Healthy, Airside Solutions to Significantly Healthy, Airside Solutions to Significantly Reduce Your BuildingReduce Your Building ’’s Carbon Footprint s Carbon Footprint
and improve its IEQand improve its IEQ
Bank of AmericaLargest LEED Plat.
ASHRAE HQ, AtlantaASHRAE HQ, Atlanta
Gordon P. Sharp, Gordon P. Sharp, AircuityAircuity
MGM Macau CasinoMGM Macau Casino
Grand Mosque, MeccaGrand Mosque, Mecca
Presentation Overview For Building Energy SavingsPresentation Overview For Building Energy Savings
Overview of ventilation & IEQ� IEQ – Indoor Environmental Quality
Demand Control Ventilation (DCV)�Research on DCV effectiveness and problems
� “Healthy” DCV
Multiplexed Sensing: A better sensing approach
DCV & DOAS DCV case studies
IEQ IEQ –– Energy Dynamics of Green BuildingsEnergy Dynamics of Green Buildings
Contaminant sources:� Human pollutants� Non Human Pollutants
Outside Air Ventilation:� Source dilution
Control Approaches:� Furnishings selection� Green cleaning, etc.� Filtration
Control Approaches:� Demand Control
Ventilation (DCV)
How do we optimize & validate ventilation performan ce for health and energy efficiency?
IEQ & Energy Efficiency Performance
Applications for Classroom, Offices, & Other SpacesApplications for Classroom, Offices, & Other Spaces
Optimize Building Ventilation ControlOptimize Building Ventilation Control
Room/Zone LevelAirflow Control
Building/AHU LevelOutside Air Control
Conventional DCV & Healthy DCVConventional DCV & Healthy DCV
What about Demand Control Ventilation?What about Demand Control Ventilation?
Measures the rise of CO2 in the building�Measures amount of ventilation
�CO2 is a good proxy for human pollutants
Reduces ventilation when occupancy drops�Can save substantial energy when loading varies
�Even optimizes the ventilation for constant loading– Most buildings are designed with more air than normally needed
Is DCV a good approach then for saving energy while also improving and validating IEQ?
LBNL* COLBNL* CO 22 Field Sensor Study Paper ResultsField Sensor Study Paper Results10% Dead
81% Read High(avg. 39%!)
9% Low(½ by 50%)
No trends observed with 44 sensors vs site, mfg, or age!
* Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory: Operated by the University of California for the U.S. Department of Energy
Typical DCV Performance Based on LBNLTypical DCV Performance Based on LBNL
-100%
-50%
0%
50%
100%
150%
200%
250%
300%
350%
400%
>20% OA Error ≤20% OA Error Average Over-Ventilaton
Outside Air CFM Error % of Required
64%
27%7%
Average Over-Ventilation
COCO22 Sensor Study Results Sensor Study Results -- Iowa Energy CenterIowa Energy Center
15 Models – 13 Manufacturers
2 models - 2/3 units met factory spec
4 models - 1/3 units met factory spec
9 Models - 0/3 units met factory spec
New LBNL CO2 Study of 165 sensors in 25 New LBNL CO2 Study of 165 sensors in 25 bldgsbldgs
Summary of report:� “Together, the findings from the laboratory studies of the Iowa Energy
Center and current field studies indicate that many CO2 based demand controlled ventilation systems will fail to meet th e design goals of saving energy while assuring that ventilation rates meet code requirements.”
� “The Iowa Energy Center …recently released the resul ts from a laboratory-based study of the accuracy of 15 models of new single-location CO2 sensors. …. Many of the new CO2 sensors had errors greater than 75 ppm, and errors greater than 200 pp m were not unusual. Maximum errors of new sensors approached 5 00 ppm.”
� Forty seven percent of sensors had errors greater t han 75 ppm at a concentration of 760 ppm and 40% of sensors had erro rs greater than 75 ppm at a concentration of 1010 ppm. A significant fraction of sensors have much larger errors, e.g., > 300 ppm. . .Thus, overall many CO2 sensors do not meet accuracy requirements. ”
Indian ASHRAE Research plans to replicate LBNL stud y to validate results here in India with CO2 sensors
And Conventional DCV Concept is Also FlawedAnd Conventional DCV Concept is Also Flawed
DCV only solves half of the problem� DCV varies O.A. based only on number of people in b ldg
DCV does not react to non-human pollutants� Odors, particles, CO, and formaldehyde
As a result: DCV can create complaints� Nonhuman pollutants can rise when DCV reduces O.A.
– New bldg, recent renovation, cleaning materials, vacuuming
Typical response: Disable DCV & increase O.A. RESULT: Increased Energy Costs
Solution: MultiSolution: Multi --parameter DCV or parameter DCV or ““ HealthyHealthy ”” DCVDCV
The goal is dilution of all pollutants in building:�Human based pollutants (odors, virus, bacteria, etc .)�Non human pollutants (TVOC’s, particles, CO, etc.)
Control O.A. based on multiple parameters:�Use CO2 as a proxy for human based pollutants �EPA & LEED specify levels for non-human pollutants
– TVOC’s, particles, & carbon monoxide
�Sensing humidity also helpful to prevent mold
Vary outside air rates based on actual air cleanliness!
Break room 101 Large office 102 Conference 103
Supply Air Duct
Return/ Exhaust Duct
ToTo BMSBMS
Advisor Advisor Data CenterData Center
Outdoor Air
Air Data Air Data RouterRouter
ConnectivityConnectivity
Information Information Management Management
ServerServer
Vacuum Vacuum PumpPump
Room Sampling Room Sampling Port (RS)Port (RS)Duct ProbeDuct Probe
Web User InterfaceWeb User Interface
Sensor Sensor Suite with Suite with
TVOC, CO2, TVOC, CO2, Dewpoint & Dewpoint & Particulate Particulate
sensorssensors
Multiplexed Sensing OperationMultiplexed Sensing Operation
Sensed ParametersSensed Parameters
Air Cleanliness�Total Volatile Organic Compounds
– Photo-Ionization Detector
– Metal Oxide Sensor
�Particles– Laser based particle counter
�Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Comfort & Ventilation�Temperature
�Humidity or Dewpoint
�Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
New LBNL Report also Tested Multiplexed SensingNew LBNL Report also Tested Multiplexed Sensing
Summary of LBNL tests on Multiplexed Sensing � “The study results illustrate the advantage of
incorporating a measurement of outdoor air CO2 concentration with each sensor – offset errors cancel out in the indoor minus outdoor CO2 concentration difference.”
Construction Activity, Multiple SaturdaysConstruction Activity, Multiple Saturdays
Benefits of real time IEQ sensing: Discover poor construction dust controls
Total Volatile Organic CompoundsTotal Volatile Organic Compounds
Cleaning? Occurs at 8:20 PM
Benefits of real time IEQ sensing: Uncover improper cleaning materials
Dedicated Outside Air Systems (DOAS)
DCV used to control OA to higher occupancy spaces
Thermal and cooling load decoupled� Geothermal Heat Pumps
� Variable Refrigerant Volume (VRV) Systems
� Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) Systems
Numerous VRV / VRF Manufacturers
DOAS Application Using DCV (K-12)
DOAS provides ventilation requirement�Fixed OA – wastes energy & requires larger DOAS
�Control OA via CO 2 (DCV) – supports energy savings AND can now take Diversity and Downsize DOAS
�Over 30 US schools have downsized DOAS by 67%!– “When CMTA dissected the data further, it discovered that the
outdoor air system was consuming half of the HVAC energy. The data led to changes in the outdoor air system to a variable flow, demand control ventilation system on the next WCPS project. “
-- ASHRAE High Performing Buildings Magazine – Fall 2009
Case Study Case Study –– LEED & Office DCV ProjectsLEED & Office DCV Projects
One Bryant Park� World’s largest, most green skyscraper
– Also known as Bank of America Tower
– 2nd tallest building in NYC – 1,250'
– $1.0 B, 2.1M sq. ft. building
� LEED Platinum
– Aircuity contributed points for CO2, IEQ
� Cost effective IEQ monitoring & DCV
– Total of over 800 locations monitored
Case Study Case Study –– LEED & DCV ProjectsLEED & DCV Projects
ASHRAE Headquarters Renewal – LEED CI Platinum
� Humidity monitoring, DCV control
� Sensing for AHU & Enthalpy wheel control
� Helping ASHRAE realize its living laboratory goal
� TVOC, particles, CO2, Dewpoint , T sensing througho ut
MultiMulti --parameter DCV Case Study: Arenaparameter DCV Case Study: Arena
New Jersey Devils – Prudential Arena, Newark, NJ � 100,000 sq. ft. sports arena; $310M budget
� Multi-parameter DCV control: CO2, CO, particles, & TVOC’s
� Dewpoint sensing & control for “Best Ice in the NHL ”
CO2 ~ 3 daysCO2 ~ 3 days
Concert
NHL Hockey
Indoor Soccer
DCV & Multiplexed Sensing SummaryDCV & Multiplexed Sensing Summary
DCV done correctly can increased savings & IEQ: � Use multiplexed sensing to solve sensor accuracy is sues
� Sensor “rental’ approach to solve maintenance concer ns
Applicable to new & existing building types� Office buildings� Classroom & Educational� Lab & Vivarium� Healthcare� Public Assembly & Arenas
Questions?Questions?For a copy of the presentation, contact:
Gordon Sharp, [email protected]
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