System of Environmental-Economic Accounting
Introduction to the SEEA &Policy ApplicationsIntroduction to the SEEA &Policy Applications
Project: Advancing the SEEAExperimental Ecosystem Accounting
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System of Environmental-Economic Accounting
1. Policy Setting2. An Integrated Information System for
Sustainable Development3. Adoption and Mainstreaming of Statistical
Standard4. Applications
1. Policy Setting2. An Integrated Information System for
Sustainable Development3. Adoption and Mainstreaming of Statistical
Standard4. Applications
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System of Environmental-Economic Accounting
Policy Setting
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System of Environmental-Economic Accounting
Common view that theEconomy exists within Society,which in turn exists within asupporting Environment
Policy decisions related to thesethree ‘pillars’ of sustainabledevelopment should beintegrated rather than takenindependently
Environment
Society
Economy
Integrated and Sustainable Development
Environment
Society
Common view that theEconomy exists within Society,which in turn exists within asupporting Environment
Policy decisions related to thesethree ‘pillars’ of sustainabledevelopment should beintegrated rather than takenindependently
EconomySociety
Economy
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System of Environmental-Economic Accounting
OECDGreen Growth
World BankWAVES
UNEP: TEEB;CBD Aichi
Targets
International Initiatives for Integration
Integratenature intodecisionmaking
IPBES
BioFin
REDD+
Agenda 21 Rio +20
SustainableDevelopment
Goals(SDGs)
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System of Environmental-Economic Accounting
Decisions are becoming more integrated:• Sustainable development, green economy, climate change,
biodiversity preservation, etc.
Increasing demand to mainstream linkages betweenenvironment, society and economy:• National development plans include natural heritage, food
security, water security, low-carbon…• National sustainable development strategies• National biodiversity strategies and action plans, etc.
Strongly encouraged by international community
National Policy Initiatives for Integration
Decisions are becoming more integrated:• Sustainable development, green economy, climate change,
biodiversity preservation, etc.
Increasing demand to mainstream linkages betweenenvironment, society and economy:• National development plans include natural heritage, food
security, water security, low-carbon…• National sustainable development strategies• National biodiversity strategies and action plans, etc.
Strongly encouraged by international community
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System of Environmental-Economic Accounting
Integrated InformationSystem for Sustainable
Development
Integrated InformationSystem for Sustainable
Development
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System of Environmental-Economic Accounting
“We recognize the need for broader measures ofprogress to complement GDP in order to better informpolicy decisions, and in this regard, we request theUN Statistical Commission in consultation withrelevant UN System entities and other relevantorganizations to launch a programme of work in thisarea building on existing initiatives.”
Paragraph 38 of Rio+20 Report
“We recognize the need for broader measures ofprogress to complement GDP in order to better informpolicy decisions, and in this regard, we request theUN Statistical Commission in consultation withrelevant UN System entities and other relevantorganizations to launch a programme of work in thisarea building on existing initiatives.”
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System of Environmental-Economic Accounting
Statistics for Sustainable Development
Increasing recognition that Sustainable Development Policyshould:
1. Be based on Evidence: Policy should, to the greatest extent possible,be informed by rigorously established evidence
2. Take an Integrated Approach: Policy should be based on a betterunderstanding of interactions and tradeoffs between the differentrealms of sustainability
Implication: An information system is needed to support policyanalysis and decisions, which provides information on;
• The multiple issues relevant to sustainable development• The interconnections between these issues
Increasing recognition that Sustainable Development Policyshould:
1. Be based on Evidence: Policy should, to the greatest extent possible,be informed by rigorously established evidence
2. Take an Integrated Approach: Policy should be based on a betterunderstanding of interactions and tradeoffs between the differentrealms of sustainability
Implication: An information system is needed to support policyanalysis and decisions, which provides information on;
• The multiple issues relevant to sustainable development• The interconnections between these issues
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System of Environmental-Economic Accounting
The economy impacts on theenvironment and theenvironment impacts on theeconomy
To understand theselinkages we need to integrateenvironmental and economicinformation
This is the explicit purpose ofthe SEEA
Information is vital…and it needs to be integrated
The economy impacts on theenvironment and theenvironment impacts on theeconomy
To understand theselinkages we need to integrateenvironmental and economicinformation
This is the explicit purpose ofthe SEEA
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System of Environmental-Economic Accounting
An internationally agreed statistical framework to measurethe environment and its interactions with economy
The System of Environmental EconomicAccounting (SEEA)
The SEEA Central Frameworkwas adopted as an internationalstatistical standard by the UNStatistical Commission in 2012
The SEEA ExperimentalEcosystem Accountscomplement the CentralFramework and representinternational efforts towardcoherent ecosystem accounting
The SEEA Central Frameworkwas adopted as an internationalstatistical standard by the UNStatistical Commission in 2012
The SEEA ExperimentalEcosystem Accountscomplement the CentralFramework and representinternational efforts towardcoherent ecosystem accounting
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System of Environmental-Economic Accounting
The SNA and SEEA: Systems of coherent information:
SEEA-
Energy
(forthcoming)
SEEA-Agriculture,
Forestry and
Fisheries
(forthcoming)
Others
(forthcoming)
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System of Environmental-Economic Accounting
Silo Approach Integrated StatisticsAgency A
Policy A
Info A
Data A
Agency C
Policy C
Info C
Data C
Agency B
Policy B
Info B
Data B
Indicators
AccountsSNA and SEEA
Agency A
Policy A
Info A
Data A
Agency C
Policy C
Info C
Data C
Agency B
Policy B
Info B
Data BBasic data
Economy Environment Social
Accounts to integrate statistics: Linking policy needs and statistics Understanding the institutional arrangements Integrated statistical production process/chain and services Consistency between basic data, accounts and tables and indicators
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System of Environmental-Economic Accounting
Data developed toanswer one particularquestion or problem
Difficult to figure out if allinformation is included
Not always easy to seethe whole picture, or howit relates to other things
Problem: Information Silos
Data developed toanswer one particularquestion or problem
Difficult to figure out if allinformation is included
Not always easy to seethe whole picture, or howit relates to other things
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System of Environmental-Economic Accounting
Holistic picture
Consistency of informationand identification of datagaps
Interconnections betweeneconomy, environment andsociety
Solution: Integrated Information
Holistic picture
Consistency of informationand identification of datagaps
Interconnections betweeneconomy, environment andsociety
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System of Environmental-Economic Accounting
One Environment: Two Perspectives
SEEACentral Framework:
Individual EnvironmentalAssets/Resources
SEEA ExperimentalEcosystem Accounts:
Ecosystem Assets(spatially based)
TimberWaterSoilFish
ForestsLakes
Agriculturalareas
SEEACentral Framework:
Individual EnvironmentalAssets/Resources
SEEA ExperimentalEcosystem Accounts:
Ecosystem Assets(spatially based)
Ecosystem Assets are environmental assets viewedfrom a systems perspective
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System of Environmental-Economic Accounting
Activities-Production
-Consumption-Accumulation
Instruments-Financial/Monetary
-Taxes/subsidies- Financing-Resource rent-Permits
Economic Units-Enterprises-Households-Government
-Non-profitinstitutions
EconomyEnvironment
Territory of reference
Outsideterritory ofreference
Outsideterritory ofreference
Imports/Exports
Analytical and PolicyFrameworks
-Productivity analysis-Natural resource management
-Climate change-Green Growth/Green Economy
-Post-2015 Development Agenda
SEEA Conceptual Framework
Individual Environmental Assets (e.g., land,water, mineral and energy, soil, aquatic)
Ecosystem Assets
Natural inputs Residuals (e.g.,emissions,
waste)
Outsideterritory ofreference
Outsideterritory ofreference
Transboundary Environmental Flows
Ecosystemservices
Analytical and PolicyFrameworks
-Productivity analysis-Natural resource management
-Climate change-Green Growth/Green Economy
-Post-2015 Development Agenda
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System of Environmental-Economic Accounting
SEEA Conceptual Framework
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System of Environmental-Economic Accounting
1. Flow accounts: supply and use tables for products, natural inputsand residuals (e.g. waste, wastewater) generated by economicactivities.
• physical (e.g. m2 of water) and/or monetary values (e.g. permits to access water, cost ofwastewater treatment, etc.)
2. Stock accounts for environmental assets: natural resources andland
• physical (e.g. fish stocks and changes in stocks) and/or monetary values (e.g. value ofnatural capital, depletion)
3. Activity / purpose accounts that explicitly identify environmentaltransactions already existing in the SNA.
• e.g. Environmental Protection Expenditure (EPE) accounts, environmental taxes andsubsidies
4. Combined physical and monetary accounts that bring togetherphysical and monetary information for derivation indicators,including depletion adjusted aggregates
The SEEA Central Framework Accounts1. Flow accounts: supply and use tables for products, natural inputs
and residuals (e.g. waste, wastewater) generated by economicactivities.
• physical (e.g. m2 of water) and/or monetary values (e.g. permits to access water, cost ofwastewater treatment, etc.)
2. Stock accounts for environmental assets: natural resources andland
• physical (e.g. fish stocks and changes in stocks) and/or monetary values (e.g. value ofnatural capital, depletion)
3. Activity / purpose accounts that explicitly identify environmentaltransactions already existing in the SNA.
• e.g. Environmental Protection Expenditure (EPE) accounts, environmental taxes andsubsidies
4. Combined physical and monetary accounts that bring togetherphysical and monetary information for derivation indicators,including depletion adjusted aggregates
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System of Environmental-Economic Accounting
An integrated measurement framework for ecosystemstocks (assets) and flows (services)• It covers “natural” as well as human-dominated systems such as
croplands and intensive pastures
• It takes a detailed spatial approach (maps and statistics)
A synthesis of current knowledge on ecosystemservices, ecosystem condition and related concepts• “Experimental” because significant measurement challenges
remain and further testing of concepts is needed
SEEA Experimental Ecosystem Approach An integrated measurement framework for ecosystem
stocks (assets) and flows (services)• It covers “natural” as well as human-dominated systems such as
croplands and intensive pastures
• It takes a detailed spatial approach (maps and statistics)
A synthesis of current knowledge on ecosystemservices, ecosystem condition and related concepts• “Experimental” because significant measurement challenges
remain and further testing of concepts is needed
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System of Environmental-Economic Accounting
Measures the contributions of ecosystems toeconomic and other human activity in anaccounting framework: Ecosystem Assets and Condition
“Final” Ecosystem Services (Production):
• Provisioning services: products that can beharvested or extracted from ecosystems
• Regulating services: regulation of biological,hydrological and climate processes
• Cultural services: non-material benefits ofecosystems e.g., tourism or cultural experiences
• With component accounts for Carbon,Biodiversity and Water
SEEA Experimental Ecosystem ApproachMeasures the contributions of ecosystems toeconomic and other human activity in anaccounting framework: Ecosystem Assets and Condition
“Final” Ecosystem Services (Production):
• Provisioning services: products that can beharvested or extracted from ecosystems
• Regulating services: regulation of biological,hydrological and climate processes
• Cultural services: non-material benefits ofecosystems e.g., tourism or cultural experiences
• With component accounts for Carbon,Biodiversity and Water 21
System of Environmental-Economic Accounting
Adoption andMainstreaming of Standard
Adoption andMainstreaming of Standard
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System of Environmental-Economic Accounting
Countries are “encouraged to implement thestandard”
International organizations have obligations toassist countries in implementation
Implementation strategy adopted by StatisticalCommission in March 2013
Data reporting mechanism will be established
SEEA: International Statistical Standard
Countries are “encouraged to implement thestandard”
International organizations have obligations toassist countries in implementation
Implementation strategy adopted by StatisticalCommission in March 2013
Data reporting mechanism will be established
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System of Environmental-Economic Accounting
OECD:Green Growth Strategy
European Union:Beyond GDP
Mainstreaming the SEEA Framework inInternational Initiatives
InternationalPolicyFrameworks:
Underlying Statistical Framework:SNA and SEEA (Central Framework and EEA)
Aichi Target 2(CBD)
Country participation in and reporting tointernational initiatives
WAVES(World Bank)
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System of Environmental-Economic Accounting
VisionVision
NationalDevelopment
Goals
National Economic Development Plan /Planning and Budgetary Processes
A National Information System to SupportIntegrated Policy
Supporting Evidence
Sector Strategies and Plans
WaterWater
Health
Education
Economy
FisheriesFisheries
Forests
Energy
Biodiversity
ClimateChange
Oceans / MarineResources
Tourism
Rural DevelopmentDisasterReduction
National Economic Development Plan /Planning and Budgetary Processes
Water Energy Economy
ClimateChange
Forests
Agriculture
Biodiversity Etc. Etc..Etc. Etc..
SectorSector statisticsstatistics
Tourism
Integrated Information SystemSNA and SEEA
Presenting integrated economic, environmental, andsocial dimensions
Ocean/Marine resources
Adapted from DESA
Agriculture
TradeFisheries 25
System of Environmental-Economic Accounting
Applications
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System of Environmental-Economic Accounting
The SEEA is an information system to:1. Compile indicators that highlight the relationships
between the environment and the economy2. Enable analysis of;
• Economic Policy Environment• Environmental Policy Economy
3. And provide a quantitative basis for policy design;• Identify the socio-economic drivers, pressures, impacts and
responses affecting the environment• Support greater precision for environmental regulations and
resource management strategies
Linking Environmental and Socio-Economic DataThe SEEA is an information system to:1. Compile indicators that highlight the relationships
between the environment and the economy2. Enable analysis of;
• Economic Policy Environment• Environmental Policy Economy
3. And provide a quantitative basis for policy design;• Identify the socio-economic drivers, pressures, impacts and
responses affecting the environment• Support greater precision for environmental regulations and
resource management strategies 27
System of Environmental-Economic Accounting
People and theEnvironmenti.e. Improving access toservices and resources
II. The Economy andthe Environment
i.e. Managing supplyand demand andreducing impacts
The SEEA Policy Quadrants
Sustainability
People and theEnvironmenti.e. Improving access toservices and resources
II. The Economy andthe Environment
i.e. Managing supplyand demand andreducing impacts
III. Ecosystemsi.e. Improving the state ofthe ecosystems
IV. RisksMitigating and
adapting to extremeevents
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System of Environmental-Economic Accounting
Global SDG Indicators and the SEEA
The SEEA is an important statistical framework formonitoring the SDGs.
The SEEA provides a statistical framework to calculateindicators for many SDGs in an integrated way• Helps support integrated policy decisions and understanding of trade-
offs between different goals
Using the SEEA to calculate SDG indicators can result inhigher quality indicators in terms of;1. Policy Relevance2. Methodological Soundness3. Practicality and Measurability
The SEEA is an important statistical framework formonitoring the SDGs.
The SEEA provides a statistical framework to calculateindicators for many SDGs in an integrated way• Helps support integrated policy decisions and understanding of trade-
offs between different goals
Using the SEEA to calculate SDG indicators can result inhigher quality indicators in terms of;1. Policy Relevance2. Methodological Soundness3. Practicality and Measurability
System of Environmental-Economic Accounting
Integrated SDG Indicators: SEEA
System of Environmental-Economic Accounting
Example: Target 6.4“by 2030…..ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater toaddress water scarcity, and substantially reduce the number of people sufferingfrom water scarcity.”Indicator Proposed: Water Stress
• Ratio of total water withdrawals to available water (total actual renewablefreshwater resources)
Informed provided by Accounts:The asset accounts for water;
• Show changes in stocks of inland water resources over an accounting period, attributingthese either to human or environmental flows
• The use of asset accounts over time will provide key information on water levels, and theextent to which stocks are being depleted over time
• The evolution of the changes in stocks, and in particular the extent to which humanpressures are causing reductions in stocks of water can also be monitored
SEEA-Water can be adjusted to calculate renewable resources
“by 2030…..ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater toaddress water scarcity, and substantially reduce the number of people sufferingfrom water scarcity.”Indicator Proposed: Water Stress
• Ratio of total water withdrawals to available water (total actual renewablefreshwater resources)
Informed provided by Accounts:The asset accounts for water;
• Show changes in stocks of inland water resources over an accounting period, attributingthese either to human or environmental flows
• The use of asset accounts over time will provide key information on water levels, and theextent to which stocks are being depleted over time
• The evolution of the changes in stocks, and in particular the extent to which humanpressures are causing reductions in stocks of water can also be monitored
SEEA-Water can be adjusted to calculate renewable resources
System of Environmental-Economic Accounting
Example: Supporting Integrated Policy
Target 6.5 calls for implementation of integrated water resourcesmanagement;The SEEA can be a tool to facilitate this by bringing together information relevant to thefour key quadrants of water policy objectives;
Target 6.5 calls for implementation of integrated water resourcesmanagement;The SEEA can be a tool to facilitate this by bringing together information relevant to thefour key quadrants of water policy objectives;
System of Environmental-Economic Accounting
Example: Supporting Integrated Policy
Four quadrants of information correspond to these policy objectives:Four quadrants of information correspond to these policy objectives:
This information is bought together in the SEEA-Water accounts in anintegrated way (see next slide)
System of Environmental-Economic Accounting
Example: Supporting Integrated PolicyAccounts Quadrants
Physical Supply and Use Tables: Flows (i.e. volumes) of waterabstracted from the Environment, used in the Economy and dischargedback into the Environment
III
Emissions Accounts: Quantity of water pollutants discharged fromEconomy to Environment; directly or via wastewater through treatment
IIIII
Emissions Accounts: Quantity of water pollutants discharged fromEconomy to Environment; directly or via wastewater through treatment
IIIII
Asset Accounts: Stocks of water resources in the Environment andchanges in those stocks due to natural and economic (i.e. human) causes
II
Combined Presentations: Linking information on water volumes withmonetary information on the production and consumption of water-relatedproducts
III
Economic Accounts: Sources of financing, channels of cost recovery,payment for water rights, etc.
All
Ecosystem Accounts: Water-related ecosystems including theircharacteristics and provision of ecosystem services
IIIIV
System of Environmental-Economic Accounting
Matching SDGs with SEEA accounts (1)
SDGs Targets SEEA accounts Indicators
15.1 by 2020 ensure conservation , restorationand sustainable use of terrestrial andinland freshwater ecosystems and theirservices, in particular forests, wetlands,mountains and drylands, in line withobligations under international agreements
Ecosystem extentaccounts
Proportion of land area covered byforests, wetlands, mountains anddrylands
Ecosystem serviceand condition
accounts
Degradation of designated terrestrialand inland freshwater ecosystems(Decline in the expected ecosystemservice flows/conditions in designatedterrestrial and inland freshwaterecosystems)
by 2020 ensure conservation , restorationand sustainable use of terrestrial andinland freshwater ecosystems and theirservices, in particular forests, wetlands,mountains and drylands, in line withobligations under international agreements
Ecosystem serviceand condition
accounts
Degradation of designated terrestrialand inland freshwater ecosystems(Decline in the expected ecosystemservice flows/conditions in designatedterrestrial and inland freshwaterecosystems)
15.2 by 2020, promote the implementation ofsustainable management of all types offorests, halt deforestation, restoredegraded forests, and increaseafforestation and reforestation by x%globally
Ecosystem extent,service and
condition accounts
Proportion of land area covered byforests
15.3 by 2020, combat desertification, andrestore degraded land and soil, includingland affected by desertification, droughtand floods, and strive to achieve a land-degradation neutral world
Ecosystem extentaccounts
Land used for maintenance andrestoration of environmental functions
Ecosystem serviceand condition
accounts
Degradation of designated land area(Decline in the expected ecosystemservice flows/conditions in designatedland area)
System of Environmental-Economic Accounting
Matching SDGs with SEEA accounts (2)
SDGs Targets SEEA accounts Indicators
15.4 by 2030 ensure the conservation ofmountain ecosystems, including theirbiodiversity, to enhance their capacity toprovide benefits which are essential forsustainable development
Ecosystem service andcondition accounts
Degradation of designated mountainecosystems (Decline in the expectedecosystem service flows/conditions indesignated mountain ecosystems)
15.5 take urgent and significant action toreduce degradation of natural habitat,halt the loss of biodiversity, and by 2020protect and prevent the extinction ofthreatened species
Biodiversity accounts Species abundance indices disaggregated byecosystem types15.5 take urgent and significant action to
reduce degradation of natural habitat,halt the loss of biodiversity, and by 2020protect and prevent the extinction ofthreatened species
Biodiversity accounts Species abundance indices disaggregated byecosystem types
Biodiversity accounts Threatened species disaggregated by IUNCRed List categories
Ecosystem service andcondition accounts
Degradation of designated natural habitatarea (Decline in the expected ecosystemservice flows/conditions in designatednatural habitat area)
15.6 ensure fair and equitable sharing of thebenefits arising from the utilization ofgenetic resources, and promoteappropriate access to genetic resources
Ecosystem servicesaccounts
Provisioning services (genetic resources)provided by designated type of ecosystems
System of Environmental-Economic Accounting
Matching SDGs with SEEA accounts (3)SDGs Targets SEEA accounts Indicators
15.8 by 2020 introduce measures to preventthe introduction and significantly reducethe impact of invasive alien species onland and water ecosystems, and controlor eradicate the priority species
Ecosystem servicesaccounts
Regulatory services (pest and diseasecontrol incluing invasive alien species)provided by designated land and waterecosystems
15.9 by 2020, integrate ecosystems andbiodiversity values into national and localplanning, development processes andpoverty reduction strategies, andaccounts
Ecosystem accounts Country implements and reports on SEEAExperimental Ecosystem Accounting
by 2020, integrate ecosystems andbiodiversity values into national and localplanning, development processes andpoverty reduction strategies, andaccounts
15.a mobilize and significantly increase fromall sources financial resources to conserveand sustainably use biodiversity andecosystems
Environmental protectionexpenditure accounts
Level of national expenditure onenvironmental protection, disaggregated byenvironmental activity domain (biodiversityand ecosystems) and by institutional sector
Level of national expenditure on financeresource management and preservation,disaggregated by environmental activitydomain (biodiversity and ecosystems) andby institutional sector
15.b mobilize significantly resources from allsources and at all levels to financesustainable forest management, andprovide adequate incentives todeveloping countries to advancesustainable forest management, includingfor conservation and reforestation
Environmental protectionexpenditure accounts
Level of national expenditure onenvironmental protection, disaggregated byenvironmental activity domain (sustainableforest management) and by institutionalsector
System of Environmental-Economic Accounting
Key Points
SEEA is an important tool for monitoring the SDGs supportingpolicy towards meeting targets.
The Accounting structure improves robustness to a set ofgeneral criteria for SDG indicators improving quality;Policy relevance: Indicators are supported by organized information whichpromotes a detailed understanding of the drivers of changeMethodological Soundness: SEEA acts as a vehicle for harmonizingmethodological inconsistencies across the environmental data productionprocess, and enables coherent comparison of environment statistics witheconomic statisticsPracticality: SEEA can create efficiencies in the data production process
SEEA is an important tool for monitoring the SDGs supportingpolicy towards meeting targets.
The Accounting structure improves robustness to a set ofgeneral criteria for SDG indicators improving quality;Policy relevance: Indicators are supported by organized information whichpromotes a detailed understanding of the drivers of changeMethodological Soundness: SEEA acts as a vehicle for harmonizingmethodological inconsistencies across the environmental data productionprocess, and enables coherent comparison of environment statistics witheconomic statisticsPracticality: SEEA can create efficiencies in the data production process
System of Environmental-Economic Accounting
THANK YOU
System of Environmental-Economic Accounting
Resource use and environmental efficiency
Efficiency indicators compare trends ineconomic activity• such as value-added, income or consumption with
trends in specific environmental flows such asemissions, energy and water use, and flows of waste
Intensity indicators -- ratio of the environmentalflow to the measure of economic activity
Productivity indicators -- inverse of intensity.
Efficiency indicators compare trends ineconomic activity• such as value-added, income or consumption with
trends in specific environmental flows such asemissions, energy and water use, and flows of waste
Intensity indicators -- ratio of the environmentalflow to the measure of economic activity
Productivity indicators -- inverse of intensity.
System of Environmental-Economic Accounting
Resource use and environmental efficiency
Efficiency indicators—two broad categories
Environmental efficiency indicators characterise the environmentaland economic efficiency with which pollutants and other residualsgenerated in production and consumption are mitigated, controlledand prevented. They are usually expressed as intensity orproductivity ratios.
Resource efficiency indicators characterise the efficiency with whichnatural resources, including water, energy and other materials areused in production and consumption. They are usually expressed asintensity or productivity ratios. They relate environmental variablessuch as the extraction, supply or consumption of natural resourcesand materials to economic variables such as output, income andvalue added.
Efficiency indicators—two broad categories
Environmental efficiency indicators characterise the environmentaland economic efficiency with which pollutants and other residualsgenerated in production and consumption are mitigated, controlledand prevented. They are usually expressed as intensity orproductivity ratios.
Resource efficiency indicators characterise the efficiency with whichnatural resources, including water, energy and other materials areused in production and consumption. They are usually expressed asintensity or productivity ratios. They relate environmental variablessuch as the extraction, supply or consumption of natural resourcesand materials to economic variables such as output, income andvalue added.
System of Environmental-Economic Accounting
Resource use and environmental efficiency
Environmental efficiency indicators• Greenhouse Gas (GHG) or CO2 productivity• Air pollutant emission intensities• Water pollution intensities
Resource efficiency indicators• Material productivity or intensity indicators• Energy productivity or intensity indicators• Water use productivity or intensity indicators
Environmental efficiency indicators• Greenhouse Gas (GHG) or CO2 productivity• Air pollutant emission intensities• Water pollution intensities
Resource efficiency indicators• Material productivity or intensity indicators• Energy productivity or intensity indicators• Water use productivity or intensity indicators
System of Environmental-Economic Accounting
Resource use and environmentalefficiency-example
Industry level water use intensity indicators
System of Environmental-Economic Accounting
Resource use and environmentalefficiency-decoupling•Absolute: growth in the environmentally relevant variable isflat or decreasing while economic activity increasing•Relative: growth rate of the environmentally relevant variableis positive but less than the growth rate of the economicvariable
•Absolute: growth in the environmentally relevant variable isflat or decreasing while economic activity increasing•Relative: growth rate of the environmentally relevant variableis positive but less than the growth rate of the economicvariable
System of Environmental-Economic Accounting
Resource use and environmentalefficiency-decomposition
Decomposition of changes in CO2 emissions
System of Environmental-Economic Accounting
Taxes-exampleEnvironmental tax revenue by type and as % of GDP
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