Lincoln’s PlansLincoln’s Plans for Reconstruction
Pardon Pardon Confederate Confederate officialsofficials
Form new Form new governments governments
Send southern southern representatives to representatives to CongressCongress
Freedmen’s Bureau Freedmen’s Bureau created created to assist to assist former slavesformer slaves
Presidential Reconstruction
President Andrew President Andrew Johnson’s Plan: Johnson’s Plan: (based on (based on Lincoln’s) Lincoln’s) Ratify 13Ratify 13thth Amendment Amendment Accept supreme power of Accept supreme power of
U.S. U.S. government Amnesty Amnesty (forgiveness) (forgiveness) to to
southsoutherners Return property Return property Each state Each state had to write a new new
constitutionconstitution:: declare secession illegal & abolish secession illegal & abolish slaveryslavery
Congressional ReactionReactionRadical Republicans:Radical Republicans:
Nickname for party members leading Nickname for party members leading CongressCongress
Believed the federal gov’t should play federal gov’t should play an active role in remaking Southrole in remaking South
Goals: Destroy South’s old ruling class
MakeMake it a place of small farms, free small farms, free schools, schools, respect for labor, & political & political equality equality for all
Black codes Black codes ––laws passed passed in the South in the South to limit to limit the freedom of former slaves freedom of former slaves
Northerners suspected Southerners were trying to bring back the “Old South” (slavery)
Congressional LegislationLegislation
1313thth Amendment Amendment Abolished slaveryAbolished slavery
Civil Rights Act of 1866 All persons born in the U.S.
are citizens All citizens are entitled to
equal rights1414thth Amendment Amendment All born in the U.S. are born in the U.S. are
citizens citizens All citizens granted “equal granted “equal
protection of the law”protection of the law”
Congressional Legislation
Reconstruction Acts Reconstruction Acts South=5 South=5 military districts districts Voting for Voting for all adult males adult males Ratify 14Ratify 14thth Amendment Amendment
1515thth Amendment Amendment Cannot deny a person right Cannot deny a person right
to vote to vote on race, color, or previous condition of servitude
18701870
18681868
186818681870187018681868
18681868
18701870
18681868
18681868
18701870
18661866
18701870 Date readmitted to the Union
Boundary of military district
Presidential ImpeachmentPresidential Impeachment Johnson tried to block Johnson tried to block
Congressional Congressional ReconstructionReconstruction
Congress passed Congress passed Tenure of Tenure of Office Act Office Act President cannot fire President cannot fire govt.
employees without permissionwithout permission Johnson suspended Sec. of War Johnson suspended Sec. of War
& tried to hire a new one& tried to hire a new one
House of Representatives House of Representatives impeached impeached the President for President for wrongdoing wrongdoing against public against public office office Avoided removal in the Senate by Avoided removal in the Senate by
one voteone vote
African Americans in African Americans in CongressCongress
During Reconstruction, During Reconstruction, more than 600 African American served in state legislatures 14 14 U.S. Congressman from Congressman from
Southern states Southern states
Hiram Revels-1Hiram Revels-1stst African African American American to serve as a senator senator During the war he was a
minister in a church & recruited blacks to fight for the Union From left to right: Senator Hiram R. Revels and
Representatives Benjamin S. Turner, Robert D. De Large, Josiah T. Walls, Jefferson H. Long, Joseph H. Rainey, and
Robert Brown Elliot.
Contract Contract System of LaborLabor Former slaves Former slaves worked on
plantations as paid workers paid workers with contracts
Pros – Chose who to work for Families could notnot be split
up
Cons – Cons – Wages Wages were poor poor Workers cheatedWorkers cheated Punished for breaking Punished for breaking
contractscontracts
Sharecropping Sharecropping Most Americans (mostly freed Most Americans (mostly freed
people) could not afford landpeople) could not afford land
Tenant farmingTenant farming Rent land to grow cropsRent land to grow crops
SharecropperSharecropper Worker Worker who rents land from rents land from
the land owner the land owner Pays for seeds/supplies with Pays for seeds/supplies with
profits profits from sales
Sharecropper cycleSharecropper cycle Forced to grow cash crops & Forced to grow cash crops &
buy food on creditbuy food on credit When crops When crops were sold profit sold profit
didn’t pay debt, so debt didn’t pay debt, so debt carried over carried over to the next year the next year
Fighting ReconstructionFighting ReconstructionGroups like the White
League and Ku Klux Klan Ku Klux Klan Secret southern group that did did
not want African Americans not want African Americans to have rightsto have rights
Their objective was to Their objective was to restore Democratic control & restore Democratic control & keep African Americans keep African Americans powerlesspowerless
Attacked African-Americans targeting those that owned land or were prosperous Beat people, burned homes, Beat people, burned homes,
lynched peoplelynched people
The New-“Old South"New-“Old South" About 500,000 freedmen voted in the South About 500,000 freedmen voted in the South
during the 1868 electionduring the 1868 election Most freedmen supported GrantMost freedmen supported Grant
Women Women were angered by the 15angered by the 15thth Amendment Amendment
Uneducated former slaves received the Uneducated former slaves received the right to vote, but educated white women right to vote, but educated white women did notdid not
Imposed poll taxes & literacy tests poll taxes & literacy tests to restrict African Americans from to restrict African Americans from votingvoting
Grant urged Congress to pass an anti-Klan Grant urged Congress to pass an anti-Klan bill to stop the terrorizing of African-bill to stop the terrorizing of African-AmericansAmericans Bill led to a more fair election in 1872Bill led to a more fair election in 1872
Grant's Bad DecisionsGrant's Bad DecisionsScandals within Grant’s administration hurt the Republican Party
Grant put unqualified put unqualified army friends & friends & his wife’s relatives in government relatives in government positionspositions
Panic of 1873Panic of 1873 Many Many powerful Eastern banks banks
made bad loans, ran out of made bad loans, ran out of money, & shut downmoney, & shut down
Stock market temporarily closed & Stock market temporarily closed & RR industry sufferedRR industry suffered
Impact of the Panic of 1873Impact of the Panic of 1873 More than More than 18,000 companies 18,000 companies
shut down & thousands lost shut down & thousands lost jobsjobs
Republicans lost power Republicans lost power due to due to public blamepublic blame
Democrats won victories in Democrats won victories in 1874 & tried to restore the 1874 & tried to restore the old southold south
Rutherford B. Hayes wins Rutherford B. Hayes wins Election of 1876Election of 1876 Republicans & Democrats claimed Republicans & Democrats claimed
victory in 3 southern statesvictory in 3 southern states Compromise of 1877-solved the Compromise of 1877-solved the
election & gave election & gave concessions to to both sides in the Southboth sides in the South
Run on the bank (1873)
OpeningOpening the Great PlainsGreat Plains The frontier was the sparsely the sparsely
populated area on the western populated area on the western side of the nationside of the nation
The Great Plains was area stretched from the from the Missouri Missouri River to River to the Rocky Mountains Rocky Mountains
Transcontinental RR carried Transcontinental RR carried resources resources of the west to west to markets in the East East & brought miner& brought miners, ranchers and farmers west to develop the western resources further
The U.S. government forced forced the Native Americans onNative Americans on the Great Great Plains Plains onto Reservationsto Reservations
Growth & ExpansionGrowth & Expansion Homestead Act Government encouraged western western
settlement settlement 160 acres 160 acres of free land to anyone
who agreed to live on to live on the land for 5 land for 5 years & improve ityears & improve it
Morrill Act Federal land to Federal land to fund public public
collegescolleges that taught agriculture & that taught agriculture & mechanical artsmechanical arts
Dawes Act Encourage Native Americans toNative Americans to
give up their traditional cultures and bebecome farmers farmers
Sent children to schools to be “Americanized”
Post Reconstruction SouthPost Reconstruction South Restrict the rights of African
Americans when they passed laws restricting laws restricting their freedomsfreedoms
Literacy tests & poll taxes Literacy tests & poll taxes Prevent blacks from voting
Jim Crow laws Jim Crow laws forced separation separation of white & black people in of white & black people in public public places
Segregation through Segregation through separate separate schools, restrooms, & seating schools, restrooms, & seating
Court case upheld these laws by declaring them “separate but equal” & not a violation of the 14th Amendment
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