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Internet of Things (IoT):
A New Era of Technology
Development
Jay Sexton
Chief Operating Officer
CDAIT
Georgia Tech
September 24, 2018
www.cdait.gatech.edu
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• 2008
“The interesting thing about cloud computing is that we’ve redefined cloud computing to include everything that we already do. ... The computer industry is the only industry that is more fashion-driven than women’s fashion. Maybe I’m an idiot, but I have no idea what anyone is talking about. What is it? It’s complete gibberish. It’s insane. When is this idiocy going to stop?“
Time Machine: Cloud Computing?
cbronline.com
• 2012
“I like the words [cloud computing]. It’s a charismatic brand. And people do need to simplify their existing data centers and deliver services in simpler ways.”
Larry Ellison (Oracle)
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Composed of premier multinational companies, widely recognized as leading the deployment of the Internet of Things, CDAIT explores both engineering
and business IoT dimensions.
Members are focused on better understanding the emerging space known as “the Internet of Things”.
While sometimes direct competitors, CDAIT members collaborate in this undertaking since each and every one of them benefits from a firmer and crisper grasp of this nascent market. In a nutshell, CDAIT aims at
growing the “market pie” for all stakeholders.
Identify Understand Solve
CDAIT can be viewed as a technological think tank (a “think-and-do tank”, i.e., action-oriented), an incubator of bottom line impacting IoT-related ideas.
CDAIT’s Objectives
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Disclaimer: All trademarks, service marks, logos and pictures displayed on this slide are for illustrative purposes only and may not necessarily be official representations approved by the respective companies.
CDAIT Current Members
7The Internet of Things is…
The
Interconnection
Of
INTELLIGENTThings
8Internet of Things: What is it about?
The expression Internet of Things (IoT) is best understood as a metaphor
that encapsulates the immersion of almost anything and everything
(previously “out of scope”) into the communications space thanks to the
timely convergence of scientific, technological, and societal advances
and trends.
9IoT is a Paradigm Shift
•Persons- In “the old days”, you used to place a phone call to a location
- Today, you place a phone call to a person
•Things- You used to communicate with a sensor (monitor) or actuator (control)
- Now you will communicate with a system/device (aggregation)
- e.g. “Let me check with my phone/car/refrigerator”
10Growth of Edge Computing
Image Source: Alexander Spotnitz, https://www.pubnub.com/blog/moving-the-cloud-to-the-edge-computing/ June 6, 2017
“Triple A” Play at the Edge:
• Acquire Data
• Analyze Data
• Act on Analyzed Data
For additional information concerning related standards see: ETSI Multi-access Edge Computing group releases a first package of APIs, July 6, 2017 http://www.etsi.org/index.php/news-events/news/1204-2017-07-news-etsi-multi-access-edge-computing-group-releases-a-first-package-of-
apis
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The Internet of Things will give rise to a “pulsating world” –
billions of things constantly sending and receiving data.
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Internet of Things = Very Complex Value Chain = I-M-A-G-E
Interface with the physical world (sensors, actuators, etc.) at any level, i.e., macro, micro and nano, including processors & architectures as well as device management (HW & SW updates).
Data transport (many connectivity options such as wired, cellular, satellite, Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN), Wi-Fi and other short-range communications technologies, etc. + gateway) including managing tradeoffs, i.e., range, power, connection density, etc.
MediumSoftware-based junction point with the user (e.g., B2C, B2B) including APIs and monitoring and control of the interface, core to the service provided.
Application
Capabilities and enabling environment that hold everything together, now and in the foreseeable future (system architecture, operating system, upgradability, security, privacy, trust, ethics, energy source, law, regulation, policy, standards, modeling & simulation, education, business model, awareness, etc.)
GlueInformation/value extraction from the captured data (cloud computing, edge computing, data storage, “Big Data” analysis, event stream processing, IoT platforms, etc.).
ExtractionD.N.A.
Device - Network - Application
Interface
Conceptual Model for IoT
14IMAGE: Interface
• Interface to the physical world at any level
- Macro, micro, nano
• Identifiers
- Digital tattoos (flexible electronics)
- Barcodes
- QR codes
- Passive/active RFID tags
• Sensors
- Cameras
- Microphones
- Temperature
- Pressure
- Vibration
- RADAR/LIDAR
• Actuator
- On/Off
- Open/Close
- Faster/Slower
- Hotter/Colder
• Includes architectures, processors, device management (HW/SW)
15IMAGE: Medium
• Data Transport
- WiFi
- LTE-M
- LPWAN
- Bluetooth LE
- Sigfox
- ZigBee
- Satellite
- Fiber
• Managing tradeoffs is key
- Distance
- Bandwidth
- Throughput
- Size (antenna and radio)
- Power consumption
16IMAGE: Application
• Where the software meets the user
• Includes APIs, monitoring, and control
• User interface
• Business-to-Business
• Business-to-Consumer
• Sometimes the “user” may be another system/ device
17IMAGE: Glue
• Capabilities and enabling environment that hold everything together, now and in the foreseeable future
- System architecture
- Operating system
- Upgradability
- Security, privacy, and trust
- Ethics
- Energy source
- Law, regulation, and policy
- Standards
- Modeling and simulation
- Education
- Business model
- Awareness
- User Experience
- And more!
18IMAGE: Extraction
• Extraction = getting what you want/ need from the system
• Information/value extraction from the captured data
- Cloud computing
- Edge/fog computing
- Data storage
- “Big Data” analysis
- Event stream processing
- IoT platforms, etc.
• “Value” can mean many things
- Direct monetization
- Improved customer experience
- Improved maintenance/up time
- Knowledge/happiness
19Warning: Challenges Ahead
It’s what you don’t see that can get you in trouble.
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• System trustworthiness (incl. security/privacy)
• Energy source
• Standards (interoperability)
• New architectures (e.g. edge/fog computing)
• Impact on data centers (storage, UPS, etc.)
• Miniaturization/cost-effectiveness of sensors/ interfaces with the physical world
• Data analytics
• Trade-offs (e.g. pre-processing vs. storage)
• Design tools
• Antenna technologies
• Frequency availability
• Integration of complex value chain
• Link between the past and the future (e.g. legacy systems)
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IoT Technological Challenges
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• Ethics
• Education (future workforce) & training (current
workforce)
• Enterprise management
• Enterprise organization
• Advocacy
• Technical trade-off management (e.g., security
vs. speed; power consumption vs. features, etc.)
• Access to financing, favorable tax environment
• Policy, laws, and regulations
• Expectations (Amara’s law*)
• International cooperation and competition
• Social acceptance
• Existence of domestic/global digital divide
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IoT Non-technological Obstacles
*we tend to “overestimate the effect of a technology in the short run and underestimate the effect in the long run”
22IoT: Improving the Bottom Line
• Decrease Costs (Improve productivity)
Reduce failures and waste
Improve safety
Streamline and integrate production/supply chain processes
Optimize inventory
Offset resource deficiencies
Facilitate compliance with regulatory requirements
Enable corporate agility, etc.
* PaaS = Product as a Service
• Increase Revenues (Create entirely new income streams) Provide new (subscription-based) service (incl. data) revenues
(e.g., PaaS*)
Develop brand new ecosystems tied to the: delivery, maintenance, upgrading, and leveraging of “smart goods”, i.e., products born with embedded intelligence.
• Regulatory Compliance (Stay legal)
23Internet of Things =
Consumer IoT + Industrial IoT
Communication between
Things and People
Consumer Internet of
Things
Industrial Internet of
Things
Communication between
Things and Things
24Some Manufacturing Considerations
•IoT resides in two places
-Manufacturing process
-End products
•Not just robotics, but also monitoring and decision making-Defect detection
•Standards
-Horizontal
-Vertical
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Service & App
B2C
(e.g., Consumer Market)
B2B
(e.g., Industrial Internet Market)
Connectivity
AIOTI
Open Automotive Alliance
IoT SDOs and Alliances Landscape (Technology and Marketing Dimensions)
NB-IoT Forum
NB-IoT Forum
Open Connectivity Foundation
AIOTI WG03 – IoT StandardisationChair: Patrick GuilleminVice Chair: Georgios Karagiannis
Source: https://docbox.etsi.org/SmartM2M/Open/AIOTI/!!20170102Deliverables/AIOTI%20WG3_sdos_alliances_landscape_-_iot_lsp_standard_framework_concepts_-_release_2_v7.pdf p. 5
Reproduced with permission
Source: AIOTI WG3 (IoT Standardisation) – Release 2.7
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Source: Driving New Modes of IoT-Facilitated Citizen/User Engagement 2018, Center for the Development and Application of Internet of Things Technologies (CDAIT), CDAIT IoT Thought Leadership Working Group, July 2018 https://cdait.gatech.edu/sites/default/files/georgia_tech_cdait_thought_leadership_working_group_white_paper_july_9_2018_final.pdf
EPIC integrates “hard” and “soft” -- qualitative and
quantitative --perspectives.
EPIC Analysis
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ETHICS
Growing Attention. Ethical implementation of intelligent (including IoT-related) technologies is
receiving a lot of focused attention worldwide as demonstrated by the IEEE Global Initiative on
Ethics of Autonomous and Intelligent Systems (second version to be released in 2019 was launched in December 2017),
further underlining its paramount importance. Before (from the outset, by design) and during
the implementation of any IoT device/service, ethical considerations must remain front and
center to ensure that, as it changes, the system serves its purpose without undesirable impacts,
be they on individuals, groups, the environment, the economy, or society as a whole.
Ethical Values. In the EPIC model, ethical considerations are the set of “explicit or implicit
values” that “prioritize the increase of well-being”, which must be satisfied for the successful
deployment of IoT services.
Ethics Focus. Defining these values is arguably hard to do, but buy-in from citizens will be
more easily received if ethical focus is viewed as a top priority of the Smart City administration.
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PROFIT (ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL)
Economic Profit. “Economic profit” is the positive financial return that all city stakeholders
(private and public) receive from providing and/or using IoT devices/services. Since cities
generally are non-profit entities whose financial objective is to minimize costs (under constraints
such as fulfilling electoral promises), their economic benefit is the difference between costs before
and after IoT; in other words, it boils down to productivity gains achieved with IoT technologies.
Social Profit. “Social profit” refers to the good done in, for and to the community (including
protecting the environment and other elements related to the quality of life), and may or may not
lead to an immediate monetary gain (see for instance David Grant’s “The Social Profit Handbook”).
Although sometimes difficult to quantify, social profit is a critical objective.
Profit Characteristics. Economic and social benefits can be tangible or intangible; direct or
indirect (e.g., positive externalities); or quantitative or qualitative; but eventually they serve the
whole community.
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INTIMACY
Ease of access. Is the IoT device/service user friendly, convenient?
Mutual openness. Do the IoT solutions facilitate the mutual and willing sharing of
information between provider and user?
Customized experience. Does the service take into account the user’s particular conditions
and needs (as opposed to a one-size-fits-all approach)?
“Citizen/user intimacy is a key underpinning of a successful IoT deployment. If a lot
of red tape wraps around the IoT-supported services (including legal and regulatory
hurdles); if citizens feel that the city hides behind opacity and is shrouded in secrecy;
and if technology does not bring about a personalized experience, it does not matter
how great the system engineering is -- the deployment is bound to fail.” (*)
(*) Source: Alain Louchez and Jay Sexton, Deploying IoT Technologies Is Not Only About Technology, Sensors Magazine, July 25, 2018, https://www.sensorsmag.com/iot-wireless/deploying-iot-technologies-not-only-about-technology
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CONNECTIVITY
Medium. How is the connection between parties made? IoT devices are not all alike, and
their need for connectivity varies widely; some (in great numbers) send a few bytes
infrequently (“Massive IoT”), while others require always-on high-bandwidth connectivity with
very low latency (“Critical IoT”).
Computing. How and where is the transported data processed/analyzed? Where and to what
degree the data captured by the physical interface (e.g., sensor) is going to be processed is a
key and foundational element of any deployment of IoT technologies. Depending on several
factors such as latency, availability, reliability and analytical needs, data processing should
take place at the cloud, fog or edge levels (separately or in concert).
Trustworthiness. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has singled
out five key trustworthiness “concerns” as part of its (2016) Cyber Physical Systems
Framework (Release 1.0) -- namely security, privacy, safety, reliability and resilience -- to aid
IoT developers in identifying and resolving important issues for design, implementation and
validation of IoT-based systems.
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EPIC
32Key Takeaways
•IoT is a paradigm shift
•IoT will transform the way you do business
•IoT will enable you to do amazing things
•IoT will challenge you to be creative
•IoT is coming; IoT is here
33Just remember…
“A minute to learn… a lifetime to master!”http://www.amazon.in/Mattel-B3165-Othello/dp/B00004TQMQ
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Thank You
Jay SextonChief Operating Officer
Center for the Development and Application of Internet-of-Things
Technologies (CDAIT)
Georgia Tech
404-407-6653
https://cdait.gatech.edu
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