analysis, would appeal more to our target group.
Output Energy - alternative
The output laser light is currently being reflected within the optical fiber until it is eventually shone on a white surface.
The light shone on the surface is currently a light point. Similar to how laser light can now project images when a cap is added to the tip, maybe we can do something similar to the output laser to show a picture on the white surface instead.
Pictures instead of merely a point laser might be able to generate interest from our target group and generate more interest in our exhibit.
Material - Light source
In order to make the laser ray obvious, the surrounding must be dark.
Reducing the amount of light around the object, perhaps by building a small shelter, of
Sometimes to yield a good design, we may not only add things on to our design but also reduce the
Signals:
Visible: light being reflected within the optical fiber.
Light to be refected on surface.
Materials:
Money, Optical fiber, Surroundings (Floor tiles, wall, table, room) , Emotions (anxious, anticipating, curious), laser light source.
Signals:
Click sound of the laser as its being turned on, light appearing from the laser.
Energy: Electrical energy, Human energy (chemical energy from food converted to mechanical energy to turn on the laser).
Energy:
Light energy
Legend:
Energy
Materials
Signals
Optical fiber
Total Internal Reflection
Materials:
Laser light, Surroundings (Floor,
tiles, wall, table, room), emotions
(excited, happy, satisfied).
29
which people can enter and observe the exhibit.
variables to make the amount just perfect for the visitors.
Input- Electric energy
Laser pointer is operated by battery and provides lesser power light ( although still adquate for viewing of the exhibit)
Provide a stronger laser pointed operated by electricity power point instead.
From our site analysis, there are adequate power sources around and in order to get a clear view of the light’s trajectory within the optical fibre, the laser could be more powerful and enhance the effect for our visitors.
In summary, we modified our object into a Optical fiber exhibit which the light source comes from a white light split
into its individual lights which we will then focus it to a laser form and shot through the optical fiber, possibly made
of plastic. At the end of the optical fiber, a cap is put with design imprinted such that a picture is displayed on the
surface. The light source is electricity from the power supply and the switch is remote operated.
One of the main adjustments made to the previous exhibit was the use of white laser light instead of a laser of a
particular colour41. The methodology behind this mechanism is shown in figure 16 and 17 below42:
After the light is split, we would then use a lens to focus an individual light colour through the optic fiber.
41 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9eEyTw4wylk 42 http://mervv.com/?p=285
Figure 16:
Defraction of
white light
through a
triangular
prism to give a
spectrum.
Figure 17:
Defraction of
white light
through a
rectangular
prism to give a
spectrum.
30
Scenario 4: Sound Wave
Insights and evaluation:
In summary, cymatic imaging has enabled us to ‘see’ sound. In order to attract the younger audience (our target
audience), we added colours to the exhibit. From what we learn through the talk by the director of Science Gallery in
Dublin, Michael John Gorman, there is a transition of the way people relate to the exhibit, from interactive to
participatory. In order to encourage participatory of the audience, we added an aspect of personalizing the exhibit to
each person. We aim to create an experience which is special to each person. We hope that they would walk away
with an imprint of our exhibit in their life.
Subject Remarks Further Improvement Purpose
Energy input (sound energy)
Sound energy is the input of this system.
The source of sound is produced by the cymascope itself. One possible change that could be made is to let the visitor use their own voice. The source of sound will be the visitor’s.
With this improvement, it brings about the participation of the visitors. And the cymatic image formed could be captured and the visitor will be able to keep the image of their own voice.
Material input Thin layer of pure water Other than pure think later of water, a colored water could e used to make the image more interesting and attractive to the younger audience.
Making the exhibit more attractive to the younger audience who prefer a variety of colors, as reflected in the observation table in the site analysis.
Material output Changes in shape. The end product is the movement of the water into different geometrical forms of shapes.
A possible change to the output pattern is by making use the electric field or magnetic field to disturb the pattern and create a set of pattern which we desire.
This allows the visitors to interact and participate in the exhibit
Formation of
geometric
pattern
Sound energy
Thin layer of water
Kinetic energy
Fluid flows and changes position
Patterns Water stays flat
31
Scenario 5: Pendulum Waves
Below is our evaluation from the Black Box Analysis:
Subject Current Improvement Rationale
Input energy- The gravitational energy of the pendulums when they are set into position by the lever.
The gravitational potential energy that can be attained by the system is now fixed, i.e. the initial displacement of the pendulums are fixed
The design of the lever can be adjusted such that the displacements of the pendulums can be adjusted, hence changing the Gravitatioinal Potential energy of the system
We were taught that simple pendulum motion only occurs when the angle of displacement is kept small. However in this experiment, this margin of error doesn’t affect the wave effect as the periodic motion of the pendulums are relative to one another
Materials- Pendulum masses
With current design, the pendulum masses are of the same colour.
Light-emitting diodes(LEDs) can be attached to each pendulum masses
This lighting effects produces by the LEDs when in motion would attract audiences. In addition, it makes observation easier in the dim lighting condition.
Signal- Viewing the Pendulum Wave motion
With current design, the pendulum wave motion can only be observed from the sides and top.
A sensor can be added to sense when each pendulum passes through a pre-defined position in motion, i.e. the maximum displacement in the positive direction. The signals captured from the sensor can be translated to musical notes, with each pitch complimenting with the respective pendulum.
This polyrhythm can help to emphasize and highlight the variations of the periods of the individual pendulum motions and also at the same time the gradual variations of the pendulum wave as a whole over time. Children might respond well through the use of their senses and the usage of sound might even sustain their attention and improve learning.
Pendulum Waves
Energy
Human energy, Gravitational
Potential energy, Spring
elastic energy
Materials
Pendulums, Strings, Stand,
Vacuum Box to enclose the
set-up, LEDs to lit up the
setup
Signals
Pendulums being given
equal displacements. The
lever is being displaced
Energy
Human energy, Mechanical
energy, Gravitational
Potential energy
Materials
Pendulums, Strings,
Stand, Vacuum Box to
enclose the set-up, LEDs
to lit-up the setup
Signals
Pendulums set in simple
harmonic motion with
individual periods, The lever
is back to equilibrium.
32
Materials- Mass of pendulum system
With current design, the main aim is to find out about the relation between length of pendulum and how it affects the period of the motion in an attractive and engaging manner
Modifications can be made to the system to include a set of masses with fixed length and varying masses.
Theory tells us that mass of pendulums does not affect its periodic motion. Hence, this will be the learning point for the children
The black-box diagram allowed the set-up to be broken down into its inputs and outputs components. After
evaluating the system, several changes can be implemented to make this set-up more engaging and provide a more
effective learning process for the children.
They are:
1. Varying the displacement from the equilibrium position.
2. Adding LEDs to the pendulum masses. This is to make the exhibit more attractive as from our Customer
Analysis we realize that there was a mix response for interactive and visual exhibit. Hence , we can cater to a
greater range of audience.
3. Adding the sensor and to translate the signals as musical notes. Again, this is to make the exhibit more
engaging.
33
Functional analysis for our scenarios
Scenario 1: Levitation
We then make a functional analysis of our Magnetic Levitator version 2 :
From the functional analysis, we make further evaluation on our magnetic levitator:
Functional analysis
component
Further improvement Purpose
Attraction magnetic
force between the
ferromagnetic material
and the solenoid is
generated.
We can broaden our
modes of levitation by
using repulsion of
magnetic field instead
of attraction of
magnetic field.
The solenoid is placed below and a diamagnetic object is placed
above it. It will induce magnetic field in the opposite direction of
that of the solenoid's hence repelling the solenoid and 'floats' above
it43
. Diamagnets do not follow Earnshaw's theorem and hence it has
a relatively stable axis of levitation and will not topple like how
ferromagnetic materials will repel each other when placed on top of
one another44
.
43 http://netti.nic.fi/~054028/images/LeviTheory.pdf 44 http://www.physics.ucla.edu/marty/diamag/ajp601.pdf
Setting electric
field so that
upward magnetic
force balances
downward
magnetic force of
the ferromagnetic
material.
Attraction magnetic
force between the
ferromagnetic
material and the
solenoid is
generated.
By Fleming's right hand
rule, magnetic field is
generated around the
solenoid similar to that
magnetic field lines of a
permanent magnet.
There is a change in
magnetic energy of
the system (the
solenoid and the
ferromagnetic
material).
A ferromagnetic
material is brought
underneath the
solenoid.
Electrical current
go through the
solenoid.
Main
electrical
switch is on.
Light switch
is on.
Current goes
through the LED,
light is on.
Object's electrical
switch is on.
Object's switch
is off.
Light switch is off.
The
ferromagnetic
material
levitates.
34
The ferromagnetic
material levitates
We can make the object
moves as it levitates,
for example: rotating,
oscillating.
A light motor with a simple replaceable battery is placed inside the
object, hence when the switch is on using a remote control, the
object starts to rotate45
. To make the object oscillate, we can attach
the solenoid both on top and below the object, parallel to each
other and has the same axis of symmetry. After the magnetic and
gravitational forces are in equilibrium, a soft either upward or
downward velocity is given to the object, hence allowing it to
oscillate vertically because it does not want to get too near with
either plates due to the repelling magnetic forces.
Using the principles of a gycroscope, an object may levitate for a
short period of time due to its magnetic field's induced force,
similar to the fundamentals behind a Levitron46
.
Object's switch is off &
Light switch is off
To save energy, users
are encouraged to off
the light and the
system's electricity
supply.
To prevent hassle, it is better if we set a timer to the electricity
supply on both the light and the object. Since most people
averagely will spend about 3 minutes to observe the object, we can
set the timer to about 210 seconds before it starts shutting off. The
next visitor may on the switch again or should they want to observe
longer, they may conveniently press to ON button again.
In summary, we can attach a timer to the electrical supply of the device and we can also levitate and add movement
to our object using repulsive forces as illustrated in the existing device below:
45
http://hackedgadgets.com/2010/08/30/levitating-rotating-globe/ 46
http://www.levitron.com/
Fig 18:
Source:
http://www.telovation.com/articles/levitat
ing-globe.html
We call this our Magnetic Levitator Version
3.
35
Scenario 2: Which Wave?
EVALUATION
While the exhibit is rather simple in operation, the frequent switching on and off of LED lighting every 8 seconds may
result in more frequent changing of LEDs required, despite the relative long lifetime of LEDs to be approximately 50
000 hours47. Therefore much human maintenance is required in maintaining the exhibit which could be costly in
addition to the initial high cost of replacement LEDs
47
http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/ssl/lifetime_white_leds_aug16_r1.pdf
Lights and timer to be
connected to Electrical
Outlet
Electrical Outlet to be
switched on
Timer randomly
selects one of the 3
lights to switch on
Light ONE switches
on for 8 seconds
Light TWO switches
on for 8 seconds
Light THREE switches
on for 8 seconds
LED burns:
Replacement LED
Electrical Outlet
switched off
36
Scenario 3: Light Bending
From the functional analysis, we make further evaluation on our Optical fiber:
Functional analysis component
Further improvement
Purpose
Isolating one colour, light is focused into a more concentrated form using a lens
Instead of isolating just one colour, we could utilising all the colours to make a spectrum of laser lights
48.
By only using one colour initially, the other colours of the spectrum is essentially wasted. Hence, if we use all the spectrum, this would also give our exhibit an enhanced effect and not something that is too simple. Since from our target group consist of many young children, through our CN analysis ,we determined that these children would appeal more to exhibits that are relatively more “colourful”.
Light directed towards a glass optical fiber
If we do utilize all the colours from our diffracted laser, we must also have multiple optical fiber
Optical fiber glass can used in various shape and the effect of total internal reflection would still remain
49.
Source: Hence, we can exaggerate the counter intuitive effect that light can bend in various shapes as well
50.
48
http://www.ehow.com/how_8677910_refract-light-through-glasses.html 49
http://www.rp-photonics.com/fibers.html
Laser light passes
through a cap with
a chosen shape
Laser light leaves
the optical fiber
Isolating one colour,
light is focused and
directed into a more
concentrated form
using a lens
Coloured laser is
reflected internally
within the optical
fibre.
Light directed
towards a glass fibre
optics glass/ plastic
White light splits
into its spectrum
of colours
Main
electrical
switch is on.
Laser light
switch is
on via
remote
Current goes
through the white
laser, light is on.
Light passes
through a triangle
prism
Object's switch
is off remotely
Light switch is off.
A picture of the
shape, displayed
within the cap, is
seen on the white
surface (screen)
37
glass/plastic for the lights to pass through. Since light is internally reflected, we can shape the optical fiber in many different shapes.
Laser passes through a cap with a chosen shape
Since now we have more lights and colours exiting the various optical fiber, we can now include different shapes that the light passes through to perhaps form a pattern.
This is mainly to improve our exhibit aesthetically. By varying the different shape and sizes of the output laser, we can now begin to form different patterns as our end result or even letters or names. If names are generated, people would be better able to relate to the exhibit and hence find it more appealing and interesting.
Object's switch is on/ off with a remote
Remote control must be linked to the object with a wire (can be a long wire).
Wireless remote controls are typically easier to lose. If we were to leave the exhibit without any supervision, a visitor might accidently lose the remote rendering our exhibit non-operational by the next. Hence, by attaching a long connecting wire, the effect of controlling the exhibit from a far would still occur reducing the chance for our visitor to lose the remote.
In summary, we can ultilise all the colours of the spectrum by further separating the colours using lens. These
individual colours are then passed through more optical fibers of various shapes and as it exist the optical fiber, it is
shone through caps/ lens of various shapes depicting different images or patterns.
50
http://www.physlink.com/news/070704TwistedFibers.cfm, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rlo2XeB2qt4&feature=related.
38
Scenario 5: Pendulum Waves
Evaluations for the Pendulum Wave Set-up
Functional analysis component Further improvement Purpose/Reason
Mass of the pendulum Currently, only the length of the pendulum can be changed. If it is possible to build and adapt, we can add another set of pendulums of equal length but of varying weights. Most likely the interchanging of the pendulum set would be mechanical and being controlled by a button instead of allowing the visitors to manually change the set.
This might be boring for our target audience after a while as it does not fully illustrate the equation describing pendulum motion. This would make this exhibit more intriguing for our audience. Since the exhibit is left without supervision, there is a chance of visitors losing parts of the pendulum set if visitors are allowed to change the pendulum set.
Set up the experiment,
ensuring stand is placed on
an equal and stable surface.
Pendulums of varying lengths
are being hanged. Turn on
the power switch which
powers the LEDs.
Lever is being pushed and
the plastic hand that is
attached to it comes into
contact with the
pendulums. User can vary
the displacement using the
lever.
Lever is continually being
pushed to the end and this
results in the pendulums
being pushed similarly to their
maximum displacement.
Pendulums gain maximum
Gravitational Potential Energy
at this point.
Lever arm is being
released.
Simultaneously, the
Pendulums are being released
from their maximum
displacement and undergoes
simple harmonic motion
Sensors placed strategically
would detect the motions of
these pendulums.
Signals from the sensors are
being transmitted to a
computer programme
Computer programme then
emits the respective musical
notes, creating a polyphony.
39
Lifespan of the pendulum set The exhibit can be enclosed in a plastic enclosure to minimize the damage done to it by unnecessary handling by the visitors.
Due to constant mechanical movements of the pendulums in the pendulum system, it might be subjected to much wear and tear. This would not affect the viewing and learning experience of the exhibit.
Lifespan of the lever Right now the lever is used to displace the pendulum weights from its equilibrium position. There is no restriction to the displacement of the pendulums and it is up to user to determine. The lever should be locked in place after launching the pendulum set instead or it can also be launched by electronics means
Due to lack of supervision, there might be a possibility of the lever being misused and might damage the lever of even the pendulum balls
In summary, we can add another set of pendulum but this time, we vary the weighs instead of the lengths. This is to
extend the scope of the concepts demonstrated. Do minimise wear and tear of the pendulums and the lever, they
can be electronically controlled instead.
40
User Activity Analysis for our scenarios
Scenario 1: Levitation
Our last step of functional analysis to the levitation scenario is the user activity analysis:
Assuming that the object is placed within a non transparent box of size 1m by 1m with one of its side open for the
public to interact within the space and 'hangs' objects, having its component all hidden within the upper and lower
compartment of the box and provided with a series of buttons to control connected to the device within the
container using cable, we derive the following activity analysis:
Visiting the exhibit due to
various reasons (friends'
suggestion, flyers, internet,
interest to science, by chance,
parents suggestion, etc) and
arrive at the Science Centre
entrance.
Walk towards our
exhibition area (by
chance or by external
information, or by
chance).
Purchase the
entrance ticket,
and enter the
Science Centre.
Observe our exhibit
Read exhibit's instruction or
description Press buttons,
decide whether
to oscillate or to
levitate
Failed to configure
anything
Noticing
that device
operates
Place various objects within
the field
For objects that
rotates, on the
motor switch
For objects that oscillates, give
a light upward or downward
push Observe our
exhibit in
operation
Replace existing
object with other
objects
Control electric supply to vary
magnetic field until object is in
equilibrium and levitates when
placed on air
Observe other people Observe other exhibits
Failed to get
interested in
our exhibit
Exit Miss our
exhibit
Take pictures Jot down
notes Chat with friends
or family
Tweet/share
experience in
social medias
such as twitter
and facebook
Miss our exhibit
Device doesn't
operate
Leave
Experiment
with the
device
41
Below is our evaluation from our activity analysis:
What we want What we do not want What should be done
Visitors to notice our exhibit Visitors failed to notice our
exhibit
Place a vibrant notice board which is attention
capturing in a positive way such as : "Do you
know that we can defy gravity?" near the
entrance of the exhibit.
Visitors to get interested in our
exhibit
Visitors to walk away and failed
to get interested in our exhibit
before even starting anything
Provide a sample display (another closed glass
panel) beside the object. For example, create a
prototype of solar system consisting of the Sun
and its 9 planets rotating around it, all levitating
in the air, or create a prototype of the moon
rotating on its own axis as well as circulating
around the earth, which is also rotating on its
own axis. We can modify the device such as it
allows tilted rotational motion instead of the
object's horizontal axis of symmetry being parallel
to the ground51
.
Visitors to be motivated to read
the description before operating
the object and not to get
confused by it.
Visitors to get injured or their
belongings damaged due to the
influence of the magnetic field
(watch, phones, etc).
Put two sets of notes, firstly is the "WARNING!
READ BEFORE USING." with red font (see
appendix 6) note, begin with a notice to put all
electronic devices away at least 30 cm from the
device before operating it in order to avoid them
being damaged or they being injured if the
devices fly out to the magnetic plates. And then
followed by explaining how to operate the
system.
Visitors to be motivated to read
further description after
exploring the device, and have a
meaningful takeaway.
Visitors to just take a look and go
without even bothering what is
the principles behind the
levitation process.
Simple diagrams and pictures that are interesting
and attention catching is needed. More
importantly, it does not over simplify (still
explains the fundamental principles with clarity)
yet easy to be understood by the public. We
should avoid using technical terms because not
everyone will understand and may cause them to
lose interest. If descriptions and texts are needed,
we need to make sure that the words are large
enough for people to read without the need to
get closer than 50 cm to read it.
Visitors to keep being interested
in trying all materials (both the
oscillation and the rotating parts)
before leaving.
Visitors to lost interest halfway
after interacting with the device.
The device has to function perfectly without fail
of the object to levitate. Perhaps a general guide
of the weight and the amount of electricity need
to be set on each object is needed just in case the
visitors fail to levitate the materials.
Visitors not to get confused
which is the area for oscillation
and which is the area for
levitation.
Visitors are confused as they mix
up the two locations
A clear division of area within the box is needed,
indicated with clear notification which one is the
oscillation and which one is the levitation
compartment.
51
http://hackedgadgets.com/2010/08/30/levitating-rotating-globe/
42
In summary, our device now requires a different compartment for oscillation and levitation, and also an extra display
within an enclosed panel which demonstrate levitation beside it is recommended so that visitors may get motivated
to interact with our exhibit. We also need to add extra attention and broaden our ways in getting the visitor
interested, keeping the motivation alive, having a great takeaway lesson, motivate them to return and take a second
look, and also to exit the exhibit with satisfaction.
Scenario 2: Which Wave?
EVALUATION
A. Adapting from previous activity evaluation, assuming the visitor finally notices the exhibit, but does not
spend any time in engaging his senses with the exhibit. The exhibit is merely considered as an
ornamentation in the hall, rather than of any educative purposes. Therefore, the time taken for the
Visitor enters
Singapore Science
Centre Hall B
Visitor notices
Exhibition
Visitor misses
Exhibition
Visitor leaves
Exhibition
Visitor stays and
observes Exhibition
Visitor reads
explanation panel
Visitor has gained
nothing from the
exhibit.
Visitor gains insight
and understanding
about the concepts
of light
Visitor leaves the
exhibition
Visitor enjoyed the
display, but has
little understanding
of the concepts
presented
START
END
A
C
B D
43
respective lights to change has been kept at a short gap of 8 seconds, such that the visitor would be
constantly engaged and interested enough to prolong observation.
B. Similarly, we need to provide an easily comprehended description panel with the use of infographics as
opposed to wall of texts, such that the important concepts may be efficiently conveyed to the reader.
Scenario 3: Light Bending
Similar to scenario 1, our exhibit now requires informative cards to be on display at the different stages of the
process, and also an extra display might also be place next to the exhibit so that visitors may be attracted to the
exhibit. We also consider safety aspects that the laser might provide hence providing protective goggles is essential
too. Basically, we want to provide an interesting learning experience for our visitors such that they would not only
learn some scientific knowledge, their interest in other exhibits would also be amplified and hopefully they can
spread their interest to their friends and generate further interest in our exhibit.
Having developed our scenarios, we will summarize all the ideas generated.
44
V). DESIGN SCENARIO IDEAS
The table bellow summarize the scenario ideas which came about throughout the design process:
Scenario Idea Description Design Methods Justification
1. Levitation 1. Electric field levitator. A charged particle is suspended between plates which generates electric field.
Background Review.
Links to real-world application such as superconductor and magnetic levitator, hence appealing to the visitor the application behind scientific principles.
2. Magnetic levitator (ver 1 and 2). Ferromagnetic materials is suspended below magnetic field generator because of attractive magnetic forces.
Customer Need Analysis and Black Box Modelling.
Safety issues brought by electric field levitator leads us to change the field into magnetic.
3. Acoustic levitator. Particles are suspended because of the rapid compression and expansion of air due to the sound waves being reflected back and forth.
Black Box Modelling. We are exploring as much possibility for levitation, this time around the principle behind it is different from that of idea 1 and 2. Also, acoustic levitator has an important application in pharmaceutical field, showing once again the integration behind many field of science (medical and physics).
4. Rotating Magnetic levitator. Making use of repulsion forces between magnet and diamagnetic material, paired by rotating motor to display the variation in displaying the exhibit to the public.
Functional Analysis and Activity Analysis.
To attract visitors, we suggest that a display is shown, for example a prototype of solar system such that visitors are interested to take a closer look on the exhibit.
5. Oscillating Magnetic levitator. Making use of a couple of repulsive magnetic forces in upper and lower plate to let the object which has initial vertical velocity oscillate.
Functional Analysis and Activity Analysis.
To explore the various way of levitating, instead of the object being stationary, we are inspired to make to object oscillates. Hence, we suggest to divide the exhibit into three parts: the display, the oscillating, and the levitating chamber.
2. Light's deceptive role in vision.
1. Which Wave? Combining sound and sight senses, and derive the listener's sense of sight using algorithm.
Background Research To raise awareness to the handicapped, and to show people how much they depend on their sight.
2. Which Wave? (Ver 2) Different types of light from LED source is shone on the same material, hence creating different perceptions.
Empathic Lead User Analysis and Functional Analysis.
To explore the importance of light and its deceptive role in vision, and how different types of light can completely alter our imagination.
45
3. Light Bending. 1. Total Internal Reflection. Laser light is bent as it passes medium with different refractive index such as water.
Background Research and Customer Need Analysis.
To showcase the counter intuitive side of light, as from our CN analysis, most people think that light travels in a straight line.
2. Optical Fiber Total Internal Reflection. Bending of light that is guided using optical fiber which is made of glass.
Customer Analysis. By changing the material from water to optical fibre, we make the device more interactive. We can change the shape of the fibre easily, and bend it in various way.
3. Light Dispersion, Total Internal Reflection. Using a prism, we plan to separate the white laser into spectrum of colors, then isolating one color and bend it using the same method in idea 2.
Black Box Modelling. We would like to showcase another counterintuitive side of light, which is white light is actually consisted of many colors. Furthermore, from CN analysis we found out that colorful exhibit is more appealing for the visitors.
4. Light Dispersion, Total Internal Reflection (ver 2). Instead of isolating one color, we isolate all colors and bend them using the optical fibers.
Functional Analysis. We would like to maximize all the colors of the spectrum and make it more interesting.
4. Sound Waves 1. Non-Newtonian Fluid. The sound wave makes the particles vibrate, and the particles will pressurize the fluid, hence forming a solid.
Background Research. To show the counterintuitive side of sound waves, that actually it carries energy although its invisible. Also to raise awareness that we actually use both sight and sound senses simultaneously and not separately.
2. Cymatic imaging. The sound waves causes the plate to vibrate and it will affect the thin layer of fluid and hence patterns are formed.
Background Research. Showing how sound energy actually has patterns.
3. Fractals. Nature has its patterns, such as the bark of a tree or broccoli's texture.
Customer Need Analysis.
To cater to the needs of the visitors as reflected in the Affinity Diagram. Also, to integrate art and science hence allowing more people to relate to it.
5. Pendulum Wave. 1. Wave Motion. Using pendulum, we would like to showcase the motion of wave due to the differences of frequency of each pendulum.
Background Research. We are targeting children of age 9-16 and hence we decided to showcase a simple yet counterintuitive aspect of science-something we cannot see yet all around us-the wave.
2. Wave Motion (ver 2). Added LED sensor to part 1 and translates to sound output.
Black Box Modelling. To allow more interaction to cater more visitor's preference and hence allowing a more creative platform of learning.
3. Wave Motion (ver 3). Functional Analysis. To explore more sides of how
46
Varying masses of pendulum instead of using different lengths.
pendulum showcase the wave motion.
47
VI). FRAMEWORK AND SYSTEM DESIGN
We choose two most solid design ideas that we have as illustrated below: (explore materials and dimension, long
run stability, and maintenance).
1. Magnetic Levitator - Oscillation
We need to let the upper repelling force to be lesser than lower repelling force because of the presence of
gravitational force downwards. The magnetic field strength is expressed as the following formula52:
where N is the number of turns in the solenoid. Therefore the number of turns of the upper solenoid should be
lesser of that of the lower solenoid's. After an equilibrium stage of the object is achieved, a light vertical push to the
object will result in oscillation.
52 http://www.pa.msu.edu/courses/2001spring/PHY232/lectures/ampereslaw/solenoid.html
48
2. Which Wave?
Different light will alter the perception of the object accordingly. This shows how fundamental light is, together with
its counterintuitivity aspect, that actually what we see is what it is because of the type of light shone on it.
Various LED source
Colored object
Background wall
Control
Buttons each
for different
light
49
VII) CONCLUSION
This counterintuitive exhibit needs to cater to the customer's needs to reach maximum impact. Having analyzed and
modify the scenarios, we wish to brainstorm and further solidify the ideas such that we can narrow down to the few
most justified ones. We also chose two of the scenario ideas to be further developed in Project II. Firstly, we chose
the cymatic imaging. We feel that integrating art and science in nature results in a broader perspective of scientific
exhibition. It no longer just serves as entertainment or scientific knowledge platform but also for users from
different background such as art and design to relate and be inspired by it. Secondly, we choose magnetic levitation.
Magnetic levitation channels to many solutions to real-world problems such as the energy crisis for transportation.
Due to the large field of application, we feel that we may inspire the visitors through this scenario to learn more
about science.
These abstracts need to be further developed with more depth to get a better picture of its sustainability in terms of
cost, energy consumption, wastage, and lifetime which is essential to determine whether these exhibits is feasible.
50
Appendix I
Movie Title : Total Recall
Movie Poster :
Synopsis : (Extracted from: http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie-synopsis/total-recall.3/)
Originally adapted by director Paul Verhoeven in 1990, author Philip K. Dick's classic sci-fi short story We Can
Remember It for You Wholesale returns to the big screen in this remake starring Colin Farrell, Bryan Cranston, and
Kate Beckinsale, and directed by Underworld's Len Wiseman. The planet has been decimated by nuclear war in the
late 21st century, leaving only two nations -- the United Federation of Britain and the Colony. Douglas Quaid (Farrell)
is a factory worker with a stable job and a loving wife (Beckinsale), but upon learning that a company named Rekall
could grant him the memory of the ultimate espionage adventure, he decides that a virtual vacation is better than
no vacation at all. But in the midst of having the new memories implanted, something goes haywire. Still strapped to
the chair as the system breaks down, he's branded a spy as the authorities close in, and quickly flees for his life.
Later, Quaid discovers that he has a secret identity, and he joins forces with rebel soldier Melina (Jessica Biel) on a
mission to track down Matthias (Bill Nighy), the head of a fierce resistance movement that's been labeled a terrorist
organization by the tyrannical Chancellor Cohaagen (Bryan Cranston). Cohaagen seeks to control the entire free
world, and now the harder Quaid fights to defeat him, the clearer it becomes that his memory had been altered long
before he walked into Rekall.
Trailer: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EWYaW0wHMBA
Starring :
Colin Farrell, Bryan Cranston, Kate
Beckinsale, Bokeem Woodbine, Jessica
Biel, Bill Nighy
51
Appendix A: Science centre gallery map.
Reference: http://www.science.edu.sg/visitorinformation/Pages/gallerymap.aspx
52
Appendix 2: Children is the majority of the visitors in science centre
Date of photos taken: Friday, 5 October 2012, 3:18 PM
Location: Tesla Coil, Level 1 Location: Entrance of our exhibit, facing the
Tesla Coil, Level 1
53
Appendix 3: Bioethics (exhibition that allows interaction)
Date of photo taken: Friday, 5 October 2012, 2:43 PM
There are always visitors in this area although its entrance is not as obvious (turn right after entering our exhibition
area).
54
Appendix 4: CN Survey, 05/10/2012
55
Appendix 5: Like/Dislike Table Survey
56
Appendix 6: Long description of exhibits
57
Appendix i: Patents for Scenario 1 - Levitation
1). Title: Electrostatic Levitation: A Tool to Support Materials Research in Microgravity
Author: Rogers, Jan; SanSoucie, Mike
Abstract: Containerless processing represents an important topic for materials research in
microgravity. Levitated specimens are free from contact with a container, which permits studies of deeply
undercooled melts, and high-temperature, highly reactive materials. Containerless processing provides
data for studies of thermophysical properties, phase equilibria, metastable state formation, microstructure
formation, undercooling, and nucleation. The European Space Agency (ESA) and the German Aerospace
Center (DLR) jointly developed an electromagnetic levitator facility (MSL-EML) for containerless materials
processing in space. The electrostatic levitator (ESL) facility at the Marshall Space Flight Center provides
support for the development of containerless processing studies for the ISS. Apparatus and techniques
have been developed to use the ESL to provide data for phase diagram determination, creep resistance,
emissivity, specific heat, density/thermal expansion, viscosity, surface tension and triggered nucleation of
melts. The capabilities and results from selected ESL-based characterization studies performed at NASA's
Marshall Space Flight Center will be presented.
Reason for reviewing patent: This patent teaches us the principle behind electrostatic levitation, as
well as giving us the idea how realistic scenario 1 can be. It also gives us the gauge on how much resources
is needed to levitate the objects as well as giving us the insight of some real world purpose behind
levitation.
Website reference:
http://naca.larc.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20120014192&qs=N%3D4294967219%26Nn%3D125%257CCollecti
on%257CNIX ,
2). Inventors: Donald M. Rote, Jianliang He, Howard Coffey
Original Assignee: The United States of America as represented by the United States
Department of Energy
Current U.S. Classification: 104/281; 104/139
International Classification: B60L 1300
Abstract: A propulsion and stabilization system for an inductive repulsion type magnetically levitated
vehicle which is propelled and suspended by a system which includes dividing the superconducting
magnets into two types: a strong field magnet which is located vertically below the vehicle for propulsion
58
and guidance and a weak field superconducting magnet located at the ends of the vehicle for levitation
and added guidance. Several proposed embodiments exist for the placement of the magnetic field
shielding: locating the shielding on the vehicle, locating the shielding on the guideway, and locating the
shielding on the guideway and adding shielding to the vertical undercarriage. In addition, the separation
between the vehicle and the guideway can be controlled to reduce the exposure of the passenger cabin to
magnetic fields.
Reason for reviewing patent: We want to make sure that Maglev train is feasible and does exist hence we
chose this patent as one of the concrete evidence of its application.
Website reference: http://www.google.com/patents/US5253591
3). Inventors: Martin B. Barmatz, Mark S. Gaspar, Eugene H. Trinh
Original Assignee: The United States of America as represented by the Administrator of the
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Primary Examiner: Robert P. Bell
Current U.S. Classification: 181/.5
International Classification: G10K 1500
Abstract: A system is described for use with acoustic levitators, which can prevent rotation of a levitated
object or control its orientation and/or rotation. The acoustic field is made nonsymmetrical about the axis of the
levitator, to produce an orienting torque that resists sample rotation. In one system, a perturbating reflector is
located on one side of the axis of the levitator, at a location near the levitated object. In another system, the main
reflector surface towards which incoming acoustic waves are directed is nonsymmetrically curved about the axis of
the levitator. The levitated object can be reoriented or rotated in a controlled manner by repositioning the reflector
producing the nonsymmetry.
Reason for reviewing patent: We choose to refer to this patent in order to make reference on how
acoustic levitation is made possible, as well as having further insights of its usefulness and application to
the real world problems.
Website reference: http://www.google.com/patents/US4777823
59
Appendix ii: Scenario 2: Light Bending
1. Inventor: Jeffrey M. Sanford
Primary Examiner: Thomas M. Sember
Current U.S. Classification: 362/565; 362/123; 362/171; 362/806
International Classification: F21P 102
Abstract:
A light for providing illuminated holiday decorations. The inventive device includes a fiber optic light string
having a plurality of elongated optical radiators extending from a fiber optic cable. A light assembly
generates illumination for dispensing through the fiber optic cable and projecting optical radiators. The
light string can be incorporated into decorative garland, a wreath, or a Christmas tree structure.
Reason for choosing patent:
To explore how lights can be bent and used as decoration as explained in the patent. The method
discovered can be used for further development of this scenario. Also, this gives us the rough idea that our
scenario is feasible and not entirely abstract.
60
Appendix iii: Patents for Scenario 2 - Sound Wave
1). Inventors: Anna Lee Tonkovich, Ravi Arora, David Kilanowski, Eric Daymo
Current U.S. Classification: 137/92
Abstract:
The disclosed invention relates to a process, comprising: conducting unit operations in at least two process
zones in a process microchannel to treat and/or form a non-Newtonian fluid, a different unit operation
being conducted in each process zone; and applying an effective amount of shear stress to the non-
Newtonian fluid to reduce the viscosity of the non-Newtonian fluid in each process zone, the average shear
rate in one process zone differing from the average shear rate in another process zone by a factor of at
least about 1.2.
Reason for reviewing patent:
We would like to study about general behaviour of non- Newtonian Fluid and how to form such a fluid with
the hope that we can improve our scenario and extend further possibilities for improvement and
modification until the scenario is justified.
Website Reference: http://www.google.com/patents/US20070256736
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