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Methano l fo r Fuel Cel l Veh ic lesMethano l fo r Fuel Cel l Veh icles
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AgendaAgenda
Introduction
Methanol and Methanex
Fuel Cell Overview
Why Fuel Cells?
Air PollutionEnergy Security
Fuels for Fuel Cells
Why Methanol?
Environment, Health and Safety
Considerations
Conclusions
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MethanolMethanol
Methanol - Where does it come from?
Typically made from natural gascoal, oil residues also used
biomethanol has been demonstrated
q Schwarze Pumpe (Germany)
Methanol - What is it?
A simple molecule - CH3OH
A colorless liquid at ambient conditions
Occurs naturally in the environment
Biodegrades quickly in all environmental media
Many end uses of methanol
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End Uses o f MethanolEnd Uses o f Methanol
Methanol Derivatives
FormaldehydeAcetic Acid
MTBE
Other ChemicalsDirect Uses
Windshield Washer Fluid
330 MM gallons/yearMethanol as a Fuel
Solvent Use
Sewage Treatment
Formaldehyde36%
MTBE29%
Acetic Acid8%
Other27%
1999 Global Methanol Demandby Primary Derivative
Estimated Demand: 27.1 million tonnes(Source: CMAI)
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Methanex Dimens ionsMethanex Dimens ionsMethanex Capacity
Methanex
24 %
Saudi Arabia
15 %
Trinidad
10 %
Venezuela4 %+60 Others
47 %
PlantCapacity
(tonnes/year)
Kitimat, BC 500,000
Medecine Hat, AB 470,000
Fortier, LA 570,000
New Zealand 2,430,000Chile 3,000,000
Total Production 6,970,000
PurchasedCapacity
(tonnes/year)CMC, Trinidad 500,000
Total 7,470,000
Global Market Share
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Why Fuel Cel ls? - A ir Pol lut ionWhy Fuel Cel ls? - A ir Pol lut ion
Persistent Urban Air Pollution
Ground-level ozone (NOx, VOC)
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Particulate Matter (PM)
Climate Change
Greenhouse gas emissions (CO2, CH4, N2O, CFC)
Criteria Pollutants
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Why Fuel Cel ls? - Energy Secu ri tyWhy Fuel Cel ls? - Energy Secu ri ty
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995
Petroleum(
NetImports/Production)Energy
as
a%
ofPetroleumE
nergyConsumptio
n
Production as % of Consumption Net Imports as % of Consumption
(Source: Energy Information Agency)
Petroleum: Crude oil and petroleum products
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Auto Makers and Fuel Cel lsAuto Makers and Fuel Cel ls
The largest 16 Auto Manufacturers in the
world have active fuel cell development
programs underway
Over $2 Billion US has been spent developing fuelcell vehicles (Source: AMI, 1998)
The first fuel cell vehicles are expected to beavailable commercially by 2003
There is the potential for significant market
penetration by 2010 as they offer significantGHG reductions and local air quality
improvements
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Fuels fo r Fuel CellsFuels fo r Fuel CellsEnvironmentalConsideration
Hydrogen Methanol 'Gasoline'
Urban Smog FormingEmissions ++ ++ +
Greenhouse GasEmissions ++ ++ +Air Toxics Emissions ++ ++ +
Water Pollution ++ + 0Economic
Considerations Hydrogen Methanol 'Gasoline'Energy Security ++ ++ +
Fuel Costs - - + ++
Vehicle Costs 0 - - -Health & SafetyConsideration
Hydrogen Methanol 'Gasoline'
Fire Safety - ++ 0
Human Intake ++ - - 0
*Here Regular Unleaded Gasoline for an Internal Combustion Engine is taken as the basis for this analysis.
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Why Methanol?Why Methanol?
Methanol is a leading candidate to power fuel
cell vehicles
Existing methanol spec is suitable for fuel cells.
Less complex onboard reforming than gasoline
Vehicles have been demonstrated
Urban air emissions are only a fraction of theCARBs SULEV standard
Potentially the lowest GHG emissions of viable
fuel scenariosEconomically viable option
Methanol is an environmentally friendly product
with an excellent safety record
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Techn ical Feasib i l i tyTechn ical Feasibi l i ty
Methanol reformers have already been
incorporated into small passenger vehicles
and passenger buses
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CARBsCARBsEmiss ions Regu lat ionsEmiss ions Regu lat ions
4.
2
4.
2
2.
1
1
0.
016
0
0.
156
0.0
9
0.
055
0.
01
0.
0034
0.
0001
0.
6
0.
1
0.
07
0.
02
0.
0025
00
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
.
TLEV LEV ULEV SULEV IMFC DMFC
LEV Standards/IMFC/DMFC
COEmissions(g/mi)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
.
NMOGandNOx
Emissions(g/mi)
(Source: Evaluation of Fuel Cell Reformer Emissions, Acurex - CARB/SCAQMD, 1999)
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Georgetown Univers ity Bus ProgramGeorgetown Univers i ty Bus Prog ram
0
2
4
6
8
1012
14
16
18
gram
s/brakehorsepo
wer-hr
HC 1.3 0.1 0.8 0.2 0.1 0.09 0.01
CO 15.5 0.9 2.6 0.5 1 2.87 0.02
NOx 4 4.7 1.9 4.9 2.6 0.03 0
PM 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.06 0.01 0.01 0
1998
Standard
DD Series
50*
Diesel
DD Series
50
CNG
Cummins
C8.3
Diesel
Cummins
C8.3
CNG
94 Fuji Fuel
Cell
Methanol
98 IFC Fuel
Cell
Methanol
(Source: Georgetown University)
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GHG Emiss ions Reduct ionsGHG Emiss ions Reduct ions
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1. Gasoline 2. CH2 3. CH2 4. LH2 5. CH2 6. Methanol 7. Sulfur Free
Gasoline
8. FTD
gmC
O2eq/mile
Fuel Extr/Prod/Distr Vehicle Operation Vehicle Matl & Assembly
-8.5 %
Base Case
-44.5 %
-22.5 %
-13.8 %
-41.7 %
-25.8 %-21.9 %
(Source: (S&T)2 Consultants Inc., 2000)
1. Gasoline: Produced from crude oil (Baseline)2. CH2: Produced from NG in a small decentralized SMR.3. CH2: Produced from NG in a small decentralized POX reactor.4. LH2: Produced from NG in a large decentralized SMR.5. CH2: Produced by electrolysis with the electricity being produced from a NG turbine.6. Methanol: Produced from NG in a SMR based process.7. Sulfur Free Gasoline: Produced from crude oil.
8. FTD: Produced from NG in a SMR based process.
Full report available at www.methanex.com/fuelcells/archivedreports/reports.htm
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Methano l vs. Gaso l ine Pric ingMethano l vs . Gaso l ine Pric ing
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
5.50
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
cents/mile
Gasoline: 4.21 cents/mile
Methanol: 3.67 cents/mile
1. USGC Wholesale Pricing plus taxes along a 3-year moving average2. Assumes a Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAF) of 27.5 mpg3. Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) of 1.78 for the methanol fuel cell vehicle (49 mpge)4. Energy Equivalent Taxes: Gasoline = 40 cpg, Methanol = 20 cpg5. Retail Margins: Gasoline = 10 cpg, Methanol = 15 cpg6. Distribution Costs: Gasoline = 3 cpg, Methanol = 10 cpg
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Methano l Econom icsMethano l Econom ics
Since 1975 - delivered bulk pricing has
averaged 47 cpg
Future, Larger scale more efficient plants(i.e. 1 MM 3 MM tpa plants)Natural Gas Costs
Plant Operating CostsDistribution Costs (100 kT vessel)Capital Cost Recovery
Retailing considerations
taxation, local distribution, retailer return
Delivered methanol
costs continue todecrease year over
year
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Retail In frastru ctu reRetail In frastru ctu re
Cost estimates for installing methanol retail
systems.
Methanol Retail System Cost (USD)
Cleaning a gasoline tank $19,000
Install new fiberglass tank liner $31,000
Add a new tank $55,000
Replace an existing tank $70,000
(Source: EA Engineering, 1999)
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Env ironment, Health and SafetyEnv ironment, Health and SafetyEnvironmental Fate of Methanol
Rapid dilution and biodegradation of methanol
Natural methanol production - 2.4 billion tpa
Human Exposure
Ingestion is exposure route of highest importance.
Fire SafetyMethanol has numerous advantages
Methanex Approach to EH&S Issues
Education/Public AwarenessEngineering Safeguards
Anti-siphoning devices/High integrity storage
Potential Use of Additives
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Biodegradat ionBiodegradat ion
Methanol biodegradation is rapid
Environmental MediumMethanol Half-
Life (days)Benzene Half-
life (days)
Soil 1 - 7 5 - 16
Air 3 - 30 2 - 20
Surface water 1 - 7 5 - 16
Groundwater 1 - 7 10 - 730
Estimated Half-Lives of Methanol and Benzene in the Environment
(Source: Handbook of Environmental Degradation Rates, 1992)
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Fire SafetyFire Safety
Much Less Risk of Fire
Vapor pressure (4% vs. 7-9%)
LFL (6% vs. 1%)
Molecular weight of methanol
Much Less Hazardous Fire
Speed/Size of fire
Flame temperature/Heat release
Combustion by-products
Much Easier to Extinguish
A methanol fire can be easily extinguished withwater
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Fuel Related Veh ic le Fire Stat is t icsFuel Related Veh ic le Fire Stat is t ics
158,6
38
206,7
40
195,7
07
211,4
68
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
1997 1996 1995 1994
VehicleF
ires
262
387
342 4
12
0
50
100
150
200250
300
350
400
450
1997 1996 1995 1994
Death
s
830 1
,180
1,2
39
1,4
62
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1997 1996 1995 1994
Injuries
Gasoline (FEMA/NFIRS)
Methanol (EPA Projections)
Due to the lower volat i l ity and hig herf lammable l imi t of methanol , pure methanol
is pro jected to resul t in as much as a 90
percent reduct ion in th e number of
automotive fuel related fi r es relat ive to
gaso line. (Mach iele - EPA, 1990)
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Flame Lum inos i tyFlame Lum inos i ty
Flame Luminosity
methanol burns with a light blue flame that is noteasily seen in bright sunlight
During an accident burning materials other thanthe fuel (such as paint, plastics, upholstery, engine
oil, etc.) would produce both smoke and a visibleflame
Additional mitigation methods being considered
Flame luminosity is a problem common with H2
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Conc lud ing SummaryConc lud ing Summary
Methanol is an Environmentally attractive
Fuel
It is an existing product with an excellentenvironmental track record
Virtual elimination of tailpipe emissions
Offers good CO2 reduction potential
Renewable resources and flared gas options formethanol production
Methanol is readily biodegradable and relativelyenvironmentally benign
Methanol offers an excellent means of
diversifying automotive fuel supply
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Conc lud ing SummaryConc lud ing Summary
Methanol is Technically Feasible
Low temperature reforming advantage
DMFC potential for future
Methanol is Economically Feasible
Substantial production capacity exists with worldwide distribution of homogeneous product
Distributed and retailed in much the same way asgasoline
Methanol can be cost competitiveMethanol is ready today to meet the needs of
Fuel Cell Vehicles
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