Jenney’s First Year LatinLesson 2
1. Lesson 2 Vocabulary2. Basics of Latin Verbs
3. Present Tense of 1st Conjugation Verbs4. Subject-Verb Agreement
5. Accusative of Direct Object
Lesson 2 Vocabulary
amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus
to love
dō, dare, dedī, datus
to give
laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātus
to praise
nāvigō, nāvigāre, nāvigāvī, nāvigātus
to sail
occupō, occupāre, occupāvī, occupātus
to seize, capture
parō, parāre, parāvī, parātus
to prepare, prepare for
portō, portāre, portāvī, portātus
to carry
pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātus
to fight
spectō, spectāre, spectāvī, spectātus
to watch, look at
vocō, vocāre, vocāvī, vocātus
to call
ad
to, towards
cum
with
et
and
sed
but
nōn
not
amīcitia, amīcitiae, f.
friendship
patria, patriae, f.
country, fatherland, native land
Latin Verbs – The Basics
Basics – Conjugations
• Like English verbs, verbs in Latin express an action or state of being
• Latin verbs are inflected– the inflection of verbs is called conjugation
• Like nouns, verbs are divided into families.– these families are called conjugations; there are 4
(1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th)
Characteristics of Latin Verbs
• Verbs have FIVE characteristics– Person– Number– Tense– Voice – Mood
Characteristic 1: Person• Person indicates who the subject of the verb is with
reference to the speaker• There are THREE persons in both numbers: 1st, 2nd, and
3rd
• In English, we show person by personal pronounsPerson Singular Plural
1st I We
2nd You You (pl.) [y’all]
3rd he/she/it they
Characteristic 1: Person
• In Latin, person is shown by personal endings
Person Singular Plural
1st ō / m mus
2nd s tis
3rd t nt
Characteristic 2: Number
• Just like nouns, verbs can be either singular or plural
• Number is coded into the personal endings
Review
• So, just like nouns have case endings, verbs have personal endings
• Two important pieces of information are coded into the endings of both nouns & verbs:– Nouns: case and number– Verbs: person and number
Characteristic 3: Tense
• Tense (<tempus, temporis, n.: time) tells you when the action or state of being of the verb is happening
• There are six tenses: present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect, future perfect. (see timeline)
• Present Tense: indicates the verb is happening or being NOW
Characteristics – A Review
• Verbs belong to families, called conjugations– there are 4: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th
• Verbs have five characteristics: person, number, tense, voice, and mood
• Person indicates who the subject of the verb is with reference to the speaker
• Tense indicates the time when the action is taking place
Dictionary Entry
• Most verbs have four principal parts• Dictionary entry = principal parts + definition
pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātus: to fight1 2 3 4 5
Dictionary Entry
pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātus: to fight1 2 3 4 5
1. pugnō – 1st Principal Part
– 1st SG present tense form (“I fight”)
Dictionary Entry
pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātus: to fight1 2 3 4 5
2. pugnāre – 2nd Principal Part– Present Infinitive (“to fight”)– Vowel next to ending –re tells you a verbs
conjugation [–ā– = 1st conjugation]– Dropping the –re gives you present stem
Dictionary Entry
pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātus: to fight1 2 3 4 5
3-4. pugnāvī, pugnātus– 3rd-4th Principal Parts– don’t worry about these for now
5. to fight – definition/meaning– definition should always be in the infinitive form
(to…)
Forming the Present Tense
1. Find the PRESENT STEM– go to the 2nd principal part– drop the –re
2. Add the PERSONAL ENDINGS– -ō/m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt
e.g. pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātus: to fight
Translating the Present Tense
• Latin does not have special forms for progressive or emphatic verbs
• So, present tense verbs can be translated from Latin THREE ways:– am/is/are ___________ing (present progressive)
– _____________s (simple present)
– does/do _____________ (emphatic present)
Translating the Present Tense
• E.g.: Pugnāmus.– We fight.
– We are fighting.
– We do fight.
Subject Verb Agreement
Subject Verb Agreement
• All subjects must agree with (aka match) their verbs in person and number
• singular verbs must have singular subjects• plural verbs must have plural subjects
NO EXCEPTIONS!
Subject Verb Agreement
Agricola puellam amat.[sg. subject + sg. verb]
The farmer loves the girl.
Agricolae pugnant.[pl. subject + pl. verb]
The farmers are fighting.
Accusative of Direct Object
Recap…
• subject of a sentence = doer of the action or state of being
• subject is represented by the nominative casein Latin
Accusative of Direct Object
• direct object = the receiver of the action of a verb
• direct object is represented by the accusative case in Latin
Poētās laudāmus.We praise the poets.
Puella poetam laudat.
The girl is praising the poet.
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