IS - DPP Defence Policy and Planning for the Alliance
Musselburgh Grammar School
NATO, Terrorism and World SecurityPresentation
23 March 2007
IS - DPP Defence Policy and Planning for the Alliance
A few questions
• Has UK been involved in any conflicts?
• If so, what, why, how and when?
• Is UK involved in major alliances?
• If so, which ones?
• What do they do? Do we really need them?
• Terrorism-how big a problem?
• What are governments doing to protect us?
IS - DPP Defence Policy and Planning for the Alliance
Has UK been involved in any major conflicts in last ten years?
• UK has been involved in military operations in three continents in last ten years or so –but which?
• Europe• Asia• Africa• North America• South America• Australasia
IS - DPP Defence Policy and Planning for the Alliance
1. Europe
• UK got involved twice in South East Europe
• 1995 and 1999
• Soldiers and aircraft
• As member of international alliance
IS - DPP Defence Policy and Planning for the Alliance
1. Europe
• Break-up of Yugoslavia from 1989
• Vicious civil wars• Attempts at ethnic
cleansing• UN involved since
1989• UN peace keeping
largely ineffective
IS - DPP Defence Policy and Planning for the Alliance
1. EuropeJuly 1995-Srebinica Massacre
• Bosnian Serbs expel Bosnian Muslims
• One “solution” via Ethnic cleansing
• Took over Bosnian Muslim Village
• Murdered 8300 Bosnian Muslims
• 400 UN troops there but couldn’t stop massacre
IS - DPP Defence Policy and Planning for the Alliance
1. Europe
• So UK got involved through NATO
• 1995 Bosnia- NATO Air Campaign
- Dayton/ Treaty of Paris
- IFOR/SFOR
• 1999 Kosovo- NATO Air Campaign
- NATO Land based forces
- KFOR
IS - DPP Defence Policy and Planning for the Alliance
2. Asia
• UK involved twice
• Afghanistan- 1) US-led force -end 2001,
2) With NATO – from 2003
• Iraq- 1) US-led force in 2003
2) With NATO- training to Iraqi army and police
IS - DPP Defence Policy and Planning for the Alliance
2. Asia-Afghanistan
• Taliban regime provided training ground for terrorists
• If not tackled, terrorists could continue to operate “freely
• 2003 -United Nations asked NATO to lead an International Security Assistance Force
• Initially involved 20,000 people from all 26 NATO members and 11 non-NATO nations
IS - DPP Defence Policy and Planning for the Alliance
2. Asia-Afghanistan
• Objective is to help establish peace and security after many years of conflict
• 5 year plan between Afghan Government and International Community covering security, governance, and economic development
• Both military and civil support
IS - DPP Defence Policy and Planning for the Alliance
2. Asia-AfghanistanLatest position
• There are 50,700 troops there
• These come from 37 different countries, including all NATO members
• Includes soldiers from UK
• Major operation in Helmand province to deal with Taliban still ongoing
IS - DPP Defence Policy and Planning for the Alliance
NATO’s Role -Military
IS - DPP Defence Policy and Planning for the Alliance
NATO’s Role-Military training
IS - DPP Defence Policy and Planning for the Alliance
NATO’s Role-Economic/Social
IS - DPP Defence Policy and Planning for the Alliance
NATO’s role –Medical Aid
IS - DPP Defence Policy and Planning for the Alliance
2.Asia-Afghanistan-Benefits/Achievements
• Made it very difficult for Al Quaida to operate from Afghanistan
• Enabled economic and social progress
• Improved co-operation among allies
IS - DPP Defence Policy and Planning for the Alliance
3.Asia-IraqInvasion -2003
• USA claimed Iraq broken United Nations rules about weapons of mass destruction.
• USA/ UK failed to get Security Council support• 20 March 2003- Invasion of Iraq began (about
250,000 from USA, 45,000 from UK)• 9 April 2003- Fall of Baghdad• 1 May 2003- Bush declared “end of major combat
operations”• 13 December, 2003 capture of Saddam Hussein
IS - DPP Defence Policy and Planning for the Alliance
3.Asia-IraqLatest position-2007
• About 90% of non- Iraqi soldiers are from USA ( 7/8,000-UK)
• Iraqi Gov’t since 04• Iraqi army doing more• Insurgency continues• Iraqi casualties-any
where between 65,000 and 650,000…
IS - DPP Defence Policy and Planning for the Alliance
3.Asia-IraqNATO-Training ONLY
IS - DPP Defence Policy and Planning for the Alliance
Iraq-Military Training
IS - DPP Defence Policy and Planning for the Alliance
4. Africa-Sierra Leone
• Long-running civil war
• UN went in but failed to stop fighting
• Early 2000-1,000 UK troops went in to help evacuation of foreigners
• UK then helped UN, trained Government army, drove back and secured capital
• UK reduced commitment –training only
IS - DPP Defence Policy and Planning for the Alliance
Is UK involved in major alliances?
• North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
• US- led alliances/coalitions in Iraq in 2003 and in Afghanistan in 2001
• United Nations
IS - DPP Defence Policy and Planning for the Alliance
NATO-What did they do?
• Washington Treaty-1949
• Collective defence• Article 5-Attack on
one is attack on all • 12 Members initially• USA/Canada commit
to Europe’s defence
Protected West against Communist Threat
IS - DPP Defence Policy and Planning for the Alliance
A flavour of life under Communists/Soviets
IS - DPP Defence Policy and Planning for the Alliance
1989/90-Ending of Cold War
• Collapse of Soviet Union
• End of Warsaw Pact• What happens next?
IS - DPP Defence Policy and Planning for the Alliance
1990-Did we really need NATO?
• Small club-16 Members only
• Just covered West Europe
• Hardly spoke to non-members
• Cost a lot ( 8 million soldiers, 61,000 tanks and artillery pieces, 80 regional HQ’s)
IS - DPP Defence Policy and Planning for the Alliance
So what happened then?
• Need to settle problems in South East Europe:
-NATO adapted to deal with peace-keeping and crisis management
• Need to build relationships especially with former enemies and neighbours:
- North Atlantic Council/ Partnership for Peace
- Mediterranean Dialogue
IS - DPP Defence Policy and Planning for the Alliance
9.11.01
“Before S11... little political discussion on the nature of terrorism and on its implications for the Alliance’s concepts, policies, military structure and capabilities...”
•Allies invoked art.5
•Attack against US is an attack against all
•8 initial measures to implement art.5 (4 October 2001)
IS - DPP Defence Policy and Planning for the Alliance
Threats to global security or western security
• Terrorist threats
• Afghanistan
• “Rogue states”- eg North Korea, Iran
• Nuclear proliferation
• Middle East
• Russia
Note overlap between different factors
IS - DPP Defence Policy and Planning for the Alliance
What makes terrorism different post 9.11.2001
• Unique combination of factors:
- global reach
- capability
- resilience
- sophistication
- ambition
- lack of restraint
IS - DPP Defence Policy and Planning for the Alliance
“New” Terrorists-What are key driving forces?
• Uncompromising message from a group of “Muslim” radicals
• Their views:
- “West represents threat to Islam”
- “Loyalty to religion and loyalty to democratic institutions are incompatible”
- “Violence is the only proper response”
IS - DPP Defence Policy and Planning for the Alliance
What was so significant about 9.11?
• Changed terrorist landscape
• Showed Al Quaeda would attack :
- on large scale/ reaching across world
- with “high impact”
- indifferent to mass casualties
- using innovative methods
IS - DPP Defence Policy and Planning for the Alliance
So how serious?
• Terrorists have “attacked” in New York, London, Madrid, Athens etc
• Numerous scares or rumours
• Terrorist groups in Middle East
• Look at scale of response in terms of government legislation and actions
IS - DPP Defence Policy and Planning for the Alliance
So what are Governments doing to protect us?
• More resource for police and anti-terrorist groups(cash, kit and training)
• More co-operation between governments• Guidance for companies/organisations (eg MI5 Website)• Extra protection (eg airports, power stations,water )• Through United Nations- requiring members to act against
terrorism• Either working with or supporting NATO
IS - DPP Defence Policy and Planning for the Alliance
1. NATO-Protecting Shipping in Mediterranean
• Active Endeavour• Strategic Objective: “...help
deter, defend, disrupt and protect against terrorism...and demonstrate the Alliance’s determination in the campaign against terrorism...”
• Partner involvement (Istanbul Summit – June 2004)
IS - DPP Defence Policy and Planning for the Alliance
2.NATO-Afghanistan-Establishing security/peace etc
IS - DPP Defence Policy and Planning for the Alliance
3. NATO-South East EuropeMaintaining peace
• NATO HQs (Sarajevo, Skopje)
• Kosovo – NATO-led International Force:17.000 troops from 35 NATO and non-NATO nations
• Mission : To establish and Maintain a Secure Environment in Kosovo
IS - DPP Defence Policy and Planning for the Alliance
4. NATO - Response Force (NRF)to deal with potential crises
Land component:brigade size
Air: about 200 sorties per day
Up to NATOTask Force
NRF
NRF(total about 25.000)
IS - DPP Defence Policy and Planning for the Alliance
5. NATO- NRF MISSIONS
• Crisis Responseincluding Peacekeeping
• Peace Enforcement
• Counter Terrorism Operations
• Consequence Managementincluding CBRN events and humanitarian crises
• Embargo operations: maritime, initial land, and no-fly zone
• Initial Entry Force…or enabling force
• Demonstrative Force Package
• Non-combatant Evacuation
IS - DPP Defence Policy and Planning for the Alliance
6. NATO -Building Understanding/Cooperation
• Partnership for Peace
• NATO - Russia
• NATO - Ukraine
• Istanbul Cooperation Initiative
• Countries around Mediterranean
• NATO - EU: Strategic Partnership
• NATO – United Nations
IS - DPP Defence Policy and Planning for the Alliance
But can NATO do more?Darfur Crisis-Sudan
IS - DPP Defence Policy and Planning for the Alliance
SUMMARY
• UK has been involved in several big international military operations in last 10 years
• UK acted mostly with NATO• NATO has changed a lot since end of Cold War• Dealing with Terrorism has been a priority for NATO
since 2001• NATO is involved in 4 major missions• NATO has the ability to respond quickly to new crises
and to achieve cooperation through stronger relationships
IS - DPP Defence Policy and Planning for the Alliance
Top Related