Memorandum 1

1

MEMORANDUM

To: Design Management and the Singapore Science Centre

From: NARNYA; Natalie Agus, Crystal Tee, Benny Ng, Mak Wai Yong, Lisa Tjide

Re: Project I – Exhibition Design Proposal

2

I). INTRODUCTION

How often have we found ourselves fabricating surprisingly unique scenarios? Regardless of JK Rowling's World of

Wizardry or specific characters such as Wolverine from the X Men, both are perfect representations of Counter-

intuition - the instance whereby one is unable to easily derive an explanation for such encounters contrary to one's

instinctive knowledge and beliefs. We may even realise our absorption with the creation of these unnatural

scenarios as a means to embellish the otherwise "mundane" reality, to the extent that we transform into obsessed,

myopic individuals who overlook these otherwise omnipresent elements. Nature conceals these elements and highly

rewards the discerning who uncovers this treasure, undoubtedly, those who fail to notice this aspect of the sciences,

conclude science as a technical, and even boring endeavour. Ultimately, the last glimmer of hope lies in the young

(between ages of 9 – 16) those who have just begun their venture into science and are yet to form any biased

perceptions at all.

We have arrived to our design mission:

"To inspire appreciation via the demonstration of subtle, but counterintuitive concepts, for an ultimate greater

purpose of reviving interest in applied sciences in the human race."

Throughout the design process, we will work by closely aligning our mission to our ideas but not forgetting to

consider our user's needs and wants. We will go through a series of functional evaluation to create something which

is impactful, inspirational and bring out a new perspective of science.

II). BACKGROUND RESEARCH

Background research involves further exploration of the meaning behind exhibit and our mission. The result of this

research is the list of possible scenarios, cross referred with published texts, webpage, and patents that are related

so we that we can have an idea whether our scenarios are justifiable.

Our mission was inspired by the mission of our user, the Singapore Science Centre:

"To promote interest, learning and creativity in science and technology, through imaginative and enjoyable

experience and contribute to the nation's development of its human resource1,"

The aim of exhibition here is not merely to display scientific facts but also to be a creative platform for the visitors to

get inspired while at the same time are entertained. It gives the reason for the visitors to take a second look at the

exhibition or to visit the Science Centre again because of the level of inspiration it gives. We now look into the

scientific aspects that is currently displayed in Science Centre to get a general idea of its scope:

1 http://www.science.edu.sg/aboutus/Pages/ourvision.aspx

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Fig 1: The list of science centre exhibits2

Exhibition Theme Brief description Notes

Candy Unwrapped To explore how the mind determines what tastes good. Temporary

Earth: Our untamed planet To raise awareness of the potential environmental threats to the public.

Permanent

Uniquely you To explores the complex combination and interaction of genetic inheritance, environment and lifestyle influences.

Permanent

House of Blood To showcase the importance of blood. Temporary

Climate Change To raise awareness of the hazards caused by global warning. Permanent

Genome To explore the building blocks of life. Permanent

Living with viruses To explore the delicate balance of the relationship between viruses, humans and other species that share a common environment.

Permanent

Marine Alcove To introduce visitors to the ocean, focusing on interesting facts about its physical environment and the creatures living there.

Permanent

Bioethics To expose the visitors to the challenges and dilemmas faced in the scientific field.

Permanent

Fire To deepen our knowledge about fire Permanent

iSpace To discover a new perspective of infocomm technology. Permanent

Sound Exhibition To explore the science of sound by learning more about sound waves and how they are transmitted.

Permanent

Mathematics Everyday To explore the many wonders and uses of mathematics in our lives.

Permanent

Space Science To discover about the science in the outerspace. Permanent

Our Solar System To learn more about our solar system. Permanent

Eco Garden To introduce the visitors to the beauty of nature. Permanent

Waterworks To discover some intriguing facts about water and find out about the importance of water in our lives.

Permanent

The Mind's Eye To challenge our senses and reveal some of the secrets behind the illusions.

Permanent

Kinetic Garden To discover the inter-relationships between the different forms of energy.

Permanent

Invent! Its in you To act as a creative platform and a catalyst for the visitors to be motivated to invent things.

Permanent

Scientist For a Day To let the visitors have the experience in being a scientist. Permanent

The broad themes of science that the Science Centre has suggest that we have almost no limitation in which field of

science we would like to pick. Drawing from site visit experiences, we realize that many scientific discoveries are

counter intuitive because they have the elements of surprise and excitement. The most recent example is the

counter-intuitive paradigm shift from classical Newtonian physics into the modern Quantum physics in the early 20th

century3. We would like to create an exhibit which people can easily relate to, constituting of things that are present

in our daily lives. We have selected five scenarios which will be further explained below:

1). Levitation

Inspired by the recent 2012 counter-intuitive blockbuster "Total Recall" (See Appendix I for details), we are now

aware that modern physics is able to bring our perception towards world into a whole different level. It is illustrated

in the movie how science gives us the imagination about the existence of floating cities, super-conductor

2 http://www.science.edu.sg/exhibitions/Pages/SCSExhibitionsHome.aspx

3 Walecka, John Dirk. Introduction To Modern Physics: Theoretical Foundations. World Scientific 2008, p1-6.

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transportation, and advanced software which is able to manipulate memories and we would like to bring the same

impact yet being more realistic through the science centre exhibition. One of the most popular research topic

currently which is also featured in the movie is the Meissner effect illustrated below (Fig. 2):

Fig 2, Ref:

http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/mag

netacademy/superconductivity101/page7.html

The magnet is suspended in the air because the force of gravity pointing downwards is cancelled out by the magnetic

force pointing upwards and it does not topple because it is locked within the magnetic field4. This phenomenon

inspires us to adopt levitation as one of our scenarios. From the typical physics exercise we came across, we found

out that one of the possible ways to levitate an object with charge -q and mass m is by using the electric field to

generate electric force which will cancel the force of gravity (Fig35):

Patents related: M12-15676.

The useful application of the levitation concept is that it can be used as the alternative source of energy. One of the

examples is Maglev7, whereby high speed transportation is made possible and efficient as train is levitated and

4 http://web.mit.edu/8.13/www/JLExperiments/JLExp39.pdf

5 http://sprott.physics.wisc.edu/phys104/sol1s02p.pdf Question number 7. 6 Refer to Appendix i(1) 7 http://www.google.com/patents/US5253591, Refer to Appendix i(2)

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

E

Fe

Fg

Fig 3. Suggested exhibit: Electric field levitator

The upper and lower plates are equal but oppositely charged

thus generating the Electric field downwards. The object has

the charge of -q in order for it to experience upward electrical

force.

5

Fig 4: Light dispersion

Fig 5: Human's

eye anatomy

accelerated by the repulsion force provided by the magnetic field rather than using mechanical methods. Other

examples include creating a city that floats and therefore allowing extra space for the growing population and also

enabling us to launch satellites to the space more conveniently than using the conventional methods (eg: using

fuel)8. Levitation opens such a broad and interesting list of applications, therefore we chose this as one of our

scenarios for or exhibits.

2. Light - its deceptive role in vision.

The process in which one begins his day is universal – one

opens his eyes, or in technical terms, one exposes his

retinas to the incoming rays of light. Counter-intuitively,

the windows to one's soul becomes one's window into

the existential world which surrounds him. Vision has now evolved into a routine, an ordinary occurrence which one

takes for granted, to the extent that one neglects the significant role of Light. The properties of Light (Fig 4) and its

significance towards one's vision will now be explored and re-assessed.

Theories regarding visible light have evolved over the centuries; it's behaviour as a particle and as a wave have

confounded scientists and researchers alike, until resolved with Niels Bohr's Principle of Complementarity9 in 1927.

Vision relies on the properties of visible light as part of the electromagnetic spectrum, where its interaction with

objects are crucial. When light falls on an object, its components

changes, as certain wavelengths are absorbed, while the rest are

reflected/ transmitted10 into one's eyes.

The human eye is a highly complex organ that allow the detection and

conversion of light into electro-chemical impulses in the neurons11, as

light refracts through the lenses, ultimately converging upon the Retina

(Fig 5). These impulses are then interpreted by the brain. The presence

of Rod and Cone12 cells in the retina also provides the additional ability

of light perception and colour differentiation. As information is contained in the altered wavelengths of light, its

crucial role in human vision is not only further re-affirmed, but also can be considered, to an extent, to be of a

counter-intuitive nature due to one's likely negligence.

Suggested exhibit: Which Wave?

A possible demonstration of this concept would be an interactive exhibit where one is asked to replicate a particular

scene based only on the ambient clues provided in the form of a sound clip. The theory behind this exhibit is similar

8 http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/engineering/extreme-machines/8-ways-magnetic-levitation-could-shape-the-future#slide-5 9 http://www.upscale.utoronto.ca/GeneralInterest/Harrison/Complementarity/CompCopen.html 10 http://www.andor.com/learning-academy/what-is-light-an-overview-of-the-properties-of-light 11 http://www.webmd.com/eye-health/amazing-human-eye 12 http://webvision.med.utah.edu/book/part-vii-color-vision/color-vision/

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to that of 20th century Radio-based Drama serials13, where the listener would be forced to replicate the scene from

their imagination based on the auditory clues provided. Similarly, the exhibit would contain a collection of ambient

sound clips at several locations unique to Singapore (eg. Marina Bay Sands, Singapore Zoological Gardens). The

listener would be exposed to a randomly selected sound-clip, to be emitted from provided headphones. He would

then be tasked with completing a rough template of the photograph on a touch-screen based device by inputting

some pictorial elements. After which, deviations from the actual photo would be calculated based on an algorithm

and the listener's reliance on the sense of sight would be revealed. Apart from educating consumers with scientific

concepts of counter-intuition, this exhibit would also serve to provide National Education in the young, as well as

raise awareness to the handicapped; those who are forced to rely on other senses apart from sight for their daily

navigation and understanding of their environment.

3. Light Bending

Considering the concepts of light’s wave- particle duality form in modern physics, and bearing in mind our theme of

counter intuition, our group began to challenge common assumptions regarding light. One of these assumptions

would include: light always travels in a straight line. However, this is not necessarily true. Light has characteristics of

a wave, and their peaks and troughs can interfere with one another causing “ constructive and destructive “

interferences. These constructive interferences create light while the destructive interferences create dark spots

and but carefully controlling the initial positions of the wave, it is possible to make it such that there is constructive

interferences only at points along the curve14.

Inspired by controversial physics theories taught during our physics lessons in school, we decided that perhaps we

could explore along this concept of light bending and create an exhibit that showcase this counter intuition.

Integrating some of the concepts learnt from physics in the past, light can indeed be bent through simple

experiments and manipulation of several properties of light (e.g. refraction and reflection).

Suggested exhibit: Total Internal Reflection

Light has many different properties and can be manipulated to show different aspects of its properties. When light

passes through a denser medium, the ray bends away from the normal resulting in the exit angle being greater than

the incident angle15. This exit angle will approach 90 degrees for some critical incident angle and when the incident

angle is greater than the critical angle, there will be a phenomenon known as “ Total internal reflection”16

Possible exhibit to showcase phenomenon: shooting a laser through water at specific angle to induce the total

internal reflection properties of light as shown in Figure 6 below17:

13 http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/radio-show.htm 14 http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2012/04/light-bends-by-itself.html 15 Total reflection., Born, M. and Wolf, E., Principles of Optics, 7th Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 49-53 (1999). 16 http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/phyopt/totint.html 17 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hBQ8fh_Fp04

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The fact that this scenario uses everyday materials (water, light) which people can easily relate to and the theory is

simple for 9-16 year olds to grasp, we decided to keep this scenario in view.

Scenario 4: Sound Waves

Human has 5 senses, namely sight, sound, smell, touch, taste18. However, we are making use of these five senses to

carry out activities for granted. In this scenario, we want to create something which reminds people of their five

senses, either one or more. Many of the current exhibits in science center involve largely visual exhibits. Thus, we

thought of integrating two of our most significant senses: sight and hearing. How many people actually know that

sound is a form of energy? Can we ‘see’ sound? How do we know if sound exists? What can we do if we can see, and

capture this form of energy? Sound is one of the six forms of energy. Similar to light, sound is a form of wave. Sound

travels through air and it cannot travel without a medium. The wave travels through a series of compression and

rarefaction of the air particles in the air19.

Besides entertainment purposes, the science centre aims to raise people’s interest in the field of science. Through

the use of interesting and beautiful phenomena, it captivates people’s interest and hopefully will motivate them to

explore the scientific knowledge behind them. A few examples that are related to sound are as such:

1. Dancing Fluid

Sound has the power to moved fluids. As the sound plays, the vibration of the speakers creates causes stress on the

non-Newtonian fluid. As we exert a certain amount of force on the fluid, the particles in the molecules will arrange

itself in such a way that resembles a solid. Hence, this causes the fluid to move and changes shape, creating an effect

which looks like a dancing fluid20:

18 http://www.scientificpsychic.com/workbook/chapter2.htm 19 http://www.fi.edu/fellows/fellow2/apr99/soundsci.html 20 http://www.google.com/patents/US20070256736 (See Appendix iii, 1)

Fig 6: Laser light

bends through

water

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Fig 7: Dancing Newtonian Fluid

(put above a speaker)21

Deriving from idea of the five senses that human has, we want to create something which triggers human’s five

senses in as many ways as possible. By focusing on the idea of sound, and the fact that sound is a form of energy, we

would like to show the counterintuitive aspect of sound. Thus, we came out with the idea of capturing sound energy

visually. It shows that our five senses actually works together. This differs from the general misconception that our

senses functions independently22.

2. Cymatic imaging - further derivation from Newtonian fluid.

We are further inspired to make use of sound energy to produce patterned images instead of random vibration such

as those reflected by the Newtonian fluid. The existing example is Cymatic imaging, which operates with the basis of

sound. Cymatic imaging is produced through the use of cymascope. Within the cymascope, sound is produced. As

sound waves travels through the plate, it causes vibrations on the plate. The vibration causes the particles in the

water to move and shift. The molecules then move in a way such that a geometric pattern is formed. At different

frequency, different pattern will be formed.

21 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yp1wUodQgqQ 22

http://science.education.nih.gov/supplements/nih3/hearing/guide/info-hearing.htm

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Fig 8, Image

References:

http://www.cy

mascope.com/

gallery.html

http://www.m

etageum.org/

Metageum07/J

ohnReid.htm

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The cymascope serves as a platform to show the beauty of science, hoping that more visitors may relate to and

appreciate science in a new perspective.

Scenario 5: Pendulum Wave

Every time when we go to the children’s playground, we see a child screaming in joy, enjoying his or her time on the

swing. Did we ever stop and notice the significance of this motion? Yes, it’s a simple harmonic motion. The topic of

simple harmonic motion falls under one of the core topics in classical physics. As defined by Serway & Jewitt23, “An

object moves with simple harmonic motion whenever its acceleration is proportional to its position and is oppositely

directed to the displacement from equilibrium.”

where k is a constant and x is the distance away from the equilibrium position24. To a child, it might just be an object

to ride on and have fun. However, the pendulum has played a significant part in the advancement of scientific

knowledge, from the first studies by Galileo to time keeping in the form of the pendulum clock to even

demonstrating the rotation of earth about its axis.To properly define a pendulum, it is an idealised case of a mass

hanging from a massless, inextensible string and swinging to and fro in a plane with small amplitude displacement

and energy is not lost from the system.

Using newton’s 2nd law for rotational dynamics gives

Where the period of the oscillation is given by

Where L is variable which depending on the case, can either be the length of a pendulum or mass of a Spring-mass

oscillating system25. We are planning to expose the visitors to the following questions:

Possible Concepts to teach regarding periodic motion

23 (http://www.phy.olemiss.edu/~thomas/weblab/221_exp_procedures_spr2006/221_Simp_Har_Mo_Pro_F_2010.pdf) 24 ( The Penguin Dictionary of Science)(http://www.credoreference.com.libproxy.nlb.gov.sg/entry/penguinscience/simple_harmonic_motion_shm) 25 ( David H. Van Winkle. )http://www.physics.fsu.edu/courses/fall01/psc2801c/psc2801c/labs/spring.htm

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Does period of a periodic motion depend on mass?

Does period of a periodic motion depend on amplitude?

Does period of a periodic motion depend on length of pendulum?

Scenario Idea: Pendulum Waves26

In this set up, the pendulums have monotonically increasing lengths, designed to give each specific periods, which is

decreasing in this case (Fig 9). The exhibit should be placed in a vacuum box to remove the effects of air resistance,

hence removing a variable in this exhibit.

When the pendulums are set into sideways displacement, they move like a wave due to the variance in the

wavelengths of the pendulum. Observation tells that the wavelength of this wave would shorten progressively as

time passes. At half a cycle, half of the pendulums would be at maximum displacement in the positive direction

while the other half would be at maximun displacement too but in the negative direction.

Below is the justification of choosing this scenario idea:

Pros Cons

It is easy to build. Cannot change other variables like masses.

Requires little maintenance, as we can enclose the setup in

an enclosed box and use a mechanism to displace the

pendulums and to launch the experiment.

Can be some form of lever for visitors to launch

Concept not difficult. Visitors will learn the concept of

periodic motion and what affects the period of a pendulum

system. At the same time, they will learn more about

kinetic and potential energy

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http://www.mapleprimes.com/maplesoftblog/121168-Pendulum-Waves and http://www.instructables.com/id/Unique-Pendulum-Wave-and-Release-

Mechanism/?ALLSTEPS

Fig 9: Pendulum Wave

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Interesting to observe. We could even extend and add

sound to map the movement of the pendulum. Makes

observation easier for the younger audience.

After doing research for some of the possible scenarios which we will build our exhibit upon, we will now focus on

site and customer need analysis in order to align our exhibit to their preference.

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III) SITE AND CUSTOMER NEED ANALYSIS

A). SITE ANALYSIS

Location : Singapore Science Centre

Level : 1 - Bioethics

Dates of visit : Saturday, 22 September 2012 (1000-1300) and Friday, 5 October 2012 (1400-1700)

The assigned location to us is the area within the Bioethics, near the Earth; our untamed planet. Appendix A shows

that the Bioethics is accessible through the Tesla Coil location which appears to be the central location of the Science

Centre as it connects to every other exhibition rooms. This suggests that the site is easily accessible. There is no need

to take the lift or stairs hence people with disability may reach the location conveniently.

Below is the floor plan of the location:

Site analysis and observation result:

Type Description Remarks and Evaluation

Crowd Flow There is only one entrance and exit, located side by side just near our exhibition area and separated by a thin wall in between. The hallway on the left of the area connects the visitor directly towards the earth and genome exhibition thus skipping our exhibition area. The maximum number of people the area can contain is approximately 300 people (The whole

It is best if the exhibits are placed along to the walls in area to encourage a more ordered crowd flow by leaving the middle part of the location empty (the blue arrows). People may easily browse through the exhibits which are aligned with the wall. The fact that there is no clear entrance and exit in the area shows that it is possible that the visitors may just enter and exit the exhibition in a random manner. It also

Toilets

Earth, our untamed planet area and other exhibitions

Entrance

Exit

Pathway towards

other exhibition/

alternative exit

from other

exhibition

Bioethics

Assigned

exhibition area

6m

10m ~AC

lights

Figure 10: Exhibition Area

Lightings: Relatively dim

Temperature: 23˚C

(Friday) and 21˚C

(Saturday)

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SUTD population fits in there). encourages easier evacuation in case of emergency because the exhibits do not block any pathway.

Dimension Width : 6m Length: 10m Height: 8m

Assuming that five groups are selected for the exhibition, leaving a 2m by 10m pathway through the middle of the area, by average each object can occupy 8 metre square of area. (eg: 2m by 2m dimension).

Ambience Quite noisy, there's three televisions showing the documentaries about wildlife on the wall outside the Bioethics room. There is a lot of children who runs around and causing noise due to various reasons (excitement, chat with their peers and parents, etc).

Our exhibit is preferred to not produce any noise. If required, usage of headphones is needed because a speaker will not deliver the needed clarity due to the noisy ambience.

Visitor compositions Children age 7-12: 50% Teenagers age 13-16: 15% Adults: 20% Tourists and other age groups: 5% (See appendix 2) - pictures of children in the tesla coil and at the entrance hallway towards the area

Children are attracted with objects that allow interaction such as the "cloud ring" and "down with gravity". Teenagers typically are fascinated with all exhibitions but they do not read much on the descriptions. Adults usually tag along with their children and they visit the science centre for the sake of introducing science to the young. They are typically attracted with videos and interactive exhibition. The tourists are typically diligent in studying the exhibits and they have considerably obvious amount of interest in science.

General observations 80% of the visitors like to touch more than observing or merely see the exhibition (See Appendix 3)

Level one is very crowded as compared to the level 2. (See Appendix 1)

1 out of 8 people read the exhibit descriptions for more than 30 seconds. Long exhibit description tends to be skipped (See Appendix 6).

When people are interested in the exhibits, they spend more time reading the description, try to understand the mechanism behind it and take pictures.

We need to create something which caters to the needs of most visitors, not just the children. Instead of merely capturing their attention, we need to leave a longlasting impression in them about science and drive them to be more inspired and passionate in learning about it. Besides, we also hope to help the young to find their identity in science, meaning to find out whether or not science is their passion and if yes, which field of science that they love the most. It is best if the description of the exhibits is made as simple as possible (in the laymen term) so everyone can relate to it and understand the fundamentals behind it, however still holds a good amount of clarity as well as quality.

Power supply There is one electricity plug in view. It has a type G socket and have a standard specification of 230V and 50Hz.

Our exhibit must not require a power supply that exceed this specification. Nonetheless, it seems like there are extra power supplies connected by cables that are attached to the ceilings (hidden from plain site). It is best that we does not use too much power and make an exhibit that has high efficiency of power as an effort to save the earth. It should not consume too much power and waste too much energy because it will clash with the intention of the Earth exhibition located just next to our area.

Most Popular Exhibit Egg Hatching It is surprising that the most successful exhibit is actually the least designed exhibit. We should bear in mind that we should not over design our exhibit. Instead of thinking what needs to be added, we should be thinking as well what things can be removed yet increasing the efficiency or the value of our product.

Aesthetic Objects with unique shape and filled with vibrant color usually captures visitors' attention.

However, this doesn't guarantee that visitors will be satisfied with what the exhibit displays.

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Site analysis is coupled with customer need analysis in the next section and at the end of this section we will apply

our result to our chosen scenarios.

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B). Customer Need Analysis

We conducted surveys and interviews (See appendix 4) at the same time while conducting the site analysis and the

result is shown in terms of Like/Dislike Table and Affinity diagram:

1). Like/Dislike Table (See Appendix 5).

Customer Data: Project/Product Name

Customer: A group of students between 9- 13 years old. Interviewer(s): Benny Ng, Mak Wai Yong, Natalie Agus

Address: Undisclosed Type of user: Children who visit the science centre

Date: 5th Oct 2012

Willing to do follow up? No Currently uses: Science exhibition

Question Customer Statement Interpreted Need Importance

Typical uses. 1. Would you prefer an

exhibit that is informative or purely interesting but does not really explain how it works?

2. Why do you visit the science Centre?

3. How interested are you in science?

4. Can you relate what you learnt from school to the exhibits?

1. “ Something that shows information, not just entertainment”

2. “ Brought by parents, but finds some of the exhibits interesting”

3. “Not too much”

4. “ Not really”

1. Must be able to explain the effect and not just a “ magic” show’

2. None of the current exhibits are interesting enough to generate widespread interest.

3. Do not really understand how science works and how it relates to their everyday life.

4. The scientific theories behind most of the current exhibits are to advance.

1. The exhibit must be self-explanatory or have some sort of card to explain the theory behind.

2. Most children do not find

the exhibits interesting enough to “advertise” it to their friends

3. Target group generally

finds it difficult to relate science with their daily life. Hence, help is needed to allow them to “see” the link.

4. By relating the science

that the target group studied in school to the exhibits can help them relate better generating their interest.

Likes 1. Which was your favorite

exhibit(s)?

2. Do you prefer interactive or video/ shows (informative) exhibit? What about it do you like?

1. DNA, ecogarden, schrobe effect, spinning water, eggs hatching, magnets dance to music, climate change

2. “ Interactive exhibits feels a bit more fun” “Video exhibits teaches more and the videos are interesting”

1. Do not need to be interactive but needs to be entertaining.

2. Some found interactive exhibits more interesting while other found video exhibits more interesting (no clear preference).

1. Exhibit must be entertaining. If it is interactive or informative, it cannot lose that entertainment value.

2. There is no significant preference between interactive and video exhibits and it depends on individual users.

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Dislikes 1. Which is your least

favorite exhibit?

2. Do you prefer interactive or video (informative) in exhibit? What don’t you like about the other?

1. “ Those exhibits near the entrance”

2. “ I don’t really learn a lot from the Interactive and its not even that fun” “ Videos can get a bit boring and wordy”

1. Exhibits cannot be too simple and must show an effect or behavior that is special/ unique

2. Interactive exhibits are not fun enough or do not provide a good platform to transmit information. Video exhibits might get too boring if showcasing items that require more specific terms

1. Concept cannot be overly simplistic.

2. If exhibit does include interactive aspects, must take special care to not lose its learning value. Make sure the “interactive” part is fun and not merely engaging. If decided to provide an exhibit in any video form, make sure its not too technical but fun and attention grabbing.

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2). Affinity Diagram

Age(years) General

Topic of

Interest

Specific

topic(s)

Modes of

exhibition

Percentage

of people

(%)

Evaluation Remarks

Below 10 Environment Biology Interactions 20 Visitors

generally

prefer

exhibits

related to

their

surroundings.

There is a

high

possibility

that it is

attributed to

the better

ease in

identifying

with these

topics.

Keep in view.

Lack of

counterintuitive

aspects to

explore in this

field.

Climate 40

Above 10

(11-14)

Physics (in

depth

science)

Electronics Display 10 Visitors have

background

knowledge of

science.

Thus,

preferring

more in

depth

scientific

exhibits as

opposed to

simple ones.

A possible

explanation

would be the

higher level

of

complexities

in such

scientific

concepts

required to

generate

interest in

these

audiences.

Generally, we

are more

familiar in this

field of science

and the in depth

theory behind

these topic

provides a wow-

effect, hence

adding on to the

counterintuitive

aspects of the

exhibits.

Magnetism 10

Lights 10

Aerodynamics 10

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Results and Evaluation

We need to create a medium that the visitors want so that our mission is conveyed successfully. From the

information in the like/dislike table, affinity diagram, as well as the site analysis, we know that it is clear that all of

our scenarios are seen as a counter intuitive phenomenon. The site visit also reminds us of the importance of safety

and after further research, we found out that scenario 1 has safety issues. A charged particle which is accelerated

will emit harmful electromagnetic radiation27 and electric field in an open environment may cause people to get

electrocuted, leaving us the only option to confine it within a glass panel.

Furthermore, from the affinity diagram (modes of exhibition) it seems that many visitors prefer a display that allow

interaction such as buttons to press and control the inputs, or touchable devices in order to convince themselves

about the underlying fundamentals behind the exhibits. Therefore we are unable to let the visitors to have

interaction with the electric field levitator because it means that they need to accelerate the charge particles. As a

result, we decide to add further modification to scenario 1 which is to replace the electric field with the safer

alternative which is the magnetic field as illustrated below28:

Example of existing object:

27 http://physics.fullerton.edu/~jimw/general/radreact/ 28 http://www.cpdee.ufmg.br/~palhares/33-942s.pdf

Fg

Fb

~

Open solenoid core which allows us to control the

strength of the magnetic field

Ferromagnetic (iron, steel, etc) object of mass m

Figure 11: Electromagnetic

levitator

Figure 12: Maglev Photo Frame

Reference:

http://gizmodo.com/183481/magnetic-

levitation-photo-

19

The fundamental idea is the same in the sense that the object is now able to levitate because the magnetic force

upwards balance the gravitational force.:

29

Thus we can let the visitor experiment with differing mass and magnetic field strength to find the zero net force

point which allow the object to levitate, keeping them entertained. The simplicity of the fundamentals behind is also

suitable for our target group (most of them have learned about force). And as mentioned in the background

research, there are plenty benefits and application on levitation theories especially the ones using the magnetic field

and therefore we will keep this idea for further improvement.

Similarly for scenario 2, maintaining the current theme of bending light, we decided that in order to make the display

more interesting, we could change the medium (which light passes) into one that allows us to dictate the path such

as using concrete plastic or glass. Upon further research, we found out that such a technology does already exist in

the form of an optical fiber. An optical fiber follows the same concept of total internal reflection as described before.

It is made up of a hollow tube with 2 different layers. As the light passes one layer, it is refracted and as it hits the 2nd

layer, total internal reflection occurs and light is reflected back within the tube30 as illustrated below31 (Figure 13):

In order to make this exhibit more interesting, perhaps we could alter the shape of the fiber optic cables to

exaggerate the counter intuitive effect of light bending. However, from our site visits, we found that the Science

Centre already has a display that shows this effect; hence, we cannot use this idea as a stand-alone exhibit. In order

to utilize the concept of fiber optics, we have to make adjustments to it or perhaps integrate it with other ideas.

From the Affinity diagram, we also notice that common favorite topics mentioned by the visitors are related to

climate, ecology and biology. In the context of scenario 4, we look for the relationship between sound energy and

our surrounding and we notice that there is something interesting about the images produced by the cymascope.

29 https://sbms.bnl.gov/sbmsearch/subjarea/118/1u04e011.pdf 30 http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/selvaduray/page/papers/mate115/simonkwan.pdf. Related patent: www.google.com/patents/US5558422,

31 http://computer.howstuffworks.com/fiber-optic2.htm

Figure 13: Total

internal

reflection using

fibre optics

20

The images produced carry a certain patterning in it. In fact, in nature, many plants and animals also have such

characteristics. There seem to be an algorithm governing these patterning occurring in our nature. Thus, from here,

we have drawn a link between cymatic imaging and patterning in the environment.

Inspired by a French artist, Bernar Venet, who has beautifully integrated the art and science, we hope that through

this exhibit, it encourages the synthesis of topics. Patterning in our environment occurs in a subtle way such that

human disregard the beauty of these patterning. Most of these patterns are found in plants, tree bark, skins of

animals, etc. There seem to a natural DNA which controls the algorithm of the patterning in the living creatures. As

compared to the simple biological science that youngsters learn in school, this exhibit provides as more than usual

experience, beyond what human normally see. In terms of counterintuitivity, by bringing the visitors to look at the

world at a different perspective, it would be itself be a counterintuitive experience. This exhibit may not be as

counterintuitive as a normal exhibit in technical terms but it opens up people’s perception of the world. There might

be world within world, a world that may be visible in animals’ terms. Such a result is what we are looking for. A

question that we would like people to ponder when they leave the exhibit is “Is what you see really is what it is?”

This experience could teach the younger generation to appreciate the environment around us.

For example, fractal, a form of patterning, occurs all around us much more than we expected to be. From animal’s

fur to the plants, fractals are formed with the basis of chaos theory. Although fractals occur in animals and plants,

there is no obvious reason to the formation of these patterns. The formation of patterns does not generally bring

about great changes to the survival of these things, but for some reason, the appearance of animals and plants are

purposefully wired geometrically. Below (Figure 14) is the fractal of a broccoli32:

32

http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2010/09/fractal-patterns-in-nature/

Figure 14: Fractal of a

broccoli

21

Instead of looking at science as one isolated entity, this exhibit opens up possibility for people of different fields

(especially the people working in the art field such as graphic or fashion designer) to draw out inspiration for their

works. By showing the science behind these patterns, it amazingly brings out the science behind these beautiful

patterns.

Lastly, we are aware that many of the children visitors are below 12 years old and hence have a rudimentary concept

of the Interaction between forces and masses. This can be seen from out questionnaire results (Appendix BLAH) that

all of the children interview states that the watermelon falls faster than grape in vacuum. A search on Singapore

Ministry of Education website was done and we found out that the primary focus was on the non-physical sciences

and even though they do cover topics like forces and energy, the concepts taught were rather elementary. In

addition, we got mixed response from them when we asked whether they preferred a display or interaction exhibit.

Hence, there is a pertinent need to focus on the physical sciences and in this exhibit, the concept of periodic motion

in pendulums were exhibited and imparted here. This topic is not listed in the primary school science syllabus and

hence it would be interesting and insightful for our target audience. Moreover, to cater to the different preference

amongst children for learning, the Pendulum Wave will show the concept behind periodic motion by incorporating

visual and audio aids. This allows the audience to interact with the exhibit, making learning more enjoyable.

Emphatic Lead User Analysis

Scenario involved: Scenario 2, Which Wave?

The objective of this Empathic Lead User Analysis serves to confirm the hypothesis of the importance of vision, and

subsequently, light in comparison to other senses in the daily lives of the human race.

Methodology:

The user would be tasked with accomplishing a series of tasks in a sparsely furnished room under a time limit33.

Search tasks can include (but are not restricted to) the following:

1. Navigation

2. Obtaining items of variable shape, sizes, colour, texture, and sound when striked.

3. Placing a variety of items at a variety of locations in the room.

4 separate trials shall be carried out in the order as follows (variables are italicized)

Trial Description Evaluation

User is asked to complete tasks in a brightly lit

environment without restrictions

This is also known as the control. Since the user is most likely to

accomplish this below the time limit, the timing should be recorded

User is asked to complete tasks in a brightly lit In the absence of vision, the user would depend on his other senses,

such as that of touch and hearing. As it is likely that the user would

33 Time limit may vary depending on the complexities of the tasks.

22

environment while blindfolded be unable to accomplish all of the proposed tasks, a time limit should

be imposed and the number of completed tasks recorded. The

difference between the result in this scenario and that of the control

would determine the relative importance of vision.

User is asked to complete tasks in a pitch black

environment without restrictions

This is meant to prove the hypothesis of the importance of light over

vision. While the user has "regained" his vision, accomplishing the

tasks should prove to be rather difficult in the absence of light, hence

proving (or not) the hypothesis of the importance of light over vision.

Simlarly, the user would be unable to accomplish all of the proposed

tasks, therefore a time limit should be imposed and the number of

completed tasks recorded.

User is asked to complete tasks in a brightly lit

environment while ears are plugged

This aims to show the level of importance the sense of hearing in

comparison to vision and light. Since the user is most likely to

accomplish this below the time limit, the timing should be recorded

Controlled variables

There is a possibility where the user would make use of his familiarity with the environment to accomplish the tasks,

hence defeating the initial objectives of the tests. A possible work-around of this loophole would include:

1. Decreasing the probabilities of familiarity by rearranging the furniture and orientation of the room before

and after each test without the user's knowledge

2. Direct the user to begin each trial at randomly selected locations of the designated area.

Evaluation of results

Ultimately, the time taken or percentage of accomplished tasks for each user should be tabulated and ranked. This

would allow the difficulty of each trial to be derived, hence proving or disproving the proposed hypothesis.

Exhibit : Which Wave? ver 2.0

The proposed exhibit would now experience a shift in focus. Though still counter-intuitive, this display will focus on

demonstrating the interaction of light, and hence its integral role in ones vision as opposed to the previous exhibit

which demonstrated more blatantly the importance of light and vision over other senses. In contrary to having the

same light falling on different objects and hence reflecting differently, this exhibit will explore different types of light

falling upon the same object

The exhibit would now consist of the following components:

1. A 2.5 metre tall sculpture, painted in a Red (wavelength: 650nm34), medium gloss.

34

http://science-edu.larc.nasa.gov/EDDOCS/Wavelengths_for_Colors.html#red

23

2. A framework to contain the sculpture, as well as to negate the bulk of light in the environment. Not high

priority due to already dim lighting in designated area at Singapore Science Centre

3. A variety of coloured LED light sources to be mounted on framework:

a. White LED35 (Wavelength: Broad Spectrum)

Broad Spectrum is closely similar to sunlight, hence it would reproduce the perception of the

sculpture in daylight.

b. Red LED (Wavelength: 610nm - 670nm)

Since this only contains coloured light in the Red spectrum, all of which would be reflected,

Sculpture should appear its original colour - Red.

c. Cyan LED (Wavelength: 490nm - 520nm)

There is the absence of light in the wavelengths of Red, hence sculpture should appear Grey, as

there are no Red wavelengths to be reflected.

LEDs were selected over fluorescent or even incandescent light bulbs due to its higher conversion efficiency36 over

traditional light sources, its ready availability in several colours as well as the added ability of quick response37

4. Timer

This would allow the light being shone on the object to change every 8-10 seconds, such that there is only

one type of light being cast on the sculpture at every one time.

Having ourselves aligning the scenarios according to our customers’ needs, we will now take a closer look of its

functions and make further justifications.

35

Light Emitting Diode 36

http://cool.conservation-us.org/byorg/us-doe/comparing_white_leds.pdf 37

http://www.avagotech.com/docs/AV02-1555EN

24

IV). FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS

The final stage of evaluation is to consider the function of each of our scenarios and make evaluations based on it.

The methods used will first be the Black Box Modelling, and we will then move on to analyse what is inside the black

box using functional analysis. The process is completed with activity analysis to further understand through user's

point of view. We choose two of our scenarios (Levitation and Light Bending) to be further analyzed using all the

three methods38. The other three undergoes some but not all the analysis method to avoid repetition in points to

evaluate.

Black Box Modelling of relevant object on each scenario

Scenario 1: Levitation

We chose to model the Maglev photo frame for our levitation scenario because of its relevance in the fundamental

principal of levitation using magnetic field:

From the blackbox model, we make evaluations as illustrated in the table below:

Subject Remarks Further improvement Purpose

Input Energy -

alternative

The input magnetic field energy is

fixed within the metal of which

the frame is going to be put

underneath. It is better if this

Instead of using a permanent

magnet, use a solenoid

attached to a electric power

supply instead so that the

This allows interaction as

mentioned in the CN analysis

section, which is one of the primary

preference of the visitors.

38 Note: Any similar points between the two scenarios will not be repeated. For example: it was mentioned in scenario 1 activity analysis that our exhibit need to be made noticeable, hence in scenario 2 activity analysis, the same point will not be mentioned.

Signals:

Visible: Photo frame levitates once inserted in the

device indicating that a magnetic force is act upon it.

Materials:

Money, Photos (paper, plastic, ink), Surroundings (Floor tiles, wall, table, room) , Emotions (anxious, anticipating, curious), light source.

Signals:

Weight of frame detection, Change in magnetic energy of the magnet.

Energy: Gravitational potential energy, Magnetic field energy, Human energy (chemical energy from food converted to mechanical energy to on the switch and attach the photo), Light energy to see the photo.

Energy:

Magnetic field energy, Light energy is reflected back to our

eyes so we can see the photo, gravitational potential

energy of the levitated frame.

Legend:

Energy

Materials

Signals

Maglev

Photo Frame

Materials:

Photo in the frame, Surroundings

(Floor, tiles, wall, table, room),

emotions (excited, happy,

satisfied).

25

magnetic field can be varied so

that various weights (not just the

frame) can be levitated using it.

magnetic field can be

controlled to match the

weight of the object placed

under it.

Interaction also allows a more

active learning and may leave a

lasting experience to the visitors,

bringing us closer to fulfil our

mission.

Output

Energy -

alternative

When input energy is electricity,

there can be various output

energy instead of just magnetic

field which enables us to

demonstrate features of

levitation.

Generating sound waves,

allowing small particles to be

trapped within the nodes of

the waves and put under

pressure so that it will

vibrate in place hence

appears like it is levitating.

The sound waves used can

be ultrasonic so that it is

outside the human hearing

range, hence not causing

noise pollution.

Allowing user to levitate non

ferromagnetic materials which are

relatively lightweight, for example,

plastic beads or drops of water.

Materials -

photo frame

Only objects with similar weight as

the frame can experience zero net

force and levitate beneath the

permanent magnet.

If the magnetic field can be

varied, any ferromagnetic

materials (iron, cobalt,

nickel, copper, etc) with

mass within the range of the

magnetic field variation can

be levitated.

Allows more degree of freedom in

terms of the range of

ferromagnetic objects that can be

levitated thus allowing more

experience in exploring the

principle behind magnetic

levitation.

Signals -

Magnetic field

control

There is no function with allows us

to change the amount of the

magnetic field produced by the

device.

A small circular control can

be attached using a cable to

the device to allow us to vary

the electric field generating

the magnetic field.

Giving the user a broader sense of

usage of the device and to

personalize it instead of just using

as it as it is.

Material -

table

The device is rather small and is

more suitable to put on a table to

be displayed.

Can be attached to the wall

or even hiding the device

within the ceiling. Hiding the

complexity of the device will

make the object more simple

yet artistic, thus inducing the

sense of counter-intuitivity.

It is more counterintuitive if you

see objects can levitate without

any aid in plain sight. More

attention capturing and drives

people to find out more about it

(the mechanism is hidden, not so

easy for people to guess correctly).

Material -

Light source

External light source is required in

order for us to admire the object.

It should not be either too bright

or too dim.

Imbed the object with its

own light source using warm

tone LED either within the

frame or from the upper

plate itself.

A good lighting helps to add

positive energy for the visitors.

They may feel more comfortable

observing things in a good intensity

of light.

Signal - Light

control

There is no control which allows

us to switch on or off the lights for

us to see the object.

Add a light switch to the

object.

In order to reduce energy wastage,

visitors may press the switch as

needed to see the object with

better clarity.

In summary, we modify our object into a Magnetic Levitator version 2 which magnetic field strength may be varied

by controlling the input electrical energy so that it may levitate different weight and have self illuminating function

26

using LED lights, as well as a levitator which its upper plate or whole body device is hidden from plain sight or be

made less obvious so as to emphasize the counter intuitiveness theme behind it.

27

We also are inspired to take a look into new modes of levitation using sound waves, and the device mechanism is

shown in below:

The application of this device is significant in the pharmaceutical research field39. Drugs requires specific methods of

separation and evaporation in order for the patients to get the right dose. Such manipulation of gravity helps the

scientists in preparing and conducting research on drugs in a better way40.

39 http://www.google.com/patents/US4777823 - See Appendix i (3) 40 http://news.softpedia.com/news/Achievement-Unlocked-Acoustic-Levitation-Video-293012.shtml

The sample object may also be liquids and it can be

put in the system using syringe as illustrated in this

picture:

Source: http://www.anl.gov/articles/no-magic-show-

real-world-levitation-inspire-better-pharmaceuticals

Figure 15: Acoustic levitator.

Source: http://science.howstuffworks.com/acoustic-levitation1.htm

28

Scenario 3: Light Bending

Black Box Modelling of relevant object on each scenario

From the blackbox model, we make evaluations as illustrated in the table below:

Subject Remarks Further improvement Purpose

Input Material-alternative

The main material input is laser source (monochrome) and by varying input materials, the exhibit can be made more interesting.

Instead of shooting laser from a laser pointer straight, we can shine white light through a prism which will diffract the white light into a rainbow of colours. By using lens, we can focus the different coulours into a laser and shine it through the optical fiber

We previously mentioned that the science centre already has an optical fiber exhibit. Hence, in order to improve my exhibit, using the diffraction of white light, we can not only make my exhibit different, but showcase another counter intuitive aspect of light- white light consist of a combination of many other lights. Futhermore, it makes the exhibit more interesting which from our CN analysis, would appeal more to our target group.

Output Energy - alternative

The output laser light is currently being reflected within the optical fiber until it is eventually shone on a white surface.

The light shone on the surface is currently a light point. Similar to how laser light can now project images when a cap is added to the tip, maybe we can do something similar to the output laser to show a picture on the white surface instead.

Pictures instead of merely a point laser might be able to generate interest from our target group and generate more interest in our exhibit.

Material - Light source

In order to make the laser ray obvious, the surrounding must be dark.

Reducing the amount of light around the object, perhaps by building a small shelter, of

Sometimes to yield a good design, we may not only add things on to our design but also reduce the

Signals:

Visible: light being reflected within the optical fiber.

Light to be refected on surface.

Materials:

Money, Optical fiber, Surroundings (Floor tiles, wall, table, room) , Emotions (anxious, anticipating, curious), laser light source.

Signals:

Click sound of the laser as its being turned on, light appearing from the laser.

Energy: Electrical energy, Human energy (chemical energy from food converted to mechanical energy to turn on the laser).

Energy:

Light energy

Legend:

Energy

Materials

Signals

Optical fiber

Total Internal Reflection

Materials:

Laser light, Surroundings (Floor,

tiles, wall, table, room), emotions

(excited, happy, satisfied).

29

which people can enter and observe the exhibit.

variables to make the amount just perfect for the visitors.

Input- Electric energy

Laser pointer is operated by battery and provides lesser power light ( although still adquate for viewing of the exhibit)

Provide a stronger laser pointed operated by electricity power point instead.

From our site analysis, there are adequate power sources around and in order to get a clear view of the light’s trajectory within the optical fibre, the laser could be more powerful and enhance the effect for our visitors.

In summary, we modified our object into a Optical fiber exhibit which the light source comes from a white light split

into its individual lights which we will then focus it to a laser form and shot through the optical fiber, possibly made

of plastic. At the end of the optical fiber, a cap is put with design imprinted such that a picture is displayed on the

surface. The light source is electricity from the power supply and the switch is remote operated.

One of the main adjustments made to the previous exhibit was the use of white laser light instead of a laser of a

particular colour41. The methodology behind this mechanism is shown in figure 16 and 17 below42:

After the light is split, we would then use a lens to focus an individual light colour through the optic fiber.

41 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9eEyTw4wylk 42 http://mervv.com/?p=285

Figure 16:

Defraction of

white light

through a

triangular

prism to give a

spectrum.

Figure 17:

Defraction of

white light

through a

rectangular

prism to give a

spectrum.

30

Scenario 4: Sound Wave

Insights and evaluation:

In summary, cymatic imaging has enabled us to ‘see’ sound. In order to attract the younger audience (our target

audience), we added colours to the exhibit. From what we learn through the talk by the director of Science Gallery in

Dublin, Michael John Gorman, there is a transition of the way people relate to the exhibit, from interactive to

participatory. In order to encourage participatory of the audience, we added an aspect of personalizing the exhibit to

each person. We aim to create an experience which is special to each person. We hope that they would walk away

with an imprint of our exhibit in their life.

Subject Remarks Further Improvement Purpose

Energy input (sound energy)

Sound energy is the input of this system.

The source of sound is produced by the cymascope itself. One possible change that could be made is to let the visitor use their own voice. The source of sound will be the visitor’s.

With this improvement, it brings about the participation of the visitors. And the cymatic image formed could be captured and the visitor will be able to keep the image of their own voice.

Material input Thin layer of pure water Other than pure think later of water, a colored water could e used to make the image more interesting and attractive to the younger audience.

Making the exhibit more attractive to the younger audience who prefer a variety of colors, as reflected in the observation table in the site analysis.

Material output Changes in shape. The end product is the movement of the water into different geometrical forms of shapes.

A possible change to the output pattern is by making use the electric field or magnetic field to disturb the pattern and create a set of pattern which we desire.

This allows the visitors to interact and participate in the exhibit

Formation of

geometric

pattern

Sound energy

Thin layer of water

Kinetic energy

Fluid flows and changes position

Patterns Water stays flat

31

Scenario 5: Pendulum Waves

Below is our evaluation from the Black Box Analysis:

Subject Current Improvement Rationale

Input energy- The gravitational energy of the pendulums when they are set into position by the lever.

The gravitational potential energy that can be attained by the system is now fixed, i.e. the initial displacement of the pendulums are fixed

The design of the lever can be adjusted such that the displacements of the pendulums can be adjusted, hence changing the Gravitatioinal Potential energy of the system

We were taught that simple pendulum motion only occurs when the angle of displacement is kept small. However in this experiment, this margin of error doesn’t affect the wave effect as the periodic motion of the pendulums are relative to one another

Materials- Pendulum masses

With current design, the pendulum masses are of the same colour.

Light-emitting diodes(LEDs) can be attached to each pendulum masses

This lighting effects produces by the LEDs when in motion would attract audiences. In addition, it makes observation easier in the dim lighting condition.

Signal- Viewing the Pendulum Wave motion

With current design, the pendulum wave motion can only be observed from the sides and top.

A sensor can be added to sense when each pendulum passes through a pre-defined position in motion, i.e. the maximum displacement in the positive direction. The signals captured from the sensor can be translated to musical notes, with each pitch complimenting with the respective pendulum.

This polyrhythm can help to emphasize and highlight the variations of the periods of the individual pendulum motions and also at the same time the gradual variations of the pendulum wave as a whole over time. Children might respond well through the use of their senses and the usage of sound might even sustain their attention and improve learning.

Pendulum Waves

Energy

Human energy, Gravitational

Potential energy, Spring

elastic energy

Materials

Pendulums, Strings, Stand,

Vacuum Box to enclose the

set-up, LEDs to lit up the

setup

Signals

Pendulums being given

equal displacements. The

lever is being displaced

Energy

Human energy, Mechanical

energy, Gravitational

Potential energy

Materials

Pendulums, Strings,

Stand, Vacuum Box to

enclose the set-up, LEDs

to lit-up the setup

Signals

Pendulums set in simple

harmonic motion with

individual periods, The lever

is back to equilibrium.

32

Materials- Mass of pendulum system

With current design, the main aim is to find out about the relation between length of pendulum and how it affects the period of the motion in an attractive and engaging manner

Modifications can be made to the system to include a set of masses with fixed length and varying masses.

Theory tells us that mass of pendulums does not affect its periodic motion. Hence, this will be the learning point for the children

The black-box diagram allowed the set-up to be broken down into its inputs and outputs components. After

evaluating the system, several changes can be implemented to make this set-up more engaging and provide a more

effective learning process for the children.

They are:

1. Varying the displacement from the equilibrium position.

2. Adding LEDs to the pendulum masses. This is to make the exhibit more attractive as from our Customer

Analysis we realize that there was a mix response for interactive and visual exhibit. Hence , we can cater to a

greater range of audience.

3. Adding the sensor and to translate the signals as musical notes. Again, this is to make the exhibit more

engaging.

33

Functional analysis for our scenarios

Scenario 1: Levitation

We then make a functional analysis of our Magnetic Levitator version 2 :

From the functional analysis, we make further evaluation on our magnetic levitator:

Functional analysis

component

Further improvement Purpose

Attraction magnetic

force between the

ferromagnetic material

and the solenoid is

generated.

We can broaden our

modes of levitation by

using repulsion of

magnetic field instead

of attraction of

magnetic field.

The solenoid is placed below and a diamagnetic object is placed

above it. It will induce magnetic field in the opposite direction of

that of the solenoid's hence repelling the solenoid and 'floats' above

it43

. Diamagnets do not follow Earnshaw's theorem and hence it has

a relatively stable axis of levitation and will not topple like how

ferromagnetic materials will repel each other when placed on top of

one another44

.

43 http://netti.nic.fi/~054028/images/LeviTheory.pdf 44 http://www.physics.ucla.edu/marty/diamag/ajp601.pdf

Setting electric

field so that

upward magnetic

force balances

downward

magnetic force of

the ferromagnetic

material.

Attraction magnetic

force between the

ferromagnetic

material and the

solenoid is

generated.

By Fleming's right hand

rule, magnetic field is

generated around the

solenoid similar to that

magnetic field lines of a

permanent magnet.

There is a change in

magnetic energy of

the system (the

solenoid and the

ferromagnetic

material).

A ferromagnetic

material is brought

underneath the

solenoid.

Electrical current

go through the

solenoid.

Main

electrical

switch is on.

Light switch

is on.

Current goes

through the LED,

light is on.

Object's electrical

switch is on.

Object's switch

is off.

Light switch is off.

The

ferromagnetic

material

levitates.

34

The ferromagnetic

material levitates

We can make the object

moves as it levitates,

for example: rotating,

oscillating.

A light motor with a simple replaceable battery is placed inside the

object, hence when the switch is on using a remote control, the

object starts to rotate45

. To make the object oscillate, we can attach

the solenoid both on top and below the object, parallel to each

other and has the same axis of symmetry. After the magnetic and

gravitational forces are in equilibrium, a soft either upward or

downward velocity is given to the object, hence allowing it to

oscillate vertically because it does not want to get too near with

either plates due to the repelling magnetic forces.

Using the principles of a gycroscope, an object may levitate for a

short period of time due to its magnetic field's induced force,

similar to the fundamentals behind a Levitron46

.

Object's switch is off &

Light switch is off

To save energy, users

are encouraged to off

the light and the

system's electricity

supply.

To prevent hassle, it is better if we set a timer to the electricity

supply on both the light and the object. Since most people

averagely will spend about 3 minutes to observe the object, we can

set the timer to about 210 seconds before it starts shutting off. The

next visitor may on the switch again or should they want to observe

longer, they may conveniently press to ON button again.

In summary, we can attach a timer to the electrical supply of the device and we can also levitate and add movement

to our object using repulsive forces as illustrated in the existing device below:

45

http://hackedgadgets.com/2010/08/30/levitating-rotating-globe/ 46

http://www.levitron.com/

Fig 18:

Source:

http://www.telovation.com/articles/levitat

ing-globe.html

We call this our Magnetic Levitator Version

3.

35

Scenario 2: Which Wave?

EVALUATION

While the exhibit is rather simple in operation, the frequent switching on and off of LED lighting every 8 seconds may

result in more frequent changing of LEDs required, despite the relative long lifetime of LEDs to be approximately 50

000 hours47. Therefore much human maintenance is required in maintaining the exhibit which could be costly in

addition to the initial high cost of replacement LEDs

47

http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/ssl/lifetime_white_leds_aug16_r1.pdf

Lights and timer to be

connected to Electrical

Outlet

Electrical Outlet to be

switched on

Timer randomly

selects one of the 3

lights to switch on

Light ONE switches

on for 8 seconds

Light TWO switches

on for 8 seconds

Light THREE switches

on for 8 seconds

LED burns:

Replacement LED

Electrical Outlet

switched off

36

Scenario 3: Light Bending

From the functional analysis, we make further evaluation on our Optical fiber:

Functional analysis component

Further improvement

Purpose

Isolating one colour, light is focused into a more concentrated form using a lens

Instead of isolating just one colour, we could utilising all the colours to make a spectrum of laser lights

48.

By only using one colour initially, the other colours of the spectrum is essentially wasted. Hence, if we use all the spectrum, this would also give our exhibit an enhanced effect and not something that is too simple. Since from our target group consist of many young children, through our CN analysis ,we determined that these children would appeal more to exhibits that are relatively more “colourful”.

Light directed towards a glass optical fiber

If we do utilize all the colours from our diffracted laser, we must also have multiple optical fiber

Optical fiber glass can used in various shape and the effect of total internal reflection would still remain

49.

Source: Hence, we can exaggerate the counter intuitive effect that light can bend in various shapes as well

50.

48

http://www.ehow.com/how_8677910_refract-light-through-glasses.html 49

http://www.rp-photonics.com/fibers.html

Laser light passes

through a cap with

a chosen shape

Laser light leaves

the optical fiber

Isolating one colour,

light is focused and

directed into a more

concentrated form

using a lens

Coloured laser is

reflected internally

within the optical

fibre.

Light directed

towards a glass fibre

optics glass/ plastic

White light splits

into its spectrum

of colours

Main

electrical

switch is on.

Laser light

switch is

on via

remote

Current goes

through the white

laser, light is on.

Light passes

through a triangle

prism

Object's switch

is off remotely

Light switch is off.

A picture of the

shape, displayed

within the cap, is

seen on the white

surface (screen)

37

glass/plastic for the lights to pass through. Since light is internally reflected, we can shape the optical fiber in many different shapes.

Laser passes through a cap with a chosen shape

Since now we have more lights and colours exiting the various optical fiber, we can now include different shapes that the light passes through to perhaps form a pattern.

This is mainly to improve our exhibit aesthetically. By varying the different shape and sizes of the output laser, we can now begin to form different patterns as our end result or even letters or names. If names are generated, people would be better able to relate to the exhibit and hence find it more appealing and interesting.

Object's switch is on/ off with a remote

Remote control must be linked to the object with a wire (can be a long wire).

Wireless remote controls are typically easier to lose. If we were to leave the exhibit without any supervision, a visitor might accidently lose the remote rendering our exhibit non-operational by the next. Hence, by attaching a long connecting wire, the effect of controlling the exhibit from a far would still occur reducing the chance for our visitor to lose the remote.

In summary, we can ultilise all the colours of the spectrum by further separating the colours using lens. These

individual colours are then passed through more optical fibers of various shapes and as it exist the optical fiber, it is

shone through caps/ lens of various shapes depicting different images or patterns.

50

http://www.physlink.com/news/070704TwistedFibers.cfm, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rlo2XeB2qt4&feature=related.

38

Scenario 5: Pendulum Waves

Evaluations for the Pendulum Wave Set-up

Functional analysis component Further improvement Purpose/Reason

Mass of the pendulum Currently, only the length of the pendulum can be changed. If it is possible to build and adapt, we can add another set of pendulums of equal length but of varying weights. Most likely the interchanging of the pendulum set would be mechanical and being controlled by a button instead of allowing the visitors to manually change the set.

This might be boring for our target audience after a while as it does not fully illustrate the equation describing pendulum motion. This would make this exhibit more intriguing for our audience. Since the exhibit is left without supervision, there is a chance of visitors losing parts of the pendulum set if visitors are allowed to change the pendulum set.

Set up the experiment,

ensuring stand is placed on

an equal and stable surface.

Pendulums of varying lengths

are being hanged. Turn on

the power switch which

powers the LEDs.

Lever is being pushed and

the plastic hand that is

attached to it comes into

contact with the

pendulums. User can vary

the displacement using the

lever.

Lever is continually being

pushed to the end and this

results in the pendulums

being pushed similarly to their

maximum displacement.

Pendulums gain maximum

Gravitational Potential Energy

at this point.

Lever arm is being

released.

Simultaneously, the

Pendulums are being released

from their maximum

displacement and undergoes

simple harmonic motion

Sensors placed strategically

would detect the motions of

these pendulums.

Signals from the sensors are

being transmitted to a

computer programme

Computer programme then

emits the respective musical

notes, creating a polyphony.

39

Lifespan of the pendulum set The exhibit can be enclosed in a plastic enclosure to minimize the damage done to it by unnecessary handling by the visitors.

Due to constant mechanical movements of the pendulums in the pendulum system, it might be subjected to much wear and tear. This would not affect the viewing and learning experience of the exhibit.

Lifespan of the lever Right now the lever is used to displace the pendulum weights from its equilibrium position. There is no restriction to the displacement of the pendulums and it is up to user to determine. The lever should be locked in place after launching the pendulum set instead or it can also be launched by electronics means

Due to lack of supervision, there might be a possibility of the lever being misused and might damage the lever of even the pendulum balls

In summary, we can add another set of pendulum but this time, we vary the weighs instead of the lengths. This is to

extend the scope of the concepts demonstrated. Do minimise wear and tear of the pendulums and the lever, they

can be electronically controlled instead.

40

User Activity Analysis for our scenarios

Scenario 1: Levitation

Our last step of functional analysis to the levitation scenario is the user activity analysis:

Assuming that the object is placed within a non transparent box of size 1m by 1m with one of its side open for the

public to interact within the space and 'hangs' objects, having its component all hidden within the upper and lower

compartment of the box and provided with a series of buttons to control connected to the device within the

container using cable, we derive the following activity analysis:

Visiting the exhibit due to

various reasons (friends'

suggestion, flyers, internet,

interest to science, by chance,

parents suggestion, etc) and

arrive at the Science Centre

entrance.

Walk towards our

exhibition area (by

chance or by external

information, or by

chance).

Purchase the

entrance ticket,

and enter the

Science Centre.

Observe our exhibit

Read exhibit's instruction or

description Press buttons,

decide whether

to oscillate or to

levitate

Failed to configure

anything

Noticing

that device

operates

Place various objects within

the field

For objects that

rotates, on the

motor switch

For objects that oscillates, give

a light upward or downward

push Observe our

exhibit in

operation

Replace existing

object with other

objects

Control electric supply to vary

magnetic field until object is in

equilibrium and levitates when

placed on air

Observe other people Observe other exhibits

Failed to get

interested in

our exhibit

Exit Miss our

exhibit

Take pictures Jot down

notes Chat with friends

or family

Tweet/share

experience in

social medias

such as twitter

and facebook

Miss our exhibit

Device doesn't

operate

Leave

Experiment

with the

device

41

Below is our evaluation from our activity analysis:

What we want What we do not want What should be done

Visitors to notice our exhibit Visitors failed to notice our

exhibit

Place a vibrant notice board which is attention

capturing in a positive way such as : "Do you

know that we can defy gravity?" near the

entrance of the exhibit.

Visitors to get interested in our

exhibit

Visitors to walk away and failed

to get interested in our exhibit

before even starting anything

Provide a sample display (another closed glass

panel) beside the object. For example, create a

prototype of solar system consisting of the Sun

and its 9 planets rotating around it, all levitating

in the air, or create a prototype of the moon

rotating on its own axis as well as circulating

around the earth, which is also rotating on its

own axis. We can modify the device such as it

allows tilted rotational motion instead of the

object's horizontal axis of symmetry being parallel

to the ground51

.

Visitors to be motivated to read

the description before operating

the object and not to get

confused by it.

Visitors to get injured or their

belongings damaged due to the

influence of the magnetic field

(watch, phones, etc).

Put two sets of notes, firstly is the "WARNING!

READ BEFORE USING." with red font (see

appendix 6) note, begin with a notice to put all

electronic devices away at least 30 cm from the

device before operating it in order to avoid them

being damaged or they being injured if the

devices fly out to the magnetic plates. And then

followed by explaining how to operate the

system.

Visitors to be motivated to read

further description after

exploring the device, and have a

meaningful takeaway.

Visitors to just take a look and go

without even bothering what is

the principles behind the

levitation process.

Simple diagrams and pictures that are interesting

and attention catching is needed. More

importantly, it does not over simplify (still

explains the fundamental principles with clarity)

yet easy to be understood by the public. We

should avoid using technical terms because not

everyone will understand and may cause them to

lose interest. If descriptions and texts are needed,

we need to make sure that the words are large

enough for people to read without the need to

get closer than 50 cm to read it.

Visitors to keep being interested

in trying all materials (both the

oscillation and the rotating parts)

before leaving.

Visitors to lost interest halfway

after interacting with the device.

The device has to function perfectly without fail

of the object to levitate. Perhaps a general guide

of the weight and the amount of electricity need

to be set on each object is needed just in case the

visitors fail to levitate the materials.

Visitors not to get confused

which is the area for oscillation

and which is the area for

levitation.

Visitors are confused as they mix

up the two locations

A clear division of area within the box is needed,

indicated with clear notification which one is the

oscillation and which one is the levitation

compartment.

51

http://hackedgadgets.com/2010/08/30/levitating-rotating-globe/

42

In summary, our device now requires a different compartment for oscillation and levitation, and also an extra display

within an enclosed panel which demonstrate levitation beside it is recommended so that visitors may get motivated

to interact with our exhibit. We also need to add extra attention and broaden our ways in getting the visitor

interested, keeping the motivation alive, having a great takeaway lesson, motivate them to return and take a second

look, and also to exit the exhibit with satisfaction.

Scenario 2: Which Wave?

EVALUATION

A. Adapting from previous activity evaluation, assuming the visitor finally notices the exhibit, but does not

spend any time in engaging his senses with the exhibit. The exhibit is merely considered as an

ornamentation in the hall, rather than of any educative purposes. Therefore, the time taken for the

Visitor enters

Singapore Science

Centre Hall B

Visitor notices

Exhibition

Visitor misses

Exhibition

Visitor leaves

Exhibition

Visitor stays and

observes Exhibition

Visitor reads

explanation panel

Visitor has gained

nothing from the

exhibit.

Visitor gains insight

and understanding

about the concepts

of light

Visitor leaves the

exhibition

Visitor enjoyed the

display, but has

little understanding

of the concepts

presented

START

END

A

C

B D

43

respective lights to change has been kept at a short gap of 8 seconds, such that the visitor would be

constantly engaged and interested enough to prolong observation.

B. Similarly, we need to provide an easily comprehended description panel with the use of infographics as

opposed to wall of texts, such that the important concepts may be efficiently conveyed to the reader.

Scenario 3: Light Bending

Similar to scenario 1, our exhibit now requires informative cards to be on display at the different stages of the

process, and also an extra display might also be place next to the exhibit so that visitors may be attracted to the

exhibit. We also consider safety aspects that the laser might provide hence providing protective goggles is essential

too. Basically, we want to provide an interesting learning experience for our visitors such that they would not only

learn some scientific knowledge, their interest in other exhibits would also be amplified and hopefully they can

spread their interest to their friends and generate further interest in our exhibit.

Having developed our scenarios, we will summarize all the ideas generated.

44

V). DESIGN SCENARIO IDEAS

The table bellow summarize the scenario ideas which came about throughout the design process:

Scenario Idea Description Design Methods Justification

1. Levitation 1. Electric field levitator. A charged particle is suspended between plates which generates electric field.

Background Review.

Links to real-world application such as superconductor and magnetic levitator, hence appealing to the visitor the application behind scientific principles.

2. Magnetic levitator (ver 1 and 2). Ferromagnetic materials is suspended below magnetic field generator because of attractive magnetic forces.

Customer Need Analysis and Black Box Modelling.

Safety issues brought by electric field levitator leads us to change the field into magnetic.

3. Acoustic levitator. Particles are suspended because of the rapid compression and expansion of air due to the sound waves being reflected back and forth.

Black Box Modelling. We are exploring as much possibility for levitation, this time around the principle behind it is different from that of idea 1 and 2. Also, acoustic levitator has an important application in pharmaceutical field, showing once again the integration behind many field of science (medical and physics).

4. Rotating Magnetic levitator. Making use of repulsion forces between magnet and diamagnetic material, paired by rotating motor to display the variation in displaying the exhibit to the public.

Functional Analysis and Activity Analysis.

To attract visitors, we suggest that a display is shown, for example a prototype of solar system such that visitors are interested to take a closer look on the exhibit.

5. Oscillating Magnetic levitator. Making use of a couple of repulsive magnetic forces in upper and lower plate to let the object which has initial vertical velocity oscillate.

Functional Analysis and Activity Analysis.

To explore the various way of levitating, instead of the object being stationary, we are inspired to make to object oscillates. Hence, we suggest to divide the exhibit into three parts: the display, the oscillating, and the levitating chamber.

2. Light's deceptive role in vision.

1. Which Wave? Combining sound and sight senses, and derive the listener's sense of sight using algorithm.

Background Research To raise awareness to the handicapped, and to show people how much they depend on their sight.

2. Which Wave? (Ver 2) Different types of light from LED source is shone on the same material, hence creating different perceptions.

Empathic Lead User Analysis and Functional Analysis.

To explore the importance of light and its deceptive role in vision, and how different types of light can completely alter our imagination.

45

3. Light Bending. 1. Total Internal Reflection. Laser light is bent as it passes medium with different refractive index such as water.

Background Research and Customer Need Analysis.

To showcase the counter intuitive side of light, as from our CN analysis, most people think that light travels in a straight line.

2. Optical Fiber Total Internal Reflection. Bending of light that is guided using optical fiber which is made of glass.

Customer Analysis. By changing the material from water to optical fibre, we make the device more interactive. We can change the shape of the fibre easily, and bend it in various way.

3. Light Dispersion, Total Internal Reflection. Using a prism, we plan to separate the white laser into spectrum of colors, then isolating one color and bend it using the same method in idea 2.

Black Box Modelling. We would like to showcase another counterintuitive side of light, which is white light is actually consisted of many colors. Furthermore, from CN analysis we found out that colorful exhibit is more appealing for the visitors.

4. Light Dispersion, Total Internal Reflection (ver 2). Instead of isolating one color, we isolate all colors and bend them using the optical fibers.

Functional Analysis. We would like to maximize all the colors of the spectrum and make it more interesting.

4. Sound Waves 1. Non-Newtonian Fluid. The sound wave makes the particles vibrate, and the particles will pressurize the fluid, hence forming a solid.

Background Research. To show the counterintuitive side of sound waves, that actually it carries energy although its invisible. Also to raise awareness that we actually use both sight and sound senses simultaneously and not separately.

2. Cymatic imaging. The sound waves causes the plate to vibrate and it will affect the thin layer of fluid and hence patterns are formed.

Background Research. Showing how sound energy actually has patterns.

3. Fractals. Nature has its patterns, such as the bark of a tree or broccoli's texture.

Customer Need Analysis.

To cater to the needs of the visitors as reflected in the Affinity Diagram. Also, to integrate art and science hence allowing more people to relate to it.

5. Pendulum Wave. 1. Wave Motion. Using pendulum, we would like to showcase the motion of wave due to the differences of frequency of each pendulum.

Background Research. We are targeting children of age 9-16 and hence we decided to showcase a simple yet counterintuitive aspect of science-something we cannot see yet all around us-the wave.

2. Wave Motion (ver 2). Added LED sensor to part 1 and translates to sound output.

Black Box Modelling. To allow more interaction to cater more visitor's preference and hence allowing a more creative platform of learning.

3. Wave Motion (ver 3). Functional Analysis. To explore more sides of how

46

Varying masses of pendulum instead of using different lengths.

pendulum showcase the wave motion.

47

VI). FRAMEWORK AND SYSTEM DESIGN

We choose two most solid design ideas that we have as illustrated below: (explore materials and dimension, long

run stability, and maintenance).

1. Magnetic Levitator - Oscillation

We need to let the upper repelling force to be lesser than lower repelling force because of the presence of

gravitational force downwards. The magnetic field strength is expressed as the following formula52:

where N is the number of turns in the solenoid. Therefore the number of turns of the upper solenoid should be

lesser of that of the lower solenoid's. After an equilibrium stage of the object is achieved, a light vertical push to the

object will result in oscillation.

52 http://www.pa.msu.edu/courses/2001spring/PHY232/lectures/ampereslaw/solenoid.html

48

2. Which Wave?

Different light will alter the perception of the object accordingly. This shows how fundamental light is, together with

its counterintuitivity aspect, that actually what we see is what it is because of the type of light shone on it.

Various LED source

Colored object

Background wall

Control

Buttons each

for different

light

49

VII) CONCLUSION

This counterintuitive exhibit needs to cater to the customer's needs to reach maximum impact. Having analyzed and

modify the scenarios, we wish to brainstorm and further solidify the ideas such that we can narrow down to the few

most justified ones. We also chose two of the scenario ideas to be further developed in Project II. Firstly, we chose

the cymatic imaging. We feel that integrating art and science in nature results in a broader perspective of scientific

exhibition. It no longer just serves as entertainment or scientific knowledge platform but also for users from

different background such as art and design to relate and be inspired by it. Secondly, we choose magnetic levitation.

Magnetic levitation channels to many solutions to real-world problems such as the energy crisis for transportation.

Due to the large field of application, we feel that we may inspire the visitors through this scenario to learn more

about science.

These abstracts need to be further developed with more depth to get a better picture of its sustainability in terms of

cost, energy consumption, wastage, and lifetime which is essential to determine whether these exhibits is feasible.

50

Appendix I

Movie Title : Total Recall

Movie Poster :

Synopsis : (Extracted from: http://movies.msn.com/movies/movie-synopsis/total-recall.3/)

Originally adapted by director Paul Verhoeven in 1990, author Philip K. Dick's classic sci-fi short story We Can

Remember It for You Wholesale returns to the big screen in this remake starring Colin Farrell, Bryan Cranston, and

Kate Beckinsale, and directed by Underworld's Len Wiseman. The planet has been decimated by nuclear war in the

late 21st century, leaving only two nations -- the United Federation of Britain and the Colony. Douglas Quaid (Farrell)

is a factory worker with a stable job and a loving wife (Beckinsale), but upon learning that a company named Rekall

could grant him the memory of the ultimate espionage adventure, he decides that a virtual vacation is better than

no vacation at all. But in the midst of having the new memories implanted, something goes haywire. Still strapped to

the chair as the system breaks down, he's branded a spy as the authorities close in, and quickly flees for his life.

Later, Quaid discovers that he has a secret identity, and he joins forces with rebel soldier Melina (Jessica Biel) on a

mission to track down Matthias (Bill Nighy), the head of a fierce resistance movement that's been labeled a terrorist

organization by the tyrannical Chancellor Cohaagen (Bryan Cranston). Cohaagen seeks to control the entire free

world, and now the harder Quaid fights to defeat him, the clearer it becomes that his memory had been altered long

before he walked into Rekall.

Trailer: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EWYaW0wHMBA

Starring :

Colin Farrell, Bryan Cranston, Kate

Beckinsale, Bokeem Woodbine, Jessica

Biel, Bill Nighy

51

Appendix A: Science centre gallery map.

Reference: http://www.science.edu.sg/visitorinformation/Pages/gallerymap.aspx

52

Appendix 2: Children is the majority of the visitors in science centre

Date of photos taken: Friday, 5 October 2012, 3:18 PM

Location: Tesla Coil, Level 1 Location: Entrance of our exhibit, facing the

Tesla Coil, Level 1

53

Appendix 3: Bioethics (exhibition that allows interaction)

Date of photo taken: Friday, 5 October 2012, 2:43 PM

There are always visitors in this area although its entrance is not as obvious (turn right after entering our exhibition

area).

54

Appendix 4: CN Survey, 05/10/2012

55

Appendix 5: Like/Dislike Table Survey

56

Appendix 6: Long description of exhibits

57

Appendix i: Patents for Scenario 1 - Levitation

1). Title: Electrostatic Levitation: A Tool to Support Materials Research in Microgravity

Author: Rogers, Jan; SanSoucie, Mike

Abstract: Containerless processing represents an important topic for materials research in

microgravity. Levitated specimens are free from contact with a container, which permits studies of deeply

undercooled melts, and high-temperature, highly reactive materials. Containerless processing provides

data for studies of thermophysical properties, phase equilibria, metastable state formation, microstructure

formation, undercooling, and nucleation. The European Space Agency (ESA) and the German Aerospace

Center (DLR) jointly developed an electromagnetic levitator facility (MSL-EML) for containerless materials

processing in space. The electrostatic levitator (ESL) facility at the Marshall Space Flight Center provides

support for the development of containerless processing studies for the ISS. Apparatus and techniques

have been developed to use the ESL to provide data for phase diagram determination, creep resistance,

emissivity, specific heat, density/thermal expansion, viscosity, surface tension and triggered nucleation of

melts. The capabilities and results from selected ESL-based characterization studies performed at NASA's

Marshall Space Flight Center will be presented.

Reason for reviewing patent: This patent teaches us the principle behind electrostatic levitation, as

well as giving us the idea how realistic scenario 1 can be. It also gives us the gauge on how much resources

is needed to levitate the objects as well as giving us the insight of some real world purpose behind

levitation.

Website reference:

http://naca.larc.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20120014192&qs=N%3D4294967219%26Nn%3D125%257CCollecti

on%257CNIX ,

2). Inventors: Donald M. Rote, Jianliang He, Howard Coffey

Original Assignee: The United States of America as represented by the United States

Department of Energy

Current U.S. Classification: 104/281; 104/139

International Classification: B60L 1300

Abstract: A propulsion and stabilization system for an inductive repulsion type magnetically levitated

vehicle which is propelled and suspended by a system which includes dividing the superconducting

magnets into two types: a strong field magnet which is located vertically below the vehicle for propulsion

58

and guidance and a weak field superconducting magnet located at the ends of the vehicle for levitation

and added guidance. Several proposed embodiments exist for the placement of the magnetic field

shielding: locating the shielding on the vehicle, locating the shielding on the guideway, and locating the

shielding on the guideway and adding shielding to the vertical undercarriage. In addition, the separation

between the vehicle and the guideway can be controlled to reduce the exposure of the passenger cabin to

magnetic fields.

Reason for reviewing patent: We want to make sure that Maglev train is feasible and does exist hence we

chose this patent as one of the concrete evidence of its application.

Website reference: http://www.google.com/patents/US5253591

3). Inventors: Martin B. Barmatz, Mark S. Gaspar, Eugene H. Trinh

Original Assignee: The United States of America as represented by the Administrator of the

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Primary Examiner: Robert P. Bell

Current U.S. Classification: 181/.5

International Classification: G10K 1500

Abstract: A system is described for use with acoustic levitators, which can prevent rotation of a levitated

object or control its orientation and/or rotation. The acoustic field is made nonsymmetrical about the axis of the

levitator, to produce an orienting torque that resists sample rotation. In one system, a perturbating reflector is

located on one side of the axis of the levitator, at a location near the levitated object. In another system, the main

reflector surface towards which incoming acoustic waves are directed is nonsymmetrically curved about the axis of

the levitator. The levitated object can be reoriented or rotated in a controlled manner by repositioning the reflector

producing the nonsymmetry.

Reason for reviewing patent: We choose to refer to this patent in order to make reference on how

acoustic levitation is made possible, as well as having further insights of its usefulness and application to

the real world problems.

Website reference: http://www.google.com/patents/US4777823

59

Appendix ii: Scenario 2: Light Bending

1. Inventor: Jeffrey M. Sanford

Primary Examiner: Thomas M. Sember

Current U.S. Classification: 362/565; 362/123; 362/171; 362/806

International Classification: F21P 102

Abstract:

A light for providing illuminated holiday decorations. The inventive device includes a fiber optic light string

having a plurality of elongated optical radiators extending from a fiber optic cable. A light assembly

generates illumination for dispensing through the fiber optic cable and projecting optical radiators. The

light string can be incorporated into decorative garland, a wreath, or a Christmas tree structure.

Reason for choosing patent:

To explore how lights can be bent and used as decoration as explained in the patent. The method

discovered can be used for further development of this scenario. Also, this gives us the rough idea that our

scenario is feasible and not entirely abstract.

60

Appendix iii: Patents for Scenario 2 - Sound Wave

1). Inventors: Anna Lee Tonkovich, Ravi Arora, David Kilanowski, Eric Daymo

Current U.S. Classification: 137/92

Abstract:

The disclosed invention relates to a process, comprising: conducting unit operations in at least two process

zones in a process microchannel to treat and/or form a non-Newtonian fluid, a different unit operation

being conducted in each process zone; and applying an effective amount of shear stress to the non-

Newtonian fluid to reduce the viscosity of the non-Newtonian fluid in each process zone, the average shear

rate in one process zone differing from the average shear rate in another process zone by a factor of at

least about 1.2.

Reason for reviewing patent:

We would like to study about general behaviour of non- Newtonian Fluid and how to form such a fluid with

the hope that we can improve our scenario and extend further possibilities for improvement and

modification until the scenario is justified.

Website Reference: http://www.google.com/patents/US20070256736