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Internet of Things (IoT):

A New Era of Technology

Development

Jay Sexton

Chief Operating Officer

CDAIT

Georgia Tech

September 24, 2018

www.cdait.gatech.edu

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• 2008

“The interesting thing about cloud computing is that we’ve redefined cloud computing to include everything that we already do. ... The computer industry is the only industry that is more fashion-driven than women’s fashion. Maybe I’m an idiot, but I have no idea what anyone is talking about. What is it? It’s complete gibberish. It’s insane. When is this idiocy going to stop?“

Time Machine: Cloud Computing?

cbronline.com

• 2012

“I like the words [cloud computing]. It’s a charismatic brand. And people do need to simplify their existing data centers and deliver services in simpler ways.”

Larry Ellison (Oracle)

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Composed of premier multinational companies, widely recognized as leading the deployment of the Internet of Things, CDAIT explores both engineering

and business IoT dimensions.

Members are focused on better understanding the emerging space known as “the Internet of Things”.

While sometimes direct competitors, CDAIT members collaborate in this undertaking since each and every one of them benefits from a firmer and crisper grasp of this nascent market. In a nutshell, CDAIT aims at

growing the “market pie” for all stakeholders.

Identify Understand Solve

CDAIT can be viewed as a technological think tank (a “think-and-do tank”, i.e., action-oriented), an incubator of bottom line impacting IoT-related ideas.

CDAIT’s Objectives

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Disclaimer: All trademarks, service marks, logos and pictures displayed on this slide are for illustrative purposes only and may not necessarily be official representations approved by the respective companies.

CDAIT Current Members

7The Internet of Things is…

The

Interconnection

Of

INTELLIGENTThings

8Internet of Things: What is it about?

The expression Internet of Things (IoT) is best understood as a metaphor

that encapsulates the immersion of almost anything and everything

(previously “out of scope”) into the communications space thanks to the

timely convergence of scientific, technological, and societal advances

and trends.

9IoT is a Paradigm Shift

•Persons- In “the old days”, you used to place a phone call to a location

- Today, you place a phone call to a person

•Things- You used to communicate with a sensor (monitor) or actuator (control)

- Now you will communicate with a system/device (aggregation)

- e.g. “Let me check with my phone/car/refrigerator”

10Growth of Edge Computing

Image Source: Alexander Spotnitz, https://www.pubnub.com/blog/moving-the-cloud-to-the-edge-computing/ June 6, 2017

“Triple A” Play at the Edge:

• Acquire Data

• Analyze Data

• Act on Analyzed Data

For additional information concerning related standards see: ETSI Multi-access Edge Computing group releases a first package of APIs, July 6, 2017 http://www.etsi.org/index.php/news-events/news/1204-2017-07-news-etsi-multi-access-edge-computing-group-releases-a-first-package-of-

apis

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The Internet of Things will give rise to a “pulsating world” –

billions of things constantly sending and receiving data.

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Internet of Things = Very Complex Value Chain = I-M-A-G-E

Interface with the physical world (sensors, actuators, etc.) at any level, i.e., macro, micro and nano, including processors & architectures as well as device management (HW & SW updates).

Data transport (many connectivity options such as wired, cellular, satellite, Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN), Wi-Fi and other short-range communications technologies, etc. + gateway) including managing tradeoffs, i.e., range, power, connection density, etc.

MediumSoftware-based junction point with the user (e.g., B2C, B2B) including APIs and monitoring and control of the interface, core to the service provided.

Application

Capabilities and enabling environment that hold everything together, now and in the foreseeable future (system architecture, operating system, upgradability, security, privacy, trust, ethics, energy source, law, regulation, policy, standards, modeling & simulation, education, business model, awareness, etc.)

GlueInformation/value extraction from the captured data (cloud computing, edge computing, data storage, “Big Data” analysis, event stream processing, IoT platforms, etc.).

ExtractionD.N.A.

Device - Network - Application

Interface

Conceptual Model for IoT

14IMAGE: Interface

• Interface to the physical world at any level

- Macro, micro, nano

• Identifiers

- Digital tattoos (flexible electronics)

- Barcodes

- QR codes

- Passive/active RFID tags

• Sensors

- Cameras

- Microphones

- Temperature

- Pressure

- Vibration

- RADAR/LIDAR

• Actuator

- On/Off

- Open/Close

- Faster/Slower

- Hotter/Colder

• Includes architectures, processors, device management (HW/SW)

15IMAGE: Medium

• Data Transport

- WiFi

- LTE-M

- LPWAN

- Bluetooth LE

- Sigfox

- ZigBee

- Satellite

- Fiber

• Managing tradeoffs is key

- Distance

- Bandwidth

- Throughput

- Size (antenna and radio)

- Power consumption

16IMAGE: Application

• Where the software meets the user

• Includes APIs, monitoring, and control

• User interface

• Business-to-Business

• Business-to-Consumer

• Sometimes the “user” may be another system/ device

17IMAGE: Glue

• Capabilities and enabling environment that hold everything together, now and in the foreseeable future

- System architecture

- Operating system

- Upgradability

- Security, privacy, and trust

- Ethics

- Energy source

- Law, regulation, and policy

- Standards

- Modeling and simulation

- Education

- Business model

- Awareness

- User Experience

- And more!

18IMAGE: Extraction

• Extraction = getting what you want/ need from the system

• Information/value extraction from the captured data

- Cloud computing

- Edge/fog computing

- Data storage

- “Big Data” analysis

- Event stream processing

- IoT platforms, etc.

• “Value” can mean many things

- Direct monetization

- Improved customer experience

- Improved maintenance/up time

- Knowledge/happiness

19Warning: Challenges Ahead

It’s what you don’t see that can get you in trouble.

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• System trustworthiness (incl. security/privacy)

• Energy source

• Standards (interoperability)

• New architectures (e.g. edge/fog computing)

• Impact on data centers (storage, UPS, etc.)

• Miniaturization/cost-effectiveness of sensors/ interfaces with the physical world

• Data analytics

• Trade-offs (e.g. pre-processing vs. storage)

• Design tools

• Antenna technologies

• Frequency availability

• Integration of complex value chain

• Link between the past and the future (e.g. legacy systems)

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IoT Technological Challenges

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• Ethics

• Education (future workforce) & training (current

workforce)

• Enterprise management

• Enterprise organization

• Advocacy

• Technical trade-off management (e.g., security

vs. speed; power consumption vs. features, etc.)

• Access to financing, favorable tax environment

• Policy, laws, and regulations

• Expectations (Amara’s law*)

• International cooperation and competition

• Social acceptance

• Existence of domestic/global digital divide

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IoT Non-technological Obstacles

*we tend to “overestimate the effect of a technology in the short run and underestimate the effect in the long run”

22IoT: Improving the Bottom Line

• Decrease Costs (Improve productivity)

Reduce failures and waste

Improve safety

Streamline and integrate production/supply chain processes

Optimize inventory

Offset resource deficiencies

Facilitate compliance with regulatory requirements

Enable corporate agility, etc.

* PaaS = Product as a Service

• Increase Revenues (Create entirely new income streams) Provide new (subscription-based) service (incl. data) revenues

(e.g., PaaS*)

Develop brand new ecosystems tied to the: delivery, maintenance, upgrading, and leveraging of “smart goods”, i.e., products born with embedded intelligence.

• Regulatory Compliance (Stay legal)

23Internet of Things =

Consumer IoT + Industrial IoT

Communication between

Things and People

Consumer Internet of

Things

Industrial Internet of

Things

Communication between

Things and Things

24Some Manufacturing Considerations

•IoT resides in two places

-Manufacturing process

-End products

•Not just robotics, but also monitoring and decision making-Defect detection

•Standards

-Horizontal

-Vertical

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Service & App

B2C

(e.g., Consumer Market)

B2B

(e.g., Industrial Internet Market)

Connectivity

AIOTI

Open Automotive Alliance

IoT SDOs and Alliances Landscape (Technology and Marketing Dimensions)

NB-IoT Forum

NB-IoT Forum

Open Connectivity Foundation

AIOTI WG03 – IoT StandardisationChair: Patrick GuilleminVice Chair: Georgios Karagiannis

Source: https://docbox.etsi.org/SmartM2M/Open/AIOTI/!!20170102Deliverables/AIOTI%20WG3_sdos_alliances_landscape_-_iot_lsp_standard_framework_concepts_-_release_2_v7.pdf p. 5

Reproduced with permission

Source: AIOTI WG3 (IoT Standardisation) – Release 2.7

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Source: Driving New Modes of IoT-Facilitated Citizen/User Engagement 2018, Center for the Development and Application of Internet of Things Technologies (CDAIT), CDAIT IoT Thought Leadership Working Group, July 2018 https://cdait.gatech.edu/sites/default/files/georgia_tech_cdait_thought_leadership_working_group_white_paper_july_9_2018_final.pdf

EPIC integrates “hard” and “soft” -- qualitative and

quantitative --perspectives.

EPIC Analysis

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ETHICS

Growing Attention. Ethical implementation of intelligent (including IoT-related) technologies is

receiving a lot of focused attention worldwide as demonstrated by the IEEE Global Initiative on

Ethics of Autonomous and Intelligent Systems (second version to be released in 2019 was launched in December 2017),

further underlining its paramount importance. Before (from the outset, by design) and during

the implementation of any IoT device/service, ethical considerations must remain front and

center to ensure that, as it changes, the system serves its purpose without undesirable impacts,

be they on individuals, groups, the environment, the economy, or society as a whole.

Ethical Values. In the EPIC model, ethical considerations are the set of “explicit or implicit

values” that “prioritize the increase of well-being”, which must be satisfied for the successful

deployment of IoT services.

Ethics Focus. Defining these values is arguably hard to do, but buy-in from citizens will be

more easily received if ethical focus is viewed as a top priority of the Smart City administration.

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PROFIT (ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL)

Economic Profit. “Economic profit” is the positive financial return that all city stakeholders

(private and public) receive from providing and/or using IoT devices/services. Since cities

generally are non-profit entities whose financial objective is to minimize costs (under constraints

such as fulfilling electoral promises), their economic benefit is the difference between costs before

and after IoT; in other words, it boils down to productivity gains achieved with IoT technologies.

Social Profit. “Social profit” refers to the good done in, for and to the community (including

protecting the environment and other elements related to the quality of life), and may or may not

lead to an immediate monetary gain (see for instance David Grant’s “The Social Profit Handbook”).

Although sometimes difficult to quantify, social profit is a critical objective.

Profit Characteristics. Economic and social benefits can be tangible or intangible; direct or

indirect (e.g., positive externalities); or quantitative or qualitative; but eventually they serve the

whole community.

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INTIMACY

Ease of access. Is the IoT device/service user friendly, convenient?

Mutual openness. Do the IoT solutions facilitate the mutual and willing sharing of

information between provider and user?

Customized experience. Does the service take into account the user’s particular conditions

and needs (as opposed to a one-size-fits-all approach)?

“Citizen/user intimacy is a key underpinning of a successful IoT deployment. If a lot

of red tape wraps around the IoT-supported services (including legal and regulatory

hurdles); if citizens feel that the city hides behind opacity and is shrouded in secrecy;

and if technology does not bring about a personalized experience, it does not matter

how great the system engineering is -- the deployment is bound to fail.” (*)

(*) Source: Alain Louchez and Jay Sexton, Deploying IoT Technologies Is Not Only About Technology, Sensors Magazine, July 25, 2018, https://www.sensorsmag.com/iot-wireless/deploying-iot-technologies-not-only-about-technology

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CONNECTIVITY

Medium. How is the connection between parties made? IoT devices are not all alike, and

their need for connectivity varies widely; some (in great numbers) send a few bytes

infrequently (“Massive IoT”), while others require always-on high-bandwidth connectivity with

very low latency (“Critical IoT”).

Computing. How and where is the transported data processed/analyzed? Where and to what

degree the data captured by the physical interface (e.g., sensor) is going to be processed is a

key and foundational element of any deployment of IoT technologies. Depending on several

factors such as latency, availability, reliability and analytical needs, data processing should

take place at the cloud, fog or edge levels (separately or in concert).

Trustworthiness. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has singled

out five key trustworthiness “concerns” as part of its (2016) Cyber Physical Systems

Framework (Release 1.0) -- namely security, privacy, safety, reliability and resilience -- to aid

IoT developers in identifying and resolving important issues for design, implementation and

validation of IoT-based systems.

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EPIC

32Key Takeaways

•IoT is a paradigm shift

•IoT will transform the way you do business

•IoT will enable you to do amazing things

•IoT will challenge you to be creative

•IoT is coming; IoT is here

33Just remember…

“A minute to learn… a lifetime to master!”http://www.amazon.in/Mattel-B3165-Othello/dp/B00004TQMQ

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Thank You

Jay SextonChief Operating Officer

Center for the Development and Application of Internet-of-Things

Technologies (CDAIT)

Georgia Tech

jay.sexton@gatech.edu

404-407-6653

https://cdait.gatech.edu