TABLE OF CONTENT
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Preface
I. Introduction of Peatlands in the ASEAN Region1.1 Peatland Distribution in the ASEAN Region1.2 Extent of Peatlands1.3 Uses and Values of Peatland in the ASEAN Region1.4 Policies and Institutional Frameworks Relating to Peatlands1.5 Common Issues and Concerns1.6 Common Needs Regarding Peatland Management1.7 Regional Cooperation
II. Regional Strategy for Peatland Management2.1 Background to the Strategy2.2 Challenges for Peatland Conservation and Sustainable Management2.3 Rationale for a Regional Strategy2.4 Goal2.5 General Objectives2.6 Action Plan2.7 National Action Plans
III. Implementation Mechanisms3.1 Regional Level Implementation Mechanisms3.2 Country Level Implementation Mechanisms3.3 Resource Mobilisation3.4 Monitoring and Evaluation Mechanism
List of TablesTable 1 Table Showing Focal Areas and the Respective Operational ObjectivesTable 2 ASEAN Peatland Management Strategy Action Plan (as of 28 July 2005)
List of FiguresFigure 1 Flowchart showing the structure of the APMI which is envisaged to guide and undertake as appropriate the implementation of the strategy at regional level
Figure 2 Flowchart showing the proposed mechanism for strategy implementation at national level
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The development of the Strategy andAction Plan for Sustainable Managementof Peatlands in ASEAN Member Countries(or ASEAN Peatland ManagementStrategy (APMS) in short) has beendeveloped by ASEAN Member Countries(AMCs) to guide actions to supportmanagement of peatlands in the region inthe period of 2006-2020. The APMS hasbeen prepared due to the pressing needrecognised by both local and internationalcommunities for wise use and sustainablemanagement of peatlands as well as theemerging threat of peatland fire and itsassociated haze to the economy andhealth of the region, and its possibility ofcontributing to global climate change. TheAPMS is being developed within theframework of the ASEAN PeatlandManagement Initiative (APMI) and theASEAN Agreement on TransboundaryHaze Pollution.
The APMI was first proposed at the 9th
ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on Haze(AMMH) on 11 June 2002 in Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia. The APMI was adopted at the20th Meeting of the ASEAN Senior Officialson the Environment-Haze Technical TaskForce (ASOEN-HTTF) in Manila inFebruary 2003 together with an initialwork plan (2003-2005). The APMI washighlighted at the 10th AMMH in Siem Reap,Cambodia in March 2003.
The development of a regional strategywas one of the items in the initial workplan (2003-2005) of the APMI.Subsequently, each AMC was requestedto provide background information andcountry papers and presented them tothe First Regional Workshop on the APMIin October 2003 in Bogor, Indonesia. Theworkshop agreed on the outline of thestrategy as well as the process requiredfor the development of the strategy.ASEAN Secretariat with the assistanceof the Global Environment Centre (GEC)then developed the outline into a fullregional strategy, taking into account thediscussions in the regional workshop,country papers, statements andrecommendations from relevantworkshops and conferences on peatland,and inputs and comments gathered fromAMCs, APMI partners and supporters.
PREFACEThe first draft of the regional strategy wascirculated by the ASEAN Secretariat in July2004. AMCs were requested to conducttheir respective national consultations toprovide inputs to the draft strategy.
National consultations on the first draft ofregional strategy were conducted duringthe period of July 2004 to May 2005. SomeAMCs, i.e. Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailandand Viet Nam, conducted nationalconsultative meetings, while some othersprovided their comments gatheredthrough consultations with relevantagencies. The Second RegionalWorkshop on the APMI was held at theend of May 2005 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysiato consolidate results of the nationalconsultations and finalise the draftregional strategy. This current draft of theregional strategy has incorporatedupdates provided by AMCs, and taken intoaccount the discussions during thesecond regional workshop.
The strategy primarily focuses on thefollowing four objectives:• Enhance Awareness and Knowledge
on Peatlands• Address Transboundary Haze
Pollution and EnvironmentalDegradation
• Promote Sustainable Management ofPeatlands
• Enhance and Promote CollectiveRegional Cooperation on PeatlandIssues
The strategy sets out operationalobjectives that would contribute to thedelivery of one or more of the areasabove, which would serve as guidanceto AMCs and other implementing bodiesand collaborating partners throughspecific action plans and timeframe forthese actions. Considering the increasingneed for networking, regional andinternational cooperation to address theissue of peatland fire and haze,conservation and sustainablemanagement, and capacity building inpeatland related research andmanagement - this strategy can play agreater role to provide the formalcooperation among AMCs to solve peat-related problems in the region.
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The AMCs will be responsible to facilitatethe implementation of the strategy atnational level and to help ensure that thegeneral and the operational objectives aremet. This would be done through thedevelopment of National Action Plans(NAPs) to be developed through additionalnational consultative meetings in AMCs.
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The information given below providesbackground information of peatlands inthe ASEAN region. They were primarilytaken and compiled from papers by AMCsduring the First Regional Workshop on theAPMI held in Bogor, Indonesia on 16-17October 2003, and updated paperspresented during the Second RegionalWorkshop held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysiaon 24-26 May 2005. In addition,information was taken from the officialdocuments of the APMI as well as otherkey documents.
1.1 Peatland Distribution in theASEAN Region
The total area of peatlands in SoutheastAsia is estimated to be about 25 millionha, which is 60% of the world’s tropicalpeatlands and roughly one tenth of theentire extent of global peatland resource.The majority of the peatlands ofSoutheast Asia occurs in Indonesia,which has over 70% of total peatlandarea in Southeast Asia. Other majorpeatland areas are found in Malaysia,Thailand, Viet Nam, Brunei Darussalamand the Philippines. However, increaseddevelopment, land conversion anddegradation caused by land and forestfires have reduced peatland resourcessignificantly over the past few years.Peatlands are usually found in low altitude,sub-coastal areas extending inland fordistances up to 300 km. The depth of peatvaries from 0.5 m to more than 10 m.
1.2 Extent of Peatlands
In most countries, peatlands aredesignated as conservation areas,production forests or agricultural lands.The proportion varies significantlybetween countries. The area ofundisturbed/pristine peatlands in theregion is very small.
Currently, most AMCs have recognisedthe need to use resources available frompeatlands with a sustainable approach.In this respect, more emphasis is neededon conservation values for thesustainable use of peatlands. This will aid
I. INTRODUCTION OF PEATLANDS IN THEASEAN REGION
in better management of the resourcesfor current and future generations.
1.3 Uses and Values of Peatland inthe ASEAN Region
Peatlands provide a number of uses inmost of the AMCs. The common use andvalue of peatlands in the region is landconversion for agricultural, forestry orhousing development purposes. Otheruses and values include logging,extraction of non-timber forest products,water supply and storage, flood control,carbon sequestration and storage,ecotourism and biodiversity conservation.
1.4 Policies and InstitutionalFrameworks Relating to Peatlands
In AMCs, there are no specific laws orpolicies directly related to peatlands.Different aspects of peatlandmanagement are governed by a varietyof different policies, laws and regulations.There may be a value of developing asynthesis of relevant legislation and policyor developing specific policy orregulations related to peatlands. In mostAMCs, there are a very broad range ofdifferent Ministries and agencies withsome role or responsibilities related topeatland management. In order to ensureeffective management there may be aneed for enhanced coordination orstreamlining.
1.5 Common Issues and Concerns
The following common issues andconcerns have been identified based onthe country papers and discussions atthe APMI workshops as well as otherregional meetings.
a) Peatland fire and transboundary hazepollutionThe most important management issue ofregional importance is the transboundaryhaze pollution arising from peatland fires.Peat fires in the region almost alwaysoccur as a result of human intervention.Undrained peat rarely burns - so drainageof peatland for agriculture, forestry and
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other purposes is the main root cause ofpeatland fires. The worst occurrence offires in peat swamp in the last decadewas the vast fires of 1997-98 that ravagedlarge areas of peatland landscape forseveral months during the dry season. Theinferno during the 1997-98 blaze chokedSoutheast Asia with smoke and haze,destroying or degrading 2 million ha ofpeatland, threatening the naturalresources and ecological functions ofpeatlands as well as the socio-economicstructure of settlements in the region,besides endangering the health of thepopulation.
b) Community livelihoodLocal community groups use peatland andits resources to earn a livelihood e.g.collecting medicinal plants, harvestingnon-hardwood products, farming, etc.These activities can cause small-scalenegative impacts on peatlands such asdegradation.
c) Over-exploitation of peatland and itsresourcesLand conversion of peatlands for thedevelopment of plantation, agriculture andurban is a large-scale issue.Consequently, some problems haveoccurred such as over-drainage, loss ofbiodiversity, fire and haze pollution whichcontribute in significant destruction on theenvironment. Illegal logging is a majorproblem which is seriously affectingpeatlands. Peatland has also beenexploited for its timber and non-timberresources.
d) DrainageAll kinds of development on peatlandinvolve drainage on the peatland itselfand/or its surrounding area altering itshydrodynamic equilibrium. It also carriesthe risk of over-drainage and excessivedrying leading to irreversible damage anddeleterious impact on the naturalcommunities. Excessive drying will alsoincrease the frequency of peatland fires.
e) Loss of biodiversityDue to degradation of peatlands due toland clearance, drainage and increasedfrequencies of fire, there is a loss ofbiodiversity of the region’s peatlands.Losses also take place as a result of over-harvesting of peatland species such astimber tree species of medicinal plants.
f) Carbon lossesThe high level of organic carbon inpeatlands makes them significant carbonstores. Peatlands of the region are thoughtto store up to 5% of all carbon stored onthe world’s land surface. The clearance,drainage and burning of peatland in theregion is now leading to significant carbonemissions which are considered of globalsignificance
g) Introduction of pests and diseasesAltered peatland ecosystems are moresusceptible to invasion of non-nativespecies and introduction of diseases
h) Lack of knowledge regarding peatlandmanagementOne principal constraint in peatlandmanagement in the region is the lack ofknowledge of peatland functions andsustainable management options. Apartfrom a few examples, most peatlandcomponents and functions are still poorlyunderstood and/or poorly quantifiedcompared with other ecosystems.Available information is inadequate toassess the ecological consequence ofdeveloping tropical peatland. There is lackof understanding of the ecologicalcomplexity of this system and failure tocomprehend the importance of its naturalfunctions.
i) Current legislation and policiesPeatlands in the region are affected byinappropriate or conflicting policies. Forexample in several countries in the regionincentives are provided to drain peatlandsfor agricultural purposes – even whensuch peatlands are of marginal agriculturalvalue or provide more valuable ecologicalservices in their natural state. In additioneven when peatlands are protected bythe law there are problems of poor lawenforcement.
j) Issues of definitionOne of the problems in managing theregion’s peatland resources arises fromthe lack of common definition andclassification of peatlands in the regionwhich in turn leads to problems in clearlydelineating the peatlands and developingcommon management guidelines.
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1.6 Common Needs RegardingPeatland Management
There are similarities within the ASEANregion in many aspects of peatlandmanagement such as common problemsof fire, drainage, inappropriatemanagement practices, livelihood options,sustainability, etc. The AMCs also sharesimilarities in many aspects such as anurgency to address issues of awareness/education/ information exchange, capacitybuilding/ training, peatland fire preventionand control, sustainable use, peatlandrehabilitation, peatland inventory,research, pilot or demonstration projects.
In order to overcome the common issuesregarding peatland management, thefollowing needs to be accomplished:• Improve knowledge of peatland
ecosystem [resolving issues ofdefinit ions, development ofmanagement and restoration options,research, ongoing monitoring, andsharing information]
• Resolve conflicting interests betweenlocal people, industries, government(inter and intra) [involves communityawareness activities]
• Better policies and institutionalframeworks
a) Improve scientific knowledgei) Resolve the issues of definitions
ii) Ongoing research and monitoring• Demonstration sites;• Pilot projects
b ) Enhance awareness and capacitybuildingi) Educationii) Improve information exchange
and availabilityiii) Training, workshopsiv) Improve management of peatlands
by local community groups – i.e.sustainable community livelihood
c) Improve partnerships betweenstakeholdersi) Resolve conflicts of interests
between government and non-government bodies
d) Improve legislations and policies
i) Resolve exploitation of peatlandand its resources
ii) Improve law enforcements
1.7 Regional Cooperation
a) ASEAN Vision 2020ASEAN cooperation on the environmenthas been guided by the ASEAN Vision2020, the medium-term plans of action,and meetings of the ASEAN Ministers onEnvironment. ASEAN Vision 2020specifically calls for “…a clean and greenASEAN with fully established mechanismsfor sustainable development to ensure theprotection of the region’s environment, thesustainability of its natural resources, andthe high quality of life of its peoples…”
b) Bali Concord IIDuring the 9th ASEAN Summit in October2003, the ASEAN Leaders pledged toachieve an ASEAN Community by the year2020 that will rest on the three pillars of“ASEAN Security Community”, “ASEANEconomic Community” and “ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community” as embodied in theDeclaration of ASEAN Concord II (BaliConcord II). The ASEAN Socio-CulturalCommunity (ASCC) was envisaged inconsonance with the goal set by ASEANVision 2020, in which ASEAN will bebonded together in partnership as acommunity of caring societies. Throughthe ASCC, cooperation in social and ruralpopulation will be strengthened, andactive involvement of all sectors ofsociety, including women, youth andcommunity groups, will be sought. TheASCC will also intensify cooperation inaddressing problems associated withpopulation growth, education,unemployment, prevention of infectiousdiseases such as HIV/AIDS and SARS,environmental degradation andtransboundary pollution.
c) ASOEN-HTTF & Sub regional Firefighting Arrangements for Sumatra andBorneoASOEN-HTTF is a subsidiary body of theASEAN Senior Officials on theEnvironment (ASOEN). It was establishedin 1995. The ASOEN-HTTF is chaired byIndonesia and comprises senior officialsfrom the ten AMCs.
Realising the need to focus on firemanagement efforts in specific areas, in
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April 1998 the ASOEN-HTTF establishedtwo working groups for the sub-regionsof Sumatra and Borneo, namely theWorking Group on Sub regional Firefighting Arrangement for Sumatra (SRFA-Sumatra) and the Working Group on Subregional Fire fighting Arrangement forBorneo (SRFA-Borneo). Subsequently,the ASOEN-HTTF established twoadditional working groups focusing onlegal and law enforcement (the SRFALegal Group on Law and Enforcement),and climate and meteorological conditions(the Sub regional Climate Review Meeting).An ad hoc group, namely SimulationOrganising Committee (SOC) for SRFA Fireand Haze Disaster Simulation Exercisewas established in August 2002 todevelop standard operating proceduresfor the SRFA and prepare details for SRFAsimulation exercises.
d) ASEAN Regional Haze Action PlanThe Regional Haze Action Plan (RHAP)was endorsed by the ASEAN EnvironmentMinisters in December 1997 during aperiod of intense fire and transboundaryhaze pollution. Under the overallframework of the RHAP, the strategicmeasures and activities are targeted atstrengthening the region’s capacity andcapability to address transboundary hazepollution problem. There are three primaryobjectives of the RHAP, namely (i) preventland and forest fires through bettermanagement policies and enforcement, (ii)establish operational mechanism tomonitor land and forest fires, and (iii)strengthen regional land and forest firefighting capability with other mitigationmeasures.
The RHAP therefore has three majorcomponents: prevention, mitigation andmonitoring. Different countries have beendesignated to spearhead activities that fallunder each of the three components.Malaysia takes the lead in prevention,Indonesia in mitigation, and Singapore inmonitoring of fires and haze. AMCs alsoundertake the national-level actions thatrelate to the three RHAP components.Implementation of RHAP at the sub-regional and regional level catalyses andcomplements the measures carried out atthe national level.
e) ASEAN Agreement onTransboundary Haze Pollution ASEAN
Agreement on Transboundary HazePollutionThe ASEAN Agreement onTransboundary Haze Pollution wassigned by the ten AMCs on 10 June 2002in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The Agreementcontains provisions on monitoring,assessment and prevention, technicalcooperation and scientific research,mechanisms for coordination, lines ofcommunication, and simplified customsand immigration procedures for disasterrelief. The Agreement also provides forthe establishment of an ASEANCoordinating Centre for TransboundaryHaze Pollution Control.
The Agreement entered into force on 25November 2003. To date, BruneiDarussalam, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar,Singapore, Thailand and Viet Nam haveratified the Agreement and deposited theirinstrument of ratification/approval with theASEAN Secretariat.
f) ASEAN Peatland ManagementInitiative (APMI)The concept for this initiative wasdeveloped through discussion with abroad range of agencies in 1999-2001.Information on peatland fires and the needfor cooperation was discussed at the 13th
ASOEN-HTTF Meeting and the 7th AMMHin July 1999. The 19th ASOEN-HTTFMeeting and the 9th AMMH on 10-11 June2002 discussed the issue of fireprevention and control in peatlands.
The 9th AMMH also discussed the needfor proper development and utilisation ofpeatlands in the region, and requestedthe HTTF and its working groups toexplore development of this initiative. TheAPMI was discussed and developedfurther through consultations,questionnaires and regional meetings, andwas adopted in February 2003 at the 20th
ASOEN-HTTF Meeting in Manila,Philippines, together with a work plan for2003-2005. The APMI was highlighted atthe 10th AMMH in March 2003 in SiemReap, Cambodia.
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Goal and objectives of APMI
The goals of the APMI is to promotesustainable management of peatlands inthe ASEAN region through collectiveactions and enhanced cooperation tosupport and sustain local livelihoods,reduce risk of fire and associated regionalhaze, and contribute to globalenvironmental management.
The objectives are:• To enhance understanding and build
capacity on peatland managementissues in the region
• To reduce the incidence of peatlandfires and associated haze
• To support national and local levelimplementation activities on peatlandmanagement and fire prevention
• To develop a regional strategy andcooperation mechanisms to promotesustainable peatland management
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2.1 Background to the Strategy
The First Regional Workshop on the APMI,held in Bogor, Indonesia on 16-17 October2003, collectively agreed on the processfor the preparation of the APMS. The firstdraft strategy was based on informationgathered from AMCs provided at the FirstRegional Workshop on the APMI as wellas other relevant materials. The draft wassubstantially revised following a seriesof national consultation meetings in AMCsas well as the Second Regional Workshopon the APMI in May 2005 in Kuala Lumpur.The process of development of theregional strategy will also includepreparation of National Action Plans.
2.2 Challenges for PeatlandConservation and SustainableManagement
Southeast Asia has more than 25 millionha of peatland, comprising 60% of theglobal tropical peatland resource. Thesepeatlands in Southeast Asia havesignificant importance for socio-economicdevelopment and support for thelivelihoods of local communities.
Peatlands play an important role in thehydrological cycle, habitat for uniquebiological diversity, food supply (especiallyfreshwater fish and other naturalproducts), timber, non-timber forestproducts (e.g. rattan and honey), carbonstore and sinks functions but often theirroles are ignored and neglected. This isdue largely to the non integrated andconflicting policies related to agriculture,fisheries, forestry and water resources.
There is also an increasing pressure ontropical peat swamp forest in the regionof Southeast Asia particularly for thelandless and food production for socio-economic needs. Hence, this fragileecosystem is often threatened by humanactivities that directly or indirectly lead toits degradation, and in some instances,badly affected by peat fires. Majoractivities that disturb or alter the naturalcondition of peatlands and degrade theecosystems are uncontrolled drainage
II. REGIONAL STRATEGY FOR PEATLANDMANAGEMENT
due to unsustainable logging, and largescale land clearing.
2.3 Rationale for a RegionalStrategy
Many efforts and actions towardconservation and management ofpeatlands in the region have beencountry-based and stand-alone activities.There have been several collaborativeefforts under the ASEAN cooperationarrangements but these efforts oractivities were limited. Initial efforts underthe SFRA, HTTF, AMMH, etc. werefocused on immediate steps to addressthe fire and haze problems and did notinclude a long-term strategy to specificallyaddress the issues of peatlands in theregion.
Within this region there are similarities inmany aspects of peatland managementsuch as common problems of fire,drainage, inappropriate managementpractices, livelihood options, sustainability,etc. The APMI was therefore establishedto provide a framework to promoteparticipation and bring the different actorstogether in order to widen the knowledgebase and opinion, increase understandingof major issues within and betweendifferent groups, facilitate exchange ofimportant and critical information onpeatland management in the region andincrease coverage in action programmes.
In this way, limited resources could befocused on common issues and duplicationof effort be avoided. The existence ofthis broader framework will also ensurethat gaps and priority areas of actionsfor conservation and management ofpeatlands within the region be identified.Practical and meaningful strategies canthen be set collectively, and acceptableto all participating stakeholders for thewise use and sustainable managementof this region’s peatlands.
It is expected that the strategy wouldguide countries into taking actions thatwould ensure prevention and control offuture peatland fires in the region and its
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associated haze through improvedmanagement of peatlands.
2.4 Goal
The goal of the strategy is to promotesustainable management of peatlands inthe ASEAN region through collectiveactions and enhanced cooperation tosupport and sustain local livelihoods,reduce risk of fire and associated hazeand contribute to global environmentalmanagement.
It is in line with the ASEAN Vision 2020 tohave “…a clean and green ASEAN withfully established mechanisms forsustainable development to ensure theprotection of the region’s environment, thesustainability of its natural resources, andthe high quality of life of its peoples…”.
The regional strategy will provide acommon framework for all those withresponsibilities for, or commitments to, thesustainable management of peatlands, onits wise use, prevention and fires andrehabilitation. It builds on the principlesfor regional cooperation embodied in theDeclaration of ASEAN Concord II (BaliConcord II). It will also contribute to thedevelopment of the ASEAN Socio-CulturalCommunity (ASCC), which is intended tointensify cooperation in addressingregional problems including thoseassociated with environmentaldegradation and transboundary pollution.The strategy will also be a contribution tothe implementation of the ASEANAgreement on Transboundary HazePollution and the ASEAN Regional HazeAction Plan.
2.5 General Objectives
There are four General Objectives to theproposed strategy. The GeneralObjectives are as follows:
General Objective 1Enhance Awareness and Capacityon Peatlands:To stimulate awareness andunderstanding on peatland issues andbuild capacity on wise use andsustainable management of peatlands inthe region
General Objective 2Address Transboundary HazePollution and EnvironmentalDegradationTo reduce the incidence of peatland firesand associated haze in the region, and toenhance prevention, control andmonitoring through collective effortsamong the AMCs
General Objective 3Promote Sustainable Managementof PeatlandsTo promote integrated management ofpeatlands for forestry, water, agriculture,local community l ivelihood, andrehabilitation of degraded peat swampsforest or peatlands
General Objective 4Promote Regional CooperationTo promote and enhance regionalcooperation through informationexchange and sharing, research andpartnership in implementation of activitiesas well as in generating resources
2.6 Action Plan
Each General Objective above is to bedelivered by the Operational Objectivesand Actions that are grouped in thirteendifferent focal areas. Table 1 showsFocal Areas and the respectiveOperational Objectives.
An action plan for the strategy (see Table2) is needed to operationalise theimplementation of the strategy. Specificaction points are assigned for eachOperational Objective to be implementedat different levels and timescales. Thereare two proposed levels of actions,namely (i) actions to be taken at the regionallevel (R), and (ii) those that relevant AMCsshould consider implementing andincluding in their respective NationalAction Plans (C). Regional actions couldbe those that enhance or complementnational actions through sharing ofexperiences, information and knowledge,establishment of regional networks andjoint regional approaches/mechanisms/standards, etc.
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FOCUS AREAS
1. Inventory andAssessment
2. Research
3. Awareness andCapacity Building
4. Information Sharing
5. Policies andLegislation
6. Fire Prevention,Control and Monitoring
7. Conservation ofPeatland Biodiversity
8. IntegratedManagement ofPeatlands
9. Promotion ofDemonstration Sitefor Peatland
10. Restoration andRehabilitation
11. Peatland and ClimateChange
12. Regional Cooperation
13. Financing of theImplementation ofStrategy
1.1
1.2
1.3
2.1
3.1
3.2
4.1
5.1
6.1
7.1
8.1
8.2
8.38.4
8.5
9.1
10.1
10.2
11.1
11.2
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
13.1
OPERATIONAL OBJECTIVES
Determine the extent and status of peatlands in theASEAN region (including issues of definition)Assess problems and constraints faced in peatlandmanagementMonitor and evaluate peatland status and management
Undertake priority research activities
Enhance public awareness on importance of peatlands,its vulnerability to fire and the threat of haze throughimplementation of a comprehensive planBuild institutional capacity on management of peatlands
Enhance information management and promote sharing
Develop or strengthen policies and legislation to protectpeatlands and reduce peat fire
Reduce and minimise occurrence of fire and associatedhaze
Promote conservation of peatland biodiversity
Promote multi-agency involvement in peatlandmanagementPromote integrated water resources and peatlandmanagement using a basin-wide approach and avoidingfragmentationPromote integrated forest and peatland managementManage agriculture in peatland areas in integratedmannerPromote integrated community livelihood and peatlandmanagement
Promote best management practices
Develop appropriate techniques for the restoration orrehabilitation of degraded peatlandsRehabilitate burnt, drained and degraded peatlands
Protect and improve function of peatlands as carbonsequestration and storageSupport peatland adaptation process to global climatechange
Promote exchange of expertise in addressing peatlandmanagement issuesEstablishment of ‘centres of excellence’ in the regionfor peatland assessment and managementContribute to the implementation of other relatedagreements and regional cooperation mechanismsEnhance multi-stakeholder partnerships to supportpeatland management
Generate financial resources required for theprogrammes and activities to achieve target of thestrategy
Table 1: Table Showing Focal Areas and the Respective Operational Objectives
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The action points are envisaged to beimplemented in different timescales. Thereare three proposed categories, i.e. S forshort term (2005-2010) for actions thatshould be completed within five years;(ii) M for medium term (2005–2015) foractions that should be completed within10 years, (iii) L for long term (2005-2020)for actions that should be completed in2020 and therefore do not need to startimmediately, and (iv) C for continuous foractions that should be undertaken on acontinuing basis.
A level of priority is also assigned for eachaction. There are three different levels ofpriority, i.e. L for low, M for medium and Hfor high. The assignment of priority foreach action point would help in situationswhere there are only limited resourcesavailable to facilitate implementation of thestrategy. A narrower focus would alsofacilitate sourcing of funds and kick-startthe implementation of the regionalstrategy. Assignment of priority forcountry-level actions in Table 2 will guideAMCs in prioritising actions under theirrespective NAPs.
The last column of the Action Plansuggests the indicative supportrequirements for each action point. Thecolumn suggests the financing andimplementation strategy for each actionpoint, i.e. whether the action requiresfinancial resources (F), and whether theaction can be delivered by experts orresources within ASEAN (AT) or external(ET).
A Detailed Action Plan (DAP) should bedeveloped following the adoption of theregional strategy. The DAP will present adetailed matrix of the budget, source offunding, target date, implementing unit anda monitoring variable. The DAP should beconsidered as a rolling plan and thereforewill be modified and updated from time totime. Depending on an evaluation ofactions conducted/completed, existingaction points can be modified, new actionsadded, and redundant ones deleted. Anychanges or updates in the DAP will bereported to the relevant ASEAN body. Thedevelopment and updating of DAP for theAPMS will follow the mechanism andformat used for the development ofDetailed Implementation Plan (DIP) for theRegional Haze Action Plan. The DAP
should reflect not only AMC- or ASEAN-initiated action, but also donor- or partner-initiated action that supports theimplementation of a particular action point.
2.7 National Action Plans (NAPs)
For nationally-driven actions, AMCsshould prepare individual National ActionPlans (NAPs) for the period of 2006-2020,taking into account the thrust andobjectives of the regional strategy. TheNAPs should be naturally linked to andcomplement the regional strategy and viceversa. The actions to be implementedunder the NAPs are a matter for eachAMC to decide through its nationalconsultative meetings. AMCs should alsotake into account implementation capacity,including availabil ity of budgetaryresources, in developing NAPs. Monitoringand evaluation of these individual NAPsshould also be done by the relevantASEAN body to ensure their relevance tothe regional strategy.
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1.1:
Det
erm
ine
the
exte
ntan
d st
atus
of p
eatla
nds
inth
e A
SE
AN
regi
on (i
nclu
ding
issu
es o
f de
finiti
on)
1.2:
Ass
ess
prob
lem
s an
dco
nstra
ints
face
d in
pea
tland
man
agem
ent
1.3:
Mon
itor a
nd e
valu
ate
peat
land
sta
tus
and
man
agem
ent
2.1:
Und
erta
ke p
riorit
yre
sear
ch a
ctiv
ities
1.1.
1
1.1.
2
1.1.
3
1.2.
1
1.2.
2
1.3.
1
1.3.
2
2.1.
1
2.1.
2
2.1.
3
2.1.
4
2.1.
5
Har
mon
ise
defin
ition
and
cla
ssifi
catio
n of
pea
tland
s (e
.g.
type
, de
pth,
veg
etat
ion,
wat
er r
egim
e, e
xten
t)D
eter
min
e an
d up
date
the
exte
nt a
nd s
tatu
s of
pea
tland
s in
the
regi
on th
roug
h co
mpr
ehen
sive
nat
iona
l inv
ento
ries
(incl
udin
g st
atus
of p
rote
ctio
n, d
egra
datio
n an
d la
nd u
se)
Asc
erta
in th
e di
rect
and
indi
rect
use
s an
d va
lues
of
peat
land
s an
d as
soci
ated
bio
dive
rsity
Iden
tify
prob
lem
s, c
onst
rain
ts a
nd o
ppor
tuni
ties
face
d in
peat
land
man
agem
ent
Und
erta
ke a
sses
smen
t of i
ssue
s re
late
d to
pea
tland
man
agem
ent t
o id
entif
y po
tent
ial m
anag
emen
t opt
ions
Dev
elop
a g
uide
line
for
mon
itorin
g of
pea
tland
are
as fo
rec
olog
ical
cha
nge
and
man
agem
ent p
urpo
ses
Und
erta
ke re
gula
r mon
itorin
g of
pea
tland
are
as, i
nclu
ding
peat
land
wat
er q
ualit
y an
d ph
ysic
o-ch
emic
al c
ondi
tions
Und
erta
ke re
sear
ch o
n ap
prop
riate
tech
niqu
es a
nd p
ract
ices
for
peat
land
man
agem
ent
Und
erta
ke b
asic
res
earc
h on
pea
tland
eco
syst
ems
and
spec
ies
and
hydr
olog
ical
pro
cess
es to
bet
ter
unde
rsta
ndpe
atla
nd f
unct
ions
Und
erta
ke R
&D
to e
nhan
ce e
xist
ing
or d
evel
op n
ew u
ses
for
peat
land
pro
duct
s an
d re
sour
ces
Und
erta
ke r
esea
rch
to a
sses
s an
d su
ppor
t com
mun
ityde
velo
pmen
t and
live
lihoo
d ac
tiviti
es b
uild
ing
on in
dige
nous
know
ledg
e an
d pr
actic
esU
nder
take
eco
nom
ic v
alua
tion
of p
eatla
nd r
esou
rces
C,
R
C,
R
C,
R
C,
R
C,
R
R C C
C,
R
C C
C,
R
S C C S M S C M L C M M
H H H H H M H H M H H M
AT AT, F
AT, F AT AT, F
AT, E
T, F
AT, F
AT, E
T, F
AT, E
T, F
AT, E
T, F
AT, E
T, F
AT, E
T, F
1. Inventory and Assessment 2. ResearchO
pera
tiona
l Obj
ectiv
esA
ctio
nP
ropo
sed
Leve
l of
Act
iviti
es(C
/ R
)
Tim
esca
le(S
/M/L
/C)
Indi
cativ
esu
ppor
tre
quir
emen
ts*
Pri
ority
*(A
SE
AN
/Ext
erna
l Tec
hnic
al, F
inan
cial
)AT,
ET,
F
Tabl
e 2.
ASE
AN
Pea
tland
Man
agem
ent S
trat
egy
Act
ion
Plan
APMS Doc 19-10-06.pmd 2/5/2007, 10:52 AM12
13
3.1:
Enh
ance
pub
licaw
aren
ess
on im
porta
nce
ofpe
atla
nds,
its
vul
nera
bilit
yto
fire
and
the
thre
at o
f haz
eth
roug
h im
plem
enta
tion
of a
com
preh
ensi
ve p
lan
3.2:
Bui
ld in
stitu
tiona
lca
paci
ty o
n m
anag
emen
t of
peat
land
s
4.1:
Enh
ance
info
rmat
ion
man
agem
ent a
nd p
rom
ote
shar
ing
3.1.
1
3.1.
2
3.1.
3
3.2.
1
3.2.
2
3.2.
3
3.2.
4
3.2.
5
3.2.
6
4.1.
1
4.1.
2
Dev
elop
and
impl
emen
t a c
omm
unic
atio
n st
rate
gy fo
r pea
tland
man
agem
ent,
incl
udin
g us
e of
vid
eo,
TV,
med
ia,
scho
ols,
exte
nsio
n se
rvic
es,
wor
ksho
ps,
info
rmat
ion
exch
ange
prog
ram
mes
and
net
wor
ks s
uch
as S
EA
-Pea
t Net
wor
kD
evel
op a
ppro
pria
te lo
cal l
angu
age
awar
enes
s m
ater
ials
and
activ
ities
to e
nhan
ce u
nder
stan
ding
of p
eatla
nd v
alue
s, th
reat
s,im
pact
s an
d su
stai
nabl
e m
anag
emen
t opt
ions
Pro
vide
the
gen
eral
pub
lic a
nd g
over
nmen
t ag
enci
es w
ithin
form
atio
n on
the
rol
es o
f pe
atla
nds,
bot
h ec
olog
ical
and
econ
omic
al im
porta
nce
Supp
ort a
nd e
nhan
ce h
uman
reso
urce
s an
d st
reng
then
inst
itutio
nal
capa
city
Sou
rce
expe
rtise
to
train
and
dev
elop
a c
ore
grou
p of
loc
alex
perts
Est
ablis
h m
echa
nism
s an
d or
gani
se t
rain
ing
prog
ram
mes
,w
orks
hops
, at
tach
men
ts a
nd s
tudy
tou
rsS
uppo
rt t
rans
fer
of t
echn
olog
y fo
r pe
atla
nd m
anag
emen
tin
clud
ing
prac
tical
trai
ning
Pro
vide
nec
essa
ry e
quip
men
t an
d tr
aini
ng t
o ap
prop
riate
auth
oriti
es in
are
as w
ith h
igh
fire
risk
Enh
ance
coo
rdin
atio
n am
ong
stak
ehol
ders
rel
ated
to p
eatla
ndm
anag
emen
t thr
ough
net
wor
ks o
r wor
king
gro
ups
Est
ablis
h or
stre
ngth
en e
xist
ing
info
rmat
ion
syst
ems
or c
lear
ing
hous
es t
o m
anag
e an
d m
ake
avai
labl
e in
form
atio
n re
late
d to
peat
land
sSt
reng
then
regi
onal
sha
ring
of e
xper
ienc
e an
d ne
twor
king
thro
ugh
use
of m
echa
nism
s su
ch a
s th
e A
SE
AN
Haz
e A
ctio
n O
nlin
e, th
eS
EA
-Pea
t, P
eat-P
orta
l, w
orks
hops
, do
cum
enta
tion,
as
wel
l as
stre
ngth
enin
g na
tiona
l cap
acity
for
info
rmat
ion
shar
ing
C,
R
C
C,
R
C,
R
C,
R
C,
R
C,
R
C C
C,
R
R
S S C C M C M S C C C
M H H H M H H H M H H
AT, E
T, F
AT, F
AT, F
AT, E
T, F
AT, E
T, F
AT, F
AT, E
T, F
AT, E
T, F
F
AT, E
T, F
AT, F
3. Awareness and Capacity Building4. Information
SharingOpe
ratio
nal O
bjec
tives
Act
ion
Pro
pose
dLe
vel o
fA
ctiv
ities
(C/
R)
Tim
esca
le(S
/M/L
/C)
Indi
cativ
esu
ppor
tre
quir
emen
ts*
Pri
ority
*(A
SE
AN
/Ext
erna
l Tec
hnic
al, F
inan
cial
)AT,
ET,
F
Tabl
e 2.
ASE
AN
Pea
tland
Man
agem
ent S
trat
egy
Act
ion
Plan
APMS Doc 19-10-06.pmd 2/5/2007, 10:52 AM13
14
4.1:
Enh
ance
info
rmat
ion
man
agem
ent a
nd p
rom
ote
shar
ing
5.1:
Dev
elop
or
stre
ngth
enpo
licie
s an
d le
gisl
atio
n to
prot
ect p
eatla
nds
and
redu
cepe
at f
ire
6.1:
Red
uce
and
min
imis
eoc
curr
ence
of f
ire a
ndas
soci
ated
haz
e
4.1.
3
5.1.
15.
1.2
5.1.
3
6.1.
1
6.1.
2
6.1.
3
6.1.
4
6.1.
5
6.1.
6
6.1.
7
Enh
ance
reg
iona
l in
form
atio
n sh
arin
g on
the
ext
ent,
stat
usan
d m
anag
emen
t of
pea
tland
s an
d de
velo
p ha
ndbo
oks
for
best
man
agem
ent p
ract
ices
Des
igna
te s
peci
fic in
stitu
tions
for
peat
land
man
agem
ent
Form
ulat
e or
upd
ate
natio
nal p
olic
ies
and
stra
tegi
es re
latin
gto
pea
tland
con
serv
atio
n an
d w
ise
use,
incl
udin
g fa
cilit
atio
nof
inte
grat
ed la
nd u
se p
lann
ing
and
man
agem
ent f
orpe
atla
nds
Stre
ngth
en la
w e
nfor
cem
ent
Iden
tify
peat
land
s in
the
regi
on w
ith h
igh
fire
risk
and
deve
lop
and
prom
ote
prev
entiv
e m
easu
res
Mon
itor w
eath
er c
ondi
tions
and
hot
spo
ts in
hig
h-ris
k ar
eas
and
issu
e al
erts
as
appr
opria
teM
anag
e w
ater
tabl
es in
pea
tland
s ap
prop
riate
ly a
ccor
ding
tola
nd u
se to
pre
vent
fire
Dev
elop
and
pro
mot
e ap
prop
riate
tech
niqu
es fo
r fir
e co
ntro
lin
pea
tland
sS
treng
then
coo
rdin
atio
n am
ong
and
capa
city
of a
genc
ies
invo
lved
in p
eatla
nd fi
re p
reve
ntio
n an
d co
ntro
l, in
clud
ing
esta
blis
hmen
t of p
eat f
ire p
reve
ntio
n un
its in
age
ncie
sre
spon
sibl
e fo
r fo
rest
ry a
nd a
gric
ultu
reA
ctiv
ely
invo
lve
villa
gers
and
oth
er lo
cal s
take
hold
ers
infir
e pr
even
tion
and
cont
rol
Impl
emen
t zer
o-bu
rnin
g st
rate
gies
for a
ll co
mm
erci
alag
ricul
ture
and
zer
o or
con
trolle
d bu
rnin
g fo
r loc
alco
mm
uniti
es
C,
R
C C C
C,
R
C,
R
C,
R
C,
R
C,
R
C,
R
C
C S S M C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H H H H
AT, F
AT, F AT AT, F
AT, E
T, F
AT, E
T, F
AT, E
T, F
AT, E
T, F
AT, E
T, F
AT, F
AT, F
6. Fire Prevention, Control and Monitoring
Ope
ratio
nal O
bjec
tives
Act
ion
Pro
pose
dLe
vel o
fA
ctiv
ities
(C/
R)
Tim
esca
le(S
/M/L
/C)
Indi
cativ
esu
ppor
tre
quir
emen
ts*
Pri
ority
*(A
SE
AN
/Ext
erna
l Tec
hnic
al, F
inan
cial
)AT,
ET,
F
Tabl
e 2.
ASE
AN
Pea
tland
Man
agem
ent S
trat
egy
Act
ion
Plan
4. InformationSharing
5. Policies &Legislation
APMS Doc 19-10-06.pmd 2/5/2007, 10:52 AM14
15
7.1:
Pro
mot
e co
nser
vatio
nof
pea
tland
bio
dive
rsity
8.1:
Pro
mot
e m
ulti-
agen
cyin
volv
emen
t in
pea
tland
man
agem
ent
8.2:
Pro
mot
e in
tegr
ated
wat
er re
sour
ces
and
peat
land
man
agem
ent u
sing
a ba
sin-
wid
e ap
proa
ch a
ndav
oidi
ng f
ragm
enta
tion
7.1.
1
7.1.
2
7.1.
3
7.1.
4
7.1.
5
8.1.
1
8.1.
2
8.2.
1
8.2.
2
8.2.
3
8.2.
4
Iden
tify
peat
land
s in
the
regi
on w
hich
are
of r
egio
nal o
r glo
bal
impo
rtanc
e fo
r co
nser
vatio
n of
bio
dive
rsity
Ass
ess
the
stat
us, g
aps
and
thre
ats
with
in th
e ne
twor
k of
prot
ecte
d ar
eas
for
peat
land
s an
d pe
atla
nd b
iodi
vers
ity, a
ndid
entif
y pr
iorit
y ar
eas
for
cons
erva
tion
Lega
lly d
esig
nate
nat
iona
l, re
gion
al o
r gl
obal
ly s
igni
fican
tpe
atla
nd s
ites
as c
onse
rvat
ion
or p
rote
cted
are
asS
treng
then
all
aspe
cts
incl
udin
g ‘in
stitu
tiona
l fra
mew
orks
’ of
the
man
agem
ent o
f pea
tland
con
serv
atio
n ar
eas
Dev
elop
sus
tain
able
util
isat
ion
of p
eatla
nd r
esou
rces
for
loca
lco
mm
uniti
es w
ithin
pea
tland
con
serv
atio
n ar
eas
Est
ablis
h na
tiona
l int
er-a
genc
y w
orki
ng g
roup
s to
dev
elop
stra
tegi
es fo
r pe
atla
nd p
rote
ctio
n an
d su
stai
nabl
e us
eE
ncou
rage
sus
tain
able
man
agem
ent p
ract
ices
for a
ll pe
atla
ndus
ers,
incl
udin
g th
ose
from
for
estry
, ag
ricul
ture
and
plan
tatio
ns
Est
ablis
h th
e fu
ndam
enta
l im
porta
nce
of th
e na
tura
l wat
erre
gim
e as
the
basi
s fo
r be
st p
eatla
nd m
anag
emen
t pra
ctic
eC
ontro
l or
rest
rict f
urth
er d
rain
age
and
conv
ersi
on (
for
agric
ultu
re,
plan
tatio
n, f
ores
try,
settl
emen
t, m
inin
g,in
frast
ruct
ure
and
othe
r us
es)
of d
eep
peat
, pea
t dom
es,
undi
stur
bed
peat
land
s as
wel
l as
othe
r ung
azet
ted
area
s of
cons
erva
tion
impo
rtanc
eD
evel
op g
uide
lines
to a
ssis
t the
pro
cess
to r
estri
ct th
eop
enin
g up
and
dra
inag
e of
dee
p pe
at, p
eat d
omes
and
undi
stur
bed
peat
land
sD
evel
op a
n ap
prop
riate
wat
er m
anag
emen
t reg
ime
for p
eat
dom
es a
nd s
urro
undi
ng p
eat a
reas
, inc
ludi
ng th
e bl
ocki
ng o
fdi
suse
d or
ille
gal c
anal
s.
C,
R
C,
R
C,
R
C C C C C C
C,
R
C,
R
C C C C C S C S C S C
H H H H H H H H H H H
AT, E
T, F
AT, E
T, F
AT, F
AT, E
T, F
AT
not a
pplic
able
AT, F
AT, E
T, F
not a
pplic
able
AT, E
T, F
AT, E
T, F
7. Conservation of PeatlandBiodiversityO
pera
tiona
l Obj
ectiv
esA
ctio
nP
ropo
sed
Leve
l of
Act
iviti
es(C
/ R
)
Tim
esca
le(S
/M/L
/C)
Indi
cativ
esu
ppor
tre
quir
emen
ts*
Pri
ority
*(A
SE
AN
/Ext
erna
l Tec
hnic
al, F
inan
cial
)AT,
ET,
F
Tabl
e 2.
ASE
AN
Pea
tland
Man
agem
ent S
trat
egy
Act
ion
Plan
8. Integrated Management of Peatlands
APMS Doc 19-10-06.pmd 2/5/2007, 10:52 AM15
16
Ope
ratio
nal O
bjec
tives
Act
ion
Pro
pose
dLe
vel o
fA
ctiv
ities
(C/
R)
Tim
esca
le(S
/M/L
/C)
Indi
cativ
esu
ppor
tre
quir
emen
ts*
Pri
ority
*(A
SE
AN
/Ext
erna
l Tec
hnic
al, F
inan
cial
)AT,
ET,
F
Tabl
e 2.
ASE
AN
Pea
tland
Man
agem
ent S
trat
egy
Act
ion
Plan
Ens
ure
the
long
-term
des
igna
tion
and
prot
ectio
n of
pea
tsw
amp
fore
st in
res
erve
s an
d ta
ke u
rgen
t mea
sure
s to
prot
ect t
he re
mai
ning
und
istu
rbed
pea
tland
sD
evel
op fo
rest
man
agem
ent p
lans
and
gui
delin
es fo
rpr
oduc
tion
fore
st r
eser
ves
Dev
elop
and
pro
mot
e su
stai
nabl
e fo
rest
man
agem
ent
prac
tices
, inc
ludi
ng lo
w-im
pact
har
vest
ing,
zer
o-dr
aina
geha
rves
ting,
etc
.D
evel
op a
nd im
plem
ent m
easu
res
for
post
har
vest
ing
reha
bilit
atio
nE
stab
lish
and
man
age
prot
ecte
d pe
atla
nd fo
rest
are
asth
roug
h in
tegr
ated
man
agem
ent p
ract
ices
Con
trol i
llega
l har
vest
ing
prac
tices
and
ass
ocia
ted
tradi
ngac
tiviti
esU
tilis
e pe
atla
nds
judi
ciou
sly
for
othe
r la
nd u
ses
to p
reve
ntfra
gmen
tatio
nD
ocum
ent
peat
land
bio
dive
rsity
and
soc
io-e
cono
mic
,cu
ltura
l, an
d ec
olog
ical
use
s
Res
trict
futu
re a
gric
ultu
ral d
evel
opm
ent t
o de
grad
ed s
hallo
wpe
atD
ocum
ent a
nd p
rom
ote
indi
geno
us k
now
ledg
e an
dm
etho
dolo
gies
, su
ch a
s te
chni
ques
for
pre
vent
ion
ofsu
bsid
ence
and
ove
r-dr
aina
ge; a
nd lo
w im
pact
land
-cle
arin
gan
d ag
ricul
tura
l pra
ctic
es in
exi
stin
g pe
atla
nd a
gric
ultu
ral
area
sD
evel
op b
est p
ract
ice
land
cle
arin
g te
chni
ques
affo
rdab
lean
d ap
prop
riate
for c
omm
uniti
es li
ving
in p
eatla
nd a
reas
Pro
mot
e ha
ze-fr
ee a
gric
ultu
re th
roug
h in
cent
ive
and
disi
ncen
tive
mea
sure
s
8.3.
1
8.3.
2
8.3.
3
8.3.
4
8.3.
5
8.3.
6
8.3.
7
8.3.
8
8.4.
1
8.4.
2
8.4.
3
8.4.
4
8. Integrated Management of Peatlands
8.3:
Pro
mot
e in
tegr
ated
fore
st a
nd p
eatla
ndm
anag
emen
t
8.4.
Man
age
agric
ultu
re in
peat
land
are
as in
inte
grat
edm
anne
r
C,
R
C C C C
C,
R
C
C,
R
C
C,
R
C
C,
R
C C C C C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H H H H H
not a
pplic
able
AT, F
AT, F
AT, F
AT, F
AT, E
T, F
not a
pplic
able
AT, F
AT, F
AT, E
T, F
AT, E
T, F
AT, E
T, F
APMS Doc 19-10-06.pmd 2/5/2007, 10:52 AM16
17
Ope
ratio
nal O
bjec
tives
Act
ion
Pro
pose
dLe
vel o
fA
ctiv
ities
(C/
R)
Tim
esca
le(S
/M/L
/C)
Indi
cativ
esu
ppor
tre
quir
emen
ts*
Pri
ority
*(A
SE
AN
/Ext
erna
l Tec
hnic
al, F
inan
cial
)AT,
ET,
F
Tabl
e 2.
ASE
AN
Pea
tland
Man
agem
ent S
trat
egy
Act
ion
Plan
Enh
ance
loca
l com
mun
ity k
now
ledg
e of
pea
tland
s th
roug
haw
aren
ess
and
educ
atio
nS
uppo
rt th
e pr
otec
tion
and
sust
aina
ble
use
of p
eatla
nds
thro
ugh
appl
icat
ion
of c
usto
mar
y la
ws
and
tradi
tiona
lpr
actic
esP
rom
ote
and
enha
nce
mar
ket a
cces
s fo
r tra
ditio
nal p
rodu
cts
deve
lope
d by
loca
l com
mun
ities
from
pea
tland
sS
uppo
rt an
d em
pow
er lo
cal c
omm
uniti
es to
pro
tect
and
sust
aina
bly
use
peat
land
res
ourc
es to
con
tribu
te to
thei
rliv
elih
ood
and
envi
ronm
enta
l sec
urity
Intro
duce
and
stre
ngth
en a
ltern
ativ
e liv
elih
oods
to m
inim
ise
impa
cts
or d
epen
denc
e on
pea
tland
sE
ngag
e gr
assr
oots
sta
keho
lder
s in
par
ticip
ator
y m
anag
emen
tof
pea
tland
s
Iden
tify
and
prom
ote
dem
onst
ratio
n si
tes
for
best
man
agem
ent
prac
tices
, fo
r ex
ampl
e: s
ite f
or e
co t
ouris
m,
livel
ihoo
d op
tions
, res
tora
tion,
etc
.E
stab
lish
pilo
t pro
ject
(s)
in e
ach
coun
try (
acco
rdin
g to
loca
lne
eds)
to te
st n
ew s
usta
inab
le m
anag
emen
t and
fire
prev
entio
n ap
proa
ches
for
peat
land
sP
rom
ote
the
appl
icat
ion
of b
est m
anag
emen
t pra
ctic
es fo
rpe
atla
nds
thro
ugh
rese
arch
and
dev
elop
men
tE
stab
lish
mul
ti-co
untry
tech
nica
l wor
king
gro
ups
to w
ork
onis
sues
of c
omm
on c
once
rn, s
uch
as p
eatla
nd w
ater
man
agem
ent,
peat
land
silv
icul
ture
or r
ehab
ilita
tion
optio
ns
8.5.
1
8.5.
2
8.5.
3
8.5.
4
8.5.
5
8.5.
6
9.1.
1
9.1.
2
9.1.
3
9.1.
4
8. Integrated Management ofPeatlands
8.5:
Pro
mot
e in
tegr
ated
com
mun
ity li
velih
ood
and
peat
land
man
agem
ent
9.1:
Pro
mot
e be
stm
anag
emen
t pra
ctic
es
C,
R
C
C,
R
C
C,
R
C
C,
R
C,
R
C,
R
C,
R
C C C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H H H
AT, F
AT, F
AT, E
T, F
AT, F
AT, E
T, F
AT, F
AT, E
T, F
AT, E
T, F
AT, E
T, F
AT, E
T, F
9. Establishment and Promotion ofDemonstration Sites for PeatlandManagement
APMS Doc 19-10-06.pmd 2/5/2007, 10:52 AM17
18
Ope
ratio
nal O
bjec
tives
Act
ion
Pro
pose
dLe
vel o
fA
ctiv
ities
(C/
R)
Tim
esca
le(S
/M/L
/C)
Indi
cativ
esu
ppor
tre
quir
emen
ts*
Pri
ority
*(A
SE
AN
/Ext
erna
l Tec
hnic
al, F
inan
cial
)AT,
ET,
F
Tabl
e 2.
ASE
AN
Pea
tland
Man
agem
ent S
trat
egy
Act
ion
Plan
Dev
elop
and
pro
mot
e w
idel
y pr
oper
gui
delin
es a
nd m
anua
lson
pea
tland
rest
orat
ion
and
reha
bilit
atio
n ba
sed
on lo
cal
know
ledg
e, re
gion
al e
xper
ienc
e an
d R
&D
find
ings
Est
ablis
h pi
lot p
roje
cts
to te
st te
chni
ques
Org
anis
e sp
ecifi
c tra
inin
g pr
ogra
mm
es re
late
d to
pea
tland
rest
orat
ion
and
reha
bilit
atio
nR
evis
e an
d up
date
gui
delin
es b
ased
on
expe
rienc
e fro
m lo
cal
know
ledg
e an
d fin
ding
s fro
m R
& D
Iden
tify
and
clas
sify
deg
rade
d pe
atla
nds
acco
rdin
g to
the
reha
bilit
atio
n op
tions
bas
ed o
n lo
cal k
now
ledg
e, re
gion
alex
perie
nce,
R&
D fi
ndin
gs a
nd a
ppro
pria
te te
chno
logy
Dev
elop
nat
iona
l pro
gram
mes
to in
itiat
e pe
atla
nd re
stor
atio
nan
d re
habi
litat
ion
activ
ities
Impl
emen
t pro
gram
mes
for p
eatla
nd re
habi
litat
ion
Qua
ntify
the
abov
e an
d be
low
gro
und
carb
on c
onte
nt in
peat
land
s in
AS
EA
N c
ount
ries
and
its ro
le in
miti
gatin
gcl
imat
e ch
ange
Iden
tify
degr
aded
pea
tland
s an
d ex
plor
e th
e po
ssib
ility
for
rest
orat
ion
thro
ugh
the
Cle
an D
evel
opm
ent M
echa
nism
(CD
M) u
nder
the
Kyo
to P
roto
col
Faci
litat
e su
ppor
t for
pea
tland
man
agem
ent a
nd r
esto
ratio
nfro
m o
ther
clim
ate
chan
ge-r
elat
ed fu
ndin
g m
echa
nism
sA
sses
s po
tent
ial n
egat
ive
impa
cts
of t
he u
se o
f pe
at a
s an
ener
gy s
ourc
e
10.1
.1
10.1
.210
.1.3
10.1
.4
10.2
.1
10.2
.2
10.2
.3
11.1
.1
11.1
.2
11.1
.3
11.1
.4
10. Restoration and Rehabilitation
10.1
: Dev
elop
app
ropr
iate
tech
niqu
es f
or t
here
stor
atio
n or
reha
bilit
atio
nof
deg
rade
d pe
atla
nds
10.2
: Reh
abili
tate
bur
nt,
drai
ned
and
degr
aded
peat
land
s
11.1
. Pro
tect
and
impr
ove
func
tion
of p
eatla
nds
asca
rbon
seq
uest
ratio
n an
dst
orag
e
C,
R
C,
RC
, R
C,
R
C,
R
C,
R
C,
R
C C
C,
R
C,
R
C C C C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H H H H
N/A
AT, E
T, F
AT, E
T, F
AT, E
T, F
AT, E
T, F
AT, E
T, F
AT, E
T, F
AT, E
T, F
AT, E
T, F
AT, E
T, F
AT, E
T, F
11. Peatlands and Climate Change
APMS Doc 19-10-06.pmd 2/5/2007, 10:52 AM18
19
Ope
ratio
nal O
bjec
tives
Act
ion
Pro
pose
dLe
vel o
fA
ctiv
ities
(C/
R)
Tim
esca
le(S
/M/L
/C)
Indi
cativ
esu
ppor
tre
quir
emen
ts*
Pri
ority
*(A
SE
AN
/Ext
erna
l Tec
hnic
al, F
inan
cial
)AT,
ET,
F
Tabl
e 2.
ASE
AN
Pea
tland
Man
agem
ent S
trat
egy
Act
ion
Plan
Ass
ess
the
impa
ct o
f clim
ate
chan
ge s
cena
rios
on p
eatla
ndec
osys
tem
in A
SE
AN
cou
ntrie
sId
entif
y m
anag
emen
t stra
tegi
es a
pplic
able
to m
inim
isin
gpe
atla
nd v
ulne
rabi
lity
on g
loba
l clim
ate
chan
geIn
tegr
ate
peat
land
issu
es in
to n
atio
nal o
r reg
iona
l clim
ate
chan
ge a
dapt
atio
n pl
ans
Sou
rce
supp
ort f
or p
eatla
nd m
anag
emen
t fro
m a
dapt
atio
nfu
nds
linke
d to
the
UN
FCC
C
Dev
elop
regi
onal
col
labo
rativ
e re
sear
ch p
roje
cts
and
othe
rac
tiviti
es i
nvol
ving
exp
erts
fro
m A
SE
AN
cou
ntrie
sS
treng
then
the
SE
A P
eat N
etw
ork
to in
clud
e al
l exp
erts
on
peat
land
in th
e A
SE
AN
regi
onO
rgan
ise
regi
onal
wor
ksho
ps to
stre
ngth
en c
oope
ratio
n an
dex
chan
ge o
f exp
erie
nce
Des
igna
te a
ppro
pria
te ‘c
entre
s of
exc
elle
nce’
in th
e re
gion
on
spec
ific
aspe
cts
rela
ted
to p
eatla
nd m
anag
emen
tS
uppo
rt th
e st
reng
then
ing
and
sele
cted
act
iviti
es o
f sel
ecte
dce
ntre
sE
nhan
ce li
nkag
e an
d co
oper
atio
n be
twee
n ce
ntre
sIn
corp
orat
e pe
atla
nd is
sues
into
AS
EA
N fr
amew
orks
rela
ted
to N
atur
e C
onse
rvat
ion
and
Bio
dive
rsity
, Mul
tilat
eral
Env
ironm
ent A
gree
men
ts, W
ater
Res
ourc
e M
anag
emen
t,Fo
rest
ry a
nd A
gric
ultu
re,
and
Edu
catio
n
11.2
.1
11.2
.2
11.2
.3
11.2
.4
12.1
.1
12.1
.2
12.1
.3
12.2
.1
12.2
.2
12.2
.312
.3.1
11.2
. Sup
port
peat
land
adap
tatio
n pr
oces
s to
glo
bal
clim
ate
chan
ge
12.1
: Pro
mot
e ex
chan
ge o
fex
perti
se in
add
ress
ing
peat
land
man
agem
ent
issu
es
12.2
: E
stab
lishm
ent
of‘c
entre
s of
exc
elle
nce’
in th
ere
gion
for p
eatla
ndas
sess
men
t an
dm
anag
emen
t
C,
R
C,
R
C,
R
C,
R
R R R
C,
R
R R R
C C C L C C C S L C M
AT, E
T, F
AT, E
T, F
AT, E
T, F
AT, E
T, F
AT, E
T, F
AT, F
AT, F
AT, E
T, F
AT, E
T, F
AT, E
T, F
AT, F
11. Peatlands andClimate Change
H H H H H H M H M M M
12. Regional Cooperation
APMS Doc 19-10-06.pmd 2/5/2007, 10:52 AM19
20
Ope
ratio
nal O
bjec
tives
Act
ion
Pro
pose
dLe
vel o
fA
ctiv
ities
(C/
R)
Tim
esca
le(S
/M/L
/C)
Indi
cativ
esu
ppor
tre
quir
emen
ts*
Pri
ority
*(A
SE
AN
/Ext
erna
l Tec
hnic
al, F
inan
cial
)AT,
ET,
F
Tabl
e 2.
ASE
AN
Pea
tland
Man
agem
ent S
trat
egy
Act
ion
Plan
Ens
ure
cont
ribut
ion
of r
egio
nal s
trate
gy to
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
the
AS
EA
N A
gree
men
t on
Tran
sbou
ndar
yH
aze
Pol
lutio
nS
uppo
rt in
put o
n pe
atla
nd is
sues
into
rela
ted
glob
alco
nven
tion
delib
erat
ions
(in
clud
ing
Ram
sar
Con
vent
ion,
Con
vent
ion
on B
iolo
gica
l Div
ersi
ty,
Con
vent
ion
to C
omba
tD
eser
tific
atio
n, a
nd U
N F
ram
ewor
k C
onve
ntio
n on
Clim
ate
Cha
nge)
Stre
ngth
en p
artn
ersh
ip a
mon
g st
akeh
olde
rs th
roug
h th
e A
PM
Ian
d re
late
d ac
tiviti
esFo
rge
or s
treng
then
par
tner
ship
s at
loca
l and
cou
ntry
leve
lam
ong
key
stak
ehol
ders
, inc
ludi
ng g
over
nmen
t age
ncie
s,N
GO
s, c
omm
unity
and
priv
ate
sect
or to
impl
emen
t sou
ndpe
atla
nd m
anag
emen
t and
dev
elop
men
t
Dev
elop
a f
inan
cing
stra
tegy
for
impl
emen
tatio
n of
the
AP
MS
incl
udin
g co
st b
enef
it an
alys
isU
nder
take
a f
easi
bilit
y st
udy
to e
xplo
re u
se o
f po
llute
r-pa
yan
d us
er-p
ay s
chem
es, t
ax in
cent
ives
or
othe
r op
tions
toge
nera
te s
usta
inin
g re
sour
ces
to s
uppo
rt th
e im
plem
enta
tion
of t
he s
trate
gyE
stab
lish
or e
nhan
ce fu
ndin
g m
echa
nism
s to
sup
port
the
stra
tegy
im
plem
enta
tion
Dev
elop
spe
cific
bud
gets
and
pro
posa
ls f
or f
undi
ng o
fac
tiviti
es b
y na
tiona
l gov
ernm
ents
, ex
tern
al s
uppo
rters
and
othe
r so
urce
s to
gen
erat
e re
sour
ces
to s
uppo
rt th
eim
plem
enta
tion
of t
he s
trate
gyO
rgan
ise
regu
lar f
orum
s am
ong
dono
rs a
nd s
uppo
rters
tofa
cilit
ate
coor
dina
ted
fund
ing
of a
ctiv
ities
12.3
.2
12.3
.3
12.4
.1
12.4
.2
13.1
.1
13.1
.2
13.1
.3
13.1
.4
13.1
.5
12.3
: Con
tribu
te to
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
oth
erre
late
d ag
reem
ents
and
regi
onal
coo
pera
tion
mec
hani
sms
12.4
: Enh
ance
mul
ti-st
akeh
olde
r par
tner
ship
s to
supp
ort p
eatla
ndm
anag
emen
t
13.1
: Gen
erat
e fin
anci
alre
sour
ces
requ
ired
for
the
prog
ram
mes
and
act
iviti
esto
ach
ieve
tar
get
of t
hest
rate
gy
R R R C
C,
R
C,
R
C,
R
C,
R
C,
R
C C C C S S S C C
not a
pplic
able
AT, E
T, F
AT, E
T, F
AT, F
AT, E
T, F
AT, E
T, F
AT, F
AT, E
T, F
AT, E
T, F
12. Regional Cooperation
H H H H H H H H H
13. Financing of the Initiative
APMS Doc 19-10-06.pmd 2/5/2007, 10:52 AM20
21
Ope
ratio
nal O
bjec
tives
Act
ion
Pro
pose
dLe
vel o
fA
ctiv
ities
(C/
R)
Tim
esca
le(S
/M/L
/C)
Indi
cativ
esu
ppor
tre
quir
emen
ts*
Pri
ority
*(A
SE
AN
/Ext
erna
l Tec
hnic
al, F
inan
cial
)AT,
ET,
F
Tabl
e 2.
ASE
AN
Pea
tland
Man
agem
ent S
trat
egy
Act
ion
Plan
Est
ablis
h fu
ndin
g m
echa
nism
s re
late
d to
pay
men
ts f
orpe
atla
nd e
nviro
nmen
tal s
ervi
ces
to g
ener
ate
fund
s fo
rpe
atla
nd c
onse
rvat
ion
and
man
agem
ent
Est
ablis
h ap
prop
riate
mec
hani
sms
to c
hann
el re
sour
ces
tolo
cal g
over
nmen
t or
com
mun
ity g
roup
s to
sup
port
sust
aina
ble
man
agem
ent a
nd r
ehab
ilita
tion
activ
ities
(e.
g.m
icro
cre
dit)
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13. Financing of theInitiative
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IMPLEMENTATION MECHANISMS3.1 Regional Level ImplementationMechanisms
The implementation mechanism for thestrategy will build on the currentarrangement under the APMI. The mainmechanism for the management will bethrough the ASEAN’s mechanisms relatedto land and forest fire and transboundaryhaze pollution, notably the ASOEN-HTTF.The AMMH and ASOEN-HTTF may evolveinto other bodies in view of the ongoingdevelopment of the mechanisms underthe ASEAN Agreement on TransboundaryHaze Pollution. The outline of themechanism is shown in illustration below:
ASEAN Senior Officials on theEnvironment-Haze Technical Task Force(ASOEN- HTTF)
The ASOEN-HTTF will provide oversightand policy guidance for theimplementation of the strategy as well asfacilitating linkage to activities at thenational level. It is envisaged that asubsidiary expert group on peatlands willbe established under the ASOEN-HTTF tospecifically look into peatland issues and
give input to the implementation of thestrategy and undertake other technicaltasks. Linkage should also be made toother appropriate ASEAN structuresespecially the ASEAN Working Group onNature Conservation and Biodiversity.
ASEAN SecretariatThe ASEAN Secretariat will undertake theformal coordination amongst AMCs andfacilitate the main regional activities andmeetings as well as linkage with otheractivities coordinated through the ASEANSecretariat.
Global Environment Centre (GEC)The GEC is a well-establishedorganisation based in the ASEAN regionwith special expertise on peatlands andthe coordinator of the SE Asian PeatlandNetwork with over 400 members. It is aFounding Partner of the APMI and hasprovided technical and operational supportto the APMI since its inception. It isenvisaged that GEC will continue toprovide this technical and operationsupport for the implementation of thestrategy as well as assist in generatingresources to support its implementation.
Technical Expert Group (or TechnicalAdvisory Group)For purposes of guidance and directionsa Technical Expert Group or TechnicalAdvisory Group (TEG/TAG) consisting ofrespected world experts on tropicalpeatlands will be established. Its primaryrole would be to guide, review and adviseon up-to-date of methodologies onsustainable peatland management.
ASEAN Member Countries (AMCs)The AMCs will play a critical role in directlyimplementing the strategy within eachcountry as well as contributing to regionalactivities. Implementation by the AMCs willbe guided by their respective NAPs.
PartnersPartners of this initiative include thoseorganisations or on-going projects whichare undertaking activities related tosustainable management of peatlands inthe region. They contribute by:
ASEAN MinisterialMeeting on Haze
(AMMH)
ASEANSecretariat
GlobalEnvironment
Centre
MemberCountries
Represented by Focal
Points
Partners Supporters
Figure 1. Flowchart showing the structure of theAPMI which is envisaged to guide and undertakeas appropriate the implementation of the strategyat regional level
ASOEN-HazeTechnical TaskForce (HTTF)
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on the following conceptual model:
Focal PointThe Focal Point will be currently the HTTFFocal Point. The Focal Point will serve asthe official contact point for the strategyimplementation at the national level. TheFocal Point is expected to:• Give directions to the working group
• Oversee the development of NAPs
• Allocate roles and responsibilities todifferent relevant agencies
Desk OfficerThe Desk Officer may be appointed withinthe focal point agency or another agencyto help the Focal Point. The role would beto:• Handle coordination of activities for
planning and implementation• Make sure information is provided to
relevant agencies• Ensure background given to
appropriate stakeholders• Facilitate meetings and coordination
with ASEAN Secretariat and otherpartners
National Working Group/ Task Force(ad-hoc or permanent)Members would be key technicalstakeholders (including governmentagencies, research institutions, NGOs,private sector) as appropriate. The rolewould be to provide:• Provide technical advice to the
Focal Point• Develop technical guidelines
• Provide recommendations andsuggestions for actions
Steering CommitteeThe Steering Committee would comprisepolicy making agencies and selectedkey stakeholders). The role would be to:• Give directions to the Focal Point or
technical working group• Oversee the development of NAPs
• Allocate roles and responsibilities todifferent relevant agencies
• Consider and adopt NAPs
• Inviting participation of countries andinstitutions in the ASEAN region in theiractivities as appropriate
• Providing other contributions asnecessary
SupportersSupporters include donors, research oreducational institutions, private sector andthe media. They assist by:• Providing funds or technical guidance
• Promoting the initiative and providingother support
Active participation of partners andsupporters in the implementation of thestrategy will be encouraged to draw fromtheir wealth of expertise and experienceand to promote a strong sense ofcommitment and ownership of projects andactivities.
3.2 Country Level ImplementationMechanisms
At country level, the coordination ofactivities is envisaged to be throughappropriate mechanisms established forthe implementation of the strategy andassociated NAPs. The exact nature of themechanism will vary between countriesand be guided by the respective NAPs.The mechanisms are expected to draw
Steering CommitteeFree standing or part of wetland
committee / CBD / National Haze/Policy issues committee / at
Ministerial level
DeskOfficers
Partners/Supporters
Technical Working Group/sTechnical experts / Depts (Govt,
research institutions, NGOs, PrivateSector)
Figure 2. Flowchart showing the proposedmechanism for strategy implementation at nationallevel
Focal Point >> <
><
>
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Partners and SupportersPartners and supporters would assist inthe development and implementationactivities.
3.3 Resource Mobilisation
The resource mobilisation strategy for theimplementation of the strategy will befurther developed in first year of theimplementation (see action 13.1.1 in Table2). However, there are basically threebroad sources of funding for theimplementation of the strategy. These aredirect contributions from all or some AMCstowards specific actions; ASEAN pooledresources; and external funding. ASEANwill adopt a mix of these approachestowards resource mobilisation so thatinternal ASEAN resources and externalfunding will complement one another.
AMCs will be expected to allocatesufficient resources to support andimplement the strategy at regional andnational level. Therefore, respective AMCsshould mainstream the APMS and NAPsin particular into national developmentprogrammes. In this way, the allocationof national funds to implement the APMSand NAPs will be easily secured.
Funding mechanisms will also bedeveloped or enhanced to serve aspredictable and reliable resources tofacil itate the implementation of thestrategy (see action point 13.1.3 in Table2). These funding mechanisms could bein the form of a common pool of financialresources, to be made up fromcontributions of AMCs, based on amutually-acceptable scheme.
Contributions from Dialogue Partners ofASEAN and other donor institutionsremain an important funding source forthe strategy. Another possible source ofcomplementary funding is the privatesector.
Regular forums among donors andsupporters will be organised to generateexternal funding and facilitate coordinatedfunding of activities (see action point13.1.5). Specific budgets and proposalsfor funding of activit ies by nationalgovernments, external supporters andother sources will also be developed togenerate resources to support the
implementation of the strategy (see actionpoint 13.1.4).
In addition, under the strategy,mechanisms and options to generatesustaining resources for peatlandconservation and management will alsobe explored and developed (see actionpoints 13.1.2, 13.1.6 and 13.1.7).
3.4 Monitoring and EvaluationMechanism
A monitoring and evaluation mechanismwill be developed in the first year of thestrategy implementation. The mainobjective of monitoring and evaluation isto continuously refine the implementationof the strategy. The monitoring andevaluation mechanism is also needed toensure that targets are achieved, timelycorrective measures are undertaken ifneeded, and that initiatives and activitiesremain consistent with the overall Goaland four (4) General Objectives and areresponsive to emerging issues andpriorities.
While monitoring shows achievementsand failures, evaluation goes into thecontributing factors or causes and howthe problems can be solved. Themonitoring and evaluation mechanism willalso be developed in such a way that itfulfils the principles of transparency andaccountability.
The monitoring and evaluation processwill be undertaken at two levels:· At the micro level, with a monitoring
and evaluation plan built into eachaction; and
· At the macro level, with a consolidatedassessment mechanism to ensurethat the overall strategyimplementation is on track in achievingits Overall Goal and GeneralObjectives.
At the micro level, different actions willhave their own set of success indicatorsand targets, depending on their statedobjectives. At the macro level, to permitaggregation, a generic set of criteria willbe used. This may includeappropriateness/relevance (conformitywith ASEAN Vision 2020 and its medium-
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term plans and the ASEAN Agreement onTransboundary Haze Pollution; sectoralneed); effectiveness (achievement ofplanned processes and results; outputsdelivered; outcomes achieved); efficiency(level of resources needed to achieveoutputs and targets); impact (contributionto the ASEAN Vision 2020 and its medium-term plans and the ASEAN Agreement onTransboundary Haze Pollution; avoidanceof negative consequences); andsustainability (retention of knowledgegained, ongoing resources available,polit ical wil l to sustain momentum,continuity of flow of benefits).
A baseline situation at the beginning ofthe strategy implementation should beestablished as a reference point for theformal review at the macro level. To obtaina balanced view, the widest range ofstakeholders’ views will be obtained bothfor micro-level evaluation and macro-levelevaluation.
Formal review at the macro level shouldbe undertaken by the ASEAN Secretariatevery 5 years. Any recommendations forrevisions or updating the strategy will besubmitted to the relevant ASEAN body. Afinal review will be conducted in 2020and reported to the ministerial body ofASEAN.
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