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Hybrid Vehicle Smart Scheduling
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What is HEV?
• HEV – Stands for Hybrid Electric Vehicle
• An HEV is a vehicle which involves multiple
sources of power
– An EV is an electric vehicle, battery operated only.Sole power by electric motor
– A traditional vehicle has sole propulsion by ICE or
diesel engine – Energy source can be gas, natural gas, battery,
ultra capacitor, fly wheel, solar panel, etc.
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Why HEV?
• Optimize the fuel economy
– Optimize the operating point of ICE
– Stop the ICE if not needed
– Recover the kinetic energy at braking
• Reduce emissions
– Minimize the emissions when ICE is optimize
operation – Stop the ICE when it’s not needed
• Quiet Operations
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Current Status of HEV
Source: Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicle Data Center (U.S. DoE)
Year % of all vehicles Units sold
1999 0.0001% 17
2002 0.24% 36,035
2006 1.77% 252,636
2010 2.37% 274,210
2012 2.97% 322,227
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Types of HEV
• Parallel HEV: multiple propulsion sources can
be combined, or drive the vehicle alone with
one of the energy sources
• Series HEV: sole propulsion by electric motor,
but the electric energy comes from another
energy source, such as ICE
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Operation Mode of Parallel HEV
• Motor alone mode: engine is off, vehicle ispowered by the battery/motor only
• Engine alone mode: ICE drive the vehicle alone
•
Combined mode: both ICE and motor providepower to drive the vehicle
• Power split mode: ICE power split to drive thevehicle and charge the battery
•
Stationary charging mode• Regenerative braking mode (include hybrid
braking mode)
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Control Objectives
• To satisfy performance requirements including
acceleration, gradeability, and maximum
cruising speed
• To achieve overall high efficiency
• To maintain battery SOC
• To recover braking energy
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Existing Algorithms• Rule-based
1) Below 20MPH, only the EM is used.
2) If the demanded power is greater than the maximumengine power, the motor is used to produce excesspower.
3) Charges the batteries by regenerative braking.
4) If the battery SOC is lower than 60% of the capacity,the engine should provide additional power to charge
the battery.
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Existing Algorithms
• Optimization-based
– Global (Offline) Optimization
• Have all the data beforehand
• For specific driving practice• min + 1
=0 ( , )=0
– Online Optimization
• Depends on instantaneous data
• Have good portability
• ( += )
•
(),
()
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Comparison of Existing Algorithm
Complexity Portability Real Time Optimality
A-ECMS Low High Yes Middle
Rule-based Lowest Low Yes Low
Global
Optimization
Highest Low No Best
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