HomeBrew RF Siganl Generator Colpitts FET Oscillator
William R. Robinson Jr. p1of 28 2008 All rights Reserved
THE OSCILLATOR
V1 is 9.0 Volts dc Purpose and Function Create a signal which can be amplified for use in an RF frequency Generator. Theory and Design
I have lost the reference for this circuit o But very similar to the Colpitts in the 2007 ARRL1
C1-C2 and L1 form the Resonator circuit C3 provides coupling/ isolation to J1g Positive feedback is provide by the C2 J1d connection Many texts claim component selection is more black art than science using
calculations 2 C1 –C2 were picked by available variable capacitors with typical ranges of 30-
110pf
HomeBrew RF Siganl Generator Colpitts FET Oscillator
William R. Robinson Jr. p2of 28 2008 All rights Reserved
C3 was picked for best response Scope must be on 10x to keep from overloading
HomeBrew RF Siganl Generator Colpitts FET Oscillator
William R. Robinson Jr. p3of 28 2008 All rights Reserved
Calculated Frequency
C1, C2, and L1 determine the frequency
o
2
1
1
11
CC
Ceq
o C1,C2 represent a ganged variable capacitor =33 to110pf and c2=220 pF When C1, C2 = 33pf
Ceqmin = 1/(1/33 +1/33) Ceqmin = 16.5 pf
When C1, C2 = 68pf Ceqmax = 1/(1/68+1/68) Ceqmin = 34 pf
Resonate FrequencyLC
F2
10 3
o L = 1 uH
o Fmax = 16.5pF*1.0uH2
1
o Fmax = 39.2 Mhz
o Fmin = 34pF*1.0uH2
1
o Fmin = 27.3 Mhz
By similar means we calculate for their values of L1 o L1 = 10 uH
Fmax = 12.3 Mhz Fmin = 8.63 Mhz
o L1 = 100 uH Fmax = 3.92 Mhz Fmin = 2.73 Mhz
Bias The FET forms a classic Source follower Because there is little or no current into the Gate
o There is no voltage drop across R1 o Using Kirkoffs voltage law we get Vgs = - Vs = -Id Rs
(Rs = R2)Vgs
Vp
VgsIdssId 1( 4
HomeBrew RF Siganl Generator Colpitts FET Oscillator
William R. Robinson Jr. p4of 28 2008 All rights Reserved
Idss and Vp are dependent on the FET and can be found in the data sheets
Vp is between 8.0 and 0 Volts 5 I will use the average of 4.0 volts
Idss is between 2.0 and 20.0 mA 5, I will use the average of 11.0 ma
Vgs o Vgs = needs to be less Vp to keep Id less than Idss o Vgs and therefore Vs needs to be high enough to allow for sufficient
swing of the output signal I choose Vgs = -1.5 Volts for max swing
Now we can compute 0.4
5.11(11 maId
o Id = 8.69 ma Rs = Vs/Id = 1.5V/7.78 = 192 ohms Vg = 0 by design Vd = 9V power supply NOTE: The R required to achieve Vgs = -1.5V in simulation was 3.3K
ohms o So these calculations are off by an order of magnitude o The model FET is not an exact match o Looking at the Data sheet 5 we see a large variance for Vgs and Idss. This
and Reference 6 show that it is very difficult to calculate the biases for and FET with any degree of certainty
Amplitude
I was not able to calculate the amplitude of the output. Harmonic Noise
I was not able to calculate the Harmonic noise of the output.
HomeBrew RF Siganl Generator Colpitts FET Oscillator
William R. Robinson Jr. p5of 28 2008 All rights Reserved
Simulation
Simulations were over optimistic about magnitude and the ability to oscillate than
a real circuit until the C1-C3 were made non- ideal by adding 10ohm series resistance, however this is then to pessimistic!
Frequency
C1, C2 = 33pf , L1 = 1uh => 36.8 Mhz
Series1Series2
100.000M90.000M80.000M70.000M60.000M50.000M40.000M30.000M20.000M10.000M0.0
550.000m
500.000m
450.000m
400.000m
350.000m
300.000m
250.000m
200.000m
150.000m
100.000m
50.000m
0.0
-50.000m
C1, C2 = 33pf , L1 = 1uh => 36.8 Mhz C1, C2 = 68pf , L1 = 1uh => 26.6 Mhz C1, C2 = 33pf , L1 = 10uh => 11.6 Mhz C1, C2 = 68pf , L1 = 10uh => 8.34 Mhz C1, C2 = 33pf , L1 = 100uh => 3.75 Mhz C1, C2 = 68pf , L1 = 100uh => 2.54 Mhz
Bias
Vd = 9.0 Vg = 0.0 Vs = 1.5
Amplitude
C1, C2, C1 = 33pf , L1 = 1uh => 2.0 Vp-p C1, C2, C1 = 110pf , L1 = 1uh => 0.4 Vp-p C1, C2, C1 = 33pf , L1 = 10uh => 11.0 Vp-p (Clipping) C1, C2, C1 = 110pf , L1 = 10uh => 5.6 Vp-p C1, C2, C1 = 33pf , L1 = 100uh => 11.0 Vp-p (Clipping)
HomeBrew RF Siganl Generator Colpitts FET Oscillator
William R. Robinson Jr. p6of 28 2008 All rights Reserved
C1, C2, C1 = 110pf , L1 = 100uh => 11.0 Vp-p (Clipping)
Harmonic Noise The values below are Vdb to the nearest peak in the frequency domain
(harmonic distortion) C1, C2, C1 = 33pf , L1 = 1uh => -24.5 db C1, C2, C1 = 110pf , L1 = 1uh => -29.5 db C1, C2, C1 = 33pf , L1 = 10uh => -25.8 db C1, C2, C1 = 110pf , L1 = 10uh => -22.6 db C1, C2, C1 = 33pf , L1 = 100uh => -28.0 db C1, C2, C1 = 110pf , L1 = 100uh => -28.0 db
HomeBrew RF Siganl Generator Colpitts FET Oscillator
William R. Robinson Jr. p7of 28 2008 All rights Reserved
Real Circuit Frequency
C1, C2 = 33pf , L1 = 1uh => 27.8 Mhz C1, C2 = 68pf , L1 = 1uh => 25.0 Mhz C1, C2 = 33pf , L1 = 10uh => 10.9 Mhz C1, C2 = 68pf , L1 = 10uh => 7.14 Mhz C1, C2 = 33pf , L1 = 100uh => 3.50 Mhz C1, C2 = 68pf , L1 = 100uh => 2.34 Mhz
Bias
I failed to measure these. Amplitude
C1, C2, C1 = 33pf , L1 = 1uh => 3.0 Vp-p C1, C2, C1 = 110pf , L1 = 1uh => 4.0 Vp-p C1, C2, C1 = 33pf , L1 = 10uh => 8.0 Vp-p (Clipping) C1, C2, C1 = 110pf , L1 = 10uh => 9.0 Vp-p C1, C2, C1 = 33pf , L1 = 100uh => 9.0 Vp-p (Clipping) C1, C2, C1 = 110pf , L1 = 100uh => 10.0 Vp-p (Clipping)
Harmonic Noise The values below are Vdb to the nearest peak in the frequency domain
(harmonic distortion) C1, C2, C1 = 33pf , L1 = 1uh => -14 db C1, C2, C1 = 110pf , L1 = 1uh => -14 db C1, C2, C1 = 33pf , L1 = 10uh => -15 db C1, C2, C1 = 110pf , L1 = 10uh => -20 db C1, C2, C1 = 33pf , L1 = 100uh => -12 db C1, C2, C1 = 110pf , L1 = 100uh => -30 db
HomeBrew RF Siganl Generator Colpitts FET Oscillator
William R. Robinson Jr. p8of 28 2008 All rights Reserved
C1, C2 = 68pf L1 = 1uh o Top trace is Vosc o Bottom trace is FFT(Vosc)
C1, C2 = 68pf L1 = 10uh
o Top trace is Vosc o Bottom trace is FFT(Vosc)
HomeBrew RF Siganl Generator Colpitts FET Oscillator
William R. Robinson Jr. p9of 28 2008 All rights Reserved
HomeBrew RF Siganl Generator Colpitts FET Oscillator
William R. Robinson Jr. p10of 28 2008 All rights Reserved
C1, C2 = 68pf L1 = 100uh o Top trace is Vosc o Bottom trace is FFT(Vosc)
C1, C2 = 33pf L1 = 1uh o Top trace is Vosc o Bottom trace is FFT(Vosc)
HomeBrew RF Siganl Generator Colpitts FET Oscillator
William R. Robinson Jr. p11of 28 2008 All rights Reserved
HomeBrew RF Siganl Generator Colpitts FET Oscillator
William R. Robinson Jr. p12of 28 2008 All rights Reserved
C1, C2 = 33pf L1 = 10uh o Top trace is Vosc o Bottom trace is FFT(Vosc)
C1, C2 = 33pf L1 = 100uh o Top trace is Vosc o Bottom trace is FFT(Vosc)
HomeBrew RF Siganl Generator Colpitts FET Oscillator
William R. Robinson Jr. p13of 28 2008 All rights Reserved
HomeBrew RF Siganl Generator Colpitts FET Oscillator
William R. Robinson Jr. p14of 28 2008 All rights Reserved
Comparison Comparison is at best reasonable
o I attribute the decreased frequency in simulation to the capacitance of the other components
o I attribute the decreased frequency in the real circuit to the capacitance of the set up (used a prototype board)
Real-Measured Simulation Calculated
Frequency in Mhz C1, C2 = 33pf , L1 = 1uh 27.8 36.8 39.2C1, C2 = 86pf , L1 = 1uh 25.0 26.6 27.3C1, C2 = 33pf , L1 = 10uh 10.9 11.6 12.3C1, C2 = 86pf , L1 = 10uh 7.14 8.34 8.63C1, C2 = 33pf , L1 = 100uh 3.50 3.75 3.92C1, C2 = 86pf , L1 = 100uh 2.34 2.54 2.73
Amplitude Vp-p
C1, C2 = 33pf , L1 = 1uh 3.0 2.0 N/AC1, C2 = 86pf , L1 = 1uh 4.0 0.4 N/AC1, C2 = 33pf , L1 = 10uh 8.0 11.0 clipping N/AC1, C2 = 86pf , L1 = 10uh 9.0 8.5 N/AC1, C2 = 33pf , L1 = 100uh 9.0 11.0 clipping N/AC1, C2 = 86pf , L1 = 100uh 10.0 11.0 clipping N/A
Harmonic Noise db
C1, C2 = 33pf , L1 = 1uh -14 -24.8 N/AC1, C2 = 86pf , L1 = 1uh -14 -29.5 N/AC1, C2 = 33pf , L1 = 10uh -15 -25.8 N/AC1, C2 = 86pf , L1 = 10uh -20 -22.6 N/AC1, C2 = 33pf , L1 = 100uh -12 -28 N/AC1, C2 = 86pf , L1 = 100uh -30 -28 N/A
Ve N/A 9.0 9.0Vb N/A 0.0 0.0Ve N/A 1.5 1.5
HomeBrew RF Siganl Generator Colpitts FET Oscillator
William R. Robinson Jr. p15of 28 2008 All rights Reserved
Conclusion This proved to my satisfaction that I wanted to use an FET in the Oscillator instead of a BJT because of the lower Harmonic Noise When I discovered that the frame of the gang capacitor was had to be isolated from ground ans that it suffered frequency changes even when touching an insulated knob I dropped the Colpitts in favor of the Hartley Oscillator References
1. UNKNOWN, The ARRL Handbook For Radio Communications, (ARRL 2007) p10.13, (Figure 10.12 A).
2. Harris, Frank, Crystal Sets to Sideband, (2006 Rev10), http://www.qsl.net/k3pd/chap10.pdf p3 online, accessed 2008.
3. Horowitz, Paul and Hill, Winfield, The Art Of Electronics Second Edition, (Cambridge University Press 1989) Section 1.22 Resonate Circuits and Active Filters p41.
4. Experimental Methods in RF Design Wes Hayward et al First Edition p 2.6 Fig 2.19
5. UNKNOWN, MPF102 N-Channel RF Amplifier, (FAIRCHILD 2004), http://www.fairchildsemi.com/ds/MP%2FMPF102.pdf, online, accessed 2008.
6. Horowitz, Paul and Hill, Winfield, The Art Of Electronics Second Edition, (Cambridge University Press 1989) Section 3.05 Manufacturing Spread of FET Characteristics, p122-127.
HomeBrew RF Siganl Generator Colpitts FET Oscillator
William R. Robinson Jr. p16of 28 2008 All rights Reserved
Before I dropped the Colpitts oscillator I did addition design on the other stages of a RF frequency Generator. Less comprehensive documentation on these experiments is recorded below.
HomeBrew RF Siganl Generator Colpitts FET Oscillator
William R. Robinson Jr. p17of 28 2008 All rights Reserved
THE BUFFER
Theory and Design
Connecting a 50 dummy load to the output of the capacitor drops the output to nothing
Of course the 50ohms greatly effects the 3.3K Rd resistor so we pick a 159pF coupling capacitor (159 pf = 50 ohms at 20 Mhz), but this still gives little or no output
So finally we try a common drain FET as a buffer, this should provide high input impedance and a gain just under 1
SIMULATION
Coupling o DC
Vout = .200mVp-p and Vosc has also dropped to just above this range
o Coupling capacitor 150 pF (50 ohms at 20 Mhz) 350mVp-p
HomeBrew RF Siganl Generator Colpitts FET Oscillator
William R. Robinson Jr. p18of 28 2008 All rights Reserved
15-1500pf no real difference Output load
o 50 Ohm with “matching” Cap at 159 pf drops output to 90 mVp-p which is small but better than un-
buffered circuit J2d input is still 300mVp-p so this suggests impedance of
cap is to large Increasing C5 by 2 orders of magnitude has no effect
o 50 Ohm with “matching” Cap at 159 pf drops output to 90 mVp-p which is near ½ of J2d so this is a good
match
HomeBrew RF Siganl Generator Colpitts FET Oscillator
William R. Robinson Jr. p19of 28 2008 All rights Reserved
THE AMP Theory and Design
Would like a higher amplitude and ability to adjust the amplitude so need to and amplifier section
Choose common emitter for high power gain Start with previous design
Min output is at vcc*re/re+rc Gain = rc/re Imax = vb-.7/re
o Assume 1ma and vcc/2 => re = 4.5K Assume gain = 3 => Rc = 13.5K The calculate Rbias to get vcc + .7 However max Ic = vcc/(re + re) Gain ~ rc/re Icmax = vcc/rc+re
SIMULATION
Start with previous design Add 50 ohm load dies so add emitter follower, can we loose fet drain follower
HomeBrew RF Siganl Generator Colpitts FET Oscillator
William R. Robinson Jr. p20of 28 2008 All rights Reserved
What I learned from this design
The JFET oscillator is less noisy than an equivalent BJT oscillator. As shown below the energy of the 1st harmonic is – 17dbV for the BJT and –12dbV for the JFET design.
o BJT
HomeBrew RF Siganl Generator Colpitts FET Oscillator
William R. Robinson Jr. p21of 28 2008 All rights Reserved
HomeBrew RF Siganl Generator Colpitts FET Oscillator
William R. Robinson Jr. p22of 28 2008 All rights Reserved
o FET
C1, C2 = 68pf L1 = 1uh
HomeBrew RF Siganl Generator Colpitts FET Oscillator
William R. Robinson Jr. p23of 28 2008 All rights Reserved
At higher frequencies it is necessary to model the series resistance of
capacitors for better fidelity between real life and simulation Coupling Capacitors also affect the upper bandwidth of the previous stage. I
usually model my coupling capacitors as the input to a stage only. As expected the higher value of the coupling capacitor the lower the lower cutoff frequency is. However as demonstrated below the coupling capacitor into the next stage also affects the upper cutoff frequency.
o Unloaded amplifier and response
o Loaded amplifier C2 is to small
HomeBrew RF Siganl Generator Colpitts FET Oscillator
William R. Robinson Jr. p24of 28 2008 All rights Reserved
o Loaded amplifier with larger C2 has flatter response
HomeBrew RF Siganl Generator Colpitts FET Oscillator
William R. Robinson Jr. p25of 28 2008 All rights Reserved
Next Stage Transistors have significant loading to high frequency signals. It
seems that this is due to the BC depletion capacitance can greatly effect the upper frequency limit of a previous stage (as well as the current stage see below)
o Unloaded amplifier
o Loaded with a second stage with decreased band width
HomeBrew RF Siganl Generator Colpitts FET Oscillator
William R. Robinson Jr. p26of 28 2008 All rights Reserved
o Loaded with capacitor equal to Capacitance BC note similar bandwidth to
adding Q2
HomeBrew RF Siganl Generator Colpitts FET Oscillator
William R. Robinson Jr. p27of 28 2008 All rights Reserved
o Increased Re and Rc regains bandwidth Note however it is not possible to
get the same bandwidth on the 2nd stage amp with the smaller RC and Re
o Putting an emitter follower between the stages nearly brings back
bandwidth but slope of cutoff is higher
HomeBrew RF Siganl Generator Colpitts FET Oscillator
William R. Robinson Jr. p28of 28 2008 All rights Reserved
The value of Ce to counter the roll off of an amplifier at higher frequencies. It appears that the most important transistor spice parameter for high
frequency is cjc. This is the BC depleation capacitance discussed above! And found by replacing each spice parameter in a model one by one and noting the difference in frequency response.
Gang capacitors use the frame as a common node. Therefore this common
node would have to be the node connected to R1 above. This means that the frame would have to be insulated from ground, but even with an insulated knob touching the knob would allow the capacitance of my body to change the output frequency. Therefore I dropped the Colpitts design in favor of a Hartley design.
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