THE NOMINATIVE + INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTION AND THE ACCUSATIVE + NOMINATIVE CONSTRUCTION
Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 1 · Nominative Case •There are TWO uses of the nominative...
Transcript of Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 1 · Nominative Case •There are TWO uses of the nominative...
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Jenney’s First Year LatinLesson 1
1. Lesson 1 Vocabulary2. Latin Nouns – Characteristics
3. 1st Declension Nouns4. Nominative Case – Subject &
Predicate Nominative
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Lesson 1 Vocabulary
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agricola, agricolae, m.
farmer
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aqua, aquae, f.
water
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fēmina, fēminae, f.
woman
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fortūna, fortūnae, f.
fortune, chance
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Gallia, Galliae, f.
Gaul (roughly modern France)
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īnsula, īnsulae, f.
island
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Ītalia, Ītaliae, f.
Italy
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lingua, linguae, f.
language, tongue
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littera, litterae, f.
letter (of alphabet)
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litterae, litterārum, f. pl.
letter (epistle), letters
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memoria, memoriae, f.
memory
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nātūra, nāturae, f.
nature
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poēta, poētae, m.
poet
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prōvincia, prōvinciae, f.
province
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puella, puellae, f.
girl
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silva, silvae, f.
forest
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vīta, vītae, f.
life
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est
is; there is
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sunt
are; there are
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Latin NounsCharacteristics & First Declension
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Latin Nouns – Characteristics
• Like English, a Latin noun indicates a person, place, thing, or idea.
• All Latin nouns belong to a family, called a declension.– Declension: group of nouns sharing a similar
ending pattern.• There are 5 declensions, named 1st, 2nd, 3rd,
4th, and 5th.
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Three Characteristics
• Every Latin noun has three characteristics:
• Case: indicates the use or grammatical function of the noun [what’s it doing?]
• Number: indicates singular (1) or plural (>1) [how many?]
• Gender: masculine, feminine, neuter
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Characteristic 1: Case• Case indicates use (grammatical function) of a
noun in a sentence• English shows case by word order; Latin by word
ending – these are called case endings• There are 6 cases in Latin:– Nominative– Genitive– Dative– Accusative– Ablative– Vocative
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Characteristic 2: Number
• Number answers the question how many
• English shows number by changing the ending too in most cases (e.g. boy vs. boys)
• There are two numbers:
– Singular: 1
– Plural: >1
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Characteristic 3: Gender
• There are three genders: masculine, feminine, neuter
• In English, gender of a noun is determined by sex– words naming males are masculine– words naming females are feminine– words naming things are neuter
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Characteristic 3: Gender
• Gender of Latin nouns can usually be determined like in English, but there are exceptions:– many words expressing things, abstract qualities,
inanimate objects, etc. are masc. or fem., not neut.
• You simply need to memorize the gender of a noun when learning its dictionary form
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Dictionary Entry of Latin Nouns• 4 parts of a noun’s dictionary entry:
puella, puellae, f.: girl1 2 3 4
1. Nominative Singular2. Genitive Singular3. Gender4. Definition
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Dictionary Entry of Latin Nounspuella, puellae, f.: girl
1 2 3 41. Nominative Singular2. Genitive Singular:– Ending tells you a noun’s declension– Dropping the ending gives you the noun’s stem
3. Gender4. Definition
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First Declension Nouns
• Genitive SG ending AE indicates the noun belongs to the 1st declension
• 1st decl. nouns are (usually) easily recognized by the characteristic vowel A
• 1st declension nouns are overwhelmingly feminine in gender
– BUT there are some masculine 1st decl. nouns too (e.g. agricola, -ae, m.: farmer; poēta, -ae, m.: poet)
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First Declension Nouns
• 1st decl. nouns have the following case endings:
Singular Plural
Nominative a aeGenitive ae ārumDative ae īs
Accusative am āsAblative ā īs
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First Declension Nouns• Declining a noun = creating all of its forms to
show changes in case & number– case & number of a noun do change (endings)
– gender & declension of a noun do not change; they are fixed
To decline a noun:
1. Find the stem (go to Gen. SG & drop ending)
2. Add the case endings to the stem
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Translating the Cases• Since different cases represent different uses
of a noun, we translate them using different words.
Case Translate…
Nominative __________Genitive of __________Dative to/for __________
Accusative __________Ablative BWIOAF __________
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Translating the Cases
The ablative case is the catch-all preposition case. It can be translated using by, with, from, in, on, or at (usually the preposition will be nearby)
Case Translate…
Nominative __________Genitive of __________Dative to/for __________
Accusative __________Ablative BWIOAF __________
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Translating the Cases
• Latin does NOT have words for the definite article (the) or the indefinite article (a/an)
• You must supply either “a/an” or “the”
• Which do you choose when translating?
• Whichever one makes more sense in context
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The Nominative Case
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Nominative Case
• There are TWO uses of the nominative case:1. Subject– subject is the doer of the action or state of being
in a sentence
– ex.:
Agricola in agrō est.
The farmer is in the field.
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Nominative Case
• There are TWO uses of the nominative case:2. Predicate Nominative– a noun (or adjective) used with a linking verb to
define or describe the subject
– ex.:
Ītalia est patria.
Italy is a country.