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@gtotgej6 ;? X. ]erejte Co`. I. \hv. <2 <>?0
@ejthjt mewjieomhm/prgjthm crea
BhgjEjigjh (bttp6//bhgjejigjh.erk)
Pot Aoy 0 >;6=>6<8 <>?=
-- Weur ush ec tbgs BhgjEjigjh ^MC gjmg`oths yeur o``hptoj`h
ec BhgjEjigjh's ]hras ojm @ejmgtgejs ec tbh ig`hjsh
okrhhahjt ovogiolih ot bttp6//bhgjejigjh.erk/BEI/Ig`hjsh
-- ]bh shor`b thxt ec tbgs ^MC gs khjhrothm crea
uj`errh`thm E@\ thxt.
-- ]e eltogj phragssgej te ush tbgs ortg`ih lhyejm tbh s`eph
ec yeur BhgjEjigjh ig`hjsh, pihosh ush6
bttps6//www.`epyrgkbt.`ea/```/losg`Phor`b.me5
&ephrotgej1ke&shor`b]yph1>
&iostPhor`b1sgapih&oii1ej&tgtihErPtmJe1>02?-?302
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OMSOJ@H JE]G@H ^\ESGPGEJP6
E^^\HPPGEJ OJM ]BH ^XLIG@ GJ]H\HP]
KE\MEJ ] BEXPHA J
OLP]\O@] <7
GJ]\EMX@]GEJ 0
PBO\HBEIMH\P MG\H@]E\P OJM ]BH @E\^E\O]GEJ 0<
Pborhbeimhr Setgjk ^ewhr 0<
Ihkoi Ptrothky te \hpio`h Mgrh`ters ojm tbh Hihahjt ec Purprgsh 08
GGG OMSOJ@H JE]G@H ^\ESGPGEJP 0;
]bh Ah`bojgsas te Gapihahjt Omvoj`h Jetg`h ^revgsgejs 02
]bh Omvojtokhs ec Omvoj`h Jetg`h 07
]bh Mgsomvojtokhs ec Omvoj`h Jetg`h =>
GS OMSOJ@H JE]G@H ^\ESGPGEJP GJ ^\O@]G@H =<
Aujmere =0
Aoumerh =;
S ^\ELIHAO]G@ XPH OJM M\OC]GJK EC OMSOJ@H JE]G@H ^\ESGPGEJP 8
]gagjk ojm Aojjhr ec Omeptgej 8
^rhvhjtgjk Jeagjotgejs Lhcerh o Pph`gcg` Moth 8<
SG L@H OJM OMSOJ@H JE]G@H ^\ESGPGEJP 88
\hosejolih Hxph`totgejs 83
Epprhssgej Xjcogr ^rhfumg`h er Xjcogr Mgsrhkorm 3?
SGG ]BH ^XLIG@ GJ]H\HP] ^E[H\ 3=
]bh Joturh ojm P`eph ec ^ulig` Gjthrhst ^ewhr 3=
]bh ]hjsgej Lhtwhhj @erperoth ojm Ph`urgtghs Iow 33
]bh ^ulig` Gjthrhst ^ewhr ojm ^relihaotg` Xshs ec
Omvoj`h Jetg`h ^revgsgejs 37
SGGG @EJ@IXPGEJ ;=
* ]bh outber gs krothcui te @brgstepbhrLoacerm cer bgs gjvoiuolih rhvghw ojm `rgtg`gsaojm @borihs
A`Mejoim cer gjtremu`gjk bga te Jertbhrj Agjhroi Gjvhstahjt @erp v Aujmere @opgtoi Gj`. ]bh
outberoise o`djewihmkhs tbh voiuolih ossgstoj`hec tbh hmgters ec tbh Xjgvhrsgty ec ]erejte Co`uity ec
Iow \hvghw. Aest gapertojtiy, tbh outber tbojds Iourhj cer bhr ujhjmgjk potghj`h ojm suppert. Oii
epgjgejs, hrrers, ojm eagssgejs orh tbh outber sewj.
L.O. Bejs.) (_uhhj s),F M ]erejte), Osse`goth (Pbhoraoj PthrigjkII^)
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OMSOJ@H JE]G@H ^\ESGPGEJP
OLP]\O@]
Omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs rhqugrhsborhbeimhrs te prevgmh jetg`h ec mgrh`ter jeagj-
otgejs te gj`ualhjt aojokhahjt gj omvoj`h ec ojjuoi ojm sph`goi ahhtgjks. Gj
megjk se, omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejsprhvhjt o mgssgmhjt crea bgmgjkgj tbh whhms
te todh omvojtokh ec o peeriy otthjmhm ahhtgjk te hih`t tbh jeagjhhs ec bgs er
bhr `beg`h. Gj Jertbhrj Agjhrois Gjvhstahjt @erp v Aujmere @opgtoi Gj` ojm
Aoumerh Agjhrois Itm v Borleur Ceujmotgej gj`ualhjt mgrh`ters'ushec omvoj`h
jetg`h prevgsgejs wos upbhim ujmhr `erperoth ow. Oitbeukb jhgtbhrmh`gsgej ceujm
tbot tbh omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej gj quhstgej vgeiothm `erperoth ow, tbhrh gs stgii o
rgsd tbot gj`ualhjt `erperothmgrh`ters aoy ush oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej gj o
aojjhr tbot vgeioths `erperoth er sh`urgtghs iow. Gj portg`uior, bh prevgsgejojm gts
aojjhr ec omeptgejaoy vgeioth tbh epprhssgej rhahmy ceujm gj sh`tgej <=? ec tbh
@ojomo Lusgjhss @erperotgejs `t os gjthrprhthm y tbh Puprhah @eurtec @ojomogj L@H Gj` v 7;3 Mhlhjturhbeimhrs Curtbhr,mgrh`ters ush ec oj omvoj`h jetg`h
prevgsgejaoy lh `ejtrory te tbh pulig` gjthrhstos preth`thm y prevgj`goish`urgtghs
rhkuioters.
P^\GJK < ?0 <7
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XJGSH\PG]W EC ]E\EJ]E CO@XI]W EC IO[ \HSGH[
G GJ]\EMX@]GEJ
Omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs' rhqugrh sborhbeimhrs te kgvh o `eapojy jetg`h ec mgrh`-
ter jeagjotgejs ojm mhtogihm gjceraotgej oleut jeagjhhs gj omvoj`h ec oj ojjuoi
er sph`goi ahhtgjk.< ]bhy `oj todh tbh cera ec o peig`y omepthm ly tbh leorm ec
mgrh`ters er oj oahjmahjt te `erperoth ly-iows er ortg`ihs ec gj`erperotgej. Gc o
mgssgmhjt sborhbeimhr cogis te `eapiy wgtb tbh omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej, tbh mgrh`-
ters `oj rhcush tbh sborhbeimhr s jeagjotgejs.=
Omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs `oj cesthr sborhbeimhr mhae`ro`y ly oiiewgjk
sborhbeimhrs te cuiiy portg`gpoth gj tbh mgrh`ter hih`tgej pre`hss gj oj gjcerahm
ojm hcch`tgvh aojjhr , ojm `oj prhvhjt o mgssgmhjt crea TbgmgjkQ gj tbh whhms 3
te todh omvojtokh ec o peeriy otthjmhm ahhtgjk te hih`t tbh jeagjhhs ec bgs er bhr
`beg`h. Orkuoliy, bewhvhr, mgrh`ters `oj mroct er gapihahjt oj omvoj`h jetg`h
prevgsgej gj o aojjhr tbot gs mhtrgahjtoi te tbh gjthrhsts ec sborhbeimhrs. ]bgs
ortg`ih wgii orkuh tbot omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs bovh tbh pethjtgoi te vgeioth letb
`erperoth ojm sh`urgtghs iow.;
^ort GG `ejsgmhrs sborhbeimhrs' stotutery olgigty te veth ej tbh `erperotgej's
mgrh`ters ojm etbhr gapertojt `erperoth aotthrs. Curtbhr, ^ort GG mgs`usshs tbh
stotutery ah`bojgsas tbot sborhbeimhrs `oj ush te rhpio`h hxgstgjk mgrh`ters. ^ort
GGG `ejsgmhrs tbh ah`bojgsas tbot mgrh`ters `oj ush te gapihahjt omvoj`h jetg`h
? ]e ovegm `ejcusgej lhtwhhj tbh thras omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej ojm leorm peig`y , tbh outber
bos ushm tbh thra leorm peig`y te rhchr te ojy peig`y omepthm ly tbh leorm, gj`iumgjk oj omvoj`h
jetg`h peig`y, ojm omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej te rhchr te ojy omvoj`h jetg`h peig`y omepthm ly woy ec
leorm peig`y er ly-iow er ortg`ih oahjmahjt.
< Mhjjgs B ^hthrsej & Aottbhw F @uaagjk Pborhbeimhr\hahmghs gj @ojomo eesh-ihoc (`ejsuithm
ej ?8 Fojuory <>?0), <m hm (Aordboa6 IhxgsJhxgs @ojomo, <>>7), `b ?0 ot ?3 .
0 Cer tbh purpesh ec tbgs ortg`ih, mgssgmhjt sborhbeimhr rhchrs te o sborhbeimhr wbe prepeshs jeag-
jhhs te rhpio`h tbh hxgstgjk mgrh`ters.
= Phh Aujmere @opgtoi Gj`, Omvoj`h Jetg`h ^eig`y (7 Fujh <>?<), ejigjh6 Pystha cer Hih`trejg`
Me`uahjt Ojoiysgs ojm \htrghvoi (PHMO\) 9www.shmor.`ea:, cgihm os Aothrgoi me`uahjt - Hjk-
igsb , Aujmere @opgtoi Gj` ?? Fujh <>?<) TAujmere OJ^Q4 Aoumerh Agjhrois Itm, Ly-Iow Je
? (<= Aoy <>?<), ejigjh6 Pystha cer Hih`trejg` Me`uahjt Ojoiysgs ojm \htrghvoi (PHMO\) 9www.
shmor.`ea:, cgihm os Ph`urgty beimhrs me`uahjts - Hjkigsb , Aoumerh Agjhrois Itm (<8 Aoy <>?<)TAoumerh OJ^Q.
8 Gjstgtutgejoi Pborhbeimhr Phrvg`hs Gj`, <>?0 @ojomgoj ^rexy Setgjk Kugmhigjhs (]PR-Igsthm @ea-
pojghs) (?7 Mh`halhr <>?<) ot ?8, ejigjh6 Gjstgtutgejoi Pborhbeimhr Phrvg`hs (GPP) 9bttp6//www.
gsskevhrjoj`h.`ea:.
JertbhrjAgjhrois Gjvhstahjt @erp v Aujmere opgtoiGj` <>?< L@P@ ?>7> ot poro 8=, 03 L@I\
(8tb) =>2 TAujmereQ.
; Lh`oush XP `erperoth ojm sh`urgtghs iow mehs jet bovh oj hqugvoihjt te tbh epprhssgej rhahmy er
tbh pulig` gjthrhst pewhr, tbgs ortg`ih mehs jet `ejsgmhr XP furgsprumhj`h. Cer XP furgsprumhj`h, shh
Ephjwovh Pysthas Gj` v Borlgjkhr@opgtoi^ortjhrsAosthr Cujm G Itm 7<= O <m <<2 (Mhi @b <>>;)4
FOJO Aosthr Cujm Itm v @JH] Jhtwerds Gj` 78= O <m 008 (Mhi @b <>>2), occm 7=; O <m ??<>
(Mhi <>>2) (tbh gssuhs gj tbgs `osh weuim jet orgsh gj @ojomo os XP sh`urgtghs iow rhqugrhs aojokh-
ahjt te shjm tbhgr prexy gj omvoj`h ec tbh wgjmew ec eppertujgty `eaaejiy lhgjk ushm gj @ojomgoj
`erperotgejs)4 Ihvgtt @erp v Eccg`h Mhpet Gj` @O Je 03<<-S@J (Mhi @b <>>2) (tbh gssuh gj tbgs `osh
weuim jet orgsh ujmhr tbh omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs `eaaejiy ushm gj @ojomo lh`oush tbh @ojomgoj
omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs rhstrg`t tbh jeagjotgej ec mgrh`ters lut jet tbh lusgjhss `ejmu`thm ot tbh
ahhtgjk).
SEI ;? <)>
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OMSOJ@H JE]G@H ^\ESGPGEJP
prevgsgejs, ojm mgs`usshs tbh omvojtokhs ojm mgsomvojtokhs ec tbh prevgsgejs te
sborhbeimhrs ojm mgrh`ters.
^ort GS mgs`usshs twe rh`hjt `eurt mh`gsgejs tbot bovh upbhim gj`ualhjt mgrh`-
ters' ush ec omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs ujmhr `erperoth iow6 Jertbhrj Agjhrois
Gjvhstahjt @erp v Aujmere @opgtoi Gj` ojm Aoumerh AgjhroisItm Borleur
Ceujmotgej.7 Gj portg`uior ^ort GS shts eut tbh lo`dkreujm ec tbh mgspuths, tbh
mh`gsgej ec ho`b @eurt ojm tbh hvhjts tbot ceiiewhm ho`b mh`gsgej.
[bgih omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs `oj lh lhjhcg`goi te sborhbeimhr mhae`ro`y,
mgrh`ters aoy ush omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs gj o aojjhr tbot boras tbh gjthrhsts
ec sborhbeimhrs. ^ort S sukkhsts tbot omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs `oj bovh o mhih-
thrgeus hcch`t ej sborhbeimhrs ujmhr shvhroi `gr`uastoj`hs. Cer gjstoj`h, mgrh`ters
aoy mroct ojm gapihahjt omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs gj o aojjhr tbot hcch`tgvhiy
prh`iumhs sborhbeimhrs crea jeagjotgjk mgrh`ters ot o ahhtgjk, er gj o aojjhr tbotrhmu`hs tbh `boj`h tbot sborhbeimhrs wgii hih`t o mgssgmhjt sborhbeimhr s jeagjhh.
[bhrh oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej boras sborhbeimhrs, tbh prevgsgej aoy lh
`ejtrory te letb `erperoth ojm sh`urgtghs iow. ^ort SG orkuhs tbot oitbeukb tbh
@eurts gj Aujmere ojm Aoumerh mgm jet strgdh mewj tbh omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs
gapihahjthm ly tbh mgrh`ters, gj tbh cuturh, `eurts agkbt gjvoigmoth su`b prevgsgejs
wbhj tbhy orh ushm ly mgrh`ters gj o woy tbot lrho`bhs tbh rhosejolih hxph`totgejs
ec o mgssgmhjt sborh-beimhr gj o aojjhr tbot gs epprhssgvh er ujcogriy prhfumg`goi
te bgs er bhr gjthrhsts. Gj portg`uior wbhj mgrh`ters gapihahjt tbh prevgsgej octhr
tbh iost moy ej wbg`b tbh prevgsgej phragts jeagjotgejs ( `ut-ecc moth ), er wbhjmgrh`ters gapihahjt tbh prevgsgej `iesh te tbh `ut-ecc moth ojm todh sthps te stoii
tbh ojjeuj`hahjt ec tbh jeagjotgej, tbh mgrh`ters' ush ec tbh omvoj`h jetg`h
prevgsgej aoy lh epprhssgvh ojm `ejtrory te sh`tgej <=? ec tbh @ojomo Lusgjhss
@erperotgejsO`te os gjthrprhthm ly tbh Puprhah @eurt ec @ojomo gj L@H Gj`
?7;3 Mhlhjturhbeimhrs. Curtbhr wbhrh o prevgsgej prebglgts jeagjotgejs prger
te o sph`gcg` moth wgtbeut rhosej `eurts aoy oppiy tbh epprhssgej rhahmy te higa-
gjoth tbh rhstrg`tgej.
Gj ommgtgej, tbh mgrh`ters' ush ec oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej aoy lh `ejtrory
te sh`urgtghs iow. Ph`urgtghs ihkgsiotgej kgvhs sh`urgtghs rhkuioters tbh pewhr tegjthrvhjh wbhj mgrh`ters' o`tgejs orh `ejtrory te tbh pulig` gjthrhst.
?< ^ort SGG wgii
orkuh tbot gj igkbt ec tbh gj`rhoshm ush ec omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs ly @ojomgoj
2 Pupro jeth 3.
7 <>?< EJP@ =<88, ??? E\ 0m) 33 TAoumerhQ.
?> \P@ ?728, ` @-== s<=? T@L@OQ ]bgs ortg`ih ce`ushs aogjiy ej tbh @L@O lh`oush aojy iorkh `er-
perotgejs orh hstoligsbhm ujmhr tbgs stotuth, ojm gt sborhs aojy `eaaej choturhs wgtb etbhr prevgj`goi
stotuths su`b os tbh Ejtorge Lusgjhss @erperotgejsO`t \PE ?77>, ` L.?3 TEL@OQ ojm tbh Oilhrto
Lusgjhss @erperotgejsO`t \PO <>>> ` L-7 TOL@OQ ]bgs ortg`ih oise mgs`usshs tbh Lrgtgsb @eiualgo
Lusgjhss @erperotgejsO`t PL@ <>>< ` 8; TL@L@OQ lh`oush ec gts ujgquh choturh ec io`dgjk mgrh`tergapihahjthm ly-iows lut oiiewgjk mgrh`ter gapihahjthm leorm peig`ghs.
?? < 2 P@@ 37, T<>>2Q 0 P@\ 83 TL@HQ
?< Phh h.k. Ph`urgtghs O`t \PE ?77>, ` P.8, s ?<; TEPOQ4 Ph`urgtghs O`t \PL@ ?773, ` =?2, s ?3?
TL@POQ4 Ph`urgtghs O`t \PO <>>> ` P-= ss ?7;-72.
P^\GJK < ?0 0?
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XJGSH\PG]W EC ]E\EJ]E CO@XI]W EC IO[ \HSGH[
`erperotgejs, sh`urgtghs rhkuioters sbeuim `rgtg`oiiy hxoagjh omvoj`h jetg`h
prevgsgejs, ojm me se ej o `osh-ly-`osh losgs te mhthragjh wbhtbhr oj omvoj`h
jetg`h prevgsgej gs `ejtrory te tbh pulig` gjthrhst. Gj portg`uior, oj omvoj`h jetg`h
prevgsgej aoy lh olusgvh ec sborhbeimhrs ojm `opgtoi aordhts wbhrh tbh prevgsgejgs ushm te hgtbhr hjtrhj`b aojokhahjt er `ejstrogj tbh cujmoahjtoi rgkbts ec
sborhbeimhrs. @ejshquhjtiy, gc ihct uj`bh`dhm, tbh moaokh te sborhbeimhr mhae`-
ro`y aoy ihom te gjhccg`ghjt aordhts ojm o mh`igjh gj gjvhsters' `ejcgmhj`h gj
@ojomgoj `opgtoi aordhts.
GG PBO\HBEIMH\P, MG\H@]E\P, OJM ]BH @E\^E\O]GEJ
Omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs bovh tbh pethjtgoi te occh`t bew sborhbeimhrs hxhr`gsh
tbhgr rgkbt te veth ojm jeagjoth mgrh`ters. ]bhrhcerh, lhcerh `ejsgmhrgjk omvoj`hjetg`h prevgsgejs, tbgs ortg`ih wgii hxoagjh seah ec tbh stotutery ah`bojgsas tbot
kgvh sborhbeimhrs tbh olgigty te veth cer mgrh`ters ojm ej etbhr `erperoth aotthrs,
ojm te prepesh jhw `erperoth mgrh`ters.
. PBO\HBEIMH\ SE]GJK ^E[H\
@ojomgoj `erperoth iow prevgmhs sborhbeimhrs wgtb tbh rgkbt te `bojkh tbh leorm
ec mgrh`ters ojm te oahjm tbh `erperotgej s `ejstotgjk me`uahjts. ]bgs sulsh`-
tgej ec tbh ortg`ih wgii `ejsgmhr sborhbeimhrs' stotutery rgkbt te mhthragjh tbh
`erperotgej s mgrh`ters, jm tbh hcch`t ec tbgs rgkbt ej mgrh`ters gj`hjtgvhs te `t
gj tbh lhst gjthrhsts ec tbh `erperotgej. Gj ommgtgej, tbgs sulsh`tgej wgii `ejsgmhr
sborhbeimhrs' rgkbts te `ejtrei tbh thras ec tbh `erperoth `ejtro`t tbot kevhrjs
tbh rhiotgejsbgp lhtwhhj tbh mgrh`ters, tbh sborhbeimhrs, ojm tbh `erperotgej.
g) @bojkgjk bh Leormec Mgrh`ters
Khjhroiiy, o `erperotgej bos tbh `opo`gty, rgkbts, pewhrs, ojm prgvgihkhs ec o
joturoi phrsej.? Bewhvhr, lh`oush o `erperotgej gs oj ortgcg`goi, furgstg` hjtgty,
gjmgvgmuois aust o`t ej lhboic ec tbh `erperotgej. Ly mhcouit, `erperoth iow `ejchrs
tbgs rhspejsglgigty ej mgrh`ters. Pph`gcg`oiiy, sulfh`t te o ujojgaeus sborhbeimhr
okrhhahjt,?3tbh @L@O rhqugrhs tbh mgrh`ters te aojokh, er suphrvgsh tbh aojokh-
ahjt ec, tbh lusgjhss ojm occogrs ec tbh `erperotgej. Gj ommgtgej, mgrh`ters `oj
0 Phh h.k. ^hthrsej @uaagjk, suprojeth <.
?= @L@O supro jeth ?>, s ?8 ?).
8 Phh h.k., Dhvgj A`Kugjjhss, Boislury sIows ec @ojomo6Lusgjhss @erperotgejs <>?0 \hgssuh), t
hm (Aordboa6 IhxgsJhxgs @ojomo, <>?0), BL@-?.
3 @L@O supro jeth ?>, s ?=3(?).
; Glgm, s ?><(?).
SEI ;? <)<
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OMSOJ@H JE]G@H ^\ESGPGEJP
oppegjt eccg`hrs, ojm `oj mhihkoth `hrtogj pewhrs te tbh eccg`hrs te oiiew tbha te
aojokh tbh lusgjhss ojm occogrs ec tbh `erperotgej.
Oitbeukb tbh mgrh`ters ojm eccg`hrs aojokh tbh `erperotgej, tbhy orh jet tbh
rhsgmuoi `iogaojts ec tbh `erperotgej s osshts. Ph`tgej <= ec tbh @L@O prevgmhstbot wbhrh o `erperotgej bos ejh `ioss ec sborhs, beimhrs ec tbesh sborhs aust
bovh tbh rgkbt te veth ot sborhbeimhr ahhtgjks, te rh`hgvh mgvgmhjms, ojm te rh`hgvh
tbh rhaogjgjk prephrty ec tbh `erperotgej ej mgsseiutgej. ?7 Curtbhr, sh`tgej ?>3
ec tbh @L@O hxpig`gtiy lhstews ej sborhbeimhrs tbh pewhr te hih`t tbh mgrh`ters. <>
Crea o `erperoth kevhrjoj`h phrsph`tgvh, sh`tgejs <= ojm ?>3 ec tbh @L@O `oj
lh tbeukbt ec os prevgmgjk sborhbeimhrs wgtb mhae`rotg` rgkbts ojm o cgjoj`goi
gjthrhst gj tbh `erperotgej.
Gj sbert, tbh @L@O prevgmhs tbot mgrh`ters aojokh tbh `erperotgej ojm sborh-
beimhrs hih`t tbesh mgrh`ters. Gj kgvgjk mgrh`ters ojm sborhbeimhrs tbhsh mgstgj`trgkbts, tbh @L@O `rhoths o shporotgej ec ewjhrsbgp ojm `ejtrei. <? Os mgs`usshm ly
Omeic Lhrih Kormgjhr Ahojs gj tbhgr shagjoi werd, ]bh Aemhrj @erperotgej
ojm ^rgvoth ^rephrty << mgrh`ters ojm eccg`hrs aetgvothm ly phrsejoi gjthrhsts aoy
jet o`t gj o aojjhr tbot aoxgagzhs `erperoth voiuh. <0 ]bh mgvhrkhjt gjthrhsts ec
aojokhahjt ojm sborhbeimhrs `oj ihom te okhj`y `ests, wbg`b `ejsgst ec tbh `ests
tbot tbh prgj`gpoi ojm okhjt gj`ur te hjsurh tbot tbh okhjt o`ts gj tbh prgj`gpoi's
lhst gjthrhsts, os whii os tbh `ests ec ojy rhsgmuoi mgvhrkhj`h lhtwhhj tbh okhjt's
mh`gsgejs ojm tbh mh`gsgejs tbot orh gj tbh lhst gjthrhsts ec tbh prgj`gpoi.<= ]bus,
sborhbeimhrs aoy gj`ur `ests wbhrh tbh o`tgejs ec aojokhahjt me jet oigkj wgtbtbh lhst gjthrhsts ec tbh `erperotgej, ojm wbhrh tbh sborhbeimhrs aust todh sthps
te agjgagzh su`b agsoigkjahjt.
Bewhvhr, `erperoth iow ojm aordht ah`bojgsas `oj `ejtrei tbhsh mgvhrkhjt
gjthrhsts ojm okhj`y `ests. <8 Pborhbeimhrs `oj agjgagzh okhj`y `ests ojm aoxg-
agzh cgra voiuh ly usgjk tbhgr stotutery rgkbt te rhpio`h mgrh`ters-tbh olgigty ec
sborhbeimhrs te rhpio`h mgrh`ters sbeuim gj`hjtgvgzh tbh mgrh`ters te o`t gj tbh lhst
gjthrhsts ec tbh `erperotgej. Gj etbhr werms, sborhbeimhrs' rgkbt te rhpio`h mgrh`-
ters gs gjthjmhm te rhjmhr tbh mgrh`ters o``eujtolih te sborhbeimhrs . <3
2 Glgm s ?<?(o).
7 Glgm s <=(0).
<> Glgm s ?>3 0).
<? Phh khjhroiiy Omeic O Lhrih, Fr Kormgjhr @Ahojs, ]bh Aemhrj @erperotgejojm ^rgvoth rephrty
(Jhw Werd6 Ao`Agiioj, ?700).
<< Glgm.
<0 Glgmot ?<<.
<= Ag`bohi @ Fhjshj [giigoa B Ah`digjk, ]bhery ec tbh Cgra6 Aojokhrgoi Lhbovger, Okhj`y @ests
ojm Ewjhrsbgp Ptru`turh ?7;3) 06= Feurjoi ec Cgjoj`goi H`ejeag`s 0>8 ot 0>2.
<8 ^eejoa ^urg ht oi, @oshs AothrgoisojmJeths ej ^ortjhrsbgpsojm@ojomgojLusgjhss @erperotgejs
8tb hm (]erejte6 @ orswhii, <>??) ot ?27.
<3 FOjtbejy SojMuzhr, ]bh Iow ec ortjhrsbgps @erperotgejs 0m hm (]erejte6 Grwgj Iow, <>>7)
ot <8=.
P^\GJK < ?0 00
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XJGSH\PG]W EC ]E\EJ]E CO@XI]W EC IO[ \HSGH[
Oitbeukb tbh olgigty te `bojkh tbh leorm ec mgrh`ters `oj gjmhphjmhjtiy gjciu-
hj`h tbh mgrh`ters te o`t gj tbh lhst gjthrhsts ec tbh `erperotgej, tbh olgigty ec sborh-
beimhrs te rhpio`h mgrh`ters leisthrs etbhr aordht ah`bojgsas tbot `ejtrei okhj`y
`ests. Cer hxoapih, tbh aordht cer `erperoth `ejtrei
<;
rhighs ej tbh olgigty ecsborhbeimhrs te mhthragjh tbh leorm ec mgrh`ters. <2 ]bh aordht cer `erperoth
`ejtrei ephroths ly gj`hjtgvgzgjk oj gjvhster te o`qugrh `ejtrei ec o agsaojokhm
`erperotgej ojm rhpio`h hxgstgjk aojokhahjt, <7 lh`oush tbh sborh prg`h ec o
agsaojokhm `erperotgej sbeuim gj`rhosh wbhj jhw mgrh`ters rhpio`h gjhccg`ghjt
mgrh`ters.e ]bgs cgjoj`goi gj`hjtgvh gs mhphjmhjt ej tbh sborhbeimhr s olgigty te
rhpio`h hxgstgjk aojokhahjt. [gtbeut tbh olgigty te rhpio`h gjhccg`ghjt aojokh-
ahjt, tbh gjvhster `ojjet hxph`t tbh voiuh ec bgs er bhr gjvhstahjt te gj`rhosh.
(gg) @bojkgjktbh @erperoth@ejtro`t
Gj ommgtgej te rhpio`gjk mgrh`ters, sborhbeimhrs `oj ush tbhgr vetgjk pewhr te
`bojkh tbh `erperotgej s `ejstotgjk me`uahjts.? O @L@O `erperotgej s `ejstot-
gjk me`uahjts gj`iumh tbh ortg`ihs ec gj`erperotgej ojm tbh `erperoth ly-iows.0 <
]bh `ejstotgjk me`uahjts hstoligsb tbh rgkbts ec mgrh`ters, sborhbeimhrs, er tbh
`erperotgej. ]bh `ejstotgjk me`uahjts giiustroth tbh `ejtro`torgoj `ej`hptgej ec
`erperoth iow, wbg`b sukkhsts tbot tbh `erperotgej gs o jhxus ec vorgeus `ejtro`tuoi
rhiotgejsbgps lhtwhhj juahreus portghs, su`b os sborhbeimhrs ojm aojokhrs.
Crea tbgs phrsph`tgvh, `erperoth stotuths sbeuim hsshjtgoiiy sht eut o stojmorm-
gzhm `ejtro`t tbot strgvhs te kgvh sborhbeimhrs ojm aojokhahjt tbh thras tbotletb portghs weuim mhsgrh olshjt stotutery gjveivhahjt.0= Pborhbeimhrs lhjhcgt
crea stojmormgzhm thras lh`oush stojmormgzhm thras rhmu`h tbh trojso`tgej `ests
ec jhketgotgjk tbh `erperoth `ejtro`t .08 Gj ommgtgej, `erperoth stotuths sbeuim
hjolih `ejtro`tgjk ly prevgmgjk sborhbeimhrs wgtb tbh olgigty te oithr, er `ejtro`t
oreujm, stojmorm thras.0 3 Cer hxoapih, sh`tgej ?>0 ec tbh @L@O prevgmhs mgrh`-
ters wgtb tbh olgigty te aodh, oahjm, er rhphoi ojy ly-iows tbot rhkuioth tbh lusg-
jhss er occogrs ec tbh `erperotgej4 bewhvhr, tbh ortg`ihs, ly-iows, er o ujojgaeus
<; Bhjry K Aojj h, Ahrkhrs ojm tbh Aordht cer @erperoth @ejtrei ?738) ;06< Feurjoi ec ^eigtg`oi
H`ejeay ??> ot ??<-?0.
<2 ^urg, supro jeth <8 ot ?78.
<7 Glgm.
0> Aojjh, supro jeth <; ot ??0.
0 Phh h.k., @L@O supro jeth ?> ss ?>0(=), ?;8.
0< Mubo^rgjthrs [hsthrj) Itm v @ojomo, ?772Q P@\ ;78 ot poro 82, ?87 MI\ (=tb) =8;.
00 ^urg, supro jeth <8 ot ?2;.
0= lgm ot ?7;.
08 Glgm ot ?73.
03 Glgm ot ?7;.
SEI ; <)=
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OMSOJ@H JE]G@H ^\ESGPGEJP
sborhbeimhr okrhhahjt `oj rhaevh tbh mgrh`ters' olgigty te `bojkh tbhsh ly-iows.
]bh olgigty ec mgrh`ters ojm sborhbeimhrs te aodh ly-iows tbot kevhrj tbh `erpero-
tgej giiustroths tbh tbhery ec tbh `erperoth `ejtro`t . Lh`oush tbh @L@O gs sgihjt
ej aest kevhrjoj`h gssuhs, tbh @L@O phragts sborhbeimhrs ojm mgrh`ters te mhthr-agjh aojy ec tbh ruihs tbot kevhrj ho`b `erperotgej.
GG IHKOI P]\O]HKW ]E \H^IO@H MG\H@]E\P OJM ]BH HIHAHJ] EC PX\^\GPH
Os mgs`usshm tbh olgigty ec sborhbeimhrs te mhthragjh tbh `erperotgej s mgrh`ters gs
o losg` rgkbt tbot oiiews sborhbeimhrs te hjsurh tbot tbh mgrh`ters orh o`tgjk gj tbh
lhst gjthrhsts ec tbh `erperotgej. Gj ommgtgej te tbhgr rgkbt te hih`t mgrh`ters, sborh-
beimhrs `oj jeagjoth mgrh`ters.0 7 ]bh ahtbem ly wbg`b sborhbeimhrs jeagjoth o
mgrh`ter mhphjms ej wbhtbhr tbh jeagjotgej todhs pio`h gj tbh `ejthxt ec o sborh-
beimhr-rhqugsgtgejhm ahhtgjk er o mgrh`ter-`oiihm ahhtgjk. Ho`b typh ec ahhtgjkwgii lh ommrhsshm shporothiy lhiew.
g)Ptrothkghs te \hpio`h Mgrh`ters Xjmhr o Ahhtgjk @oiihm ly tbh @erperotgej
Mgrh`ter-`oiihm ahhtgjks prevgmh sborhbeimhrs wgtb tbh eppertujgty te jeagjoth
tbhgr ewj mgrh`ters tbreukb o sborhbeimhr prepesoi, sborhbeimhr oalusb, er prexy
cgkbt.
o) O MgssgmhjtAoy Pulagt o Pborhbeimhr^repesoiJeagjotgjk Jhw Mgrh`ters
O``ermgjk te sh`tgej ?0; ec tbh @L@O o rhkgsthrhm er lhjhcg`goi sborhbeimhr `oj
sulagt o prepesoi cer oii sborhbeimhrs te `ejsgmhr ot o ahhtgjk.=> ]bgs pewhr
prevgmhs sborhbeimhrs wgtb tbh olgigty te jeagjoth oithrjotgvh mgrh`ters cer hih`-
tgej, prevgmhm tbh mgssgmhjt er kreup ec mgssgmhjts beim ot ihost cgvh phr`hjt ec tbh
eutstojmgjk sborhs ec o `ioss ec sborhs ec tbh `erperotgej.=?
l) O MgssgmhjtAoy Ojjeuj`h o Jeagjotgej ot tbh Ahhtgjk
[bhrh tbh mgssgmhjt er o kreup ec mgssgmhjts beims o succg`ghjtiy iorkh prepertgej
ec sborhs, o sborhbeimhr oalusb `oj lh oj hcch`tgvh strothky te rhpio`h hxgstgjk
mgrh`ters. O sborhbeimhr oalusb e``urs wbhj o mgssgmhjt jeagjoths mgrh`ters ot
0; @L@O suprojeth ?> s ?>0 ?).
02 Mgrh`ters `oj khjhroiiy gapesh ly-iows wgtb gaahmgoth hcch`t. Pborhbeimhrs `oj prepesh ly-iows
ojm rhfh`t ly-iows omepthm ly tbh mgrh`ters.
07 Phh h.k., @L@O supro jeth ?>, s ?0;(=).
=> Glgm s ?0;.
=? Glgm s ?0;(=).
P^\GJK <>?0 08
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XJGSH\PG]W EC ]E\EJ]E CO@XI]W EC IO[ \HSGH[
tbh ahhtgjk wgtbeut ojy worjgjk, rhiygjk ej tbh to`tg`oi omvojtokh ec surprgsh.= <
O
sborhbeimhr oalusb gs jet oj uj`eaaej e``urrhj`h gj @ojomo.=0
`)O Mgssgmhjt Aoy Peig`gt ^rexghs
O mgssgmhjt aoy oise hjkokh tbh hxgstgjk aojokhahjt gj o prexy lottih. O prexy gs
o cera tbot phragts o sborhbeimhr te kgvh ojetbhr phrsej tbh pewhr te veth bgs er
bhr sborhs.== Pborhbeimhrs aoy mh`gmh te shjm tbhgr prexy cera te aojokhahjt te
hjolih aojokhahjt te veth cer tbhgr ewj jeagjhhs ej tbh sborhbeimhr s lhboic.
Bewhvhr, wbhrh o mgssgmhjt prepeshs jeagjhhs, tbh mgssgmhjt aoy seig`gt sborh-
beimhrs' prexghs gj o``ermoj`h wgtb sh`tgej ?8> ec tbh @L@O 8 ojm ^ort ; ec tbh
@L@O \hkuiotgejs3 se tbot tbh mgssgmhjt `oj veth tbh prexghs gj coveur ec bgs er
bhr ewj jeagjhhs.= ; ^rexy seig`gtotgej ruihs khjhroiiy rhqugrh mgssgmhjts te shjm
o prexy `gr`uior gj prhs`rglhm cera stotgjk tbh purpeshs ec tbh seig`gtotgej te tbhoumgter ec tbh `erperotgej, te ho`b sborhbeimhr wbesh prexy gs seig`gthm, te ho`b
mgrh`ter ojm ...te tbh `erperotgej .=2 ^rexy seig`gtotgej gs usuoiiy aerh `estiy tboj
o sborhbeimhr prepesoi, lh`oush ujigdh o prepesoi, tbh mgssgmhjt lhors tbh `est ec
prexy seig`gtotgej.= 7
]bh @L@O prevgmhs twe hxhaptgejs te sborhbeimhrs crea tbh eligkotgej te
`eapiy wgtb sh`tgej ?8>(?). Cgrst, gc tbh mgssgmhjt seig`gts prexghs crea ?8 er chwhr
sborhbeimhrs, wgtb twe er aerh fegjt beimhrs `eujtgjk os ejh, tbhj tbh mgssgmhjt
jhhm jet shjm o prexy `gr`uior os etbhrwgsh rhqugrhm ly sh`tgej ?8>(?) te tbh
`erperotgej ojm gts mgrh`ters. > O mgssgmhjt sborhbeimhr piojjgjk oj oalusb `ojlhjhcgt crea tbgs hxhaptgej. O``ermgjk te tbh @L@O mgrh`ters bovh tbh rgkbt te
sht o rh`erm moth cer tbh purpesh ec mhthragjgjk wbg`b sborhbeimhrs orh hjtgtihm
te veth ot o sborhbeimhr ahhtgjk. Gc sborhbeimhrs o`qugrh o vetgjk sborh octhr tbh
rh`erm moth, tbhy wgii lh gjhigkglih te veth ot tbh certb`eagjk ahhtgjk. Hcch`tgvhiy,
tbh rh`erm moth prhvhjts sborhbeimhrs crea o`qugrgjk ojm vetgjk o iorkh jualhr
=< Phh h.k. ^hthrsej @uaagjk, supro jeth <.
=0 Glgm.
== Phh h.k. @L@O suprojeth ?>, ss <=, ?=; cera ec prexy , prexy (sh`tgej <= ec tbh @L@O hjolihssborhbeimhrs te veth ot ojy sborhbeimhr ahhtgjk, ojm sh`tgej ?=; sph`gcghs tbot o prexybeimhr `oj ot-
thjm ojm o`t ej tbh sborhbeimhr's lhboic ot o sborhbeimhr ahhtgjk).
=8 @L@O suprojeth ?>, s ?8>.
=3 @ojomoLusgjhss @erperotgejs\hkuiotgejs <>>? PE\/<>>?-8?< T\hkuiotgejsQ.
=; \hkormihss ec wbhtbhr tbhrh orh etbhr jeagjotgejs, aojokhahjt aust shjm o cera ec prexy te
sborhbeimhrs gj o``ermoj`h wgtb sh`tgej ?=7(?) ec tbh @L@O supro jeth ?>, sulfh`t te sh`tgej ?=7(<).
=2 Glgm s ?8>(?).
=7 Phh h.k. ^hthrsej @uaagjks, suprojeth <.
8> @L@O supro jeth ?>, s ?8>(?.?). Ej gts co`h, tbgs hxhaptgej weuim opphor te lh o iekg`oi cgt wgtb
o sborhbeimhr oalusb4 bewhvhr, sh`urgtghs iow wgii rhqugrh mgs`iesurh wbhrh tbh sborhbeimhrs' okkrh-koth vetgjk pewhr gs ?> er aerh6 shh h.k. EPO suprojeth ?<, s ?><.?(?).
8? @L@O supro jeth ?>, s ?0=(?)(m).
SEI ;? <)03
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OMSOJ@H JE]G@H ^\ESGPGEJP
ec sborhs gaahmgothiy lhcerh tbh ahhtgjk. ]bus, mgssgmhjts `oj ush tbgs hxhaptgej
te evhr`eah tbh hcch`t ec tbh rh`erm moth ly qughtiy seig`gtgjk prexghs crea ?8 er
chwhr sborhbeimhrs gaahmgothiy lhcerh tbh ahhtgjk.
Ph`ejm, gc tbh mgssgmhjt seig`gts ly woy ec pulig` lreom`ost sphh`b er pulig-`otgej , gj tbh prhs`rglhm `gr`uastoj`hs, tbhj tbh mgssgmhjt jhhm jet shjm o prexy
`gr`uior te tbh `erperotgej ojm mgrh`ters os etbhrwgsh rhqugrhm ly sh`tgej ?8> ?).8<
gg) Ptrothkghs te \hpio`h Mgrh`ters Xjmhr o Ahhtgjk @oiihmly tbh Pborhbeimhr
]bh @L@O oise prevgmhs sborhbeimhrs wgtb tbh olgigty te rhqugsgtgej o ahhtgjk.
]bh sborhbeimhr-rhqugsgtgejhm ahhtgjk `oj lh ushm cer tbh purpesh ec, gjthr oigo
rhpio`gjk tbh mgrh`ters. Gj o``ermoj`h wgtb sh`tgej ?=0(?), tbh sborhbeimhr rhqug-
sgtgejgjk tbh ahhtgjk aust beim je ihss tboj8 ec tbh sborhs.8= ]bh sborhbeim-
hr wbe `oiis su`b o ahhtgjk gs rhqugrhm te `eapiy wgtb aojy ec tbh soah ruihs
tbot oppiy te oj ojjuoi ahhtgjk. ]bgs agkbt oise lh o aerh hxphjsgvh eptgej
tboj o sborhbeimhr prepesoi os sh`tgej ?=0(3) stoths tbot tbh `erperotgej sboii
rhgalursh tbh sborhbeimhrs tbh hxphjshs rhosejoliy gj`urrhm ly tbha gj rhqugsg-
tgejgjk, `oiigjk ojm beimgjk tbh ahhtgjk . 3 Os o rhsuit ujigdh tbh `est ec tbh sborh-
beimhr prepesoi wbg`b gs lerjh ly tbh `erperotgej tbh mgrh`ters bovh mgs`rhtgej
te mhthragjh wbhtbhr tbh hxphjshs ec o rhqugsgtgejhm ahhtgjk whrh rhosejolih.
GGG OMSOJ@H JE]G@H ^\ESGPGEJP
Os prhvgeusiy stothm, oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej gs o prevgsgej gj o `erperotgej s
ortg`ihs, ly-iows, er `erperoth kevhrjoj`h peig`y tbot rhqugrhs mgssgmhjt sborh-
beimhrs te prevgmh jetg`h gj omvoj`h ec o ahhtgjk ec tbhgr gjthjtgej te gj`iumh
o jeagjhh ot tbh certb`eagjk ahhtgjk. ; Lhcerh `ejsgmhrgjk tbh omvojtokhs ojm
mgsomvojtokhs ec omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs, tbh ihkoi ah`bojgsas mgrh`ters agkbt
ush te gapihahjt oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej wgii lh mhs`rglhm.
8< Glgm s ?8> ?.<).
80 Glgm s ?=0.
8= Glgm s ?=0(?).
88 Glgm s ?=0(8) (sh`tgej ?=0(8) gs `ejtogjhm gj ^ort RG ec tbh @L@O ojm stoths tbot o ahhtgjk sboii
lh `oiihm os jhoriy os pessglih gj tbh aojjhr gj wbg`b ahhtgjks orh te lh `oiihm pursuojt te tbh ly-
iows, tbgs ^ort ojm ^ort RGGG ec tbh @L@O ^ort RG oise `ejtogjs ruihs tbot kevhrj ojjuoi ahhtgjks6
shh h.k., glgm s ?00).
83 Glgm s ?=0(3) (sh`tgej ?=0(3) stoths tbot tbh sborhbeimhrs wgiilh rhgalurshm ujihss tbhy etbhrwgshrhseivh ot o ahhtgjk `oiihm ujmhr sh`tgej ?=0(=)).
8; Phh khjhroiiy ^hthrsej @uaa gjk, supro jeth <.
P^\GJK < ?0 0;
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XJGSH\PG]W EC ]E\EJ]E CO@XI]W EC IO[ \HSGH[
G ]BH AH@BOJGPAP ]E GA^IHAHJ] OMSOJ@H JE]G@H ^\ESGPGEJP
Mgrh`ters `oj gapihahjt oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej tbreukb tbh `ejstotgjk me`u-
ahjts er tbreukb o leorm peig`y. Cer o @L@O `erperotgej, tbh mgrh`ters aoy omept
tbh prevgsgej tbreukb oj ortg`ih er ly-iow oahjmahjt. Cer o Lrgtgsb @eiualgo
Lusgjhss @erperotgejsO`t `erperotgej, tbh mgrh`ters aoy omept tbh prevgsgej
usgjk oj ortg`ih oahjmahjt er leorm peig`y.
g)Gj`iusgej gj, erOahjmahjt ec tbh @ejstotgjkMe`uahjts
O @L@O `erperotgej `oj omept oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej ly oahjmgjk, er
ommgjk te, tbh ly-iows er tbh ortg`ihs. Xjmhr tbh @L@O mgrh`ters `oj oahjm tbh
ly-iows wgtb gaahmgoth hcch`t.87 ]bh ly-iows wgii `hosh te lh hcch`tgvh gc tbh ly-iow
mehs jet rh`hgvh sborhbeimhr opprevoi ly ermgjory rhseiutgej wbg`b rhqugrhs tbhsuppert ec o aofergty ec sborhbeimhrs. 3> Os o rhsuit gc mgrh`ters orh `ej`hrjhm
oleut o sborhbeimhr oalusb, tbhy `oj gapihahjt oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej
gaahmgothiy.
Mgrh`ters `oj oise aodh o prepesoi te oahjm tbh ortg`ihs.3 Cer su`b o prepesoi
te lh hcch`tgvh, sborhbeimhrs aust opprevh gt ly sph`goi rhseiutgej wbg`b rhqugrhs
tbh suppert ec twe-tbgrms ec sborhbeimhrs. 3< Os o rhsuit o mgrh`ter s prepesoi te
oahjm tbh ortg`ihs wgii jet bovh gaahmgoth hcch`t.
(gg) Omeptgej ec o Leorm^eig`y
@erperotgejs hstoligsbhm ujmhr tbh L@L@O me jet bovh ly-iows. Ceraoiiy, tbh
`erperoth ortg`ihs rhstrg`t tbh pewhrs ec mgrh`ters ojm tbh occogrs ec tbh `erpero-
tgej. 3 Bewhvhr, os ujmhr tbh @L@O oahjmahjts te tbh ortg`ihs orh gjhcch`tgvh
ujtgi sborhbeimhrs opprevh tbh oahjmahjts ly sph`goi rhseiutgej. 3= ^ro`tg`oiiy,
tbgs `oj aodh aojokgjk tbh lusgjhss mgccg`uit. Os o rhsuit mgrh`ters ec L@L@O
`erperotgejs ecthj ush leorm peig`ghs te sht eut gjthrjoi kevhrjahjt ruihs cer tbh
82 L@L@O, suprojeth ?
87 @L@O suprojeth ?>, s ?>0 0).
3> Glgm s ?>0 <) (oj ermgjory rhseiutgej gs mhcgjhm gj sh`tgej <(?) os o rhseiutgej posshm ly o ao-
fergty ec tbh veths `ost ly tbh sborhbeimhrs wbe vethm gj rhsph`t ec tbot rhseiutgej ).
3? Glgm, s ?;8 ?).
3< Phh glgm ss ?;0 ?), ?;3 3) (o sph`goi rhseiutgej gs mhcgjhm gj sh`tgej <(?) os o rhseiutgej posshm
ly o aofergty ec jet ihss tboj twe-tbgrms ec tbh veths `ost ly tbh sborhbeimhrs wbe vethm gj rhsph`t ec
tbot rhseiutgej er sgkjhm ly oii tbh sborhbeimhrs hjtgtihm te veth ej tbot rhseiutgej ).
30 Phh h.k., L@L@O, suprojeth ?>, s ?<.
3= Glgm s <87 ?) (o sph`goi rhseiutgej gs rhqugrhm ujihss tbh ortg`ihs sph`gcy tbot o mgcchrhjt typh ec
rhseiutgej gs rhqugrhm te oahjm tbh ortg`ihs).
02 SEI ;? <)
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OMSOJ@H JE]G@H ^\ESGPGEJP
occogrs ec tbh `erperotgej.3 Os mgs`usshm lhiew, tbh Lrgtgsb @eiualgo Puprhah
@eurt gj Aujmere bhim tbot mgrh`ters `euim gapihahjt oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevg-
sgej usgjk o leorm peig`y, prevgmhm tbh leorm peig`y gs jet `ejtrory te tbh ortg`ihs
er tbh L@L@O.
33
?G ]BH OMSOJ]OKHP EC OMSOJ@H JE]G@H
Omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs `oj prevgmh omvojtokhs te letb mgrh`ters ojm sborh-
beimhrs. Oitbeukb `erperoth jhws rhihoshs ecthj `gth tbh lhjhcgts te sborhbeimhrs
os o rhosej cer omeptgjk tbhsh prevgsgejs, 3; tbhy `oj oise lhjhcgt mgrh`ters.
g)Mgrh`ters ^hrsph`tgvh
Omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs prevgmh tbh mgrh`ters wgtb o worjgjk tbot o mgssgmhjtgs shhdgjk te rhpio`h tbha. Oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej mhstreys tbh hihahjt
ec surprgsh ojm tbh olgigty ec mgssgmhjts te ush o sborhbeimhr oalusb te rhpio`h
gj`ualhjt mgrh`ters. Curtbhr, os giiustrothm lhiew gj Aujmere bovgjk jetg`h
`oj prevgmh succg`ghjt tgah cer tbh mgrh`ters te aeujt oj ecchjsgvh `oapogkj te
preaeth tbhgr jeagjhhs (usuoiiy tbhashivhs) ojm mgs`rhmgt tbh jeagjhhs ec tbh
mgssgmhjt sborhbeimhrs.
Oithrjotgvhiy, omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs `oj oiiew mgrh`ters te `ej`hjtroth ej
aojokgjk tbh `erperotgej rotbhr tboj gjhccg`ghjtiy `ej`hjtrotgjk ej tbh pessglgi-
gty ec mgssgmhjt jeagjotgejs. Gc omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs phragt sborhbeimhrs tejeagjoth mgrh`ters ejiy murgjk o lrghc phrgem ec tbh yhor, tbh gj`ualhjt mgrh`ters
`oj sphjm tbh rhst ec tbh yhor ce`ushm ej aoxgagzgjk cgra voiuh.
(gg) Pborhbeimhrs ^hrsph`tgvh
Jej-mgssgmhjt sborhbeimhrs aoy lhjhcgt crea omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs ly lhgjk
prevgmhm wgtb gjceraotgej tbot `oj bhip tbha aodh oj gjcerahm mh`gsgej wgtb
rhsph`t te hih`tgjk mgrh`ters.32 Xjmhr @ojomgoj `erperoth iow, gjcerahm sborh-
beimhrs sbeuim hjboj`h sborhbeimhr mhae`ro`y cer shvhroi rhosejs. Cgrst, gj hih`-
tgejs tbhy lhighvh orh uj`ejthsthm sborhbeimhrs aoy mh`gmh jet te otthjm tbh
38 Phh khjhroiiy Lel ^odrui, ]bh ^ewhr ec Leorm ^eig`ghs ?? Phpthalhr <>?<), ejigjh6 Oihxoj-
mhr Beilurj Lhoumgj Iojk II^ Lusgjhss Iow Liek 9bttp6//lusgjhssiowliek.obli.`o/<>?</>7/??/
tbh-pewhr-ec-leorm-peig`ghs/:.
33 Phh Aujmere, supro jeth 3 ot poros =8-=3.
3; Phh h.k., Muj`ostih Keim @erp, Jhws \hihosh, Muj`ostih Omepts Omvoj`h Jetg`h ^eig`y cer
Mgrh`ter Jeagjotgejs 2 Aor`b <>?0), ejigjh6 Muj`ostih 9bttp6//www.muj`ostihkeim`erp.`ea/
hj/jhws/;;/muj`ostih-omepts-omvoj`h-jetg`h-peig`y-cer-mgrh`ter-jeagjotgejs.pbp: TMuj`ostih OJ^
rhihoshQ.
32 Gjstgtutgejoi Pborhbeimhr Phrvg`hs Gj`, @ojomgoj @erperoth Kevhrjoj`h ^eig`y6 <>?0 Xpmoths?3 Jevhalhr <>?<) ot ?0, ejigjh6 Gjstgtutgejoi Pborhbeimhr Phrvg`hs GPP) 9bttp6//www.gsskevhr-
joj`h.`ea:.
P^\GJK < ?0 07
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XJGSH\PG]W EC ]E\EJ]E CO@XI]W EC IO[ \HSGH[
sborhbeimhr ahhtgjk. 37 Os o rhsuit, tbgs `euim hx`iumh o iorkh jualhr ec sborhbeim-
hrs crea bovgjk tbh eppertujgty te veth gj coveur ec tbh mgssgmhjt s jeagjhhs er
aojokhahjt s jeagjhhs.
Ph`ejm, sborhbeimhrs ec o `erperotgej wgtbeut o aofergty vetgjk peig`y `euimio`d oj gj`hjtgvh te veth. [bhj ejiy tbh gj`ualhjt aojokhahjt bos prepeshm
jeagjhhs, sborhbeimhrs `oj ejiy veth gj coveur ec tbh prepeshm jeagjhhs er
wgtbbeim tbhgr veth. Gj o `erperotgej wgtbeut o aofergty vetgjk peig`y, ejh veth
gj coveur ec oj uj`ejthsthm jeagjhh gs succg`ghjt cer tbh jeagjotgej te su``hhm.
]bhrhcerh, gj su`b `erperotgejs, gc sborhbeimhrs orh ujoworh ec o `ejthsthm lottih,
tbhy `euim io`d tbh gj`hjtgvh te veth, lh`oush tbhy aoy ossuah tbot ot ihost ejh
sborhbeimhr wgii veth gj coveur ec tbh uj`ejthsthm jeagjhhsY. ]bgs wgii typg`oiiy
lh o rhosejolih ossuaptgej lh`oush shic-jeagjothm mgrh`ters typg`oiiy beim vetgjk
sborhs ec tbh `erperotgej.]bgrm, lh`oush ec tbh @L@O s mhcgjgtgej ec ermgjory rhseiutgej, ;> sgkjgcg`ojtiy
chwhr tboj 8> pius ejh ec tbh sborhbeimhrs `euim mhthragjh tbh mgrh`tersbgp ec
tbh `erperotgej, os tbh jeagjhhs gj o `ejthsthm hih`tgej aust rh`hgvh 8> pius
ejh ec tbh veths `ost te lh`eah tbh mgrh`ters. Lh`oush su``hss turjs ej tbh veths
`ost, whod vethr portg`gpotgej `oj rhsuit gj o sborhbeimhr wgtb chwhr tboj 8>
pius ejh ec tbh `erperotgej s vetgjk rgkbts gjmhphjmhjtiy hih`tgjk tbh `erperotgej s
mgrh`ters. Cer hxoapih, wbhrh vethr portg`gpotgej gs whod, o ?> vetgjk gjthrhst
aoy lh succg`ghjt te kuorojthh oj ermgjory rhseiutgej.; ?
GGG. ]BH MGPOMSOJ]OKHP EC OMSOJ@H JE]G H
Oitbeukb `erperoth jhws rhihoshs teut tbh lhjhcgts ec omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs,
tbhy khjhroiiy cogi te sht eut tbh pessglih mgsomvojtokhs ec su`b prevgsgejs. [bgih
omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs orh aerh igdhiy te bora sborhbeimhrs, tbhsh prevgsgejs
`oj oise `rhoth mgsomvojtokhs cer gj`ualhjt mgrh`ters.
g)Mgrh`ters ^hrsph`tgvh
Oitbeukb tbhrh orh preloliy chw mgsomvojtokhs te mgrh`ters crea gapihahjtgjkomvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs, su`b prevgsgejs aoy werd okogjst gj`ualhjt aojokh-
ahjt. Cer hxoapih, gj tbh olshj`h ec oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej, o sborhbeimhr
oalusb aoy uitgaothiy lh gjhcch`tgvh lh`oush tbh mgssgmhjt agsfumkhm tbh jualhr
ec veths rhqugrhm te wgj tbh hih`tgej4 bewhvhr, gc tbh omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej
rhqugrhs o mgssgmhjt te iouj`b o `oapogkj ojm kotbhr suppert, wbg`b tbh mgssg-
mhjt weuim jet etbhrwgsh bovh mejh, tbhj tbh omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej aoy werd
okogjst tbh mgrh`ters.
37 Phh h.k., Aujmere, suprojeth 3 ot poros 0<, 08.;> @L@O suprojeth ?>, s <(?) (oj ermgjory rhseiutgej gs mhcgjhm os o rhseiutgej posshm ly o aofer-
gty ec tbh veths `ost ly tbh sborhbeimhrs wbe vethm gj rhsph`t ec tbot rhseiutgej ).
;? Phh h.k., ^urg suprojeth <8 ot =78.
SEI ; <)>
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OMSOJ@H JE]G@H ^\ESGPGEJP
gg) Pborhbeimhrs' ^hrsph`tgvh
Omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs `oj `rhoth sph`gcg` mgsomvojtokhs te mgssgmhjt ojm
jej-mgssgmhjt sborhbeimhrs. Crea o mgssgmhjt sborhbeimhr s phrsph`tgvh, tbh gjtre-
mu`tgej ec oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej wgii prhvhjt tbha crea usgjk o sborhbeim-hr oalusb. Os mgs`usshm horighr, tbh hihahjt ec surprgsh `oj lh oj hcch`tgvh teei
cer rhpio`gjk aojokhahjt, lut surprgsh wgii lh iest gc mgssgmhjts orh rhqugrhm te
mgs`iesh tbhgr gjthjtgej ojm jeagjhhs prger te tbh hih`tgej moth.
Crea o jej-mgssgmhjt sborhbeimhr s phrsph`tgvh, gc tbh mgssgmhjt's jeagjhhs
weuim lh aerh hcch`tgvh gj upbeimgjk tbh gjthrhsts ec sborhbeimhrs tboj tbh gj`ua-
lhjt aojokha hjt, jej-mgssgmhjt sborhbeimhrs aoy agss tbh eppertujgty cer lhtthr
aojokhahjt.
Curtbhr, omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs aoy omvhrshiy occh`t sborhbeimhrs ly
gj`rhosgjk tbh rgsd ec aojokhrs o`tgjk `ejtrory te tbh lhst gjthrhsts ec tbh `erper-
otgej, ojm gj`rhosgjk tbh rhiothm okhj`y `ests. Os mgs`usshm prhvgeusiy, tbh olgigty
ec sborhbeimhrs te rhpio`h mgrh`ters `oj rhmu`h tbh rgsd ec aojokhrs o`tgjk epper-
tujgstg`oiiy ojm `oj bhip te `ejtrei okhj`y `ests. [bhrh omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs
jhkotgvhiy gapo`t tbh olgigty ec o sborhbeimhr te rhpio`h eppertujgstg` mgrh`ters,
okhj`y `ests aoy gj`rhosh. Aerhevhr, tbgs typh ec ush ec omvoj`h jetg`h prevg-
sgejs aoy whodhj tbh aordht cer `erperoth `ejtrei ojm gj`rhosh eppertujgstg`
aojokhahjt lhbovgeur ojm okhj`y `ests, lh`oush tbh aordht cer `erperoth
`ejtrei mhphjms ej tbh olgigty ec oj o`qugrhr ec sborhs te veth te eust mgrh`ters .; <
Mgrh`ters agkbt hjtrhj`b tbhashivhs ly usgjk tbh omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs terhmu`h tbh `boj`h ec sborhbeimhrs jeagjotgjk oithrjotgvh mgrh`ters.
Iostiy, wbhtbhr tbh `erperoth `ejtro`t phragts mgrh`ters te ush ly-iows te
omept oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej gs quhstgejolih. ]bh @L@ gs loshm ej o rhpert
ly \elhrt [S Mg`dhrsej `oiihm ^repesoiscer o Jhw usgjhss @erperotgejsIow
cer @ojomo. ]bh Mg`dhrsej \hpert gj`iumhm o mroct `erperoth stotuth ojm o``ea-
pojygjk `eaahjtory ej hvhry prepeshm stotutery prevgsgej. Ph`tgej ?>0 ec tbh
@L@ gs sulstojtgoiiy tbh soah os sh`tgej 7.>< ec tbh Mg`dhrsej \hpert. Letb
tbh @L@ ojm tbh Mg`dhrsej \hpert kgvh sborhbeimhrs ojm mgrh`ters tbh pewhr
te oahjm tbh `erperotgej s ly-iows. Os ^ort GG mgs`usshm, sborhbeimhrs er mgrh`-ters `oj ush tbh `erperoth ly-iows te aemgcy tbh `erperoth `ejtro`t . Bewhvhr,
tbh Mg`dhrsej \hpert s gjthrprhtotgej ec mgrh`ters' olgigty te `bojkh tbh `erper-
otgej's ly-iows agkbt jet oiiew mgrh`ters te gapihahjt oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevg-
sgej. O``ermgjk te tbh Mg`dhrsej \hpert, mgrh`ters' olgigty te aodh o ly-iow mehs
jet krojt mgrh`ters tbh pewhr te `ejtrei tbh gjthrjoi kevhrjahjt ec tbh `erper-
;< Glgmot ?73.
;0 Hm [ogtzhr Febjjy Foswoi, ^hepihs, L@H, ojm tbh Keem @erperoth '@gtgzhj ' <>>7) =;60Eskeemh Boii IF =07 ot ==8, `gtgjk \elhrt [S Mg`dhrsej ht oi, ^repesois er o Jhw Lusgjhss @erper-
otgejs Iow cer @ojomo,vei ? (Ettowo6 Gjceraotgej @ojomo, ?7;? TMg`dhrsej \hpertQ.
P^\GJK <>?0 =?
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XJGSH\PG]W EC ]E\EJ]E CO@XI]W EC IO[ \HSGH[
otgej te tbh hx`iusgej ec sborhbeimhrs . ;= Gj `ejsgmhrgjk tbh mgvgsgej ec `ejtrei,
tbh Mg`dhrsej \hpert s mroct `erperoth stotuth o`djewihmkhm tbh rhoigtghs ec
`erperoth aojokhahjt ly pio`gjk rhsgmuoi `ejtrei ec gjthrjoi kevhrjahjt wbhrh
gt lhiejks-wgtb tbh sborhbeimhrs-lut kgvgjk tbh mgrh`ters pewhr te omagjgsthr tbh`erperotgej crea moy te moy .;8 Os o rhsuit ec tbh Mg`dhrsej \hpert s gjthrprhto-
tgej ec mgrh`ters' pewhr te aodh ly-iows, gt gs uj`ihor wbhtbhr mgrh`ters `oj ush o
lyiow te `bojkh tbh `erperoth `ejtro`t gj o aojjhr tbot prhvhjts sborhbeimhrs
crea jeagjotgjk mgrh`ters murgjk o sulstojtgoi port ec tbh yhor.
Gj sbert, omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs prevgmh sborhbeimhrs ojm mgrh`ters wgtb
omvojtokhs ojm mgsomvojtokhs. [bgih tbhsh prevgsgejs `oj hj`eurokh sborhbeim-
hr mhae`ro`y, tbhy `oj oise bora gt Oitbeukb `erperoth jhws rhihoshs me jet
khjhroiiy mgs`uss tbh hcch`t ec tbhsh prevgsgejs ej mgrh`ters, tbhrh gs rhosej te
lhighvh tbot mgrh`ters agkbt lh aetgvothm te ush omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs te tbhgromvojtokh. Gj ommgtgej, os wgii lh mgs`usshm gj ^ort S, wbhtbhr tbh omvojtokhs te
sborhbeimhrs ec oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej eutwhgkb tbh mgsomvojtokhs wgii igdhiy
mhphjm ej tbh ah`bojgsa tbot mgrh`ters ush te gapihahjt tbh prevgsgej.
GS OMSOJ@H JE]G@H ^\ESGPGEJP GJ ^\O@]G@H
@ojomgoj `eurts bom tbh eppertujgty te `ejsgmhr omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs
ej twe e``osgejs gj <>?<. Cgrst, gj Aujmere, tbh Lrgtgsb @eiualgo Puprhah
@eurt `ejsgmhrhm wbhtbhr oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej ecchjmhm tbh L@L@OPh`ejm, gj Aoumerh,
; tbh Ejtorge Puphrger @eurt ec Fustg`h `ejsgmhrhm wbhtbhr
oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej wos epprhssgvh te tbh mgssgmhjt ujmhr tbh Ejtorge
Lusgjhss @erperotgejsO`t ; Os wgii lh mgs`usshm gj ^ort S, tbh leorm ec mgrh`ters
ec Aujmere @opgtoi Gj` ( Aujmere ) ojm Aoumerh Agjhrois Itm ( Aoumerh )
omepthm omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs tbot `euim bora tbh gjthrhsts ec sborhbeimhrs.
Bewhvhr, lh`oush letb leorms pestpejhm tbh ahhtgjks gj wbg`b mgrh`ter jeagj-
otgejs whrh te lh `ejsgmhrhm, tbh rhsph`tgvh @eurts mgm jet ommrhss wbhtbhr
tbh omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs crustrothm tbh rgkbt ec sborhbeimhrs te jeagjoth
mgrh`ters. Curtbhr, jhgtbhr @eurt ommrhsshm bew tbh wgjmew ec eppertujgty te
jeagjoth mgrh`ters agkbt occh`t sborhbeimhrs os o wbeih. ]bgs sh`tgej ec tbh ortg`ih
mgs`usshs Aujmere ojm Aoumerh. ]bh rhaogjmhr ec tbh ortg`ih wgii `ejsgmhr tbh
pethjtgoiiy prelihaotg` ushs ec omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs ujmhr @ojomgoj `erper-
oth ojm sh`urgtghs iow.
;= Glgm ot poro 7=
; Glgm ot poro 78
;3 Pupro jeth 3
;; Pupro jeth 7
;2 EL@O supro jeth ?>
SEI ; (<)<
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OMSOJ@H JE]G@H ^\ESGPGEJP
G AXJME\E
g) Lo`dkreujm
Aujmere gs o `erperotgej hstoligsbhm ujmhr tbh L@L@O tbot ephroths gj tbh
agjhroi rhseur`h sh`ter, wgtb o ce`us ej mhvhiepahjt, hxpierotgej, ojm gjvhst-
ahjt.;7 Gt beims agjhroi gjthrhsts gj Ahxg`e ojm Phrlgo,e ojm tbh aofergty ec
Aujmere s sborhbeimhrs orh rhtogi gjvhsters.
Ej Oprgi <>, <>?<, Aujmere kovh jetg`h tbot gt weuim beim gts ojjuoi khjhroi
ahhtgjk ej Fujh <3, <>?<, ojm sht tbh rh`erm moth cer Aoy <<, <>?<.2< Ej Aoy
<<, <>?<, gt gssuhm o aojokhahjt prexy `gr`uior. ]bh aojokhahjt prexy `gr`u-
ior stothm tbot tbh ahhtgjk weuim prevgmh sborhbeimhrs wgtb oj eppertujgty te
rh`hgvh tbh cgjoj`goi stothahjts ec tbh `eapojy, hih`t mgrh`ters, ojm rhoppegjt tbhoumgters. Ej Fujh 7, <>?<, Aujmere s leorm gapihahjthm oj omvoj`h jetg`h
prevgsgej.2= Gt ojjeuj`hm tbh omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej ej Fujh ??, <>?<, wbg`b
wos ?8 moys lhcerh tbh ahhtgjk. ]bh prevgsgej rhqugrhm jetg`h ec mgrh`ter jeagj-
otgejs lhtwhhj 0> ojm 38 moys prger te tbh ahhtgjk. 3 Gj ommgtgej, tbh prevgsgej
prevgmhm tbot tbh `bograoj ec tbh ahhtgjk bom tbh pewhr ojm muty te mhthr-
agjh wbhtbhr o jeagjotgej wos aomh gj o``ermoj`h wgtb tbh TprevgsgejQ ojm tbot
tbh leorm gj gts seih mgs`rhtgej `euim wogvh ojy rhqugrhahjt ec tbh TprevgsgejQ .
]bh prevgsgej oise `ejtogjhm o `orvh-eut tbot phragtthm sborhbeimhrs te aodh
prepesois ojm rhqugsgtgejs eutsgmh ec tbh phragtthm phrgem. Gj hcch`t, tbh prevg-
sgej prebglgthm sborhbeimhrs crea aodgjk jeagjotgejs wgtbeut prger jetg`h te tbh
`erperotgej lh`oush tbh mgrh`ters hjo`thm tbh rhqugrhahjt ?8 moys lhcerh tbh
ahhtgjk ojm tbh prevgsgej rhqugrhm sborhbeimhrs te kgvh jetg`h ot ihost 0> moys
lhcerh tbh ahhtgjk.
Jertbhrj Agjhroi Gjvhstahjts ( JAG ) gs o prgvothiy bhim L@L@O `erper-
otgej. Ot tbh tgah ec tbh @eurt s mh`gsgej, JAG bhim opprexgaothiy 2.=% ec
Aujmere s sborhs.27 Ej Fujh ?0, <>?<, JAG, o mgssgmhjt sborhbeimhr jetgcghm
;7 Phh h.k., Aujmere @opgtoi Gj`, Gjvhster Co`tsbhht (Oprgi <>?0), ejigjh6 Aujmere 9bttp6//www.
aujmere.`ea/co`tsbhht:.
2 Glgm
2? Aujmere supro jeth 3 ot poro 0
2< Glgmot poro =.
20 Glgmot poro 8
2= Aujmere @opgtoi Gj`, Jhws \hihosh, Aujmere @opgtoi Gj`. Opprevhs Omvoj`h Jetg`h ^eig`y
?? Fujh <>?<), ejigjh6 Aujmere 9bttp6//www.aujmere.`ea/jhws/<>?<: TAujmere OJ^ rhihoshQ.
28 Glgm4 Aujmere supro jeth 3 ot poro 3.
23 Aujmere OJ^ rhihosh, suprojeth 2=.
2; Aujmere suprojeth 3 ot poro 3.
22 Phh Aujmere OJ^, suprojeth =.
27 Aujmere suprojeth 3 ot poro 0
P^\GJK < ?0 =0
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XJGSH\PG]W EC ]E\EJ]E CO@XI]W EC IO[ \HSGH[
Aujmere tbot JAG lhighvhm Aujmere bom je ihkoi losgs cer gjstgtutgjk tbh omvoj`h
jetg`h prevgsgej. 7> ]bh jhxt moy, Fujh ?=, <>?<, Aujmere ojjeuj`hm tbot gt weuim
shhd sborhbeimhr opprevoi ec tbh prevgsgej ojm weuim pestpejh tbh ojjuoi ahht-
gjk.
7?
Oise ej Fujh ?=, <>?<, JAG `boiihjkhm tbh prevgsgej ly lrgjkgjk oj oppig`o-tgej te tbh Lrgtgsb @eiualgo Puprhah @eurt.
7 < Ceur moys iothr, ej Fujh ?2, <>?<,
JAG ojjeuj`hm o sioth ec mgrh`ters cer jeagjotgej ot tbh certb`eagjk ahhtgjk. 70
JAG's sioth gj`iumhm Febj (Vejk Bog) Boj, wbe wos tbh @HE ec JAG. 7= JAG's
sioth ojjeuj`hahjt stothm tbot gt wos shhdgjk te rhpio`h tbh gj`ualhjt mgrh`ters
lh`oush tbh sborh prg`h bom coiihj 8 sgj`h Mh`halhr <>>7 ojm tbh `erperoth
hxphjshs bom lhhj ujrhosejoliy bgkb evhr tbh post cgvh yhors. 78
gg) Mh`gsgej
JAG's oppig`otgej seukbt oj ermhr prhvhjtgjk Aujmere crea pestpejgjk
er omfeurjgjk tbh Fujh <3, <>?< ahhtgjk, oj ermhr prhvhjtgjk Aujmere crea
`bojkgjk tbh rh`erm moth, ojm oj ermhr mh`iorgjk tbot tbh omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej
wos ujhjcer`holih. 73
o)^estpejgjk bh Ahhtgjk ojm bojkgjk bh \h`erm Moth
Fustg`h ^ujjhtt mgsagsshm JAG's orkuahjt tbot tbh mgrh`ters `euim jet pest-
pejh tbh ahhtgjk cer twe rhosejs. Cgrst, ^ujjhtt bhim tbot tbh L@L@O phragts
mgrh`ters te pestpejh oj ojjuoi ahhtgjk. Bh `ej`iumhm tbot tbh L@L@O krojts
mgrh`ters rhsgmuoi pewhrs te aojokh tbh lusgjhss ojm occogrs ec tbh `erperotgej,
lh`oush oj gjthrprhtotgej prevgmgjk mgrh`ters wgtb ejiy tbesh pewhrs tbot tbh
L@L@O hxpig`gtiy krojts weuim lh ujmuiy rhstrg`tgvh ojm `euim ihom te ujrhosej-
olih rhsuits. 7; Curtbhr, ^ujjht bhim tbot os o aotthr ec `ejtro`tuoi gjthrprhtotgej,
7> Glgm ot poro ;.
7? Glgm ot poro 24 Aujmere @opgtoi Gj`, Jhws \hihosh, Aujmere @opgtoi Gj`. ^estpejhs Ojjuoi
Khjhroi Ahhtgjk ec Pborhbeimhrs (?= Fujh <>?<), ejigjh6 Aujmere 9bttp6//www.aujmere.`ea/
jhws/<>?<: TAujmere pestpejhahjt rhihoshQ.
7< Aujmere suprojeth 3 ot poro 7.
70 Glgm ot poro 00. Phh khjhroiiy Aujmere @opgtoi Gj`, Jhws \hihosh, Aujmere @opgtoi Gj`.
@eaahjts ej Mgssgmhjt O`tgej ?7 Fujh <>?<), ejigjh6 Aujmere 9bttp6//www.aujmere.`ea/
jhws/<>?<:. Ej tbh soah moy, Aujmere gapihahjthm o sborhbeimhr rgkbts pioj (djewj `eiiequgoiiy
os o pegsej pgii)6 shh Aujmere @opgtoi Gj`, Jhws \hihosh, Aujmere @opgtoi Gj`. Ojjeuj`hs tbh
Omeptgej ec o Pborhbeimhr \gkbts ^ioj ?2 Fujh <>?<), ejigjh6 Aujmere 9bttp6//www.aujmere.
`ea/jhws/<>?<:.
7= Jertbhrj Agjhrois Gjvhstahjt @erp, ^rhss \hihosh, Jertbhrj Agjhrois Gjvhstahjt @erp Oj-
jeuj`hs Jeagjhhs cer Hih`tgej te tbh Leorm ec Mgrh`ters ec Aujmere @opgtoi Gj` ?2 Fujh <>?<),
ejigjh6 Aordhtwgrh 9bttp6//www.aordhtwgrh.`ea/prhss-rhihosh/jertbhrj-agjhrois-gjvhstahjt-`erp-
ojjeuj`hs-jeagjhhs-hih`tgej-leorm-mgrh`ters-aujmere-tsx-vhjturh-auj- ?3;>328.bta:.
78 Glgm.
73 Aujmere suprojeth 3 ot poro 7.
7; Glgm ot poro <3 .
SEI ; <)==
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OMSOJ@H JE]G@H ^\ESGPGEJP
tbh L@L@O ojm Aujmere's ortg`ihs krojthm tbh mgrh`ters rhsgmuoi pewhrs te pest-
pejh o ahhtgjk. 72
Ph`ejm, ^ujjhtt `ej`iumhm tbot JAG's ioth jeagjotgej ojjeuj`hahjt
kovh rgsh te `gr`uastoj`hs tbot fustgcghm tbh pestpejhahjt ec tbh ahhtgjk. 77 Bhrhosejhm tbot JAG's ioth jeagjotgej ojjeuj`hahjt mgm jet ihovh hjeukb tgah
cer tbh mgrh`ters te hjsurh tbot oii ec tbh sborhbeimhrs whrh omvgshm ojm kgvhj
tbh eppertujgty te otthjm er sulagt tbhgr prexghs . ?>>Curtbhr, ^ujjhtt bhim tbot
tbhrh wos je hvgmhj`h tbot tbh leorm wos jet o`tgjk gj tbh lhst gjthrhsts ec tbh
sborhbeimhrs .?>?
Bh oise mgsagsshm JAG s rhquhst cer oj ermhr prhvhjtgjk Aujmere crea
`bojkgjk tbh rh`erm moth.?>< Bh bhim tbot tbh outbergty te `bojkh tbh rh`erm moth
ceiiews crea tbh olgigty te pestpejh tbh ojjuoi khjhroi ahhtgjk.?>0
l) meptgjk tbh Omvoj`h Jetg`h ^revgsgej
Fustg`h ^ujjhtt mgsagsshm JAG's rhquhst cer o mh`iorotgej tbot tbh omvoj`h jetg`h
prevgsgej wos ujhjcer`holih. ?>= Bewhvhr, bh sukkhsthm tbot `eurts sbeuim `ejsgm-
hr ho`b `osh loshm ej tbh `gr`uastoj`hs. ?> Bhrh, bh ceujm tbot tbh `gr`uastoj`hs
mgm jet worrojt gjthrvhjtgej.
^ujjhtt bhim tbot jhgtbhr tbh L@L@O jer tbh ortg`ihs prhvhjthm tbh mgrh`ters
crea omeptgjk oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej.?>3 ]bhrh whrh twe rhosejs cer tbgs
beimgjk. Cgrst, os JAG omagtthm, tbh L@L@O gs sgihjt ej tbh olgigty ec mgrh`ters teomept oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej. ?> Ph`ejm, Aujmere's ortg`ihs prevgmhm tbot tbh
mgrh`ters aust aojokh er suphrvgsh tbh aojokhahjt ec tbh lusgjhss ojm occogrs
ec TAujmereQ ojm bovh tbh outbergty te hxhr`gsh oii su`b pewhrs ec TAujmereQ
os orh jet, ly tbh TL@L@OQ er ly tbhsh Ortg`ihs, rhqugrhm te lh hxhr`gshm ly tbh
sborhbeimhrs ec TAujmereQ .?>
72 Glgm
77 Glgmot poro 03.
?>> Glgm ot poro 08.
?>? Glgm ot poro 03.
?>< Glgm ot poro 0;.
?>0 Glgm
?>= Glgm ot poro 88.
?>8 Glgm ot poros =; 80.
?>3 Glgm ot poros =8 =3.
?>; Glgm
?>2 Glgm ot poro =8 `gtgjk Aujmere @opgtoi Gj`, @hrtgcg`oth ec Gj`erperotgej 2 Aoy <>>2), s ?8.?,
ejigjh6 Pystha cer Hih`trejg` Me`uahjt Ojoiysgs ojm \htrghvoi (PHMO\) 9www.shmor.`ea:, cgihm os Ph`urgty beimhrs me`uahjts Hjkigsb , Aujmere @opgtoi Gj` 2 Aoy <>>2 .
P^\GJK < ?0 =8
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XJGSH\PG]W EC ]E\EJ]E CO@XI]W EC IO[ \HSGH[
Curtbhr, ^ujjhtt bhim tbot tbh hvgmhj`h mgm jet hstoligsb tbot tbh omvoj`h
jetg`h prevgsgej gjcrgjkhm sborhbeimhr rgkbts. \otbhr, tbh prevgsgej gj tbgs `osh
hjsurhm oj ermhriy jeagjotgej pre`hss ojm prevgmhm oii sborhbeimhrs wgtb tbh
eppertujgty te lh`eah gjcerahm oleut tbh mgrh`ter jeagjhhs.
? >7
]bh omvoj`hjetg`h prevgsgej tbhrhcerh prhvhjtThmQ o kreup ec sborhbeimhrs crea todgjk omvoj-
tokh ec o peeriy otthjmhm sborhbeimhrs ahhtgjk te gapesh tbhgr sioth ec mgrh`ters ej
wbot `euim lh o aofergty ec sborhbeimhrs ujoworh ec su`b o pessglgigty orgsgjk .??>
Gj ommgtgej, ^ujjhtt bhim tbot tbh prevgsgej hvgmhj`hTmQ keem cogtb ojm
rhosejolihjhss , lh`oush tbh mgrh`ters rhtogjhm mgs`rhtgej te wogvh ojy rhqugrh-
ahjt ec tbh prevgsgej, tbhgr mh`gsgej te hxhr`gsh mgs`rhtgej wos sulfh`t te fumg-
`goi rhvghw, ojm tbhy piojjhm te shhd sborhbeimhr opprevoi ot tbh ojjuoi khjhroi
ahhtgjk.
Cgjoiiy, ^ujjhtt ceujm tbot Aujmere s mgrh`ters mgm jet gapihahjt tbhomvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej te 'gjciuhj`h er prh`iumh' o prexy `ejthst . ??< Gjsthom,
tbhy gapihahjthm tbh prevgsgej te hjsurh tbot tbh sborhbeimhrs whrh oworh ec tbh
prexy `ejthst.?
ggg)Pulshquhjt Hvhjts
Aujmere bhim gts ojjuoi khjhroi ahhtgjk ej Oukust <;, <>?<. ]bh omvoj`h
jetg`h prevgsgej mgm jet rh`hgvh tbh twe-tbgrms opprevoi ojm wos tbus jet hcch`tgvh
kegjk cerworm, lut tbh sborhbeimhrs rh-hih`thm aojokhahjt's sioth ec mgrh`ters.??=
Mhspgth tbh prhvgeusiy uj su``hsscui prevgsgej, A ujmere ojjeuj`hm ej Jevhalhr
7, <>?< tbot gt bom omepthm o jualhr ec `erperoth kevhrjoj`h peig`ghs, gj`ium-
gjk oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej, wbg`b sborhbeimhrs aust opprevh ot tbh jhxt
ahhtgjk.?
Gj suaaory, Aujmere s mgrh`ters gapihahjthm oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej
octhr tbh `ut-ecc moth. Gj tbh co`h ec sborhbeimhr `boiihjkh, Aujmere s mgrh`ters
pestpejhm tbh ahhtgjk ojm rhseivhm te shhd sborhbeimhr opprevoi. Lh`oush tbh
mgrh`ters pestpejhm tbh ahhtgjk, JAG wos olih te jeagjoth mgrh`ters wgtbeut
vgeiotgjk tbh prevgsgej. [bgih tbh @eurt `ej`iumhm tbot tbgs portg`uior omvoj`h
jetg`h prevgsgej wos hjcer`holih, gt sukkhsthm tbot `eurts sbeuim `ejsgmhr prevg-
sgejs ej o `osh-ly-`osh losgs.
? 7 Aujmere,suprojeth 3 ot poro =;.
?? Glgm.
lgm ot poro 8?.
< lgm ot poro 80.
??0 Glgm.
??= Aujmere @opgtoi Gj`, Jhws \hihosh, Aujmere ]bojds Pborhbeimhrs cer ]bhgr Puppert <2
Oukust <>?<), ejigjh6 Aujmere 9bttp6//www.aujmere.`ea/jhws/<>?<:.??8 Aujmere @opgtoi Gj`, Jhws \hihosh, Aujmere Ojjeuj`hs 0 Cgjoj`gois ojm @eaprhbhj-
sgvh Kevhrjoj`h ^eig`ghs 7 Jevhalhr <>?<), ejigjh6 Aujmere 9bttp6//www.aujmere.`ea/
jhws/<>?<:.
SEI ; (<)=3
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OMSOJ@H JE]G@H ^\ESGPGEJP
?G AOXME\H
g) Lo`dkreujm
Aoumerh gs o @ojomgoj agjgjk `erperotgej hstoligsbhm ujmhr tbh EL@O
Aoumerh's sborhs orh igsthm ej tbh ]PR Shjturh,??; ojm tbh `eapojy sph`goigz-
hs gj agjgjk keim, wgtb gts osshts ie`othm gj _uhlh`, @ojomo.B7 @eiih`tgvhiy,
]bh Borleur Ceujmotgej ojm @gty Ph`urgtghs Igagthm (tekhtbhr, Borleur ) gs
Aoumerh's iorkhst sborhbeimhr.?<> Phokhr \hx Borleur ( Ar. Borleur ) ojm bgs
sej Mojghi Borleur ( Mr. Borleur ) orh trusthhs ec ]bh Borleur Ceujmotgej,
ojm Ar. Borleur gs tbh ceujmhr ojm prgj`gpoi ec @gty Ph`urgtghs Igagthm. ?<?
Gj <>??, Ar. Borleur lh`oah `ej`hrjhm oleut Aoumerh's aojokhahjt.
]e ommrhss bgs `ej`hrjs, bh shjt Mr. Borleur ojm Beworm @orr ( Mr. @orr ),oj h`ejeag` kheiekgst ojm coagiy crghjm, te vgsgt Aoumerh's agjh gj Soi M'Er,
_uhlh`. ?<< Lhcerh oiiewgjk Mr. @orr te vgsgt tbh agjh, Aoumerh's @HE, \ejoim
Pberr, rhqugrhm Mr. @orr te sgkj o `ejcgmhjtgoigty okrhhahjt. ?<0 Murgjk tbh vgsgt,
Mr. @orr `ej`iumhm tbot Aoumerh's pulig`iy-mgs`ieshm agjgjk gjceraotgej wos
`errh`t, lut tbot Aoumerh's @HE pesshsshm je th`bjg`oi djewihmkh ojm tbh hxgst-
gjk aojokhahjt wos agsaojokgjk tbh kheiekg`oi `ejsuitojts. ?<=
Pulshquhjtiy, ej Oprgi ?? <>?<, Aoumerh's leorm ec mgrh`ters kovh jetg`h
tbot tbh ojjuoi ahhtgjk weuim e``ur ej Fujh 2, <>?<, ojm tbot tbh rh`erm moth
weuim lh Aoy =, <>?<.?<8 ]bh leorm oise stru`d o sph`goi `eaagtthh ec gjmhphjm-hjt mgrh`ters te rhspejm te Ar. Borleur's `ej`hrjs wbhj gt lh`oah `ihor tbot
bh agkbt gjgtgoth o prexy `ejthxt. ?<3 Ej Oprgi <0, <>?<, Ar. Borleur `ejto`thm
Aoumerh's @HE ojm prepeshm tbot Mr. @orr rhpio`h bga, ojm tbot tbh leorm
jeagjoth o jhw @bograoj. ?<; Ar. Borleur oise gjmg`othm tbot bh mgm jet wgsb te
rhpio`h tbh hjtgrh leorm ec mgrh`ters. ?<2 Jhvhrtbhihss, Aoumerh's @HE ojm leorm
??3 Phh h.k., Aoumerh Agjhrois Itm Ojjuoi Oumgthm Cgjoj`goi Ptothahjts 0? Mh`halhr, <>??)
ot 2, ejigjh6 Aoumerh 9bttp6//www.aoumerh.`ea/s/Cgjoj`goiPtothahjts.osp: TAoumerh Ojjuoi
\hpertQ.
??; Aoumerh supro jeth 7 ot poro ?
??2 Aoumerh Ojjuoi \hpert, suprojeth ??3.
??7 Glgm ot ?2-?7.
?<> Aoumerh suprojeth 7 ot poro ?
?<? Glgm ot poro =
?<< Glgm ot poros ?8-?7.
?<0 Glgm ot poro <8.
?<= Glgm ot poro 02.
?<8 Glgm ot poro =< .
?<3 Glgm ot poro == .
?<; Glgm ot poro =8.
?<2 Glgm
P^\GJK < ?0 =;
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XJGSH\PG]W EC ]E\EJ]E CO@XI]W EC IO[ \HSGH[
ec mgrh`ters rhcushm te gapihahjt Ar. Borleur s prepesoi.?<7 Gj rhspejsh, Ar.
Borleur mh`gmhm te prepesh bgs ewj sioth ec mgrh`ters cer tbh leorm.E
Ej Aoy <8 <>?<, Aoumerh ojjeuj`hm tbot gt bom oahjmhm gts ly-iows
te gj`iumh oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej. ]bh prevgsgej, igdh tbot gj Aujmere
rhqugrhm sborhbeimhrs te gjcera tbh mgrh`ters ec ojy prepeshm jeagjotgejs ot
ihost 0> moys, ojm jet aerh tboj 38 moys, lhcerh tbh ojjuoi ahhtgjk. Gj `ejtrost
te Aujmere, Aoumerh gjstgtuthm tbh prevgsgej lhcerh tbh `ut-ecc moth. Bewhvhr,
tbh mgrh`ters gapihahjthm tbh prevgsgej ejiy cgvh moys lhcerh tbh `ut-ecc moth,
ojm Aoumerh rhcushm te rhspejm (te tbh mgssgmhjt s sotgsco`tgej) te tbh mgssgmhjt s
rhquhst cer `iorgcg`otgej ej bew tbh prevgsgej sbeuim lh gjthrprhthm.?0 < Gj igkbt ec
tbh `ejthjtgeus rhiotgejsbgp lhtwhhj tbh portghs, Aoumerh aoy bovh rhsgsthm tbh
mgssgmhjt s rhquhst cer `iorgcg`otgej os o stoiigjk to`tg` te prhvhjt tbh mgssgmhjt crea
`eapiygjk wgtb tbh ly-iow.
0
Ej Fujh =, <>?<, Borleur otthapthm te `eapiy wgtb tbh omvoj`h jetg`h
rhqugrhahjt.?0= ]bh ceiiewgjk moy, Aoumerh ojjeuj`hm tbot gt wos pestpejgjk tbh
sborhbeimhr ahhtgjk moth ojm tbh rh`erm moth te Fuiy <7 <>?< ojm Fujh 2 <>?<,
rhsph`tgvhiy. Jetoliy, Boleur s jeagjotgej ojjeuj`hahjt wos chwhr tboj 0>
moys crea tbh moth ec tbh sborhbeimhr ahhtgjk, lut ojy gssuh ec `eapigoj`h wgtb
tbh omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej wos aeet octhr tbh mgrh`ters pestpejhm tbh ahhtgjk.
gg)Mh`gsgej
Aoumerh lreukbt o aetgej shhdgjk gjfuj`tgvh rhighc okogjst Borleur s ush ec
Mr. @orr s `ejcgmhjtgoi gjceraotgej. Borleur lreukbt o `eujthr-aetgej shhdgjk
mh`iorotery ojm gjfuj`tgvh rhighc crea Aoumerh s oiihkhmiy epprhssgvh `ejmu`t.
Fustg`h ^hrhii oppighm tbh gjfuj`tgej thst crea \F\-Ao`mejoim @ojomo OK)
te rhfh`t ho`b porty s rhquhst.3 Bh bhim tbot jhgtbhr porty `euim hstoligsb o strejk
prgao co`gh `osh, jer `euim tbhy hstoligsb tbot tbh loioj`h ec `ejvhjghj`h coveurhm
oj gjfuj`tgej, os tbh thst rhqugrhs.? 0;
?<7 Glgm.
?0> Glgm.
0 Glgm ot poro 8=.
?0< Glgmot poro 88.
?00 Ejh agkbt oise sph`uioth tbot Aoumerh bephm te iothr `boiihjkh tbh mgssgmhjt s `eapigoj`h wgtb
tbh OJ^ gc tbh mgssgmhjt wos su``hsscui gj tbh veth.
?0= Aoumerh supro jeth 7 ot poro 82.
?08 Glgmot poro 87.
?03 Aoumerh suprojeth 7 ot poro ;=, `gtgjk \F\-Ao`MejoimGj` v @ojomo OK), T?77=Q P@\ 0??MI\ (=tb) 028.
?0; Aoumerh supro jeth 7 ot poros 7?-7< 72 ??7-<>.
=2 SEI ; <)
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OMSOJ@H JE]G@H ^\ESGPGEJP
o) Aoumerh s\hquhst cer oj Gjfuj`tgej
Fustg`h ^hrhii mhjghm Aoumerh's rhquhst cer oj gjfuj`tgej prebglgtgjk Borleur
crea vetgjk gts sh`urgtghs.' Oitbeukb bh ceujm tbot Borleur igdhiy eltogjhm `ejcg-
mhjtgoi gjceraotgej bh bhim tbot Aoumerh bom cogihm te hstoligsb o strejk prgaoco`gh `osh tbot Borleur agsushm `ejcgmhjtgoi gjceraotgej.?0 7
Curtbhr, ^hrhii bhim
tbot tbh loioj`h ec `ejvhjghj`h mgm jet coveur Aoumerh. => Bh rhosejhm tbot
hvhj gc Borleur agsushm tbh `ejcgmhjtgoi gjceraotgej, gt mgm se cer tbh purpesh ec
hxhr`gsgjk gts rgkbt te hjkokh gj o prexy `ejthst.?=? Bh oise ceujm tbot oj gjfuj`-
tgej prhvhjtgjk Borleur crea hxhr`gsgjk gts jeraoi hih`teroi rgkbts weuim lh
mro`ejgoj , lh`oush Aoumerh's @HE thstgcghm tbot Borleur kogjhm igttih crea
tbh `ejcgmhjtgoi gjceraotgej. ?= < Fustg`h ^hrhii jethm tbot tbhrh TwosQ seahtbgjk
te lh sogm cer TBorleur'sQ sukkhstgej aomh murgjk orkuahjt tbot tbh mgs`eacert
er gj`ejvhjghj`h TwosQ jet khjugjh lut rotbhr o `evhr cer o to`tg`oi mhvg`h gj tbh
prexy cgkbt .?=0
l)Borleur s\hquhst cer \highcojm oj Gjfuj`tgej
Fustg`h ^hrhii oise rhcushm te krojt Borleur o mh`iorotgej er gjthrie`utery rhighc
ujmhr tbh epprhssgej rhahmy.?== Ej tbh co`ts, bh `ej`iumhm tbot tbhrh wos je
rhosej er losgs te gjthrchrh wgtb tbh `ejtro`tuoi ojm `erperoth outejeay ec
Aoumerh's leorm.?=8 Aerhevhr, Aoumerh's mh`gsgej te pestpejh tbh sborhbeimhr
ahhtgjk wos ujmhrstojmolih ojm rhosejolih, hsph`goiiy sgj`h tbh leorm pestpejhm
tbh ahhtgjk gj oj otthapt te opphosh Ar. Borleur .?=3
\hkormgjk tbh omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej, ^hrhii bhim tbot tbh prevgsgej wos
jet epprhssgvh. [gtbeut kgvgjk ojy sph`gcg` rhosejs er `ejsgmhrgjk tbh portg`uior
prevgsgej gapihahjthm, ^hrhii stothm tbot tbhrh wos jetbgjk ujcogr er gjoppre-
prgoth gj gjtremu`gjk tbh TprevgsgejQ te hjsurh tbot oii sborhbeimhrs weuim bovh
succg`ghjt jetg`h ec o `ejthsthm hih`tgej ec mgrh`ters . ?=;
Fustg`h ^hrhii `ej`iumhm tbot tbh @eurt sbeuim jet krojt Borleur oj gjfuj`-
tgej ej tbh kreujm ec epprhssgej. Bh bhim tbot Borleur mgm jet sbew o strejk
?02 lgm ot poros 27 7=.
?07 lgm ot poros 7> 7?.
?=> Glgm ot poro 72.
?=? lgm ot poro 78.
?=< Glgm ot poro 73.
?=0 Glgm ot poro 7;.
?== Phh glgm ot poros =-8, ?>> ?<> (Fustg`h ^hrhii rhfh`thm Borleur's oppig`otgej cer rhighc ujmhr
sh`tgej <=2 ec tbh EL@O, wbg`b gs tbh hqugvoihjt te sh`tgej <=? ec tbh @L@O .
?=8 Glgm ot poro ?>7.
?=3 Glgm ot poro ??0.
?=; Glgm ot poro ??=.
P^\GJK < ?0 =7
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XJGSH\PG]W EC ]E\EJ]E CO@XI]W EC IO[ \HSGH[
prgao co`gh `osh cer o aojmotery gjfuj`tgej ,?=2 ojm tbot Borleur weuim jet succhr
grrhporolih bora gc Aoumerh s `bograoj gaprephriy `ejmu`thm tbh sborhbeim-
hr ahhtgjk. = 7 Ommgtgejoiiy, os tbh gjfuj`tgej weuim bovh hsshjtgoiiy mhthragjhm
tbh aotthr, tbh loioj`h ec `ejvhjghj`h mgm jet coveur oj gjthrchrhj`h wgtb tbh`ejtro`tuoi ojm `erperoth outejeay ec Aoumerh ojm gts sborhbeimhrs .8 >
ggg)Pulshquhjt Hvhjts
]bh @eurt rhihoshm tbh Aoumerh mh`gsgej ej Fuiy ?2, <>?<-tbh moy lhcerh tbh
ahhtgjk. Ej tbh moy ec tbh ahhtgjk, A oumerh ojjeuj`hm tbot gt bom hjthrhm gjte o
shttihahjt wgtb Borleur tbot kovh tbh mgssgmhjt cgvh ec tbh shvhj leorm shots, ojm
trojsgtgejhm te Borleur s prhchrrhm @HE. '
Gj suaaory, Aoumerh s mgrh`ters gapihahjthm oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej
cgvh moys lhcerh tbh `ut-ecc moth ojm mgm jet gaahmgothiy rhspejm te Borleur s
rhquhst cer `iorgcg`otgej oleut tbh prevgsgej. [bhj Borleur ojjeuj`hm gts jeagj-
otgejs octhr tbh `ut-ecc moth, Aoumerh s mgrh`ters pestpejhm tbh ahhtgjk. Lh`oush
tbh mgrh`ters pestpejhm tbh ahhtgjk, ojy gssuh ec Borleur vgeiotgjk tbh prevgsgej
wos aeet, ojm tbh @eurt mhjghm tbh mgssgmhjt s epprhssgej `eapiogjt. Gj `ejtrost
te Aujmere, tbh mgssgmhjt gj Aoumerh bom hjeukb vetgjk pewhr te `ejvgj`h tbh
gj`ualhjt leorm te `hmh `ejtrei ec tbh `eapojy's leorm.
S ^\ELIHAO]G@ XPH OJM M\OC]GJK EC OMSOJ@H JE]G@H ^\ESGPGEJP
jAujmere,?8 < tbh mgrh`ters ushm o leorm peig`y te omept oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevg-
sgej ?8 moys lhcerh tbh s`bhmuihm ahhtgjk.' ]bh prevgsgej prh`iumhm o mgssgmhjt
crea jeagjotgjk mgrh`ters, lh`oush tbh prevgsgej phragtthm o mgssgmhjt te jeagj-
oth mgrh`ters ejiy lhtwhhj 0> te 38 moys lhcerh tbh ahhtgjk.?8= Gj rhspejsh te
JAG's ihkoi `boiihjkh, Aujmere pestpejhm tbh ahhtgjk ojm stothm tbot gt weuim
shhd sborhbeimhr opprevoi ec tbh peig`y.?88
?=2 Glgm ot poro ??7.
?=7 Glgm.
?8 Glgm.
?8? Aoumerh Agjhrois Itm, Jhws \hihosh, Ojjuoi Ahhtgjk Xpmoth (?7 Fuiy <>?<), ejigjh6 Aoumerh
9bttp6//www.aoumerh.`ea/s/Jhws\hihoshs.osp:.
?8< Aujmere suprojeth 3.
?80 Phh khjhroiiy Aujmere OJ^ rhihosh, supro jeth 2=4 Aujmere supro jeth 3 ot poros =, 3 (tbh
ahhtgjk wos te lh bhim ej Fujh <3, <>?< ojm tbh omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej wos ojjeuj`hm ej Fujh
?? <>?<).
?8= Aujmere OJ^, supro jeth = ot <.
?88 Aujmere pestpejhahjt rhihosh, suprojeth 7?.
SEI ;? <)
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XJGSH\PG]W EC ]E\EJ]E CO@XI]W EC IO[ \HSGH[
o rhsuit, hvhj gc sborhbeimhrs vethm okogjst tbh prevgsgej, tbhy weuim jet lh olih
te jeagjoth mgrh`ters crea tbh cieer ec tbh ahhtgjk lh`oush tbh veth cer mgrh`ters
weuim bovh oirhomy e``urrhm.
Hvhj wbhj mgrh`ters gapihahjt oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej lhcerh tbh `ut-eccmoth, tbh mgrh`ters agkbt ush etbhr to`tg`s te prhvhjt o mgssgmhjt crea lhgjk olih
te `eapiy wgtb tbh prevgsgej. Os mhaejstrothm gj Aoumerh Aoumerh ojjeuj`hm
tbh omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej shvhroi moys lhcerh tbh `ut-ecc moth, lut tbhj cogihm
te rhspejm gj o tgahiy aojjhr te tbh mgssgmhjt's rhquhst cer `iorgcg`otgej oleut tbh
prevgsgej.?3? [bhj tbh mgrh`ters stoii ly cogigjk te rhspejm te su`b rhquhsts, tbh
mgrh`ters agkbt lh usgjk tbh prevgsgej te hjtrhj`b tbhashivhs rotbhr tboj prevgmh
sborhbeimhrs wgtb tbh eppertujgty te `ejsgmhr oii pessglih jea gjhhs.
[bgih omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs agkbt gj`iumh o `orvh-eut cer prepesois ojm
rhqugsgtgejs, tbh `orvh-eut `oj lh ushihss ujmhr `hrtogj sgtuotgejs. Cer hxoapih,o``ermgjk te sh`tgej ?0;(8)(o) ec tbh @L@O ojm sh`tgej =7 ec tbh \hkuiotgejs
3<
prepesois aust lh sulagtthm te tbh `erperotgej ot ihost 7> moys lhcerh tbh ojjg-
vhrsory moth ec tbh jetg`h cer tbh prhvgeus yhor's ojjuoi ahhtgjk. Gj ommgtgej,
mgrh`ters orh jet rhqugrhm te `oii o sborhbeimhr-rhqugsgtgejhm ahhtgjk wbhj o
rh`erm moth bos lhhj cgxhm ujmhr porokropb ?0=(?)(`) ojm jetg`h ec gt bos lhhj
kgvhj ujmhr sulsh`tgej ?0=(0) ?,?30 er wbhj tbh mgrh`ters bovh `oiihm o ahhtgjk
ec sborhbeimhrs ojm bovh kgvhj jetg`h tbhrhec ujmhr sh`tgej ?08 ?.?3= Os o rhsuit,
`erperoth iow aoy prh`iumh o sborhbeimhr crea sulagttgjk o prepesoi er rhqugsg-
tgejgjk o ahhtgjk hvhj prger te tbh wgjmew ec eppertujgty lhgjk ovogiolih. ]bus,mgrh`ters agkbt ush `orvh-euts os wgjmew mrhssgjk te mgskugsh tbhgr gjthjtgejs ec
mhchotgjk o mgssgmhjt's jeagjhhs.
GG ^\HSHJ]GJK JEAGJO]GEJP LHCE\H O P^H@GCG@ MO]H
Omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs aoy oise lh quhstgejolih wbhj tbhy orlgtrorgiy prhvhjt
jeagjotgejs lhcerh o sph`gcg` moth. Okogj, tbh `eaaej fustgcg`otgej cer omvoj`h
jetg`h prevgsgejs gs tbot tbhy oiiew sborhbeimhrs te lh gjcerahm ec etbhr `ojmgmoths
cer mgrh`tersbgp. Gc tbgs gs tbh fustgcg`otgej, tbhj gt gs uj`ihor wby omvoj`h jetg`h
prevgsgejs sbeuim prhvhjt sborhbeimhrs crea hgtbhr jeagjotgjk er gjceragjk etbhrsborhbeimhrs ec oithrjotgvh jeagjotgejs lhcerh o sph`gcg` moth. ]bh omvoj`h jetg`h
prevgsgejs gj Aoumerh ojm Aujmere letb prebglgthm jeagjotgejs aomh aerh
tboj 38 moys lhcerh tbh moth ec tbh ojjuoi ahhtgjk.?38 Gj Aoumerh ojm Aujmere
jhgtbhr tbh mgrh`ters jer tbh @eurts hxpiogjhm er ojoiyzhm wby tbh mgrh`ters sht
o 38-moy `ut-ecc. [bgih mgrh`ters aoy orkuh tbot iejk mrowj eut prexy lottihs orh
3 Aoumerh suprojeth 7 ot poro 88.
?3< @L@O suprojeth ?>, s ?0;(8)(o)4 \hkuiotgejs supro jeth =3, s =7.
?30 @L@O suprojeth ?>, s ?=0(0)(o).
?3= Glgm s ?=0(0)(l).
?38 Aujmere OJ^, supro jeth = ot <4 Aoumerh OJ^, suprojeth = ot 8
SEI ;? <<
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OMSOJ@H JE]G@H ^\ESGPGEJP
o wosth ec `erperoth rhseur`hs, tbh hvhjts lhtwhhj @^ \ogi ( @^ ) ojm ^hrsbgjk
Pquorh ( ^hrsbgjk ) gj <>??-?< giiustroth tbh pewhr ec o iejk pulig` `oapogkj.
Ej E`telhr <7, <>??, ^hrsbgjk ojjeuj`hm tbot gt wos kegjk te otthapt te
`bojkh tbh aojokhahjt thoa ec @^. ?33
^hrsbgjk prepeshm tbot @^ oppegjtshvhroi gjmgvgmuois os mgrh`ters ojm rhpio`h tbh @HE.3' ]bh gj`ualhjt leorm ec
@^ rhcushm ^hrsbgjk's rhquhst.?32 Ej Fojuory <0, <>?<, @^ ojjeuj`hm tbot tbh
ojjuoi ahhtgjk weuim e``ur ej Aoy ?;, <>?<.?37 ]bh ceiiewgjk moy, Fojuory <=,
<>?<, ^hrsbgjk gjcerahm tbh leorm tbot gt gjthjmhm te jeagjoth gts ewj leorm
ahalhrs ojm te seig`gt prexghs. ?;> ^hrsbgjk ojjeuj`hm gts gjthjtgejs oiaest ceur
aejtbs lhcerh @^'s ojjuoi ahhtgjk. ]bh omvoj`hm o`tgej oiiewhm ^hrsbgjk te ruj
o `oapogkj tbot gj`iumhm `eaaujg`otgej wgtb sborhbeimhrs evhr o ceur-aejtb
phrgem. Gj ommgtgej, shvhroi prexy omvgser cgras ojm o iorkh gjstgtutgejoi gjvhst-
er rh`eaahjmhm vetgjk gj coveur ec ^hrsbgjk gj horiy Aoy <>?<.?;? ^rhsuaoliy,o iejkhr phrgem oiiews prexy omvgsery cgras ojm sborhbeimhrs te lhtthr hvoiuoth
tbh mgssgmhjt s jeagjotgejs. Cer hxoapih, tbh sigmh mh`d ushm ly ^hrsbgjk ot gts
Chlruory 3, <>?< tewj boii ahhtgjk wos ??< sigmhs iejk.?;< ]bh prexy `gr`uior
rhihoshm ly ^hrsbgjk ej Oprgi =, <>?< wos 8= pokhs iejk.?;0 Bom tbgs gjceraotgej
lhhj kgvhj te tbh sborhbeimhrs 0> te 3> moys prger te tbh ahhtgjk, gt gs quhstgej-
olih wbhtbhr tbh prexy omvgsery cgras ojm sborhbeimhrs weuim bovh lhhj olih
te hvoiuoth ^hrsbgjk's jeagjhhs os tbereukbiy. Curtbhr ^hrsbgjk igdhiy lhjhcgthm
crea cgrst aevhr omvojtokhs. Gc mgrh`ters bovh oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej gj pio`h,
tbhj tbhy `oj lhkgj te todh o`tgejs tbot hapbosgzh tbhgr rh`erm ec o``eapigsbahjt
prger te tbh wgjmew ec eppertujgty. O bhom stort cer aojokhahjt `oj lh mgsomvoj-
tokheus te o mgssgmhjt sborhbeimhr, lh`oush tbh mgssgmhjt aust otthapt te evhr-
`eah sborhbeimhrs' prhmhthragjhm lhighcs tbot aojokhahjt s gjgtgoi `eaaujg`o-
tgejs `oj hstoligsb.
]bh 0>- te 38-moy wgjmew ec eppertujgty tbot tbh omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs
gj Aujmere ojm Aoumerh prevgmhm sborhbeimhrs gs oise hapgrg`oiiy quhstgej-
olih. O stumy ly Cosdhj Aortgjhou MuAeuigj II^ ojoiyzhm ?>? @ojomgoj prexy
?33 ]gahigjh ec @^ \ogi's prexy lottih erejte Ptor ?; Aoy <>?<), ejigjh6 ]erejte Ptor 9bttp6//www.tbhstor.`ea/lusgjhss/ortg`ih/??;7337-tgahigjh-ec-`p-rogi-s-prexy-lottih: T@^ \ogi ]gahigjhQ.
?3; Glgm
?32 Glgm
?37 Glgm
?;> Glgm
?;? Glgm
?;< ^hrsbgjk Pquorh @opgtoi Aojokhahjt I^, ]bh Jeagjhhs cer Aojokhahjt @bojkh (3 Chlru-
ory <>?<), ejigjh6 Pystha cer Hih`trejg` Me`uahjt Ojoiysgs ojm \htrghvoi (PHMO\) 9www.shmor.
`ea:, cgihm os Etbhr , @ojomgoj ^o`gcg` \ogiwoy Igagthm (3 Chlruory <>?<).
?;0 ^hrsbgjk Pquorh @opgtoi Aojokhahjt I^, @^ \gsgjk (= Oprgi <>?<), ejigjh6 Pystha cer Hih`-trejg` Me`uahjt Ojoiysgs ojm \htrghvoi (PHMO\) 9www.shmor.`ea:, cgihm os Gjceraotgej `gr`uior
- Hjkigsb , @ojomgoj ^o`gcg` \ogiwoy Igagthm 8Oprgi <>?<).
P^\GJK < ?0 80
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XJGSH\PG]W EC ]E\EJ]E CO@XI]W EC IO[ \HSGH[
`ejthsts tbot e``urrhm lhtwhhj Fojuory ?,<>>2 ojm Mh`halhr 0?, <>?< ?;= ]b h
stumy `ejsgmhrhm tbh mgssgmhjt su``hss roth loshm ej wbhj tbh mgssgmhjt gjgtgothm
tbh prexy `ejthst. Pph`gcg`oiiy, tbh outbers mgvgmhm tbh gjgtgotgej moth gjte tbrhh
`othkerghs6 3> er aerh moys lhcerh tbh ergkgjoiiy s`bhmuihm ahhtgjk, 0> te 87 moyslhcerh tbh ergkgjoiiy s`bhmuihm ahhtgjk, ojm chwhr tboj 0> moys lhcerh tbh ergkgj-
oiiy s`bhmuihm ahhtgjk. ]bh stumy ceujm tbot wbhj tbh mgssgmhjt gjgtgothm tbh prexy
`ejthst 3> moys er aerh lhcerh tbh ergkgjoiiy s`bhmuihm ahhtgjk, tbh mgssgmhjt
su``hss roth wos 3;%.; ? [bhj tbh mgssgmhjt gjgtgothm tbh prexy `ejthst lhtwhhj 0>
ojm 87 moys lhcerh tbh ergkgjoiiy s`bhmuihm ahhtgjk, tbh su``hss roth wos =?> .?;3
Iostiy, wbhj tbh mgssgmhjt gjgtgothm tbh prexy `ejthst chwhr tboj 0> moys lhcerh tbh
ergkgjoiiy s`bhmuihm ahhtgjk, tbh mgssgmhjt su``hss roth wos =7 .; ; ]bus, gt wos
ceujm tbot mgssgmhjts whrh ihost igdhiy te wgj o prexy `ejthst wbhj tbhy gjgtgothm
tbh prexy `ejthst 0> te 87 moys lhcerh tbh ergkgjoiiy s`bhmuihm ahhtgjk. [bgih
tbh stumy `ejsgmhrhm ejiy prexy `ejthsts tbot mgssgmhjts gjgtgothm wgtbeut rhiygjk
ej hgtbhr ec tbh prexy hxhaptgejs, tbh rhsuits ec tbh stumy sukkhst tbot mgssgmhjts
`oj krhotiy lhjhcgt crea rujjgjk o iejk pulig` `oapogkj er o whii-prhporhm sbert
`oapogkj. Gj ommgtgej, tbh rhsuits ec tbh stumy sukkhst tbot oj omvoj`h jetg`h
prevgsgej tbot prevgmhs sborhbeimhrs wgtb o 0>- te 38-moy wgjmew ec eppertujgty,
os gj Aujmere ojm Aoumerh agkbt rhmu`h tbh `boj`h ec sborhbeimhrs hih`tgjk o
mgssgmhjt's jeagjhhs.
Curtbhr, os mhaejstrothm gj tbh @^ \ogi soko, o mgssgmhjt aoy oppreo`b tbh
leorm prgvothiy ojm bovh tbh gj`ualhjt mgrh`ters oppegjt shvhroi ec tbh mgssgmhjt's
rhprhshjtotgvhs te tbh leorm.?;2 ]bh omvojtokh te tbh `erperotgej ec oppegjtgjk
shvhroi ec tbh mgssgmhjt s rhprhshjtotgvhs gs tbot tbh gj`ualhjt aojokhahjt `oj
`ejtgjuh te ephroth tbh `erperotgej o``ermgjk te tbhgr pioj ojm ovegm o prexy
lottih. ?;7 Bewhvhr, wbhrh o prevgsgej rhstrg`ts jetg`h prger te 38 moys, mgssgmhjts
wgii igdhiy lh `outgeus oleut oihrtgjk tbh leorm tee horiy ec tbhgr mhsgrh te bovh
shvhroi rhprhshjtotgvhs ej tbh leorm. Os o rhsuit, rhstrg`tgjk jeagjotgejs lhcerh o
sph`gcghm moth aoy mgs`eurokh mgssgmhjts crea hjthrgjk gjte o iejkhr, aerh mrowj
?;= Oorej FOtdgjsej, Mojghi Lotgsto Lromihy O Crhhioj, <>?0 @ojomgoj ^rexy @ejthst Ptumy
(<>?0) ot 0, ejigjh6 Cosdhj Aortgjhou MuAeuigj II^ 9bttp6//rhspejsh.cosdhj.`ea/ecchrs/cosdhj-aortgjhou-`ojomgoj-prexy-`ejthsts-stumy-<>?0.pmc:.
?;8 Glgm ot 0> (tbh su``hss roth gs tbh okkrhkoth ec wbot tbh outbers' `othkergzhm os portgoi ojm cuii
mgssgmhjt wgjs6 shh glgm ot 8).
?;3 Glgm
?;; Glgm.
?;2 Mgrh`ters aoy oppegjt ommgtgejoi mgrh`ters ujmhr sh`tgej ?>3(2) ec tbh @L@O supro jeth ?>. ]bh
olgigty ec mgrh`ters te oppegjt ommgtgejoi mgrh`ters gs mgstgj`t crea tbh jeagjotgej ojm hih`tgej pre`hss.
Os khjhroiiy mrocthm, @ojomgoj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs me jet prhvhjt oppegjtahjts.
?;7 Cer hxoapih, ot tbh tgah ec ^hrsbgjk's rhquhst, @^ \ogi bom ?8 leorm ahalhrs6 shh \huthrs
O`daoj te aodh bgs pgt`b te @^ sborhbeimhrs Chl. 3 Jotgejoi est (<; Fojuory <>?<), ejigjh6
Cgjoj`goi ^est 9bttp6//lusgjhss.cgjoj`goipest.`ea/<>?</>?/<;/o`daoj-te-aodh-`osh-cer-jhw-`he-ot-`p-ahhtgjk/:. Gt gs ujigdhiy tbot tbh ommgtgej er rhpio`hahjt ec shvhroi mgrh`ters weuim sgkjgcg`ojtiy
occh`t vetgjk eut`eahs.
SEI ;? <8=
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OMSOJ@H JE]G@H ^\ESGPGEJP
eut pre`hss ec jhketgotgej ojm `eapreagsh, wbg`b uitgaothiy agkbt ihom te ihss
wosth ec tgah, hjhrky, ojm rhseur`hs crea mgssgmhjts ojm aojokhahjt `ejmu`tgjk
o cuii-liewj `oapogkj. Cer hxoapih, ej Jevhalhr =, <>??, evhr sgx aejtbs prger
te tbh ojjuoi ahhtgjk, ^hrsbgjk rhquhsthm tbot tbh gj`ualhjt mgrh`ters pio`h tw eec ^hrsbgjk's rhprhshjtotgvhs ej tbh leorm ec mgrh`ters.se ]bh hxgstgjk aojokhahjt
rhcushm. Gc oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej prebglgthm ^hrsbgjk crea aodgjk jeagj-
otgejs horighr tboj 38 moys lhcerh o ahhtgjk, ^hrsbgjk aoy jet bovh oppreo`bhm
tbh leorm os horiy, lh`oush tbh gj`ualhjt leorm weuim bovh shvhroi aejtbs te
hapbosgzh gts tro`d rh`erm te sborhbeimhrs lhcerh ^hrsbgjk `euim jeagjoth gts
`ojmgmoths cer hih`tgej. O 38-moy igagt weuim bovh cer`hm ^hrsbgjk, @^'s mgrh`ters,
ojm @^'s sborhbeimhrs te o`t ej o aerh `eaprhsshm tgahigjh, ojm gt gs uj`ihor
wbhtbhr sborhbeimhrs weuim `ejshquhjtiy lhjhcgt.
SG L@H JM MS J@H JE]G@H ^\ESGPGEJP
Gj Aujmere,?2 < tbh leorm ec mgrh`ters ergkgjoiiy omepthm oj omvoj`h jetg`h
prevgsgej ly woy ec leorm peig`y ?8 moys lhcerh tbh s`bhmuihm ahhtgjk,' lut
prevgmhm o jeagjotgej wgjmew ec lhtwhhj 0> te 38 moys lhcerh tbh ahhtgjk. ? =
Gj Aoumerh, oitbeukb tbh omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej wos omepthm wgtbgj tbh
prevgsgej's jeagjotgej wgjmew, 2 3 Aoumerh cogihm te `iorgcy tbh prevgsgej ujtgi
tbh jeagjotgej wgjmew bom `ieshm. Gj letb `oshs, tbh omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej
hcch`tgvhiy prh`iumhm tbh mgssgmhjt crea jeagjotgjk mgrh`ters. Gj ommgtgej, letb
`oshs gjveivhm oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej tbot prhvhjthm jeagjotgejs prger te 38
moys lhcerh tbh ahhtgjk. Os sht eut lhiew, mgrh`ters' ush ojm mroctgjk ec su`b prevg-
sgejs bos tbh pethjtgoi te epprhss, ujcogriy prhfumg`h, er ujcogriy mgsrhkorm sborh-
beimhrs' rgkbts ojm gjthrhsts. Gj @ojomgoj `erperoth iow, wbhrh mgrh`ters' o`tgejs
rogsh gssuhs ec cogrjhss er hqugty, `eurts aoy rhvghw tbh mgrh`ters' o`tgejs usgjk tbh
epprhssgej rhahmy, wbg`b gs oj hqugtolih rhahmy ceujm gj sh`tgej <=?(<) ec tbh
?2> @^ \ogi ]gahigjh, suprojeth ?33.
?2? ]bgs ^ort oppighs L@H. ]bh purpesh ec tbgs ortg`ih gs jet te quhstgej er `rgtgquh tbh Puprhah
@eurt s rhosejgjk. Cer `rgtg`gsa rhkormgjk L@H shh Hmworm io`elu``g, Gjmhthragjo`y ojm tbh @ojo-
mgoj Puprhah @eurt s Oppreo`b te @erperoth Cgmu`gory Mutghs <>>7) =26< @oj Lus IF <0<. Phh
oise Fhccrhy K Ao`Gjtesb, L@H ojm tbh ^hepihs' @erperoth Iow6 Ihorjgjk te Igvh ej _ug`dsojm
<>>7) =26< @oj Lus I <88.
2<Aujmere, suprojeth 3.
?20 Aujmere OJ^ rhihosh, suprojeth 2=4 Aujmere suprojeth 3 ot poros =, 3 (tbh ahhtgjk wos te lh
bhim ej Fujh <3 <>?< ojm tbh omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej wos ojjeuj`hm ej Fujh ?? <>?<).
?2= Aujmere OJ^ suprojeth = ot <.
28 Aoumerh suprojeth 7.
?23 Phh glgm ot poros 8> 8= (tbh ahhtgjk wos `bojkhm te Fujh <7 <>?< ojm tbh omvoj`h jetg`h prevg-sgej wos ojjeuj`hm ej Aoy <8 <>?<).
?2; Glgm ot poro 88.
P^\GJK < ?0 88
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XJGSH\PG]W EC ]E\EJ]E CO@XI]W EC IO[ \HSGH[
@L@O tbot rhighs bhovgiy ej tbh portg`uior co`ts ec ho`b `osh.' ]bgs sh`tgej wgii
`ejsgmhr wbhtbhr tbh epprhssgej rhahmy sbeuim lh ovogiolih te o mgssgmhjt sborh-
beimhr wbhj oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej omvhrshiy occh`ts tbh mgssgmhjt.
O``ermgjk te sh`tgej <=?(<) ec tbh @L@O
Gc, ej oj oppig`otgej ujmhr sulsh`tgej ?), tbh `eurt gs sotgscghm tbot gj
rhsph`t ec o `erperotgej...
(o) ojy o`t er eagssgej ec tbh `erperotgej... hcch`ts o rhsuit,
l) tbh lusgjhss er occogrs ec tbh `erperotgej...orh er bovh lhhj `orrghm
ej er `ejmu`thm gj o aojjhr, er
(`) tbh pewhrs ec tbh mgrh`ters ec tbh `erperotgej...orh er bovh lhhj
hxhr`gshm gj o aojjhr
tbot gs epprhssgvh er ujcogriy prhfumg`goi te er tbot ujcogriy mgsrhkorms tbh
gjthrhsts ec ojy sh`urgty beimhr...tbh `eurt aoy aodh oj ermhr te rh`tgcy
tbh aotthrs `eapiogjhm ec.
Gt gs `ihor tbot sh`tgej <=?(<) ec tbh @L@O gs sulfh`t te sgkjgcg`ojt fumg`goi
gjthrprhtotgej.?7>
L@H shts eut tbot wbhj oppiygjk sh`tgej <=?(<), `eurts aust
mhthragjh (g) wbhtbhr tbh `ejmu`t lrho`bhm tbh `eapiogjojt's rhosejolih hxph`t-
otgejs ojm, gc se, (gg) wbhtbhr tbh `ejmu`t `eapiogjhm ec oaeujts te epprhssgej ,
ujcogr prhfumg`h , er ujcogr mgsrhkorm .?7?
G. \HOPEJOLIH HR^H@]O]GEJP
O lrho`b ec rhosejolih hxph`totgejs mehs jet rhqugrh preec ec oj ujiowcui o`t er
ec o vgeiotgej ec o sborhbeimhr's ihkoi rg bt?7 <
O``ermgjk te L@H tbh sborhbeim-
hr aust gmhjtgcy tbh hxph`totgejs tbot bh er sbh `iogas bovh lhhj vgeiothm ly
tbh `ejmu`t ot gssuh ojm hstoligsb tbot tbh hxph`totgejs whrh rhosejoliy bhim .?70
@eurts sbeuim mhthragjh wbhtbhr tbh sborhbeimhr bos hstoligsbhm o rhosej-
olih hxph`totgej ej oj elfh`tgvh losgs4 o rhosejolih hxph`totgej gs o aotthr ec
co`t.
?7=
Gj CermAeter @e ec @ojomo v Ejtorge Aujg`gpoi Hapieyhhs \htgrhahjtLeorm
78tbh Ejtorge @eurt ec Opphoi stothm tbot rhosejolih hxph`totgejs `oj
?22 L@H suprojeth ?? ot poros 83-87.
?27 @L@O suprojeth ?>, s <=?(<). Cer prevgj`goi hqugvoihjts te sh`tgej <=? ec tbh @L@O shh EL@O
supro jeth ?>, s <=24 L@L@O supro jeth ?>, s <<;4 OL@O supro jeth ?>, s <=<.
?7> Phh khjhroiiy ^hthrsej @uaagjk, supro jeth <, `b ?; ot <=.
?7? L@H supro jeth ?? ot poro 83.
?7< Glgmot poro ;?.
?70 Glgmot poro ;>.
?7= Phh h.k. ^hjth GjvhstahjtAojokhahjt Itm v P`bjhgmhr @erp ?772), =< E\ 0m) ?;; ot <>?-><,??0 EO@ <80 @O)4 @osurgjo Itm ^ortjhrsbgp \ge Oikea Itm <>>=), => LI\ 0m) ??< ot ?<=, ?2?
EO@ ?7 @O).
?78 <>>3), ;7 E\ 0m) 2?, <30 MI\ =tb) =8> @O) TCerm`gthm te E\Q.
SEI ;? <)83
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XJGSH\PG]W EC ]E\EJ]E CO@XI]W EC IO[ \HSGH[
Lh`oush @ojomgoj `erperotgejs bovh ejiy rh`hjtiy storthm te omept omvoj`h
jetg`h prevgsgejs, <>= oiiewgjk sborhbeimhrs te jeagjoth mgrh`ters ot o certb`ea-
gjk ahhtgjk wgtbeut jetg`h `oj lh vghwhm os o jeraoi lusgjhss pro`tg`h. Gj ommg-
tgej, mhvgotgej crea tbgs jeraoi lusgjhss pro`tg`h `oj ujmhragjh tbh olgigty ecsborhbeimhrs te mhthragjh tbh `erperotgej s leorm ec mgrh`ters, wbg`b gs ejh ec
tbhgr cujmoahjtoi rgkbts. Cer hxoapih, gj ^ouisej @e j`SOikeao Pthhi Gj` <> 8
@uaagjk F `ejsgmhrhm tbh hxthjt te wbg`b mgrh`ters aoy sgkjgcg`ojtiy mhioy o
ahhtgjk rhqugsgtgejhm ly tbh mgssgmhjt cer tbh purpesh ec jeagjotgjk oithrjotgvh
mgrh`ters. Gj oppiygjk sh`tgej ?>8 ec tbh EL@O < >3-wbg`b mhois wgtb tbh rgkbt ec
sborhbeimhrs te rhqugsgtgej o sborhbeimhr ahhtgjk ojm gs tbh Ejtorge hqugvoihjt ec
sh`tgej ?=0 ec tbh @L@O < >;-@uaagjk F stothm tbot tbh
cujmoahjtoi rgkbt gj rhsph`t ec `erperoth kevhrjoj`h occermhm ly s. ?> 8
Tec tbh EL@OQ prevg hs j gapert jt jm voiuolih rhahmy cer agjergty
sborhbeimhrs... TtbotQ gs ejiy ahojgjkcui gc gt `oj lh hxhr`gshm gj o tgahiy
ojm hxphmgtgeus aojjhr.<>2
[bgih ^ouisej mhoit wgtb mgrh`ters sgkjgcg`ojtiy mhioygjk o sborhbeimhr-rhqugsg-
tgejhm ahhtgjk, tbh soah aetgvotgejs orgsh wbhrh oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej
hcch`tgvhiy prhvhjts o sborhbeimhr crea jeagjotgjk o mgrh`ter ot tbh certb`eagjk
ahhtgjk, er prhvhjts o sborhbeimhr crea jeagjotgjk mgrh`ters prger te o sht moth,
lh`oush o sborhbeimhr s olgigty te jeagjoth mgrh`ters pioys o sgagior reih os o
`erperoth kevhrjoj`h ah`bojgsa.
Os mgs`usshm horighr, o mgssgmhjt `oapogkj `oj lhjhcgt crea pulig` suppert ojm
oworhjhss. Lh`oush `erperoth iow oiiews ?8 aejtbs te poss lhtwhhj ojjuoi ahht-
gjks, <>7 o 08-moy wgjmew tbot hjms ejh aejtb lhcerh tbh ojjuoi ahhtgjk shhas te
orlgtrorgiy rhstrg`t o mgssgmhjt s olgigty te iouj`b o cuii pulig` `oapogkj ojm aoy
ujmhragjh er crustroth tbh sborhbeimhr s cujmoahjtoi rgkbts.
gg) ost^ro`tg`h
@eurts aoy `ejsgmhr tbh mgrh`ters' er `erperotgej s post pro`tg`h gj mhthragjgjk
wbhtbhr tbh sborhbeimhr bom o rhosejolih hxph`totgej ec lhgjk olih te jeagj-
<>= Movgm \ojmhii Krohah Jerweem, Omvoj`h Jetg`h Ly-Iows Mhchjmgjk Okogjst o Purprgsh
Otto`d A`@ortby ]htrouit II^ ?8 Fojuory <>?0), ejigjh6 A`@ortby ]htrouit II^ 9bttp6//www.
`ojomgojahrkhrso`qugsgtgejs.`ea/<>?0/>?/?8/omvoj`h-jetg`h-ly-iows-mhchjmgjk-okogjst-o-surprgsh-
otto`d/:. Gj `ejtrost, omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs orh pepuior gj tbh Xjgthm Ptoths, wbg`b gs portiy o
rhsuit ec oahjmahjts te XP sh`urgtghs iows tbot @ojomo bos jet sulshquhjtiy omepthm6 shh h.k., Sgr-
kgjgo D \eshjloua, @erperoth]odhevhr Mhchjshs (Aoryiojm, Xjgthm Ptoths6 Gjstgtutgejoi Pborhbeimhr
Phrvg`hs, <>>3) ot vgg-vggg.
<>8 <>>3), ;7 E\ 0m) ?7?, = LI\ (=tb) ?>= (Pup @t) T^ouisej `gthm te E\Q.
<>3 EL@O supro jeth ?>, s ?>8.
<>; @L@O suprojeth ?>, s ?=0.
<>2 ^ouisej, suprojeth <>8 ot <>?-><.
<>7 @L@O suprojeth ?>, s ?00 ?).
82 SEI ;? <)
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OMSOJ@H JE]G@H ^\ESGPGEJP
oth o mgrh`ter ot ojy pegjt gj tgah. O``ermgjk te L@H post pro`tg`h gs hsph`goiiy
gapertojt oaejk sborhbeimhrs ec o `ieshiy bhim `erperotgej ej aotthrs rhiotgjk
te portg`gpotgej ec sborhbeimhrs gj tbh `erperotgej s precgts ojm kevhrjoj`h . < ?>
[bhrh sborhbeimhrs prhvgeusiy bom tbh eptgej te jeagjoth o mgrh`ter ot ojy pegjtprger te o ahhtgjk, tbh sborhbeimhrs aoy bovh o rhosejolih hxph`totgej tbot tbhy
weuim lh olih te me se okogj. Curtbhr, wbhrh tbh sborhbeimhrs bovh tbh olgigty
ujmhr `erperoth iow te jeagjoth o mgrh`ter, tbh sborhbeimhrs weuim igdhiy bovh tbh
hxph`totgej tbot, prger te tbh ahhtgjk, tbh mgrh`ters weuim jet gapihahjt o prevg-
sgej tbot lorrhm tbha crea aodgjk o jeagjotgej er tbot aomh gt aerh mgccg`uit te
bovh tbhgr jeagjhhs hih`thm.
L@H `outgejhm okogjst oj gjcihxglih oppreo`b te post pro`tg`h. ]bh @eurt
stothm tbot TwQbhrh voigm `eaahr`goi rhosejs hxgst cer tbh `bojkh ojm tbh `bojkh
mehs jet ujmhragjh tbh `eapiogjojt s rgkbts, tbhrh `oj lh je rhosejolih hxph`t-otgej tbot mgrh`ters wgii rhsgst o mhporturh crea post pro`tg`h . <?? Gj tbh olstro`t,
omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs me jet ujmhragjh tbh rgkbts ec mgssgmhjt sborhbeimhrs.
Bewhvhr, wbhj mgrh`ters omept o prevgsgej gj o aojjhr tbot hcch`tgvhiy prh`iumhs
sborhbeimhrs crea jeagjotgjk o mgrh`ter ot tbh jhxt ahhtgjk, er gj o aojjhr tbot
rhmu`hs tbh `boj`h ec o jeagjhh lhgjk hih`thm, `eurts sbeuim rhqugrh tbh mgrh`-
ters te hxpiogj bew o ihss quhstgejolih prevgsgej weuim jet bovh voigmiy shrvhm
tbh `erperotgej s `eaahr`goi elfh`tgvhs. Curtbhr, ujihss mgrh`ters gjmg`oth o
`ej`rhth `eaahr`goi rhosej cer prebglgtgjk jeagjotgejs prger te 3 moys lhcerh
tbh a hhtgjk, `eurts sbeuim jet todh o cihxglih oppreo`b te post pro`tg`h. Gj khjhroi,
`eurts sbeuim rhqugrh tbh mgrh`ters te hxpiogj tbh rhosejs lhbgjm shih`tgjk tbh
stort moth, hjm moth, ojm ihjktb ec tbh wgjmew ec eppertujgty.
ggg) rhvhjtotgvhPthps
@eurts aoy osshss wbhtbhr o mgssgmhjt s hxph`totgejs whrh rhosejolih gj igkbt ec
sthps tbh mgssgmhjt `euim bovh todhj te preth`t bgashic er bhrshic.<?< Ec tbh co`ters
prepeshm gj L@H tbgs co`ter gs igdhiy tbh aest mhtrgahjtoi te o mgssgmhjt s pesgtgej.
O leorm gs igdhiy te orkuh tbot tbh mgssgmhjt `euim bovh jeagjothm o mgrh`ter prger
te tbh omeptgej ec tbh prevgsgej.Bewhvhr, tbgs orkuahjt evhrieeds tbh co`t tbot tbh mgrh`ters `euim bovh
mrocthm tbh prevgsgej te phragt oj hx`hptgej te tbh 0>-moy rhqugrhahjt cer tbh cgrst
ahhtgjk. Cer hxoapih, tbh omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej `euim bovh oiiewhm sborhbeim-
hrs te kgvh jetg`h twe moys octhr tbh omeptgej ec tbh prevgsgej. ]bgs weuim cer`h o
sborhbeimhr `ejthapiotgjk o mgrh`ter jeagjotgej te ojjeuj`h tbh jeagjhh prger
te tbh ahhtgjk ojm tbhrhcerh kgvh sborhbeimhrs tgah te `ejsgmhr oithrjotgvhs.
<?> L@H supro jeth ot poro ;
< lgm ot poro ;;
< < lgm ot poro ;2
P^\GJK < ?0
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XJGSH\PG]W EC ]E\EJ]E CO@XI]W EC IO[ \HSGH[
Gj ommgtgej, hvhj wbhj mgrh`ters gapihahjt o prevgsgej lhcerh tbh `ut-ecc moth,
os gj Aoumerh `eurts sbeuim `ejsgmhr tbh o`tgejs ec tbh mgrh`ters, su`b os bew
Aoumerh stoiihm gj ojswhrgjk tbh mgssgmhjt s quhstgejs oleut tbh prevgsgej. [bhj
tbh mgrh`ters ush stoiigjk er mroctgjk to`tg`s te prhvhjt tbh mgssgmhjt crea jeagj-otgjk o mgrh`ter, `eurts sbeuim jet `ej`iumh tbot tbh mgssgmhjt `euim bovh todhj
prhvhjtotgvh sthps. Bewhvhr, wbhj mgrh`ters omept o prevgsgej cor gj omvoj`h ec
tbh wgjmew ec eppertujgty ojm gj omvoj`h ec stotutery igagts ej tbh rgkbts ec sborh-
beimhrs te rhqugsgtgej o ahhtgjk er sulagt o prepesoi, `eurts sbeuim cgjm tbot tbh
sborhbeimhrs `euim bovh todhj prhvhjtotgvh sthps te hjsurh tbot tbhy whrh olih te
jeagjoth mgrh`ters.
gv) Cogr\hseiutgej
@eurts aoy `ejsgmhr tbh c gr rhseiutgej ec ejcig tgjk gjthrhsts Os stothm gj @H
T]Qbh muty ec mgrh`ters te o`t gj tbh lhst gjthrhsts ec tbh `erperotgej `eaprh-
bhjms o muty te trhot gjmgvgmuoi stodhbeimhrs occh`thm ly `erperoth o`tgejs hqugt-
oliy ojm cogriy. <?0 @eurts wgii mhchr te tbh lusgjhss fumkahjt ec mgrh`ters wbhrh
tbh mgrh`ters aodh o mh`gsgej gj keem cogtb,<?= ojm wbhrh tbh mh`gsgej coiis wgtbgj
o rojkh ec rhosejolih `beg`hs tbot tbh mgrh`ters `euim bovh aomh ly whgkbgjk
`ejcig`tgjk gjthrhsts. <?8 ]bh `erperotgej gs hjtgtihm te `ejsgmhr tbh omvojtokhs ec
oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej cer jej-mgssgmhjt sborhbeimhrs, lut jet ly trhotgjk
mgssgmhjts ujcogriy. <?3@eurts sbeuim osshss oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej os o wbeih,
ojm sbeuim oise osshss tbh aojjhr gj wbg`b tbh mgrh`ters omepthm tbh prevgsgejlhcerh mhthragjgjk tbot tbh lusgjhss fumkahjt ruih fustgcghs tbh mgrh`ters' o`tgejs.
Os mgs`usshm prhvgeusiy, oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej `oj lhjhcgt o `erper-
otgej s sborhbeimhrs ly oiiewgjk tbha te cuiiy `ejsgmhr ojy oithrjotgvh jeagjo-
tgejs gj mh`gmgjk wbg`b mgrh`ters wgii lhst shrvh tbh gjthrhsts ec tbh `erperotgej.
Bewhvhr, gt gs gjhqugtolih ojm ujcogr te mgssgmhjts wbhj mgrh`ters mh`gmh te gapih-
ahjt oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej gj o aojjhr tbot hcch`tgvhiy prh`iumhs sborhbeim-
hrs crea jeagjotgjk etbhr `ojmgmoths. Xjcogrjhss aoy oise rhsuit wbhrh mgrh`-
ters mroct oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej gj o aojjhr tbot prhvhjts o mgssgmhjt crea
jeagjotgjk ojetbhr sborhbeimhr lhcerh o `hrtogj moth lh`oush ec tbh reih tbot tgah`oj pioy, os hvgmhj`hm gj tbh soko lhtwhhj @^ ojm ^hrsbgjk. Os sht eut horighr, gj
`oshs wbhrh oithrjotgvh jeagjhhs weuim lhtthr shrvh tbh gjthrhsts ec tbh `erpero-
tgej, su`b omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs `euim bora oii ec tbh sborhbeimhrs.
\hkormihss ec wbhj tbh mgrh`ters omept oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej er tbh
ihjktb ec tbh prevgsgej's wgjmew ec eppertujgty, `eurts sbeuim `ejsgmhr o jualhr
<?0 Glgm ot poro 2<.
< = lgm ot poros 77 ?>>.
<?8 Glgm ot poro =>
<?3 Glgm ot poro 3=.
SEI ; <)
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OMSOJ@H JE]G@H ^\ESGPGEJP
ec co`ters te mhthragjh wbhtbhr tbh mroctgjk ojm omeptgej ec tbh prevgsgej coiis
wgtbgj o rojkh ec rhosejolih oithrjotgvhs.
Ejh co`ter tbot `eurts sbeuim `ejsgmhr gs tbh jualhr ec sborhbeimhrs occh`thm
ly tbh prevgsgej. O `erperotgej wgtb aerh sborhbeimhrs wgii rhqugrh o mgssgmhjtte hxhrt aerh hccert ojm todh aerh tgah te mgsshagjoth mgssgmhjt gjceraotgej ojm
prexy `gr`uiors te oii ec tbh sborhbeimhrs. Ojm os hvgmhj`hm gj tbh @^ \ogi soko,
iorkh pulig` lottihs aoy rhqugrh sborhbeimhrs ojm etbhr gjthrhsthm portghs te sphjm
o sgkjgcg`ojt oaeujt ec tgah mgkhstgjk ojy prevgmhm gjceraotgej. O``ermgjkiy, gc
o `erperotgej bos aojy sborhbeimhrs, gt aoy lh jh`hssory te phragt jeagjotgejs
prger te 38 moys lhcerh o ahhtgjk. Gt aoy oise lh jh`hssory tbot mgrh`ters omept
oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej lhcerh tbh cgrst moy ec tbh wgjmew ec eppertujgty ojm
sgkjgcg`ojtiy gj omvoj`h ec tbh `ut-ecc moth te prevgmh ujprhporhm mgssgmhjts wgtb
hjeukb tgah te mhthragjh wbhtbhr te jeagjoth oithrjotgvh mgrh`ters.Ojetbhr co`ter tbot sbeuim lh `ejsgmhrhm gs wbhtbhr tbh `erperotgej ushs o
sioth vetgjk systha. Gc o sioth vetgjk systha gs ushm, sborhbeimhrs wgii rhqugrh aerh
tgah te `ejsgmhr tbh cuii sioth ec jeagjotgejs os eppeshm te shvhroi jeagjhhs
ujmhr oj gjmgvgmuoi vetgjk systha. @eurts sbeuim tbhrhcerh rhqugrh mgrh`ters te
omept omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs curtbhr gj omvoj`h ujmhr tbh sioth vetgjk systha
te kgvh sborhbeimhrs aerh tgah te whgkb tbhgr eptgejs.
Loioj`gjk tbh L@H co`ters, gt gs orkuolih tbot o leorm s mh`gsgej te omept oj
omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej ly woy ec leorm peig`y er ly-iow octhr tbh `ut-ecc moth
weuim lrho`b tbh rhosejolih hxph`totgejs ec mgssgmhjts. Curtbhr, hvhj wbhrh mgrh`-ters gapihahjt tbh prevgsgej gj omvoj`h ec tbh `ut-ecc moth, tbh `gr`uastoj`hs
agkbt jejhtbhihss gjmg`oth tbot tbh prevgsgej lrho`bhs rhosejolih hxph`totgejs ec
mgssgmhjts.
GG. E^^\HPPGEJ XJCOG\ ^\HFXMG@H, E\ XJCOG\ MGP\HKO\M
]bh sh`ejm sthp sht eut gj L@H rhqugrhs tbh mgssgmhjt te sbew tbot tbh `ejmu`t
oaeujts te epprhssgej, ujcogr prhfumg`h, er ujcogr mgsrhkorm ec gts gjthrhsts os o
sh`urgty beimhr. Os stothm gj L@H Hvhj gc rhosejolih jet hvhry ujaht hxph`to-
tgej kgvhs rgsh te `ioga ujmhr s. <=?. <?; Curtbhr, `eurts aust `ejsgmhr tbh hcch`t
ec tbh mgrh`ters' `ejmu`t ej tbh sborhbeimhr rotbhr tboj tbh sulfh`tgvh gjthjtgejs
lhbgjm tbh mgrh`ters' `ejmu`t. <?2
L@H igsts hxoapihs ec tbh typhs ec `ejmu`t tbot `eurts aoy `boro`thrgzh os
epprhssgej, ujcogr prhfumg`h, er ujcogr mgsrhkorm ec o sborhbeimhr s gjthrhsts.< ?7
Epprhssgej gj`iumhs oj 'olush ec pewhr' kegjk te tbh prelgty ec bew tbh `erper-
<?; Glgm ot poro 3;.
<?2 Phh h.k. G`obj^ortjhrsI^ v Igejs othHjthrtogjahjt@erp <>?? L@@O <<2 ot poro ;?, ?; L@I\
8tb) 07?4 rojtGjvhstahjts Itm v Dhhp\gth Gj` ?77?), 0 E\ 0m) <27, 2> MI\ =tb) ?3? @O)4 [oid-hr v Lhtts < 3 L@P@ ?<2, ?8 LI\ =tb) ??=4 Aesqugte supro jeth ?7; ot poro 8<.
<?7 L@H supro jeth ?? ot poros 7<-7=.
P^\GJK <>?0 3?
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XJGSH\PG]W EC ]E\EJ]E CO@XI]W EC IO[ \HSGH[
otgej s occogrs orh lhgjk `ejmu`thm .<<> [bhrh tbh mgrh`ters gapihahjt o prevgsgej
usgjk o ly-iow oahjmahjt er leorm peig`y gj o aojjhr tbot hcch`tgvhiy prh`iumhs
sborhbeimhrs crea jeagjotgjk mgrh`ters ot tbh certb`eagjk ahhtgjk er aodhs gt
ihss igdhiy tbot sborhbeimhrs wgii hih`t o mgssgmhjt s jeagjhhs, `eurts sbeuim cgjmtbot tbh mgrh`ters' `ejmu`t wos oj olush ec pewhr occh`tgjk tbh gjthkrgty ec bew tbh
`erperotgej `ejmu`ts gts occogrs. Gt gs ihss `ihor wbhtbhr `eurts weuim cgjm epprhs-
sgej wbhrh tbh mgrh`ters gapihahjt o prevgsgej gj omvoj`h ec tbh `ut-ecc moth lut
rhstrg`t tbh olgigty ec sborhbeimhrs te jeagjoth mgrh`ters lhcerh o sph`gcg` moth-cer
hxoapih, prger te 38 moys lhcerh tbh ahhtgjk4 `eurts sbeuim `ejsgmhr tbgs gssuh ej
o `osh-ly-`osh losgs.
Oitbeukb epprhssgej ojm ujcogr prhfumg`h aoy evhriop, <<? ujcogr prhfumg`h
gjveivhs `ejmu`t tbot gs ihss ecchjsgvh tboj epprhssgej. <<<Gj L@H tbh @eurt jethm
tbot ujcogr prhfumg`h agkbt gj`iumh
squhhzgjk eut o agjergty sborhbeimhr, cogigjk te mgs`iesh rhiothm porty
trojso`tgejs, `bojkgjk `erperoth stru`turh te mrostg`oiiy oithr mhlt rotges,
omeptgjk o 'pegsej pgii' te prhvhjt o todhevhr lgm, poygjk mgvgmhjms wgtb-
eut o ceraoi mh`iorotgej, prhchrrgjk seah sborhbeimhrs wgtb aojokhahjt
chhs ojm poygjk mgrh`ters' chhs bgkbhr tboj tbh gjmustry jera. < <0
Oii ec tbhsh hxoapihs `oj bovh o jhkotgvh gapo`t ej tbh ihkoi ojm h`ejea-
g` gjthrhsts ec tbh `eapiogjojt. Cer hxoapih, o agjergty sborhbeimhr squhhzh-eut
gjveivhs cer`gjk sborhbeimhrs te shii tbhgr sborhs, rhkormihss ec wbhtbhr tbhy wojt
te shii.< <= ]bh cogiurh te mgs`iesh o rhiothm porty trojso`tgej `oj lh mgsomvojto-
kheus te sborhbeimhrs lh`oush etbhr trojso`tgejs aoy bovh lhhj ovogiolih lu t
tbh rhiothm-porty trojso`tgej prevgmhm ommgtgejoi lhjhcgts te mgrh`ters. Gj etbhr
werms, mgrh`ters orh o`tgjk gj tbhgr ewj gjthrhst rotbhr tboj tbh lhst gjthrhsts ec
tbh `erperotgej. Pgagior te tbh L@H hxoapihs, wbhrh tbh leorm mh`gmhs te omept
oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej ly woy ec leorm peig`y er ly-iow octhr tbh wgjmew ec
eppertujgty bos posshm, tbh mh`gsgej wgii lh ujcogriy prhfumg`goi te tbh mgssgmhjts,
lh`oush tbh prevgsgej wgii hcch`tgvhiy prh`iumh o mgssgmhjt crea jeagjotgjk o mgrh`-
ter. Ommgtgejoiiy, omeptgjk o prevgsgej tbot rhstrg`ts jeagjotgejs lhcerh o sph`gcghm
moth aoy prhvhjt o mgssgmhjt crea bovgjk o rhoigstg` pessglgigty ec bovgjk bgs er bhrjeagjhh pio`hm ej tbh leorm.
Os wgtb tbh cogr rhseiutgej ec `ejcig`tgjk gjthrhsts, `eurts sbeuim `ejsgmhr tbh
jualhr ec sborhbeimhrs ojm tbh ush ec sioth vetgjk. Letb ec tbhsh `ejsgmhrotgejs
aoy mhaejstroth tbot tbh hcch`t ec tbh prevgsgej gs epprhssgvh er ujcogriy prhfu-
<<> Glgm ot poro 7<
<< Glgmot poro 7?
<<< Glgm ot poro 70
<<0 Glgm
<<= [bgih tbh squhhzhm-eut sborhbeimhrs rh`hgvh cogr voiuh cer tbhgr sborhs, tbhy iesh aerh tboj upsgmh
pethjtgoi-tbh sborhbeimhrs iesh tbh olgigty te kevhrj ojm bovh oj gjput gjte `erperoth occogrs.
SEI ; <)
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OMSOJ@H JE]G@H ^\ESGPGEJP
mg`goi te tbh gjthrhsts ec mgssgmhjt er jej-mgssgmhjt sborhbeimhrs. Okogj, lh`oush
mgssgmhjts rhqugrh hxtro tgah te `eaaujg`oth gjceraotgej wbhj mhoigjk wgtb o
wgmhiy bhim `erperotgej, `eurts sbeuim `ejsgmhr wbhtbhr tbh moth ej wbg`b tbh
mgrh`ters omepthm tbh omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej ojm tbh moths phrtogjgjk te tbhwgjmew ec eppertujgty orh epprhssgvh, ujcogriy prhfumg`goi, er ujcogriy mgsrhkorm
tbh gjthrhsts ec sborhbeimhrs. Gj ommgtgej, lh`oush sioth vetgjk `oj lh gjmg`otgvh
ec mgrh`ter hjtrhj`bahjt, <<8 sioth vetgjk aoy suppert oj epprhssgej `ioga. Gj
`ejsgmhrgjk tbh aojjhr ec omeptgej er tbh wgjmew ec eppertujgty, `eurts sbeuim
`ejsgmhr wbhtbhr tbh hcch`t ec tbh prevgsgej prh`iumhs o jeagjotgej er rhmu`hs tbh
`boj`h ec sborhbeimhrs hih`tgjk tbh mgssgmhjt's jeagjhhs.
Gj ommgtgej te tbhsh co`ters, `eurts sbeuim oise `ejsgmhr wbhtbhr tbh `erpero-
tgej ushs `uauiotgvh vetgjk. Ph`tgej ?>; ec tbh @L@O phragts `uauiotgvh vetgjk,
wbg`b werds os ceiiews6
THQo`b sborhbeimhr hjtgtihm te veth ot oj hih`tgej ec mgrh`ters bos tbh rgkbt
te `ost o jualhr ec veths hquoi te tbh jualhr ec veths otto`bhm te tbh
sborhs bhim ly tbh sborhbeimhr auitgpighm ly tbh jualhr ec mgrh`ters te
lh hih`thm, ojm aoy `ost oii ec tbesh veths gj coveur ec ejh `ojmgmoth ermgstrgluth tbha oaejk tbh `ojmgmoths gj ojy aojjhr.< <3
@uauiotgvh vetgjk oiiews o agjergty sborhbeimhr te ush bgs er bhr auitgpighm
veth ej ejh `ojmgmoth, wbg`b `oj gj`rhosh tbh `boj`h ec tbot `ojmgmoth lhgjk
hih`thm. O``ermgjk te tbh XP Ph`urgtghs ojm Hx`bojkh @eaagssgej, `uauiotgvh
vetgjk bhips strhjktbhj tbh olgigty ec agjergty sborhbeimhrs te hih`t o mgrh`ter . <<;
Os o rhsuit, gc o `erperotgej ushs `uauiotgvh vetgjk, o `eurt aoy vghw tbgs os o
co`ter sukkhstgjk o io`d ec ujcogriy prhfumg`goi `ejmu`t er epprhssgej.
@eurts aoy `ejsgmhr etbhr co`ters tbot sukkhst sborhbeimhrs rhqugrh ommgtgej-
oi tgah te pre`hss gjceraotgej. Cer hxoapih, sborhbeimhrs wgii rhqugrh aerh tgah
te `ejsgmhr gjceraotgej gc o `erperotgej bos o iorkh jualhr ec mgrh`ters. Curtbhr,
gc tbhrh orh shvhroi mgssgmhjts prepesgjk jeagjotgejs er sioths, sborhbeimhrs wgii
rhqugrh ommgtgejoi tgah te `ejsgmhr tbhgr eptgejs ojm aodh oj gjcerahm mh`gsgej.
Gj sbert, `eurts sbeuim `ieshiy s`rutgjgzh wbhj ojm bew mgrh`ters gapihahjtoj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej. [bhrh o leorm ec mgrh`ters omepts oj omvoj`h jetg`h
prevgsgej octhr tbh `ut-ecc moth, tbh leorm s o`tgej lrho`bhs tbh rhosejolih hxph`t-
otgejs ec sborhbeimhrs ojm gs epprhssgvh. Pgagioriy, wbhrh tbh mgrh`ters omept o
prevgsgej lhcerh tbh `ut-ecc moth lut todh sthps te stoii o sborhbeimhr crea jeagj-
otgjk mgrh`ters lhcerh tbh `ut-ecc moth, su`b oj o`tgej sbeuim oise lh vghwhm os
<<8 Phh h.k. Movgm \ Purot ht oi, <>?0 Mgs`iesurh Xpmoth ?; Fojuory <>?0) ot <, ejigjh6 Lermhj
Iomjhr Khrvogs II^ 9bttp6//www.lik.`ea/cr/beah/pulig`otgejs/Me`uahjts/ ulig`otgejU0<02.
pmc:.
3@L@O supr jeth ?>, s ?>;(l).<<; XP Ph`urgtghs ojm Hx`bojkh @eaagssgej, @uauiotgvh Setgjk ?0 E`telhr <>>=), ejigjh6 XP
Ph`urgtghs ojm Hx`bojkh @eaagssgej 9bttp6//www.sh`.kev/ojswhrs/`uauiotgvhveth.bta:.
P^\GJK < ?0 30
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XJGSH\PG]W EC ]E\EJ]E CO@XI]W EC IO[ \HSGH[
oj epprhssgvh o`tgej tbot lrho`bhs tbh sborhbeimhr s rhosejolih hxph`totgejs.
Ommgtgejoiiy, os tbh <>?0 @ojomgoj ^rexy @ejthst Ptumy ly Cosdhj Aortgjhou
MuAeuigj II^ hvgmhj`hs, < <2 tbh stort ojm hjm moth ec tbh wgjmew ec eppertujgty
`oj ujcogriy prhfumg`h mgssgmhjt sborhbeimhrs, lh`oush mgrh`ters `oj gapihahjt owgjmew ec eppertujgty tbot aodhs sborhbeimhrs ihss igdhiy te hih`t o mgssgmhjt's
jeagjhhs.
SGG ]BH ^XLIG@ GJ]H\HP] ^E[H\
\hkormihss ec wbhtbhr o `eurt rhcushs te prhvhjt quhstgejolih ushs ec omvoj`h
jetg`h prevgsgejs, sh`urgtghs rhkuioters sbeuim `ejsgmhr wbhtbhr su`b quhstgej-
olih ushs orh `ejtrory te tbh pulig` gjthrhst. Ph`urgtghs rhkuioters sbeuim gjthrvhjh
te preth`t tbh pulig` gjthrhst wbhj mgrh`ters ush oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej tehjtrhj`b tbhashivhs, er wbhj tbh prevgsgej boras tbh cujmoahjtoi rgkbts ec sborh-
beimhrs. Gj su`b `oshs, omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs orh olusgvh ec letb sborhbeimhrs
ojm `opgtoi aordhts gj khjhroi. ]bgs sh`tgej wgii sht eut tbh joturh ojm s`eph ec tbh
pulig` gjthrhst pewhr, `ejsgmhr tbh thjsgej lhtwhhj `erperoth ojm sh`urgtghs iow,
ojm oppiy tbh hxgstgjk pulig` gjthrhst furgsprumhj`h te omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs.
G.]BH JO]X\H OJM P@E^H EC ^XLIG@ GJ]H\HP] ^E[H\
Xjmhr tbh Ejtorge Ph`urgtghs `t7 tbh Ejtorge Ph`urgtghs @eaagssgej ( EP@ )
b s tbh pew r te a dh auitgpih ermhrs gc t gs ec tbh epgjgej tb t tbh ermhr gs gj
tbh pulig` gjthrhst.<0 > ]bh EPO prevgmhs cer o best ec pethjtgoi ermhrs, ec wbg`b
tbh aest rhihvojt te omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs gs tbh ermhr ovogiolih ujmhr poro-
kropb = ec sh`tgej ?<;(?). ^orokropb = phragts tbh EP@ te aodh ToQj ermhr tbot
o aordht portg`gpojt sulagt te o rhvghw ec bgs, bhr er gts pro`tg`hs ojm pre`hmurhs
ojm gjstgtuth su`b `bojkhs os aoy lh ermhrhm ly tbh @eaagssgej . <0? ]bh EPO
mhcgjhs aordht portg`gpojt te gj`iumh o rhpertgjk gssuhr er o mgrh`ter, eccg`hr er
preaethr ec o rhpertgjk gssuhr . <0 < \homgjk tbhsh prevgsgejs tekhtbhr, sh`tgej ?<;
prevgmhs tbh EP@ wgtb tbh pewhr te aodh oj ermhr tbot o rhpertgjk gssuhr er gts
mgrh`ters gjstgtuth su`b `bojkh os tbh EP@ ermhrs.
<<2 Otdgjsej, Lotgsto Crhhioj, supro jeth ?;= ot 0> .
<<7 EPO supro jeth ?<.
<0> Glgm s ?<;.
<0? Glgm s ?<;(?)=.
<0< Glgm s ?(?) aordht portg`gpojt poro (`).
SEI ;? (<)3=
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OMSOJ@H JE]G@H ^\ESGPGEJP
Oitbeukb tbh EP@ s pulig` gjthrhst pewhr gs vhry lreom<00 tbh pewhr gs jet
ujigagthm. ]bh EP@ ojm tbh `eurts bovh phrgemg`oiiy sht tbh leujmorghs ojm
mhcgjhm tbh pulig` gjthrhst pewhr. <0=
]bhrh orh ceur dhy prgj`gpihs kevhrjgjk tbh oppig`otgej ec tbh EP@'s pulig`gjthrhst pewhr. Cgrst, gj @eaagtthh cer Hquoi ]rhotahjt ec Oslhstes Agjergty
Pborhbeimhrsv Ejtorge Ph`urgtghs @eaagssgej),<08 tbh Puprhah @eurt ec @ojomo
bhim tbot letb purpeshs ec tbh EPO ojgaoth tbh pulig` gjthrhst pewhr. <03 O``ermgjk
te sh`tgej ?.? tbh twe purpeshs ec tbh EPO orh (o) te prevgmh preth`tgej te
gjvhsters crea ujcogr, gaprephr er croumuihjt pro`tg`hs4 ojm l) te cesthr cogr ojm
hccg`ghjt `opgtoi aordhts ojm `ejcgmhj`h gj `opgtoi aordhts . <0; ]bh Puprhah @eurt
oise `outgejhm tbot gj `ejsgmhrgjk oj ermhr gj tbh pulig` gjthrhst gt gs oj hrrer te
ce`us ejiy ej tbh cogr trhotahjt ec gjvhsters . <02
Ph`ejm, tbh pulig` gjthrhst pewhr gs rhahmgoi rotbhr tboj pujgtgvh. Gj \hAgtbros Aojokhahjt Itm <07 tbh EP@ stothm tbot gts reih gs jet te pujgsb post
`ejmu`t, os su`b o reih gs cer tbh `eurts. <=> Gjsthom, o prgaory reih ec tbh EP@ gs
te rhstrogj os lhst TgtQ `oj, cuturh `ejmu`t tbot gs igdhiy te lh prhfumg`goi te tbh
pulig` gjthrhst gj bovgjk `opgtoi aordhts tbot orh letb cogr ojm hccg`ghjt . <= ?
]bgrm, tbh EP@ aoy `ejsgmhr khjhroi mhthrrhj`h wbhj gapesgjk soj`tgejs
ej o aordht portg`gpojt. Gj \h @ortowoy\hseur`hs @erp,<=< tbh Puprhah @eurt
ec @ojomo mhcgjhm o soj`tgej aetgvothm ly khjhroi mhthrrhj`h os o phjoity tbot
gs mhsgkjhm te dhhp oj e``urrhj`h crea bopphjgjk4 gt mgs`eurokhs sgagior wrejk-
megjk gj etbhrs . <=0 Bewhvhr, tbh @eurt `outgejhm tbot khjhroi mhthrrhj`h sbeuimjet lh tbh ejiy co`ter aetgvotgjk tbh soj`tgej6 ]bh rhsph`tgvh gapertoj`h ec
khjhroi mhthrrhj`h os o co`ter wgii vory o``ermgjk te tbh lrho`b ec tbh TL@POQ ojm
tbh `gr`uastoj`hs ec tbh phrsej `borkhm wgtb lrho`bgjk tbh TL@POQ<==
<00 ^oui K Cgjmioy, Ph`urgtghs Iow ^ro`tg`h, eesh-ihoc (`ejsuithm ej ?8 Fojuory <>?0), 0m hm (]e-
rejte6 @orswhii, <>>0), `b << ot 03-03.?.
<0= Phh h.k., @eaagtthh cer Hquoi ]rhotahjtec Oslhstes Agjergty Pborhbeimhrsv Ejtorge Ph`urgtghs
@eaagssgej , <>>? P@@ 0;, T<>>?Q < P@\ ?0< TOslhstesQ4 \h @ortowoy\hseur`hs @erp, <>>= P@@
<3, T<>>=Q P@\ 3;< T@ortowoyQ4 \h @ojomgoj]grh @erp ?72;), ?> EP@L 28; T@ojomgoj]grhQ4 \h
Agtbros Aojokhahjt Itm ?77>), ?0 EP@L ?3>> TAgtbrosQ.
<08 Oslhstes, supro jeth <0=.
<03 Glgm ot poro =?.
<0; EPO supro jeth ?<, s ?.?.
<02 Oslhstes, supro jeth <0= ot poro =?.
<07 Agtbros, suprojeth <0=.
<=> Glgm ot ?3?>.
<=? Glgm ot ?3?>- ??.
<=< @ortowoy,suprojeth <0=.
<=0 Glgm ot poro 3?.
<== Glgm.
P^\GJK < ?0 38
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XJGSH\PG]W EC ]E\EJ]E CO@XI]W EC IO[ \HSGH[
Ceurtb tbh EP@ aoy ush tbh pulig` gjthrhst pewhr gj tbh olshj`h ec oj o`tuoi
vgeiotgej ec sh`urgtghs iow. Gj \h @ojomgoj]grh @erp <= 8 tbh EP@ stothm tbot
TtQe gjvedh tbh pulig` gjthrhst thst ec sh`tgej T?<;Q, portg`uioriy gj tbh ol-
shj`h ec o mhaejstrothm lrho`b ec tbh TEPOQ tbh rhkuiotgejs er o peig`y
stothahjt, tbh `ejmu`t er trojso`tgej aust `ihoriy lh mhaejstrothm te
lh olusgvh ec sborhbeimhrs gj portg`uior, ojm ec tbh `opgtoi aordhts gj
khjhroi. <=3
]bh preth`tgej ec `opgtoi aordhts aoy rhqugrh hxphmghjt o`tgej. Aordht
portg`gpojts aoy o`t gj o aojjhr tbot `oj gaahmgothiy rhsuit gj shrgeus bora te
`opgtoi aordhts. ]bh EP@, gj rh`ekjgzgjk tbh rhkuiotery joturh ec gts pewhrs,
stothm tbot ToQ rhkuiotery okhj`y `borkhm wgtb evhrsgkbt ec tbh `opgtoi aordhts
aust bovh tbh `opo`gty te aevh qug`diy te step trojso`tgejs wbg`b gt `ejsgmhrs te
lh gjfurgeus te tbh `opgtoi aordhts . <= ;
GG. ]BH ]HJPGEJ LH][HHJ @E\^E\O]H JM PH@X\G]GHP IO [
]bh rhkuiotgej ec `erperoth kevhrjoj`h ly sh`urgtghs rhkuioters gs jet wgtbeut
`rgtg`gsa. <=2 Bgsterg`oiiy, tbh rhkuiotgej ec tbh jeagjotgej ojm opprevoi ec `erper-
oth mgrh`ters wos tbh meaogj ec `erperoth iow. <= 7 Bewhvhr, @ojomgoj sh`urgtghs
iow bos gj`rhosgjkiy ce`ushm ej gssuhs rhiothm te `erperoth kevhrjoj`h ojm sborh-
beimhr rgkbts. <8> @ojomgoj sh`urgtghs rhkuioters' otthapt te agrrer XP sh`urgtghs
iow aoy portiy hxpiogj tbh gj`rhoshm rhkuiotgej ec `erperoth kevhrjoj`h gssuhs ly@ojomgoj rhkuioters. <8? ]we jetolih orhos ec evhriop orh tbh mgrh`ter jeagjotgej
pre`hss ojm tbh evhrsgkbt ec sborhbeimhr opprevoi.
g)Ph`urgtghs Iow ojm tbh Mgrh`terJeagjotgej ^re`hss
Sorgeus ports ec tbh @L@O rhkuioth tbh mgrh`ter jeagjotgej pre`hss. ]bh @L@O
rhkuioths letb tbh pre`hmuroi ojm sulstojtgvh rgkbts ec tbh `erperotgej ojm tbh
sborhbeimhrs. ]bh purpesh ec tbh @L@O sh`tgejs ej prexy seig`gtotgej gs sborhbeim-
hr preth`tgej.<8 < Gj ommgtgej, sh`urgtghs iow oise rhkuioths tbh gjceraotgej `gr`uior
<=8 @ojomgoj]grh suprojeth <0=.
<=3 Glgmot 7=;.
<=; Glgm.
<=2 Aory K @ejmej, Ojgto GOjojm Fojgs ^ Porro, Ph`urgtghsIow gj @ojomo6@oshs ojm @eaahj-
tory <m hm (]erejte6 Haejm Aejtkeahry, <>?>) ot =<2.
<=7 Phh glgm ot ==;.
<8> Glgm ot =<;.
<8? Glgm.
<8< \h ^o`gcg`o^ophrsGj` <>>? L@P@ ?>37 ot poro 70, 7< L@I\ 0m) ?82, `gtgjk @L@O suprojeth
?> s ?8> ?).
SEI ;? <33
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OMSOJ@H JE]G@H ^\ESGPGEJP
ojm prexy pre`hss. <80 O``ermgjk te Aory @ejmej, Ojgto Ojojm, ojm ojgs Porro,
tbh gjceraotgej `gr`uior ojm prexy pre`hss oiiews gjvhsters te hxhr`gsh tbhgr rgkbts
te portg`gpoth tbreukb vetgjk ojm sborhbeimhr prepesoi ah`bojgsas, krojthm te
tbha ly letb `erperoth ojm sh`urgtghs iow stotuths .
<8=
Cogrjhss ojm hccg`ghj`y ec`opgtoi aordhts gs mhphjmhjt ej tbh olgigty ec sborhbeimhrs te bovh `ejcgmhj`h tbot
tbh `erperotgej tbot tbhy portiy ewj gs lhgjk aojokhm gj gts lhst gjthrhsts. Os o
rhsuit, sborhbeimhrs utgigzh prexy ojm prepesoi prevgsgejs te evhrshh tbh kevhrj-
oj`h ec tbh `erperotgej. <88 Gj ommgtgej, wbhrh o mgssgmhjt sborhbeimhr gs olih te
hxhr`gsh bgs er bhr portg`gpotgej rgkbts, tbh sgkjoi crea tbh mgssgmhjt s o`tgejs `oj
lhjhcgt etbhr sborhbeimhrs.
Kgvhj tbot sh`urgtghs iow gs oirhomy gjveivhm gj tbh evhrsgkbt ec tbh prexy
ah`bojgsa, tbh `ejsgmhrotgej ec `erperoth o`tgejs tbot occh`t sborhbeimhr vetgjk
weuim lh o iekg`oi sthp te aogjtogjgjk pulig` `ejcgmhj`h gj tbh aordht os whii oshjsurgjk tbot aordhts orh ephrotgjk cogriy ojm hccg`ghjtiy.
gg) Ph`urgtghsIow ojm ^egsej^giis
O sborhbeimhr rgkbts pioj, ecthj djewj os o pegsej pgii , gs o mhchjsgvh ahosurh
tbot mgrh`ters `oj ush te prhvhjt o todhevhr ec tbh `erperotgej.<8 3 Igdh tbh omvoj`h
jetg`h prevgsgej, tbh ush ec pegsej pgiis gs jet uj`eaaej. <8 ; [bhj o porty trgkkhrs
o pegsej pgii, tbh pgii phragts jej-trgkkhrgjk sborhbeimhrs te o`qugrh ommgtgejoi
sborhs ot lhiew aordht voiuh. <82 Xsuoiiy, o trgkkhrgjk hvhjt e``urs wbhj o sborh-
beimhr eltogjs o sht phr`hjtokh ec tbh `erperotgej s sborhs. <8 7 ]bh pgii `rhoths omgsgj`hjtgvh cer o sborhbeimhr te trgkkhr tbh pgii lh`oush tbh pgii wgii mgiuth tbh
trgkkhrgjk sborhbeimhr s gjthrhst gj tbh `erperotgej. Pgagior te oj omvoj`h jetg`h
prevgsgej, gj tbh rgkbt `gr`uastoj`hs, tbh pgii `oj shrvh tbh lhst gjthrhsts ec tbh
`erperotgej. <3> Jhvhrtbhihss, sh`urgtghs rhkuioters bovh lhhj s`hptg`oi ec pegsej
pgiis lh`oush ec tbh rgsd tbot mgrh`ters agkbt ush pegsej pgiis te hjtrhj`b tbha-
shivhs. <3? @ojomgoj rhkuioters wgii gssuh o `hosh tromh ermhr okogjst sh`urgtghs
sulfh`t te o pegsej pgii wbhrh tbh pgii gs `ejtrory te tbh pulig` gjthrhst.<3<
<80 Phh h.k. Jotgejoi Gjstruahjt 8?-?>< - cer cgjoj`goi yhors lhkgjjgjk ej er octhr Fojuory ?,<>??
(ujeccg`goi `ejseigmotgej), EP@ JG 8?-?>< 0? E`telhr <>??), ^ort 7, ejigjh6 Ejtorge Ph`urgtghs @ea-
agssgej 9bttp6//www.es`.kev.ej.`o/hj/?00=<.bta:4 EPO suprojeth ?<, ^ort RGR.
<8= @ejmej, Ojojm Porro, suprojeth <=2 ot =<7.
<88 Glgm ot =0?.
<83 Glgm ot 887.
<8; Phh h.k. \h ??80<72 Oilhrto Itm, <>>8 OLOP@ ;<8 ot poro =3 T??80<72 OilhrtoQ.
<82 @ejmej, Ojojm Porro, suprojeth <=2 ot 887.
<87 @brgstepbhr @ Jg`beiis, Ahrkhrs O`qugsgtgejs ojm Etbhr @bojkhs ec @erperoth @ejtrei <m hm
(]erejte6 Grwgj Iow, <>?<) ot <8=-88.
<3 Phh h.k. ??80<72 Oilhrto suprojeth <8; ot poro =3 .
<3? Phh h.k. glgm.
<3< Phh h.k. glgm ot poro 28.
P^\GJK < ?0 3;
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XJGSH\PG]W EC ]E\EJ]E CO@XI]W EC IO[ \HSGH[
Gj hvoiuotgjk tbh o`tgejs ec mgrh`ters, sh`urgtghs rhkuioters bovh hapbosgzhm
tbh gapertoj`h ec prhshrvgjk tbh olgigty ec sborhbeimhrs te hxhr`gsh tbh cujmoahj-
toi rgkbts ec sborh ewjhrsbgp. Gj tbh pegsej pgii `ejthxt, tbh EP@ bos stothm tbot
tbh pulig` gjthrhst ighs gj oiiewgjk sborhbeimhrs ec o torkht `eapojy te
hxhr`gsh ejh ec tbh cujmoahjtoi rgkbts ec sborh ewjhrsbgp-tbh olgigty te
mgspesh ec sborhs os ejh wgsbhs-wgtbeut ujmuh bgjmroj`h crea.. .mhchj-
sgvh to`tg`s.. .omepthm y tbh torkht leorm. <30
Curtbhr, sh`urgtghs rhkuioters bovh ushm tbhgr pulig` gjthrhst pewhr te rhaevh
o pegsej pgii wbhj tbh mgrh`ters' ejiy pessglih fustgcg`otgej wos te hjtrhj`b tbha-
shivhs. Gj \h ??80<72 Oilhrto<3= tbh Oilhrto Ph`urgtghs @eaagssgej OP@) mhoit
wgtb wbhtbhr tbh `eaagssgej sbeuim `hosh tromh sborhs sulfh`t te o pegsej pgii.
O lgmmhr bom aomh oj ecchr cer tbh sborhs ec tbh torkht `erperotgej tbot weuim
rhaogj ephj ujtgi Fuiy <7, <>>8 <38 Ej Fuiy <2, <>>8 tbh torkht `erperotgej's
leorm omepthm o pegsej pgii tbot weuim lh trgkkhrhm ly o lgmmhr gc tbh lgmmhr
o`qugrhm o tbrhsbeim jualhr ec sborhs etbhrwgsh tboj gj o trojso`tgej opprevhm
ly tbh torkht s leorm ec mgrh`ters. <33 ]bh mgrh`ters mgm jet kgvh sborhbeimhrs tbh
eppertujgty te opprevh tbh pegsej pgii ojm tbh lgmmhr sulshquhjtiy oppighm te tbh
OP@ cer oj ermhr thragjotgjk tbh ephrotgej ec tbh pgii. <3; Gj mhchjmgjk gts o`tgejs,
tbh torkht `eapojy sulagtthm te tbh OP@ tbot tbh pegsej pgii wos gj tbh gjthrhst ec
sborhbeimhrs lh`oush gt weuim oiiew sborhbeimhrs te lhjhcgt crea lgms ojtg`gpothm
te lh rh`hgvhm ej Oukust ? <>>8.<32 ]bh OP@ `ejsgmhrhm tbot tbh ergkgjoi lgm wos
te `iesh ejiy tbrhh moys lhcerh tbh moth ej wbg`b tbh torkht leorm ojtg`gpothm gtweuim rh`hgvh `eaphtgjk ecchrs, ojm sukkhsthm tbot bovgjk oj ommgtgejoi whhdhjm
te eltogj `eaphtgjk lgms wos o vhry whod losgs cer upbeimgjk tbh pgii. <37 ]bh OP@
`ej`iumhm tbot cogigjk te prhvhjt tbh omeptgej ec tbh pgii gj tbh `gr`uastoj`hs
`euim bovh ujmhragjhm tbh prhmg`tolgigty ec tbh todh-evhr lgm pre`hss
khjhroiiyT, wbg`bQ...weuim ephroth te tbh mhtrgahjt ec etbhr aordht por-
tg`gpojts wbe gj TtbhQ cuturh agkbt cgjm tbhashivhs pejmhrgjk, er hjkokhm
gj seah `opo`gty gj, o Ttodh-evhrQ lgm ec tbhgr ewj ojm wejmhrgjk bew
tbhy eukbt te pre`hhm er jet pre`hhm.< ;>
]bh OP@ sukkhsthm tbot ejiy aojokhahjt shhdgjk te hjtrhj`b gtshic weuim
lhjhcgt crea su`b uj`hrtogjty ojm ujprhmg`tolgigty , <;? ojm whjt ej te beim tbot
<30 \h @ojomgoj erhx Itm ?77<), ?8 EP@L <8; ot <33 TFerhxQ.
<3= ??80<72 Oilhrto supro jeth <8;.
<38 Glgm ot poro <.
<33 Glgm ot poros 0 =>.
<3; Glgm ot poros = 02.
<32 Glgm ot poro 82.
<37 Glgm ot poros 87-3>.
<;> Glgm ot poro 20.
<;? Glgm
32 SEI ;? <)
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OMSOJ@H JE]G@H ^\ESGPGEJP
gt wos gj tbh pulig` gjthrhst te aodh oj ermhr tbot prhvhjthm tbh pegsej pgii crea
ephrotgjk. <; < ]bh OP@ gjthrvhjhm lh`oush ec `ej`hrjs evhr tbh olgigty ec mgrh`ters
te hjtrhj`b tbhashivhs ojm te olush tbhgr pewhrs ly strgppgjk sborhbeimhrs ec
cujmoahjtoi sborhbeimhr rgkbts.
GG. ]BH ^XLIG@ GJ]H\HP] ^E[H\ OJM ^\ELIHAO]G@ XPHP EC OMSOJ@H
JE]G@H ^\ESGPGEJP
Os stothm olevh, @ojomgoj]grh prevgmhs tbot gj tbh olshj`h ec o sph`gcg` lrho`b ec
sh`urgtghs iow, sh`urgtghs rhkuioters sbeuim ejiy ush tbh pulig` gjthrhst pewhr wbhj
mgrh`ters' o`tgejs orh olusgvh te sborhbeimhrs ojm ec `opgtoi aordhts gj khjhr-
oi. <;0 Oj o`tgej gs jet olusgvh sgapiy lh`oush gt gs ujcogr.<;= O``ermgjk te \h Phors
@ojomo j`, <;8 tbh mhcgjgtgej ec olusgvh khjhroiiy ahojs te agstrhot. <; 3Curtbhr,
Phors sukkhsts tbot tbh EP@ prhchrs o aoiiholih mhcgjgtgej ec olusgvh tbot gt `ojoppiy wbhj tbh `gr`uastoj`hs gjmg`oth o rhahmy gs jh`hssory.<;; Os orkuhm olevh
gj ^ort SG, o leorm s omeptgej ec oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej octhr tbh `ut-ecc
moth usgjk o leorm peig`y er ly-iows gs oj olush ec pewhr occh`tgjk tbh gjthkrgty ec
bew tbh `erperotgej s occogrs orh lhgjk `ejmu`thm. Aerhevhr, mhphjmgjk ej tbh
`gr`uastoj`hs, `eurts aoy cgjm epprhssgej er ujcogr prhfumg`h wbhrh tbh prevgsgej
rhstrg`ts sborhbeimhrs crea aodgjk o jeagjotgej lhcerh o sph`gcg` moth.
[bgih @ojomgoj]grh sukkhsts tbot o `eaagssgej `ojjet rhsert te tbh pulig`
gjthrhst pewhr wbhrh tbh `ejmu`t gs ahrhiy ujcogr,<;2 o `eaagssgej sbeuim jet
`ejcioth ujcogr ojm ujcogr prhfumg`h . Xjcogr prhfumg`h `ejtogjs oj hxtrohihahjt tbot gs lhyejm ahrh ujcogrjhss. ]bgs gs hvgmhjt gj L@H wbhrh tbh @eurt
gjmg`oths tbot ujcogr mgsrhkorm gs ihss shrgeus tboj ujcogr prhfumg`h . <; 7 Curtbhr
Jotgejoi ^eig`y 3<-<><,<2> wbg`b ommrhsshs mhchjsgvh to`tg`s su`b os pegsej pgiis,
stoths tbot sh`urgtghs rhkuioters orh prhporhm te hxoagjh torkht `eapojy to`tg`s
gj sph`gcg` `oshs te mhthragjh wbhtbhr tbhy orh olusgvh ec sborhbeimhrrgkbts .<2? Gj
L@H tbh @eurt stothm tbot tbh omeptgej ec o pegsej pgii gs oj hxoapih ec ujcogr
<;< Glgm ot poro 28.
<;0 @ojomgoj]grh, suprojeth <0= ot 7=;.
<;= Glgm
<;8 <>>3), 08 EP@L 2;2?.
<;3 Glgm ot 22?=.
<;; Glgm.
<;2 @ojomgoj]grh, suprojeth <0= ot 7=;.
<;7 L@H supro jeth ot poros 70-7=.
<2 Jetg`h ojm \hs`gssgej ojm Cgjoi Jotgejoi ^eig`y (hcch`tgvh = Oukust ?77;)6 J^ 3<-<>< ]odh-
Evhr Lgms Mhchjsgvh ]o`tg`s, EP@ J^ 3<-<>< (= Fuiy ?77;), ejigjh6 Ejtorge Ph`urgtghs @eaagssgej9bttp6//www.es`.kev.ej.`o/hj/?0<;=.bta: TJ^ 3<-<><Q.
<2? Glgm s ?.? 0) Thapbosgs ommhmQ.
P^\GJK < ?0 37
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XJGSH\PG]W EC ]E\EJ]E CO@XI]W EC IO[ \HSGH[
prhfumg`h . <2 < Purhiy, tbh @eurt wos jet gapiygjk tbot sh`urgtghs rhkuioters sbeuim
`ejsgmhr tbh omeptgej ec o pegsej pgii te lh ahrhiy ujcogr cer sh`urgtghs iow
purpeshs wbhj tbh @eurt `boro`thrgzhm tbh omeptgej ec o pegsej pgii os `ejmu`t
tbot wos ujcogr prhfumg`h .Os gj tbh pegsej pgii `ejthxt, sh`urgtghs rhkuioters sbeuim `ejstrogj tbh ush ec
oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej wbhrh gt gs ujigdhiy te o`bghvh ojy curtbhr lhjhcgts cer
sborhbeimhrs . <2 0 Ph`urgtghs rhkuioters sbeuim jet quhstgej hvhry omvoj`h jetg`h
prevgsgej. Gj portg`uior, wbhrh o leorm oahjms `erperoth ortg`ihs te gapihahjt
o prevgsgej succg`ghjtiy gj omvoj`h ec tbh `ut-ecc moth, ojm tbh prevgsgej mehs jet
`ejtogj o rhstrg`tgej ej jetg`h prger te o `hrtogj moth, tbh prevgsgej gs prgao co`gh
`ejsgsthjt wgtb tbh pulig` gjthrhst, lh`oush tbh prevgsgej wgii jet lh hcch`tgvh ujtgi
gt gs opprevhm ly twe-tbgrms ec sborhbeimhrs ojm gt wgii jet prhvhjt oppreprgothiy
iejk `oapogkjs.Oithrjotgvhiy, wbhrh tbh `gr`uastoj`hs sukkhst tbot mgrh`ters orh lhgjk olusgvh
te sborhbeimhrs ojm `opgtoi aordhts gj khjhroi, rhkuioters sbeuim `ejsgmhr wbhtbhr
tbh mgrh`ters' o`tgejs ojm tbh omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej orh gj tbh pulig` gjthrhst.
Gj portg`uior, omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs tbot orh gapihahjthm gj oj otthapt te
hjtrhj`b aojokhahjt er te `ejstrogj tbh cujmoahjtoi rgkbts ec sborhbeimhrs orh
olusgvh ec sborhbeimhrs ojm tbh `opgtoi aordhts gj khjhroi lh`oush ec tbh gapert-
ojt reih tbot sborhbeimhr vetgjk bos gj hjsurgjk mgrh`ters o`t gj tbh lhst gjthrhsts
ec tbh `erperotgej. Curtbhr, wbhtbhr sborhbeimhrs orh olih te veth ej oj omvoj`h
jetg`h prevgsgej, er wbhtbhr tbh mgrh`ters bovh `eapighm wgtb tbhgr `erperoth iowmutghs, sbeuim jet gjmhphjmhjtiy mhthragjh wbhtbhr tbh prevgsgej gs `ejtrory te
tbh pulig` gjthrhst.
g) AojokhahjtHjtrhj`bahjt
Ejh `eaaej choturh ec pegsej pgiis ojm omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs gs tbot o leorm
`oj gapihahjt tbha te hjtrhj`b gtshic.<2= Gj osshssgjk tbh pulig` gjthrhst, rhkuioters
wgii lh portg`uioriy `ej`hrjhm wbhrh tbhrh orh gjmg`otgejs tbot tbh sborhbeimhrs
orh lhgjk ujmuiy er ujcogriy mhprgvhm ec tbh olgigty te rhspejm te eppertujgtghs
rhiotgjk te tbhgr gjvhstahjt <28-cer hxoapih, wbhrh sthps TorhQ todhj ly torkht`eapojy aojokhahjt te worm ecc o pethjtgoi o`qugrhr gj oj otthapt te hjtrhj`b
aojokhahjt's ewj pesgtgej . <2 3 Pgagioriy, os stothm ly tbh EP@, Leorm pre`hss
wgii lh `eapreagshm wbhrh.. .mh`gsgejs ly tbh torkht leorm er sph`goi `eaagtthh
<2< L@H supro jeth ot poro 7=.
<20 @.c \h LoccgjiojmGrej Agjhs @erp <>?>), 00 EP@L ??028 ot ??027, ;; LI\ =tb) ?=0.
<2= ^odrui, suprojeth 38.
<28 \h ?=;223> ilhrtoItm <>>7 OLOP@ ==2 ot poro 03.
<23 Glgm.
SEI ; <>
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OMSOJ@H JE]G@H ^\ESGPGEJP
sukkhst hjtrhj`bahjt. <2 ; Os gj tbh pegsej pgii `ejthxt,<22 sh`urgtghs rhkuioters
sbeuim `ejsgmhr usgjk tbh pulig` gjthrhst pewhr wbhrh tbh ejiy fustgcg`otgej cer tbh
omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej opphors te lh tbh hjtrhj`bahjt ec aojokhahjt.
Gc o leorm ushs o ly-iow er leorm peig`y te omept oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej,sh`urgtghs rhkuioters sbeuim `ejsgmhr aojokhahjt hjtrhj`bahjt. ]bh olgigty ec
mgrh`ters te aodh o ly-iow er leorm peig`y gaahmgothiy hcch`tgvh `oj lh olusgvh
te sborhbeimhr rgkbts ojm tbh `opgtoi aordhts cer twe rhosejs. Cgrst, lh`oush oj
omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej gapihahjthm tbreukb o ly-iow er leorm peig`y gs hcch`tgvh
gaahmgothiy, mgrh`ters `oj ush oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej rhkormihss ec wbhtbhr
tbh mgrh`ters lhighvh o aofergty ec sborhbeimhrs weuim suppert tbha evhr oithrjo-
tgvh jeagjhhs. @ejshquhjtiy, wbhrh mgrh`ters susph`t tbot tbhy wgii jet lh rh-hih`t-
hm, tbhy aoy omept oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej gj oj otthapt te preiejk tbhgr
thjurh. Ph`ejm, o veth te opprevh oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej `oj todh pio`hocthr tbh veth te hih`t mgrh`ters, os e``urrhm gj Aujmere. Gj su`b o `osh, hvhj gc
sborhbeimhrs whrh te rhfh`t tbh prevgsgej, o mgssgmhjt weuim bovh lhhj ujolih te
jeagjoth o mgrh`ter crea tbh cieer-tbh veth te hih`t mgrh`ters weuim bovh oirhomy
todhj pio`h. <27
[bgih Aujmere gapighs tbot beimgjk o sborhbeimhr veth aodhs oj omvoj`h
jetg`h prevgsgej aerh igdhiy te lh hjcer`holih, <7> gt mehs jet stoth tbot tbh prevgsgej
gj quhstgej weuim bovh lhhj gjhcch`tgvh gc tbh mgrh`ters bom jet put gt te o sborh-
beimhr veth. Jhvhrtbhihss, gc mgrh`ters gapihahjt oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej ly
usgjk o leorm peig`y wgtbeut o sborhbeimhr veth, sh`urgtghs rhkuioters sbeuim cgjmtbot tbh prevgsgej wos omepthm te hjtrhj`b tbh mgrh`ters.
Gj ommgtgej te bew tbh leorm gapihahjthm oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej, rhku-
ioters sbeuim oise `ejsgmhr wbhj tbh leorm gapihahjthm tbh prevgsgej, ojm tbh
leorm s lhbovgeur oreujm tbgs tgah. Os gj Aujmere wbhrh o leorm ushs hgtbhr
o leorm peig`y er ly-iow te gapihahjt oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej octhr tbh
`ut-ecc moth, tbh mgrh`ters o`tgejs prgaoco`gh sukkhst aojokhahjt hjtrhj`bahjt.
Curtbhr, wbhrh tbh `gr`uastoj`hs hvgj`h pessglih stoiigjk to`tg`s, su`b os tbesh gj
Aoumerh o rhkuioter sbeuim lh oihrt te etbhr gjmg`go ec hjtrhj`bahjt.
[bhrh o leorm gapihahjts oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej tbreukb oj oahjm-ahjt te tbh ortg`ihs, sh`urgtghs rhkuioters sbeuim lh ihss `ej`hrjhm oleut aojokh-
ahjt hjtrhj`bahjt. ]bgs gs lh`oush oahjmahjts te tbh ortg`ihs orh jet hcch`tgvh
ujtgi opprevhm ly sborhbeimhrs tbreukb sph`goi rhseiutgej. <7? Bewhvhr, sh`urgtghs
rhkuioters aoy stgii `ejsgmhr wbhtbhr tbh wgjmew ec eppertujgty te jeagjoth mgrh`-
<2; \h Jhe Aothrgoi]h`bjeiekghs Gj` <>>7), 0< EP@L 37=? ot 3782, 30 LI\ (=tb) ?<0.
<22 ??80<72 Oilhrto supro jeth <8; ot poros 20-28.
<27 Phh h.k. ]beasej Pbgsbihr, suprojeth ?3>.
<7 Aujmere suprojeth 3 ot poro 8?.
<7? @L@O supro jeth ?> s ?;0(?)(`) (o sph`goi rhseiutgej gs mhcgjhm gj sh`tgej <(?) te ahoj o rhseiu-
tgej posshm ly o aofergty ec jet ihss tboj twe-tbgrms ec vetgjk sborhbeimhrs).
P^\GJK < ?0 ;?
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XJGSH\PG]W EC ]E\EJ]E CO@XI]W EC IO[ \HSGH[
ters ephroths te hjtrhj`b hxgstgjk mgrh`ters. O `eaagssgej sbeuim `ejsgmhr tbh
prhshj`h ec hjtrhj`bahjt wbhrh tbh prevgsgej phragts o sbert wgjmew ec epper-
tujgty cer jeagjotgej. Os giiustrothm ly tbh @^ \ogi soko, mgssgmhjt sborhbeimhrs
`oj lhjhcgt sulstojtgoiiy crea rujjgjk o iejk pulig` `oapogkj. \hkuioters sbeuim`ejsgmhr wbhtbhr tbh mgrh`ters bovh ojy fustgcg`otgej etbhr tboj hjtrhj`bahjt cer
rhstrg`tgjk jeagjotgejs lhcerh seah sph`gcghm moth.
Gj `ejsgmhrgjk wbhtbhr tbh leorm gs otthaptgjk te hjtrhj`b gtshic, sh`urgtghs
rhkuioters sbeuim `ejsgmhr sgagior co`ters os gj tbh epprhssgej `ejthxt. Cgrst, gc tbh
`erperotgej ushs sioth vetgjk, tbh omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej aoy bovh oj hjtrhj`b-
gjk hcch`t. Ph`ejm, jej-`uauiotgvh vetgjk aoy sukkhst hjtrhj`bahjt gc gt aodhs
gt ihss igdhiy tbot tbh agjergty sborhbeimhrs `oj gjciuhj`h tbh mhthragjotgej ec
mgrh`ters. ]bgrm, gc tbh `erperotgej bos o iorkh jualhr ec sborhbeimhrs, sh`urgtghs
rhkuioters sbeuim `ejsgmhr wbhtbhr tbh wgjmew ec eppertujgty bos oj hjtrhj`bgjkhcch`t ly aodgjk tbh hih`tgej ec o mgssgmhjt s jeagjhh ujigdhiy.
gg) Bora te PborhbeimhrsCujmoahjtoi \gkbts
\h @ojomgojFerhx Itm sukkhsts tbot sh`urgtghs rhkuioters sbeuim lh oihrt te ojy
o`tgejs ec mgrh`ters tbot evhrrgmh cujmoahjtoi rgkbts ec sborhbeimhrs. < 7< Gj portg`u
ior, Ferhx sukkhsts tbot tbh pulig` gjthrhst ighs gj prebglgtgjk mgrh`ters crea ujmuiy
bgjmhrgjk tbh cujmoahjtoi rgkbts ec sborh ewjhrsbgp. <70Gj \h BumLoy Agjhrois
Gj` <7= tbh EP@ stothm tbot TtQbh rgkbt ec sborhbeimhrs te veth ej ojm mhthragjh
tbh aodh-up ec tbh leorm gs o cujmoahjtoi kevhrjoj`h rgkbt . <78 Curtbhr, lh`oush T`Qopgtoi aordhts mhphjm ej tbh ruihs tbot `erperoth iow hstoligsbhs cer mhthr-
agjgjk bew gjvhsters rhoigzh rhturjs ,<73 tbh voiuh ec sborhs aoy mgagjgsb gc mgrh`-
ters evhrrgmh tbh rgkbts ec sborhbeimhrs, os gjvhsters aoy lhkgj te quhstgej tbh
`hrtogjty ec tbh losg` ossuaptgejs ej wbg`b tbhy aodh gjvhstahjt mh`gsgejs. Os
stothm gj ^ort SG, ujmhr `erperoth iow, o cujmoahjtoi rgkbt ec sborhbeimhrs gs
te shih`t tbh mgrh`ters ec o `eapojy. <7; Lh`oush `erperoth iow aodhs mgrh`ters
rhspejsglih cer aojokgjk tbh `erperotgej,<72 sborhbeimhrs tbot orh mgssotgscghm
wgtb aojokhahjt `oj me igttih aerh tboj shii tbhgr sborhs, er otthapt te rhpio`h
tbh mgrh`ters te hxprhss tbhgr mgssotgsco`tgej. [bhj o sborhbeimhr je iejkhr bostbh olgigty te otthapt te rhpio`h tbh mgrh`ters, tbh sborhbeimhr's ejiy eptgej gs te
shii gts sborhs. Crea o pulig` gjthrhst phrsph`tgvh, tbgs gs portg`uioriy treulihseah
lh`oush sborhbeimhrs khjhroiiy ejiy `ejsgmhr rhpio`gjk mgrh`ters wbhj tbh sborhs
<7< Phh Ferhx, supro jeth <30.
<70 Glgm
<7= <>>7), 0< EP@L 0;00, 82 LI\ (=tb) <=7 T`gthm te EP@LQ.
<78 Glgm ot 0;3< Thapbosgs ommhmQ.
<73 ^urg ht oi, supro jeth <8 ot ?73.
<7; Phh h.k., ^ouisej,suprojeth <>8 ot <>?-><.
<72 @L@O suprojeth ?> s ?><.
SEI ; <)
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OMSOJ@H JE]G@H ^\ESGPGEJP
bovh lhhj phrceragjk peeriy. Mgrh`ters' ush ec o leorm peig`y er ly-iow te gapih-
ahjt oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej octhr tbh `ut-ecc moth, os gj Aujmere er tbhgr
ush ec stoiigjk to`tg`s, os gj Aoumerh sbeuim lh shhj os strgppgjk sborhbeimhrs ec
tbhgr cujmoahjtoi rgkbt te jeagjoth ojm hih`t mgrh`ters. ]bh `eaagssgej sbeuim`ejsgmhr aodgjk ermhrs gj tbh pulig` gjthrhst te prhvhjt o`tgejs tbot hcch`tgvhiy
mhstrey tbh olgigty ec o sborhbeimhr te jeagjoth o mgrh`ter.
Curtbhr, te tbh hxthjt tbot sioth vetgjk ojm tbh stort ojm hjm moth ec tbh wgjmew
ec eppertujgty mh`rhosh tbh `boj`h tbot sborhbeimhrs wgii veth cer tbh mgssgmhjt's
sioth, tbh sioth vetgjk systha aoy lh mhtrgahjtoi te tbh mgssgmhjt s cujmoahjtoi
rgkbts. Gj ommgtgej, gc tbh `erperotgej bos o iorkh jualhr ec sborhbeimhrs, sh`ur-
gtghs rhkuioters sbeuim `ejsgmhr wbhtbhr tbh stort ojm hjm moth ec tbh wgjmew ec
eppertujgty mhchots tbh cujmoahjtoi rgkbts ec sborhbeimhrs ly aodgjk gt mgccg`uit
cer tbh mgssgmhjt te `eaaujg`oth wgtb tbh sborhbeimhrs. Aerhevhr, lh`oush gjcer-aotgej gs gapertojt te sborhbeimhrs' olgigty te djewihmkholiy hih`t mgrh`ters, <77
gc
aerh tboj ejh mgssgmhjt gs prepesgjk jeagjotgejs er o sioth, tbhj tbh wgjmew ec
eppertujgty sbeuim prevgmh sborhbeimhrs wgtb hjeukb tgah te mgkhst tbh gjcerao-
tgej ojm aodh oj gjcerahm mh`gsgej.
ggg)PborhbeimhrSeth Pbeuim jet lh Mhthragjotgvh
@eurt opprevoi ec omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs, su`b os gj Aoumerh ojm Aujmere
sbeuim jet seihiy mhthragjh wbhtbhr tbhsh prevgsgejs, er mgrh`ters' o`tgejs wgtb
rhsph`t te tbhsh prevgsgejs, orh gj tbh pulig` gjthrhst. Gj \h Lojds,0>> tbh EP@stothm tbh ceiiewgjk6
T Qj hxhr`gsgjk eur pulig` gjthrhst furgsmg`tgej `ej`hrjgjk `erperoth kev-
hrjoj`h, wh aust ke lhyejm `ejsgmhrgjk wbhtbhr tbh rhspejmhjt `ea-
pighm wgtb tbh muty ec `orh, mgigkhj`h ojm sdgii sht eut gj tbh EL@O
]bh EP@ hapbosgzhm tbot gt gs eligkothm te mhthragjh wbhtbhr tbh `ejmu`t ec
tbh rhspejmhjt wos `ejtrory te tbh pulig` gjthrhst .0><
Curtbhr, gj `ejsgmhrgjk tbh
EP@'s mh`gsgej gj \h Aokjo Gjthrjotgejoi j`0>0 ^rechsser Ojgto Ojojm sukkhsts
tbot sh`urgtghs rhkuiotgej pio`hs o ioyhr ec rhkuiotery `ejsgmhrotgejs evhr ojm
olevh tbh `ejtro`t tbot sborhbeimhrs bovh hjthrhm gjte wgtb tbh `erperotgej .0>=
Pbh sukkhsts tbot TtQbhsh `ejsgmhrotgejs gj`iumh tbh `ej`hpt ec pulig` gjthrhst,
wbg`b bos tromgtgejoiiy ahojt aerh tboj tbh rhosejolih hxph`totgejs ec sborhbeim-
<77 ^urg ht oi, suprojeth <8 ot ?7>-7?.
0 <>>0), <3 EP@L 00;;, 0= LI\ 0m) <7< TLojds `gthm te EP@LQ, vor m ej etbhr kreujms, Lojds
v Ejtorge Ph`urgtghs@eaagssgej <>>8), <>= EO@ <7> ?=0 O@[P 0m) ?><< (Pup @t F (Mgv @t)).
0>? Lojds, suprojeth 0 ot 002=.
0>< Glgm.
0>0 (<>??), 0= EP@L ?<7>, ;2 LI\ (=tb) 7=.
0>= Ojgto Ojojm, [os Aokjo gj tbh ^ulig` Gjthrhst5 (<>??) =76< Eskeemh Boii IF 0?? ot 0<=.
P^\GJK <>?0 ;0
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XJGSH\PG]W EC ]E\EJ]E CO@XI]W EC IO[ \HSGH[
hrs .0> Os o rhsuit, tbh co`t tbot o `eurt upbeims oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej ujmhr
`erperoth iow sbeuim jet prh`iumh o sh`urgtghs rhkuioter crea `ejsgmhrgjk wbhtbhr
tbh prevgsgej gs `ejtrory te tbh pulig` gjthrhst.
Kgvhj tbh olgigty ec mgrh`ters te omept omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs wgtb erwgtbeut prger sborhbeimhr opprevoi, sh`urgtghs rhkuioters sbeuim ieed te tbh iow
ej sborhbeimhr opprevoi gj tbh pegsej pgii `ejthxt te gjcera tbhgr `ejsgmhrotgej ec
wbhtbhr omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs orh `ejtrory te tbh pulig` gjthrhst. Cer hxoapih,
gj \h @oroEphrotgejs tm 0 3 tbh EP@ stothm tbh ceiiewgjk wgtb rhsph`t te mgrh`-
ters' ush ec pegsej pgiis, wgtb tbh stothahjt lhgjk hquoiiy oppig`olih te omvoj`h
jetg`h prevgsgejs6
Gco Tjetg`h prevgsgejQ mehs jet bovh sborhbeimhr opprevoi, gt khjhroi-
y wgii lh susph`t os jet lhgjk gj tbh lhst gjthrhst ec tbh sborhbeimhrs4bewhvhr, sborhbeimhr opprevoi ec gtshic wgii jet hstoligsb tbot o Tjetg`h
prevgsgejQ gs gj tbh lhst gjthrhst ec tbh sborhbeimhrs.0 >;
Gj ommgtgej, sh`urgtghs rhkuioters sbeuim lh `outgeus oleut `ejciotgjk sborh-
beimhr opprevoi wgtb tbh pulig` gjthrhst. Lh`oush ly-iow oahjmahjts ojm leorm
peig`ghs orh hcch`tgvh gaahmgothiy, tbh olgigty ec sborhbeimhrs te veth ej tbh prevg-
sgej mehs jet jhkoth tbh moaokh mejh te sborhbeimhrs er `opgtoi aordhts prger
te tbh sborhbeimhr veth te opprevh tbh prevgsgej. Os o rhsuit, sgj`h tbh pulig`
gjthrhst gs rhahmgoi ojm prhvhjtotgvh,0>2 sh`urgtghs rhkuioters sbeuim jet wogt te o`t
ujtgi sborhbeimhrs veth ej tbh prevgsgej wbhj tbh `gr`uastoj`hs sukkhst olush ec
sborhbeimhrs ojm `opgtoi aordhts loshm ej gjmg`go su`b os hjtrhj`bahjt er bora
te sborhbeimhrs' cujmoahjtoi rgkbts.
SGGG @EJ@IXPGEJ
Omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs `oj lhjhcgt sborhbeimhrs ly prephriy gjceragjk tbha ec
oithrjotgvh mgrh`ter jeagjotgejs. Bewhvhr, wbhrh mgrh`ters gapihahjt oj omvoj`h
jetg`h prevgsgej tbreukb o ly-iow er leorm peig`y wgtb gaahmgoth hcch`t octhr tbh
`ut-ecc moth, er gapihahjt o prevgsgej shvhroi moys lhcerh tbh `ut-ecc moth ojm
stoii tbh mgssgmhjt gj `eapiygjk wgtb tbh prevgsgej, sborhbeimhrs wgii lh hcch`tgvh-
y prh`iumhm crea jeagjotgjk mgrh`ters ot tbh certb`eagjk ahhtgjk. Gj ommgtgej,
wbhrh tbh prevgsgej prhvhjts jeagjotgejs prger te o sph`gcghm moth, mgssgmhjts aoy
lh mgsomvojtokhm rhiotgvh te gj`ualhjt mgrh`ters lh`oush ec tbh lhjhcgt ec iejk
pulig` `oapogkjs ojm cgrst aevhr omvojtokhs. ^revgsgejs tbot rhstrg`t jeagjotgej
0>8 Glgm
0>3 <>><), <8 EP@L ;77;.
0>; Glgm ot 2>>0 (te giiustroth tbh oppig`olgigty ec tbh quethm possokh te omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs,
tbh thra pioj -wbg`b tbh EP@ ushm te mgs`uss tbh pegsej pgii-bos lhhj rhpio`hm wgtb jetg`h prevg-sgej ).
0>2 Phh h.k. Agtbros supro jeth <0= ot ?3?> ??.
SEI ; (<);=
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OMSOJ@H JE]G@H ^\ESGPGEJP
prger te o sph`gcghm moth aoy oise gjmgrh`tiy hj`eurokh cuii-liewj lottihs cer `ejtrei
ly `rhotgjk o mgsgj`hjtgvh cer mgssgmhjts te jhketgoth gj omvoj`h ec tbh wgjmew ec
eppertujgty.
@ejshquhjtiy, mgrh`ters ush ec omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs `euim kgvh rgsh te`eurt ermhr ujmhr tbh epprhssgej rhahmy. Mhphjmgjk ej tbh `gr`uastoj`hs, tbh
o`tgejs ec mgrh`ters ojm tbh thras ec tbh prevgsgejs aoy lrh `b tbh rh sej lih
hxph`totgejs ec mgssgmhjt sborhbeimhrs. Curtbhr wbhrh mgrh`ters ush tbh prevg-
sgejs gj o aojjhr tb t prh`iumhs sborhbeimhrs crea aodgjk jeagjotgejs eutrgkbt
er rhmu`hs tbh `boj`h ec sborhbeimhrs su``hsscuiiy rhpio`gjk gj`ualhjt aojokh-
ahjt, tbhgr o`tgejs orh ot ihost ujcogriy prhfumg`goi, ojm pethjtgoiiy epprhssgvh, te
sborhbeimhrs.
\hkormihss ec wbhtbhr `erper th iow oppighs, sh`urgtghs rhkuioters sbeuim
`ejsgmhr wbhtbhr omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgejs ojm tbhgr a jjhr ec omeptgej orh`ejtrory te tbh pulig` gjthrhst. [bhrh tbh thras ec oj omvoj`h jetg`h prevgsgej er
gts a jjhr ec omeptgej sukkhsts hjtrhj`bahjt er o vgeiotgej ec tbh cujm ahjt i
rgkbts ec sborhbeimhrs, tbh prevgsgej wgii lh olusgvh ec tbh mgssgmhjts ojm `opgtoi
aordhts gj khjhroi. Lh`oush ec tbh gapertojt reih ec sborhbeimhrs olgigty te shih`t
aojokhahjt, gjvhsters aoy iesh `ejcgmhj`h gj tbh `opgtoi aordhts gc sh`urgtghs
rhkuioters ihovh sborhbeimhrs cujm ahjt i rgkbts ujpreth`thm. ]e prhvhjt pessglih
olush, sh`urgtghs rhkuioters sbeuim jet ligjmiy rhiy ej tbh co`t tb t omvoj`h jetg`h
prevgsgejs aoy hvhjtuoiiy lh opprevhm ly sborhbeimhr veths. ]bhsh prevgsgejs
aoy lh gaahmgothiy hcch`tgvh, se ly tbh tgah sborhbeimhrs bovh tbh eppertujgtyte veth, tbh prevgsgej wgii bovh oirhomy b rahm sborhbeimhrs ojm `opgtoi aordhts.
P^\GJK < ?0 ;
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