IS - DPP Defence Policy and Planning for the Alliance Musselburgh Grammar School NATO, Terrorism and...

IS - DPP Defence Policy and Planning for the Alliance

Musselburgh Grammar School

NATO, Terrorism and World SecurityPresentation

23 March 2007


A few questions

• Has UK been involved in any conflicts?

• If so, what, why, how and when?

• Is UK involved in major alliances?

• If so, which ones?

• What do they do? Do we really need them?

• Terrorism-how big a problem?

• What are governments doing to protect us?


Has UK been involved in any major conflicts in last ten years?

• UK has been involved in military operations in three continents in last ten years or so –but which?

• Europe• Asia• Africa• North America• South America• Australasia


1. Europe

• UK got involved twice in South East Europe

• 1995 and 1999

• Soldiers and aircraft

• As member of international alliance


1. Europe

• Break-up of Yugoslavia from 1989

• Vicious civil wars• Attempts at ethnic

cleansing• UN involved since

1989• UN peace keeping

largely ineffective


1. EuropeJuly 1995-Srebinica Massacre

• Bosnian Serbs expel Bosnian Muslims

• One “solution” via Ethnic cleansing

• Took over Bosnian Muslim Village

• Murdered 8300 Bosnian Muslims

• 400 UN troops there but couldn’t stop massacre


1. Europe

• So UK got involved through NATO

• 1995 Bosnia- NATO Air Campaign

- Dayton/ Treaty of Paris

- IFOR/SFOR

• 1999 Kosovo- NATO Air Campaign

- NATO Land based forces

- KFOR


2. Asia

• UK involved twice

• Afghanistan- 1) US-led force -end 2001,

2) With NATO – from 2003

• Iraq- 1) US-led force in 2003

2) With NATO- training to Iraqi army and police


2. Asia-Afghanistan

• Taliban regime provided training ground for terrorists

• If not tackled, terrorists could continue to operate “freely

• 2003 -United Nations asked NATO to lead an International Security Assistance Force

• Initially involved 20,000 people from all 26 NATO members and 11 non-NATO nations


2. Asia-Afghanistan

• Objective is to help establish peace and security after many years of conflict

• 5 year plan between Afghan Government and International Community covering security, governance, and economic development

• Both military and civil support


2. Asia-AfghanistanLatest position

• There are 50,700 troops there

• These come from 37 different countries, including all NATO members

• Includes soldiers from UK

• Major operation in Helmand province to deal with Taliban still ongoing


NATO’s Role -Military


NATO’s Role-Military training


NATO’s Role-Economic/Social


NATO’s role –Medical Aid


2.Asia-Afghanistan-Benefits/Achievements

• Made it very difficult for Al Quaida to operate from Afghanistan

• Enabled economic and social progress

• Improved co-operation among allies


3.Asia-IraqInvasion -2003

• USA claimed Iraq broken United Nations rules about weapons of mass destruction.

• USA/ UK failed to get Security Council support• 20 March 2003- Invasion of Iraq began (about

250,000 from USA, 45,000 from UK)• 9 April 2003- Fall of Baghdad• 1 May 2003- Bush declared “end of major combat

operations”• 13 December, 2003 capture of Saddam Hussein


3.Asia-IraqLatest position-2007

• About 90% of non- Iraqi soldiers are from USA ( 7/8,000-UK)

• Iraqi Gov’t since 04• Iraqi army doing more• Insurgency continues• Iraqi casualties-any

where between 65,000 and 650,000…


3.Asia-IraqNATO-Training ONLY


Iraq-Military Training


4. Africa-Sierra Leone

• Long-running civil war

• UN went in but failed to stop fighting

• Early 2000-1,000 UK troops went in to help evacuation of foreigners

• UK then helped UN, trained Government army, drove back and secured capital

• UK reduced commitment –training only


Is UK involved in major alliances?

• North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)

• US- led alliances/coalitions in Iraq in 2003 and in Afghanistan in 2001

• United Nations


NATO-What did they do?

• Washington Treaty-1949

• Collective defence• Article 5-Attack on

one is attack on all • 12 Members initially• USA/Canada commit

to Europe’s defence

Protected West against Communist Threat


A flavour of life under Communists/Soviets


1989/90-Ending of Cold War

• Collapse of Soviet Union

• End of Warsaw Pact• What happens next?


1990-Did we really need NATO?

• Small club-16 Members only

• Just covered West Europe

• Hardly spoke to non-members

• Cost a lot ( 8 million soldiers, 61,000 tanks and artillery pieces, 80 regional HQ’s)


So what happened then?

• Need to settle problems in South East Europe:

-NATO adapted to deal with peace-keeping and crisis management

• Need to build relationships especially with former enemies and neighbours:

- North Atlantic Council/ Partnership for Peace

- Mediterranean Dialogue


9.11.01

“Before S11... little political discussion on the nature of terrorism and on its implications for the Alliance’s concepts, policies, military structure and capabilities...”

•Allies invoked art.5

•Attack against US is an attack against all

•8 initial measures to implement art.5 (4 October 2001)


Threats to global security or western security

• Terrorist threats

• Afghanistan

• “Rogue states”- eg North Korea, Iran

• Nuclear proliferation

• Middle East

• Russia

Note overlap between different factors


What makes terrorism different post 9.11.2001

• Unique combination of factors:

- global reach

- capability

- resilience

- sophistication

- ambition

- lack of restraint


“New” Terrorists-What are key driving forces?

• Uncompromising message from a group of “Muslim” radicals

• Their views:

- “West represents threat to Islam”

- “Loyalty to religion and loyalty to democratic institutions are incompatible”

- “Violence is the only proper response”


What was so significant about 9.11?

• Changed terrorist landscape

• Showed Al Quaeda would attack :

- on large scale/ reaching across world

- with “high impact”

- indifferent to mass casualties

- using innovative methods


So how serious?

• Terrorists have “attacked” in New York, London, Madrid, Athens etc

• Numerous scares or rumours

• Terrorist groups in Middle East

• Look at scale of response in terms of government legislation and actions


So what are Governments doing to protect us?

• More resource for police and anti-terrorist groups(cash, kit and training)

• More co-operation between governments• Guidance for companies/organisations (eg MI5 Website)• Extra protection (eg airports, power stations,water )• Through United Nations- requiring members to act against

terrorism• Either working with or supporting NATO


1. NATO-Protecting Shipping in Mediterranean

• Active Endeavour• Strategic Objective: “...help

deter, defend, disrupt and protect against terrorism...and demonstrate the Alliance’s determination in the campaign against terrorism...”

• Partner involvement (Istanbul Summit – June 2004)


2.NATO-Afghanistan-Establishing security/peace etc


3. NATO-South East EuropeMaintaining peace

• NATO HQs (Sarajevo, Skopje)

• Kosovo – NATO-led International Force:17.000 troops from 35 NATO and non-NATO nations

• Mission : To establish and Maintain a Secure Environment in Kosovo


4. NATO - Response Force (NRF)to deal with potential crises

Land component:brigade size

Air: about 200 sorties per day

Up to NATOTask Force

NRF

NRF(total about 25.000)


5. NATO- NRF MISSIONS

• Crisis Responseincluding Peacekeeping

• Peace Enforcement

• Counter Terrorism Operations

• Consequence Managementincluding CBRN events and humanitarian crises

• Embargo operations: maritime, initial land, and no-fly zone

• Initial Entry Force…or enabling force

• Demonstrative Force Package

• Non-combatant Evacuation


6. NATO -Building Understanding/Cooperation

• Partnership for Peace

• NATO - Russia

• NATO - Ukraine

• Istanbul Cooperation Initiative

• Countries around Mediterranean

• NATO - EU: Strategic Partnership

• NATO – United Nations


But can NATO do more?Darfur Crisis-Sudan


SUMMARY

• UK has been involved in several big international military operations in last 10 years

• UK acted mostly with NATO• NATO has changed a lot since end of Cold War• Dealing with Terrorism has been a priority for NATO

since 2001• NATO is involved in 4 major missions• NATO has the ability to respond quickly to new crises

and to achieve cooperation through stronger relationships

IS - DPP Defence Policy and Planning for the Alliance Musselburgh Grammar School NATO, Terrorism and...

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Transcript of IS - DPP Defence Policy and Planning for the Alliance Musselburgh Grammar School NATO, Terrorism and...