Pre-Computing
Counting on fingers Counting Pebbles Counting marks on the walls Counting marks on the bones Counting marks in the sand
Computer Prehistory
Abacus(3000 B.C)Considered to be the Original Counting
Device.Simple device used to perform calculationsSlide the Beads up and down on the rods to
add and subtract.Relies on training, knowledge of user
Computer Prehistory
Pascaline(1623 – 1662) Invented by Blaise Pascal He invented it to help his father in tax
collection.Gear-driven machine performing whole-
number addition & subtractionPascal was only man who could make repairs
Computer Prehistory Jacquard’s loom(1801)
Wove cloth, silk, and other materialsKnots passing through the holes in cards
created patterns woven into fabric
Early Computer Attempt
Charles Babbage(1793 – 1871) Considered to be Father of Computers because of
his Impressive designs for
Difference Engine
Analytical Engine
Difference Engine
huge calculator, steam driven & never finished
Early Computer Attempt
Analytical engineDesigned by Charles Babbage Similar to early computers
Could store up to 1000 50-digit numbers Could run more complex programs than early
machines at a rate of 60 Additions/sec accurate to six decimal places
Early Computer Attempt
Analytical engineSteam power turned
handles Wouldn’t need humans
to run
Design would cover the area of a football field.
Binary Machines
Konrad Zuse develops Z1(1936)
First automatic calculator based in binaryFirst Programmable computer designed to
solve complex engineering Equations.
Binary Machines
1936 --- Konrad Zuse develops Z1Contained memory to remember 64 numbersEach multiplication took 5 seconds
Electronic Computers
ABC Computer(1939-1942)First electronic, digital computerBuilt by John Atanasoff & Clifford BerryPerformed complicated mathematical
computationsOriginal notes for design written on the back
of a cocktail napkin
Electronic Computers
ABC Computer(1939-1942)Weighed 800lbs, used 300+ vacuum tubes, &
1 mile of wireEach calculation took 15 seconds
Electronic Computers
Mark I Computer(1944)Developed by Howard Aiken & IBMCould add, subtract, multiply and divide
Included subroutines to compute logarithms and trigonometric functions.
It had switches which when flipped back and forth, represented mathematical data.
Electronic Computers
Mark I ComputerWeighed 5 tons,
55’ long, 8’ highStored 72 numbers3 additions/second; 3 - 5 seconds per
multiplication
Electronic Computers
ENIAC Computer(1943-1946)Electronic Numerical Integrator and ComputerTo compute trajectory table for US army.Programs set by external switches and dials
Took weeks to physically reprogram machines
Electronic Computers
ENIAC ComputerWeighed 30 tons
17,460 vacuum tubes 5 million soldered joints
Performed 5000 additions, 357 multiplications or 38 divisions per second
Electronic Computers
ENIAC Computer ShortcomingsCould only store and manipulate a limited
amount of information.Programs were wired on boards.Thus, difficult to detect errors.
Electronic Computers
1953 701 released, IBM’s 1st computerStored 256 numbers in memoryOnly 19 ever made
Rented by businesses for $15,000 per month
IBM sold 1,800 IBM 650s, which worked with IBM punch card equipment, from 1954-1962
1st Generation Computers
EDVAC(1946-1952) Electronic Discreet Variable Automatic Computer Based on Stored Program Concept. Stored data in binary form.
UNIVAC(1951) Universal Automatic Computer First fully electronic digital computer built in the U.S. Use of vacuum tubes
1st Generation Computers
Advantages:These were the Fastest calculating devices of
that time. Disadvantages:
Too bulky in Size.Excessive Heat Generation.Non-portable.
2nd Generation
Used Transistors starting in 1956 Replaced vacuum tubes with Transistors, thus
making it faster, smaller and reliable. Advantages:
Less Heat Generation Smaller than 1st Generation Computers.
Disadvantages: Costly Manual Assembly of individual components
PDP-8 Minicomputer
In 1963,PDP-8 was launched.
Small computers for business and specific applications.
3rd Generation
Third Generation Computers used Integrated Circuits (chips).
Integrated Circuits are transistors, resistors, and capacitors integrated together into a single “chip”.
Advantages: Smaller in size, easily portable, no need of manual
assembly of individual components. Disadvantages:
Highly sophisticated technology required.
4th Generation
Over 30,000 components were integrated onto a single chip.
Performed 60,000instructions per second. The First Microprocessor (Intel 4004)
The 4004 had 2,250 transistors.108KhzCalled “Microchip” (Specialized chip for
memory and logic)
4th Generation
AdvantagesSmallest in size.Heat generation is negligible.Much faster in computations.Cheapest.
DisadvantagesHighly sophisticated technology required.
Birth of Personal Computers(1975)
MITS ALTAIR Could hold 256 numbers in
RAM Required TV for use as a
display Did not include any software
(even an OS) Owner had to put machine
together Cost $400 Small company, Microsoft,
formed by 2 college kids to sell BASIC compiler for Altair
Growth of the Home Computer
Apple I(1976) Could store 8192 numbers
(8KB) in memory Included keyboard, but
needed TV for display Cost $666.66 per machine Less powerful than Altair
but also less expensive and complicated.
Growth of the PC
Apple II(1977) Contained 4KB of
memory First personal computer
to include color graphics (included 16 colors!), but still needed TV for monitor
Built-in Keyboard
Player Enters the Market
IBM PC (1981) First PC fully built from off-the-shelf parts and
commercially available operating system
Player Enters the Market
IBM PC(1981) Used 4.77MHz processorDefault had16KB of memory, but could be
expanded to 256KBColor monitor was optionalCost $1565
Updated Computer Line
Apple IIe (1983)Used 1MHz processor Included 64KB of memoryCost $1400 per machineBecame one of the best selling computers of
all time
Personal Computer Revolution
Apple Lisa (1983) 1st GUI-based home computerUsed 5 MHz processor, 512KB of memory,
5MB hard drive12” monitorCost $9995Apple Macintosh released in 1984
Other Important Computer Dates
1983 – Intel releases 80386Speed---16MHz
1983 – 10 million computers used in US 1986 – 30 million computers used in US 1989 – Intel releases 80486
25MHzFirst Intel chip capable of multiprocessing
Pentium Series
In 1995 Pentium-Pro Microprocessor Windows 95 OS
In 1997 Intel announces Multimedia capabilities Pentium II(333MHz Speed)
In 1998 Windows 1998 OS.
In 1999 Pentium III (Graphics Friendly)
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