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HYDROGEN FUEL CELLS
ENERGY STORAGE IN THE GRID
14 Nov 2017
Cuernavaca, Mexico
Dra. Tatiana Romero Castañón
Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Systems
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The Importance of Energy Storage in Mexico
• Energy Storage as the solution to close the gap of
Renewable Energy Tecchnology Intermittance.
• Mexico has committed to generate 35% of its electricity by
renewable sources for 2024, according to the Energy
Transition Law.
• At INEEL, the objective is to develop energy storage
technology to accelerate the usage of renewable energy
to open up a new high-value supply chain.
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INEEL´s achievements in the last 16 years:
Proton Exchange Memebrane Fuel Cell
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• Infrastructure• Know-how• Human
resources
Catalyst, Membrane…Heart of thetechnology
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Membrane Electrode Assembly
10 -20 μm
Catalyst Layer
~50 μm127 μm
Nafion® 115
190- 350 μm
Catalyst Coating Membrane CCMMPL
Gas diffusion backing
Gas diffusion layer ( GDL)
MPL
~50 μm
Gas diffusion backing
190- 350 μm
Pt/C particlePTFE
Gas diffusion layer (GDL)
Anode (-) Cathode (+)10 -20 μm
Catalyst Layer
Ionomer
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Hydrogen PEMFC
COMPONENTS
• Catalyst
• Support
• Ion Exchange
Membrane
• Bipolar Plates
• Seals
• Current collector
and end platesANODO(oxidación
combustible)
CATODO(reducción de óxígeno)
ELECTROLITO
ELECTRONES
GENERADOS
ELECTRONES
CONSUMIDOS
entrada
hidrógeno
entrada
aire (O2)CARGA
MEAs
PowerSystem
PEMFC Demonstration Systems
Hybrid Power plant for an EV
Scooter
Stationary low power system
BOP CONTROL AND POWER ELECTRONICS DEVELOPMENT: BIG ASSET !!!
Where do Fuel Cells fit within the
Energy Storage Scenario?
The largest markets for fuel cells today are in stationary power, portable power, auxiliary power units, backup power, and material handling equipment
Fuel Cells Pros:
• Efficiency
• Start-up time
• Dynamic Behavior
• Resiliance
LCOS of various technologies for
100MW, 800MWh storage
1) Lazard calculations of LCOS (Levelized Cost of Storage) Assumptions:
• Values for high-power, long-duration (100MW, 800MWh) energy storage system envisioned for applications such as integrationof renewables:
• Technical Assumptions: 1 charge/discharge cycle per day, 350 days per year operation, 20 year lifetime
• Cost calculation includes: initial capital cost, periodic replacement batteries during 20-year lifetime, Operation & Maintenance
• LCOS was not calculated for a flywheel system since this technology would never be used for a 100MW/800MWh application
2) INEEL estimate of the LCOS value for a high-power, long duration storage system based on PEM-based electrolyzers and fuel cells.
Alkaline Membrane-based systems are expected to be at least 30% more cost-effective.
For these high-power, long duration applications pumped hydro and compressed air (stored underground) are most cost-effective, but lack geographic availability. Vanadium Flow batteries fall in the same cost range as Li-ion and Sodium Sulphur in spite of the intrinsic advantages of flow batteries. Flow Battery LCOS values are expected to decrease by innovating on low-cost materials.
Stationary Fuel Cell Market
Industrial: prime power, CHP, and tri-generation
TYPE COMPANY kW Fuel
MCFC Fuel Cell Energy (U.S. and Germany) Posco (South Korea)
300-2,800 NG or RenewableBiogas
SOFC Siemens-WestinghouseBloom Energy (U.S. and Japan)
800 (Micro-grid)4 000
NG or Methane
PAFC UTC Power (U.S.) 400 kW+ 1.7 millionBTU PureCell
NG
AFC AFC Energy and AIRP (UK, GER)
500 + CHP H2
PEMFC Hydrogenics 200 H2
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Proton Exchange Membrane Market
PEM Electrolyzer fromRenewables
• ElectroSelf TF 1.5-10 kW
• MF-UEH 1-3 kW
Power to gas Gast to Power
PEM Fuel Cell
• Axane 0.5-10 kW
• Ballard 1.5-11 kW
• Heliocentrics 1.2-20 kW
• Horizon 0.1-25 kW
• Relion-Plug Power 0.2-17.5
kW
• Hydrogenics 2-200 kW
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Alkaline Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel
cell
• Improved ORR Kinetics. Pt free, less expensivecatalysts
• Elliminatescarbonationproblems
• Wider range offuels
• Eliminates the needof fluor basedmembranes
J. Power Sources , 2017, 1-12. Dekel Dario R.
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AEMFCs increasing world´s attention
Scientific Publications Trend
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Anion Exchange Membrane
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Added value fo metal commodity
Mexico´s metal commodities: Ag, Cu and Ni.
Opportunity for Mexico to be part of the R&TD in AEMFC
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