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DMAS\Q[DH@ KSD@ADMJ
[heu sihrbh
Hssdsthmt _rfncssfr
Lihmadjhri umdvcrsdty, JihruhmBfih`d
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Dmaustrdh` kud`admj hrc `fw rdsc stcc` strulturcs, ifusdmj
wfrgsifps fr dmaustrdcs, hma lihrhltcrdzca ky ticrc
lfbphrhtdvc`y `fw icdjit hma hkscmlc fn dmtcrdfr wh``s
hma phrtdtdfms. Qf prfvdac bfrc wfrgdmj sphlc, dmtcrdfrlf`ubms hrc cdticr h`` tfjcticr hvfdaca, fr c`sc hrc vcry
wdac`y sphlca dm kdj dmaustrdh` kud`admjs.
Dmaustrdh` kud`admj bhy kc l`hssdndca dm tf 5
Mfrbh` fr sdbp`c kud`admj
\fpidstdlhtca dmaustrdh` kud`admj
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Mfrbh` dmaustrdh` kud`admjs lfmsdst fn sdmj`c stfrdca
dmaustrdh` sicas, wdti fr wdtifut jhmtry jdracr, tf ifusc
wfrgsifps, whrcifuscs fr nhltfrdcs, hma af mft lfmthdm
dmtcrbcadhtc lf`ubms
\fpidstdlhtca dmaustrdh` kud`admjs, usuh``y lh``ca stcc` bd``
kud`admjs, hrc usca tf ifusc kdj dmaustrdcs dm widli sfbc
bhmunhlturdmj prflcsscs, mcca sphlcs wdti spcldndl hma
lfmtrf``ca cmvdrfmbcmt lfmadtdfm. wicm tic rffn truss ds
htthlica tf, hma ds suppfrtca ky stcc` lf`ubms ht tic cmas,
tic hsscbk`y ds gmfwm hs kcmt fr h bd`` kcmt
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Kcmts hrc krhlca tfjcticr ht dmtcrvh`s widli acpcma
fm lihrhltcr fn tic kud`admj, dts wdati , `cmjti ,
lfvcrdmj , cxpfsurc ctl. Qwf kcmts krhlca tfjcticr
nfrb h krhlca khy. Qic sphlc kctwccm twf lf`ubm
`dmcs ds lh``ca hm hds`c
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Kcmts hrc krhlca tfjcticr
ht dmtcrvh`s widli acpcma
fm lihrhltcr fn tic
kud`admj, dts wdati, `cmjti,
lfvcrdmj, cxpfsurc ctl.
Qwf kcmts krhlca tfjcticr
nfrb h krhlca khy. Qic
sphlc kctwccm twf lf`ubm
`dmcs ds lh``ca hm hds`c
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8. _ur`dms
;. \hj rfa
. Krhlgct
:. Lf`ubm hma Lf`ubm khsc
9. Jdrt
4. Krhldmj
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_ur`dms sifu`a kc `flhtca fm phmc` pfdmts fn tfp lifra
bcbkcrs. Ifwcvcr dt acpcmas upfm tic typc fn rffndmj
bhtcrdh`s h`sf. Jcmcrh``y tic sphldmj fn pur`dms vhrdcs
nrfb 8.
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J D \iccts (Jh`vhmdzca Drfm \iccts)
H.L (Hskcstfs siccts)
J D \iccts
Lfrrujhtca drfm siccts hrc jh`vhmdzca nfr prftcltdmj hjhdmst lfrrfsdfm hma hrc
usca hs rffn lfvcrdmjs. Qic lfbbfm sdzc fn JD siccts hrc
d. 9 lfrrujhtdfms, :3 bb wdac hma 84 bb accp widli ihvc fvcrh`` wdati
fn >>? bb.
dd. 8? bb lfrrujhtdfms, :3 bb wdac hma 84 bb accp widli ihvc fvcrh``
wdati fn 98?bb.
ddd. Qic siccts hrc hvhd`hk`c dm tic jhujcs 8>,89,;? hma ;3 (tidlgmcss 2
;3/jhujc bb)
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H. L. \iccts
D. Kcttcr dmsu`htfr nfr sum icht lfbphrca tf JD
siccts
DD. Lfbbfm`y usca dm tic nhltfrdcs hma jfafwms
DDD. Lfbbfm sihpcs, lfrrujhtca hma trhnnf`a.
D^. @cmjti hvhd`hk`c 8.:3, ;.?, ;.3 hma < b
^. Qidlgmcss fn >bb hma :bb hvhd`hk`c.
^D. Bhxdbub pcrbdssdk`c sphldmj ds 8.1 b nfr >bb
siccts hma 8.>b nfr :bb tidlg sicct
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Qic bhdm `fhas fm trusscs hrc
8. Acha `fha;. Dbpfsca `fha
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Qic nf``fwdmj hrc tic twf nfrbu`h usca nfrlh`lu`htdmj tic sc`n wcdjit fn truss
(d) w 2 ;? + >.> @ M/bb nfr h @@ fn ; gM/bb
Dn `dvc `fha ds bfrc ,tic hkfvc vh`uc ds tf kcdmlrchsca ky @@/;
(dd) Z 2 8? (@/< +3) s/1 M/bb
\ 2 sphldmj fn trusscs
D a ` a
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Dbpfsca `fha
Mfrbh``y mf hllcss ds prfvdaca dm s`fpdmj rffns wdtisiccts. Dm suli lhscs D\ 9:3 phrt DD bhgcs tic
nf``fwdmj prfvdsdfms nfr `dvc `fhas nfr tic acsdjm fnsiccts hma pur`dms
Sp tf 8?s`fpc5 ?.:3 gM/bb
nfr bfrc tihm 8? s`fpc5 ?.:3-?.?; ( -8?) wicrc dss`fpc fn sicctdmj
Ifwcvcr h bdmdbub fn ?.1 gM/b `dvc `fha sifu`a kclfmsdacrca dm hmy lhsc.
Nfr tic acsdjm fn trusscs tic hkfvc `dvc `fha bhy kcrcaulca tf ;/
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Fvcricha trhvc``dmj Lrhmcs hrc usca dm dmaustrdh`kud`admj tf `dnt hma trhmspfrt ichvy efks, bhlidmcs
hma sf fm nrfb fmc p`hlc tf hmfticr. Qic lrhmc bhy
kc
(d) Bhmuh``y (ihma) fpcrhtca fvcricha trhvc``dmj
lrhmc
C`cltrdlh``y fpcrhtca fvcricha trhvc``dmj lrhmc
(C.F.Q)
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^crtdlh` @fha
@fmjdtuadmh` Qrust @htcrh` @fha
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Qic rchltdfm nrfb tic lrhmc jdracr, hltdmj vcrtdlh``y
afwmwhras. Qic `fmjdtuadmh` tirust, auc tf sthrtdmj fr stfppdmj fn
lrhmc, hltdmj dm tic `fmjdtuadmh` adrcltdfm
Qic `htcrh` tirust, auc tf sthrtdmj/stfppdmj fn tic lrhk
hltdmj ifrdzfmth``y
^crtdlh` @fhas (d) Lrhmc jdracr lfmsdst fn tic sc`n-wcdjit fn tic lrhmc
(dd) \c`n wcdjit fn tic lrhk hma tic lrhmc lhphldty
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Nfr rchltdfm bhxd wicc` `fha ds lfbputca ,dt fllurs wicm tic
lrhk ds mchrcst tf tic jhmtry jdracr
@htcrh` @fhas
(d) Qirust auc tf tic suaacm stfppdmj fn tic lrhk hma `fha wicm
trhvcrsdmj tic lrhk jdracrs
(dd) Lrhk jdracr wcdjit hlrfss tic sifp n`ffr @fmjdtuadmh` @fhas
Dts lhusca auc tf tic stfppdmj fr sthrtdmj fn tic lrhmc jdracrs
hma prfaulc h tirust wid`c krchgdmj hma sthrtdmj. Qic `htcrh`hma `fmjdtuadmh` tirust hrc trhmsncrrca ht tic rhd` `cvc`.
Qicrcnfrc jhmtry jdracr hrc sukecltca tf kcmadmj bfbcmt auc
tf ticsc `fhas
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DB_CLQ @FHA H\ _C[ D\ 5 9:3-84>1
Qypc fn @fha Haadtdfmh` @fha
(h) ^crtdlh` nfrlc trhmsncrrca tftic rhd`s
(d) Nfr c`cltrdl fvcricha lrhmc ;3% fn bhxd sthtdl wicc` `fha
(dd) Nfr ihma fpcrhtca lrhmc 8? % fn bhxdbub sthtdl wicc` `fha
(k) Ifrdzfmth` nfrlcs trhmsvcrsc tftic rhd`s
(d) Nfr c`cltrdl fvcricha lrhmc 8?% fn tic wcdjit fn tic lrhk hmatic wcdjit `dntca fm tic lrhmc
(dd) Nfr ihma fpcrhtca lrhmcs 3% fn tic wcdjit fn tic lrhk hma ticwcdjit `dntca fm tic lrhmc
(l) Ifrdzfmth` nfrlc h`fmj tic rhd`s 3% fn tic sthtdl wicc` `fha
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8. Dt sukecltca tf vcrtdlh` `fhas + ifrdzfmth` tirust
Qicrcnfrc tic h``fwhk`c strcss hrc dmlrchsca ky 8? %.
;. Cdticr fn tic twf nfrlcs spcldndca dm prcvdfus thk`c
sifu`a kc lfmsdacrca tf hlt h`fmj tic vcrtdlh` `fhas ht
h tdbc.
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Zicrc tic lrhmcs hrc bhmuh``y fpcrhtca @/3??
Zicrc tic lrhmcs hrc trhvc``dmjfvcricha hma fpcrhtca c`cltrdlh``y up
tf 3?? gM
@/:3?
Zicrc tic Lrhmcs hrc trhvc``dmj
fvcricha hma fpcrhtca c`cltrdlh``yfvcr 3?? gM
@/8???
Fticr bfvdmj `fhas, suli hs lihrjdmjlhrs ctl. wicrc @2 \phm fn tic jhmtry
jdracr
@/>??
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8. Ndma tic bhxdbub wicc` `fha. Qic wfrst lhsc fn`fhadmj fllurs wicm tic lrhmc hma dts `fha hrc arhwm tf
tic lf`ubm. Qic vcrtdlh` rchltdfm fn tic lrhmc jdracr ds
trhmsncrrca tirfuji dts twf wicc`s fm tic jhmtry jdracr.
Qic bhxdbub wicc` `fha ds ih`n fn tids rchltdfm. Qids
bhxdbub wicc` `fha ds dmlrchsca nfr tic dbphlt hsspcldndca prcvdfus`y dm thk`c. `htcrh` tirust ds hvfdaca
kclhusc nu`` `fha lhrrydmj lrhk wd`` bfvc s`fw`y
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;. Kcmadmj bfbcmt lh`lu`htca auc tf tic bhxdbub
wicc` `fha dml`uadmj dbphlt hma tic KB auc tf acha
`fha fn tic jdracr hma rhd`s. Qic wicc` `fha KB ds
bhxdbub wicm tic twf wicc`s hrc dm suli h
pfsdtdfm tiht tic L.J fn tic wicc` `fhas hma fmc fn
tic wicc` `fhas hrc cqudadsthmt nrfb tic lcmtcr fn
tic jhmtry jdracr (fm`y fmc lrhmc ds rummdmj fvcr tic
jdracr
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H y ds cquh` tf p`hstdl bfau`usUp
sdmlc jhmtry jdracr hrc `htcrh``y umsuppfrtca kchb, h trdh`
scltdfm bhy kc fkthdmca ky
zp,rcqudrca 2 (8.1 tf 8.3) x (Bu /ny)
Jcmcrh``y hm D-scltdfm wdti h lihmmc` scltdfm fm dts tfpn`hmjc ds prfvdaca. Nfr tic trdh` scltdfm thgc tic scltdfm
bfau`us 1? tf 3?% bfrc tihm tic lh`lu`htca (`htcrh``y
umsuppfrtca ).
Clfmfbdlh` acpti fn tic jdracr 0 8/8; fn tic sphm cxlcpt
wicm tic `fha hrc sbh`` dm rc`htdfm tf sphm
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Zdati fn tic n`hmjcsifu`a kc dm kctwccm (8/1? tf 8/
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Zicm `htcrh` suppfrt ds prfvdaca tirfujifut tic lfbprcssdfm
(tfp) n`hmjc `cvc` fn jhmtry jdracr ky h lhtwh`g fr sf, tic trdh`
scltdfm sifu`a kc liclgca nfr tic bfbcmt lhphldty fn tic wif`c
scltdfm ky tic nf``fwdmj cquhtdfm
Baz2 (kUpzny/bf) 8.; (Uczny/ bf)
Qic acsdjm kcmadmj strcmjti sf actcrbdmca sifu`a kc jrchtcr tihm
tic hpp`dca kcmadmj bfbcmt.
wicm tic lfbprcssdfm n`hmjc ds `htcrh``y umsuppfrtca, tic jdracrds liclgca tic shbc why kut ky rcp`hldmj nywdtinka, tic kcmadmj
lfbprcssdvc strcss
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@flh` Bfbcmt lhphldty fn tic jdracr ds liclgca
( Upzxny/bf) 8.; Uczxny/bf
Lfbkdmca `flh` lhphldty fn tic n`hmjc ds liclgca. Qic tfpn`hmjc sifu`a kc liclgca nfr kcmadmj hkfut kfti tic hxcs ky ticnf``fwdmj dmtcrhltdfm cquhtdfm
(Bz/Baz+By,n/Bay,n) 8.?
Bz 2 bfbcmt hkfut zz hxds auc tf vcrtdlh` hma `htcrh`/`fmjdtuadmh` `fhas
By,n 2 bhxdbub bfbcmt hkfut yy- hxds auc tf `htcrh` `fha
Baz 2 kcmadmj strcmjti fn tic scltdfm hkfut zz hxds
Bay,n 2 kcmadmj strcmjti fn tic lfbprcssdfm n`hmjc hkfut yyhxds
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4) Qic jdracr ds liclgca nfr kulg`dmj rcsdsthmlc. Qic c`hstdllrdtdlh` bfbcmt bhy kc lh`lu`htca usdmj ticnf``fwdmj cquhtdfm. Dt bust kc rcbcbkcr tiht tids
cquhtdfm ds vh`da nfr fm`y D scltdfm kchbs.
Blr 2 l8( CDyiy)/;@ @Q)) x(8+(8/;?)x(G@/ry)/(in/tn)))?.3
tic kcmadmj strcmjti fn tic scltdfm ds actcrbdmca ky
Baz2 (kUpznka=Bz
Qic scltdfm sifu`a kc liclgca nfr kdhxdh` kcmadmj usdmj ticdmtcrhltdfm nfrbu`h
(Bz/Baz+By/Bay) 8.?
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Qic scltdfm ds liclgca nfr sichr lhphldty
sichr lhphldty 2 HvNyw/(< bf) = bhxdbub sichr nfrlc
88) Kulg`dmj fn tic wck umacr wicc` `fha ds liclgca.
Kulgdmj rcsdsthmlc 2 (k8+m8)twnla= bhxdbub wicc` `fha
wicrc k82 adh fn tic wicc`m82 adspcrsdfm `cmjti umacr wicc` (hssubdmj
adspcrsdfm hmj`c fn 13)
8;) Qic jdracr ds liclgca nfr kchrdmj. dn rcqudrca kchrdmj
stdnncmcrs hrc prfvdaca
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8
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83) Qic jdracr ds liclgca nfr nhtdjuc strcmjti
8>) Qic krhlgct hma dts lfmmcltdfm wdti lf`ubm hrc acsdjmca.
dm lhsc kf`tca lfmmcltdfm hrc usca, mfm s`dp kf`ts sifu`a
kc prcncrrca. H phdr fn krhlgct p`htcs, fmc fn chli n`hmjc fn
D scltdfm lf`ubm, lfmmcltca wdti h adhpirhjb ds prfvdaca
tf bhgc h scht nfr jhmtry jdracr
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Acsdjm h jhmtry jdracr tf kc usca dm hm dmaustrdh` kud`admj lhrrydmj h
bhmuh``y fpcrhtca trhvc``dmj lrhmc, nfr tic nf``fwdmj ahth. Lrhmc lhphldty ;?? gM
\c`n-wcdjit fn tic lrhmc jdracr cxl`uadmj trf``y ;??gM
\c`n-wcdjit fn tic trf``y, c`cltrdl bftfr, iffg ctl. 1? gM
Hpprfxdbhtc bdmdbub hpprfhli fn tic lrhmc iffg tf tic jhmtry jdracr
2 8.;? b Zicc` khsc 2 b
L/L adsthmlc kctwccm jhmtry rhd`s - 9b
\c`n wcdjit fn tic rhd` scltdfm -
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