TABLE OF CONTENT

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Preface

I. Introduction of Peatlands in the ASEAN Region1.1 Peatland Distribution in the ASEAN Region1.2 Extent of Peatlands1.3 Uses and Values of Peatland in the ASEAN Region1.4 Policies and Institutional Frameworks Relating to Peatlands1.5 Common Issues and Concerns1.6 Common Needs Regarding Peatland Management1.7 Regional Cooperation

II. Regional Strategy for Peatland Management2.1 Background to the Strategy2.2 Challenges for Peatland Conservation and Sustainable Management2.3 Rationale for a Regional Strategy2.4 Goal2.5 General Objectives2.6 Action Plan2.7 National Action Plans

III. Implementation Mechanisms3.1 Regional Level Implementation Mechanisms3.2 Country Level Implementation Mechanisms3.3 Resource Mobilisation3.4 Monitoring and Evaluation Mechanism

List of TablesTable 1 Table Showing Focal Areas and the Respective Operational ObjectivesTable 2 ASEAN Peatland Management Strategy Action Plan (as of 28 July 2005)

List of FiguresFigure 1 Flowchart showing the structure of the APMI which is envisaged to guide and undertake as appropriate the implementation of the strategy at regional level

Figure 2 Flowchart showing the proposed mechanism for strategy implementation at national level

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The development of the Strategy andAction Plan for Sustainable Managementof Peatlands in ASEAN Member Countries(or ASEAN Peatland ManagementStrategy (APMS) in short) has beendeveloped by ASEAN Member Countries(AMCs) to guide actions to supportmanagement of peatlands in the region inthe period of 2006-2020. The APMS hasbeen prepared due to the pressing needrecognised by both local and internationalcommunities for wise use and sustainablemanagement of peatlands as well as theemerging threat of peatland fire and itsassociated haze to the economy andhealth of the region, and its possibility ofcontributing to global climate change. TheAPMS is being developed within theframework of the ASEAN PeatlandManagement Initiative (APMI) and theASEAN Agreement on TransboundaryHaze Pollution.

The APMI was first proposed at the 9th

ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on Haze(AMMH) on 11 June 2002 in Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia. The APMI was adopted at the20th Meeting of the ASEAN Senior Officialson the Environment-Haze Technical TaskForce (ASOEN-HTTF) in Manila inFebruary 2003 together with an initialwork plan (2003-2005). The APMI washighlighted at the 10th AMMH in Siem Reap,Cambodia in March 2003.

The development of a regional strategywas one of the items in the initial workplan (2003-2005) of the APMI.Subsequently, each AMC was requestedto provide background information andcountry papers and presented them tothe First Regional Workshop on the APMIin October 2003 in Bogor, Indonesia. Theworkshop agreed on the outline of thestrategy as well as the process requiredfor the development of the strategy.ASEAN Secretariat with the assistanceof the Global Environment Centre (GEC)then developed the outline into a fullregional strategy, taking into account thediscussions in the regional workshop,country papers, statements andrecommendations from relevantworkshops and conferences on peatland,and inputs and comments gathered fromAMCs, APMI partners and supporters.

PREFACEThe first draft of the regional strategy wascirculated by the ASEAN Secretariat in July2004. AMCs were requested to conducttheir respective national consultations toprovide inputs to the draft strategy.

National consultations on the first draft ofregional strategy were conducted duringthe period of July 2004 to May 2005. SomeAMCs, i.e. Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailandand Viet Nam, conducted nationalconsultative meetings, while some othersprovided their comments gatheredthrough consultations with relevantagencies. The Second RegionalWorkshop on the APMI was held at theend of May 2005 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysiato consolidate results of the nationalconsultations and finalise the draftregional strategy. This current draft of theregional strategy has incorporatedupdates provided by AMCs, and taken intoaccount the discussions during thesecond regional workshop.

The strategy primarily focuses on thefollowing four objectives:• Enhance Awareness and Knowledge

on Peatlands• Address Transboundary Haze

Pollution and EnvironmentalDegradation

• Promote Sustainable Management ofPeatlands

• Enhance and Promote CollectiveRegional Cooperation on PeatlandIssues

The strategy sets out operationalobjectives that would contribute to thedelivery of one or more of the areasabove, which would serve as guidanceto AMCs and other implementing bodiesand collaborating partners throughspecific action plans and timeframe forthese actions. Considering the increasingneed for networking, regional andinternational cooperation to address theissue of peatland fire and haze,conservation and sustainablemanagement, and capacity building inpeatland related research andmanagement - this strategy can play agreater role to provide the formalcooperation among AMCs to solve peat-related problems in the region.

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The AMCs will be responsible to facilitatethe implementation of the strategy atnational level and to help ensure that thegeneral and the operational objectives aremet. This would be done through thedevelopment of National Action Plans(NAPs) to be developed through additionalnational consultative meetings in AMCs.

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The information given below providesbackground information of peatlands inthe ASEAN region. They were primarilytaken and compiled from papers by AMCsduring the First Regional Workshop on theAPMI held in Bogor, Indonesia on 16-17October 2003, and updated paperspresented during the Second RegionalWorkshop held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysiaon 24-26 May 2005. In addition,information was taken from the officialdocuments of the APMI as well as otherkey documents.

1.1 Peatland Distribution in theASEAN Region

The total area of peatlands in SoutheastAsia is estimated to be about 25 millionha, which is 60% of the world’s tropicalpeatlands and roughly one tenth of theentire extent of global peatland resource.The majority of the peatlands ofSoutheast Asia occurs in Indonesia,which has over 70% of total peatlandarea in Southeast Asia. Other majorpeatland areas are found in Malaysia,Thailand, Viet Nam, Brunei Darussalamand the Philippines. However, increaseddevelopment, land conversion anddegradation caused by land and forestfires have reduced peatland resourcessignificantly over the past few years.Peatlands are usually found in low altitude,sub-coastal areas extending inland fordistances up to 300 km. The depth of peatvaries from 0.5 m to more than 10 m.

1.2 Extent of Peatlands

In most countries, peatlands aredesignated as conservation areas,production forests or agricultural lands.The proportion varies significantlybetween countries. The area ofundisturbed/pristine peatlands in theregion is very small.

Currently, most AMCs have recognisedthe need to use resources available frompeatlands with a sustainable approach.In this respect, more emphasis is neededon conservation values for thesustainable use of peatlands. This will aid

I. INTRODUCTION OF PEATLANDS IN THEASEAN REGION

in better management of the resourcesfor current and future generations.

1.3 Uses and Values of Peatland inthe ASEAN Region

Peatlands provide a number of uses inmost of the AMCs. The common use andvalue of peatlands in the region is landconversion for agricultural, forestry orhousing development purposes. Otheruses and values include logging,extraction of non-timber forest products,water supply and storage, flood control,carbon sequestration and storage,ecotourism and biodiversity conservation.

1.4 Policies and InstitutionalFrameworks Relating to Peatlands

In AMCs, there are no specific laws orpolicies directly related to peatlands.Different aspects of peatlandmanagement are governed by a varietyof different policies, laws and regulations.There may be a value of developing asynthesis of relevant legislation and policyor developing specific policy orregulations related to peatlands. In mostAMCs, there are a very broad range ofdifferent Ministries and agencies withsome role or responsibilities related topeatland management. In order to ensureeffective management there may be aneed for enhanced coordination orstreamlining.

1.5 Common Issues and Concerns

The following common issues andconcerns have been identified based onthe country papers and discussions atthe APMI workshops as well as otherregional meetings.

a) Peatland fire and transboundary hazepollutionThe most important management issue ofregional importance is the transboundaryhaze pollution arising from peatland fires.Peat fires in the region almost alwaysoccur as a result of human intervention.Undrained peat rarely burns - so drainageof peatland for agriculture, forestry and

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other purposes is the main root cause ofpeatland fires. The worst occurrence offires in peat swamp in the last decadewas the vast fires of 1997-98 that ravagedlarge areas of peatland landscape forseveral months during the dry season. Theinferno during the 1997-98 blaze chokedSoutheast Asia with smoke and haze,destroying or degrading 2 million ha ofpeatland, threatening the naturalresources and ecological functions ofpeatlands as well as the socio-economicstructure of settlements in the region,besides endangering the health of thepopulation.

b) Community livelihoodLocal community groups use peatland andits resources to earn a livelihood e.g.collecting medicinal plants, harvestingnon-hardwood products, farming, etc.These activities can cause small-scalenegative impacts on peatlands such asdegradation.

c) Over-exploitation of peatland and itsresourcesLand conversion of peatlands for thedevelopment of plantation, agriculture andurban is a large-scale issue.Consequently, some problems haveoccurred such as over-drainage, loss ofbiodiversity, fire and haze pollution whichcontribute in significant destruction on theenvironment. Illegal logging is a majorproblem which is seriously affectingpeatlands. Peatland has also beenexploited for its timber and non-timberresources.

d) DrainageAll kinds of development on peatlandinvolve drainage on the peatland itselfand/or its surrounding area altering itshydrodynamic equilibrium. It also carriesthe risk of over-drainage and excessivedrying leading to irreversible damage anddeleterious impact on the naturalcommunities. Excessive drying will alsoincrease the frequency of peatland fires.

e) Loss of biodiversityDue to degradation of peatlands due toland clearance, drainage and increasedfrequencies of fire, there is a loss ofbiodiversity of the region’s peatlands.Losses also take place as a result of over-harvesting of peatland species such astimber tree species of medicinal plants.

f) Carbon lossesThe high level of organic carbon inpeatlands makes them significant carbonstores. Peatlands of the region are thoughtto store up to 5% of all carbon stored onthe world’s land surface. The clearance,drainage and burning of peatland in theregion is now leading to significant carbonemissions which are considered of globalsignificance

g) Introduction of pests and diseasesAltered peatland ecosystems are moresusceptible to invasion of non-nativespecies and introduction of diseases

h) Lack of knowledge regarding peatlandmanagementOne principal constraint in peatlandmanagement in the region is the lack ofknowledge of peatland functions andsustainable management options. Apartfrom a few examples, most peatlandcomponents and functions are still poorlyunderstood and/or poorly quantifiedcompared with other ecosystems.Available information is inadequate toassess the ecological consequence ofdeveloping tropical peatland. There is lackof understanding of the ecologicalcomplexity of this system and failure tocomprehend the importance of its naturalfunctions.

i) Current legislation and policiesPeatlands in the region are affected byinappropriate or conflicting policies. Forexample in several countries in the regionincentives are provided to drain peatlandsfor agricultural purposes – even whensuch peatlands are of marginal agriculturalvalue or provide more valuable ecologicalservices in their natural state. In additioneven when peatlands are protected bythe law there are problems of poor lawenforcement.

j) Issues of definitionOne of the problems in managing theregion’s peatland resources arises fromthe lack of common definition andclassification of peatlands in the regionwhich in turn leads to problems in clearlydelineating the peatlands and developingcommon management guidelines.

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1.6 Common Needs RegardingPeatland Management

There are similarities within the ASEANregion in many aspects of peatlandmanagement such as common problemsof fire, drainage, inappropriatemanagement practices, livelihood options,sustainability, etc. The AMCs also sharesimilarities in many aspects such as anurgency to address issues of awareness/education/ information exchange, capacitybuilding/ training, peatland fire preventionand control, sustainable use, peatlandrehabilitation, peatland inventory,research, pilot or demonstration projects.

In order to overcome the common issuesregarding peatland management, thefollowing needs to be accomplished:• Improve knowledge of peatland

ecosystem [resolving issues ofdefinit ions, development ofmanagement and restoration options,research, ongoing monitoring, andsharing information]

• Resolve conflicting interests betweenlocal people, industries, government(inter and intra) [involves communityawareness activities]

• Better policies and institutionalframeworks

a) Improve scientific knowledgei) Resolve the issues of definitions

ii) Ongoing research and monitoring• Demonstration sites;• Pilot projects

b ) Enhance awareness and capacitybuildingi) Educationii) Improve information exchange

and availabilityiii) Training, workshopsiv) Improve management of peatlands

by local community groups – i.e.sustainable community livelihood

c) Improve partnerships betweenstakeholdersi) Resolve conflicts of interests

between government and non-government bodies

d) Improve legislations and policies

i) Resolve exploitation of peatlandand its resources

ii) Improve law enforcements

1.7 Regional Cooperation

a) ASEAN Vision 2020ASEAN cooperation on the environmenthas been guided by the ASEAN Vision2020, the medium-term plans of action,and meetings of the ASEAN Ministers onEnvironment. ASEAN Vision 2020specifically calls for “…a clean and greenASEAN with fully established mechanismsfor sustainable development to ensure theprotection of the region’s environment, thesustainability of its natural resources, andthe high quality of life of its peoples…”

b) Bali Concord IIDuring the 9th ASEAN Summit in October2003, the ASEAN Leaders pledged toachieve an ASEAN Community by the year2020 that will rest on the three pillars of“ASEAN Security Community”, “ASEANEconomic Community” and “ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community” as embodied in theDeclaration of ASEAN Concord II (BaliConcord II). The ASEAN Socio-CulturalCommunity (ASCC) was envisaged inconsonance with the goal set by ASEANVision 2020, in which ASEAN will bebonded together in partnership as acommunity of caring societies. Throughthe ASCC, cooperation in social and ruralpopulation will be strengthened, andactive involvement of all sectors ofsociety, including women, youth andcommunity groups, will be sought. TheASCC will also intensify cooperation inaddressing problems associated withpopulation growth, education,unemployment, prevention of infectiousdiseases such as HIV/AIDS and SARS,environmental degradation andtransboundary pollution.

c) ASOEN-HTTF & Sub regional Firefighting Arrangements for Sumatra andBorneoASOEN-HTTF is a subsidiary body of theASEAN Senior Officials on theEnvironment (ASOEN). It was establishedin 1995. The ASOEN-HTTF is chaired byIndonesia and comprises senior officialsfrom the ten AMCs.

Realising the need to focus on firemanagement efforts in specific areas, in

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April 1998 the ASOEN-HTTF establishedtwo working groups for the sub-regionsof Sumatra and Borneo, namely theWorking Group on Sub regional Firefighting Arrangement for Sumatra (SRFA-Sumatra) and the Working Group on Subregional Fire fighting Arrangement forBorneo (SRFA-Borneo). Subsequently,the ASOEN-HTTF established twoadditional working groups focusing onlegal and law enforcement (the SRFALegal Group on Law and Enforcement),and climate and meteorological conditions(the Sub regional Climate Review Meeting).An ad hoc group, namely SimulationOrganising Committee (SOC) for SRFA Fireand Haze Disaster Simulation Exercisewas established in August 2002 todevelop standard operating proceduresfor the SRFA and prepare details for SRFAsimulation exercises.

d) ASEAN Regional Haze Action PlanThe Regional Haze Action Plan (RHAP)was endorsed by the ASEAN EnvironmentMinisters in December 1997 during aperiod of intense fire and transboundaryhaze pollution. Under the overallframework of the RHAP, the strategicmeasures and activities are targeted atstrengthening the region’s capacity andcapability to address transboundary hazepollution problem. There are three primaryobjectives of the RHAP, namely (i) preventland and forest fires through bettermanagement policies and enforcement, (ii)establish operational mechanism tomonitor land and forest fires, and (iii)strengthen regional land and forest firefighting capability with other mitigationmeasures.

The RHAP therefore has three majorcomponents: prevention, mitigation andmonitoring. Different countries have beendesignated to spearhead activities that fallunder each of the three components.Malaysia takes the lead in prevention,Indonesia in mitigation, and Singapore inmonitoring of fires and haze. AMCs alsoundertake the national-level actions thatrelate to the three RHAP components.Implementation of RHAP at the sub-regional and regional level catalyses andcomplements the measures carried out atthe national level.

e) ASEAN Agreement onTransboundary Haze Pollution ASEAN

Agreement on Transboundary HazePollutionThe ASEAN Agreement onTransboundary Haze Pollution wassigned by the ten AMCs on 10 June 2002in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The Agreementcontains provisions on monitoring,assessment and prevention, technicalcooperation and scientific research,mechanisms for coordination, lines ofcommunication, and simplified customsand immigration procedures for disasterrelief. The Agreement also provides forthe establishment of an ASEANCoordinating Centre for TransboundaryHaze Pollution Control.

The Agreement entered into force on 25November 2003. To date, BruneiDarussalam, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar,Singapore, Thailand and Viet Nam haveratified the Agreement and deposited theirinstrument of ratification/approval with theASEAN Secretariat.

f) ASEAN Peatland ManagementInitiative (APMI)The concept for this initiative wasdeveloped through discussion with abroad range of agencies in 1999-2001.Information on peatland fires and the needfor cooperation was discussed at the 13th

ASOEN-HTTF Meeting and the 7th AMMHin July 1999. The 19th ASOEN-HTTFMeeting and the 9th AMMH on 10-11 June2002 discussed the issue of fireprevention and control in peatlands.

The 9th AMMH also discussed the needfor proper development and utilisation ofpeatlands in the region, and requestedthe HTTF and its working groups toexplore development of this initiative. TheAPMI was discussed and developedfurther through consultations,questionnaires and regional meetings, andwas adopted in February 2003 at the 20th

ASOEN-HTTF Meeting in Manila,Philippines, together with a work plan for2003-2005. The APMI was highlighted atthe 10th AMMH in March 2003 in SiemReap, Cambodia.

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Goal and objectives of APMI

The goals of the APMI is to promotesustainable management of peatlands inthe ASEAN region through collectiveactions and enhanced cooperation tosupport and sustain local livelihoods,reduce risk of fire and associated regionalhaze, and contribute to globalenvironmental management.

The objectives are:• To enhance understanding and build

capacity on peatland managementissues in the region

• To reduce the incidence of peatlandfires and associated haze

• To support national and local levelimplementation activities on peatlandmanagement and fire prevention

• To develop a regional strategy andcooperation mechanisms to promotesustainable peatland management

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2.1 Background to the Strategy

The First Regional Workshop on the APMI,held in Bogor, Indonesia on 16-17 October2003, collectively agreed on the processfor the preparation of the APMS. The firstdraft strategy was based on informationgathered from AMCs provided at the FirstRegional Workshop on the APMI as wellas other relevant materials. The draft wassubstantially revised following a seriesof national consultation meetings in AMCsas well as the Second Regional Workshopon the APMI in May 2005 in Kuala Lumpur.The process of development of theregional strategy will also includepreparation of National Action Plans.

2.2 Challenges for PeatlandConservation and SustainableManagement

Southeast Asia has more than 25 millionha of peatland, comprising 60% of theglobal tropical peatland resource. Thesepeatlands in Southeast Asia havesignificant importance for socio-economicdevelopment and support for thelivelihoods of local communities.

Peatlands play an important role in thehydrological cycle, habitat for uniquebiological diversity, food supply (especiallyfreshwater fish and other naturalproducts), timber, non-timber forestproducts (e.g. rattan and honey), carbonstore and sinks functions but often theirroles are ignored and neglected. This isdue largely to the non integrated andconflicting policies related to agriculture,fisheries, forestry and water resources.

There is also an increasing pressure ontropical peat swamp forest in the regionof Southeast Asia particularly for thelandless and food production for socio-economic needs. Hence, this fragileecosystem is often threatened by humanactivities that directly or indirectly lead toits degradation, and in some instances,badly affected by peat fires. Majoractivities that disturb or alter the naturalcondition of peatlands and degrade theecosystems are uncontrolled drainage

II. REGIONAL STRATEGY FOR PEATLANDMANAGEMENT

due to unsustainable logging, and largescale land clearing.

2.3 Rationale for a RegionalStrategy

Many efforts and actions towardconservation and management ofpeatlands in the region have beencountry-based and stand-alone activities.There have been several collaborativeefforts under the ASEAN cooperationarrangements but these efforts oractivities were limited. Initial efforts underthe SFRA, HTTF, AMMH, etc. werefocused on immediate steps to addressthe fire and haze problems and did notinclude a long-term strategy to specificallyaddress the issues of peatlands in theregion.

Within this region there are similarities inmany aspects of peatland managementsuch as common problems of fire,drainage, inappropriate managementpractices, livelihood options, sustainability,etc. The APMI was therefore establishedto provide a framework to promoteparticipation and bring the different actorstogether in order to widen the knowledgebase and opinion, increase understandingof major issues within and betweendifferent groups, facilitate exchange ofimportant and critical information onpeatland management in the region andincrease coverage in action programmes.

In this way, limited resources could befocused on common issues and duplicationof effort be avoided. The existence ofthis broader framework will also ensurethat gaps and priority areas of actionsfor conservation and management ofpeatlands within the region be identified.Practical and meaningful strategies canthen be set collectively, and acceptableto all participating stakeholders for thewise use and sustainable managementof this region’s peatlands.

It is expected that the strategy wouldguide countries into taking actions thatwould ensure prevention and control offuture peatland fires in the region and its

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associated haze through improvedmanagement of peatlands.

2.4 Goal

The goal of the strategy is to promotesustainable management of peatlands inthe ASEAN region through collectiveactions and enhanced cooperation tosupport and sustain local livelihoods,reduce risk of fire and associated hazeand contribute to global environmentalmanagement.

It is in line with the ASEAN Vision 2020 tohave “…a clean and green ASEAN withfully established mechanisms forsustainable development to ensure theprotection of the region’s environment, thesustainability of its natural resources, andthe high quality of life of its peoples…”.

The regional strategy will provide acommon framework for all those withresponsibilities for, or commitments to, thesustainable management of peatlands, onits wise use, prevention and fires andrehabilitation. It builds on the principlesfor regional cooperation embodied in theDeclaration of ASEAN Concord II (BaliConcord II). It will also contribute to thedevelopment of the ASEAN Socio-CulturalCommunity (ASCC), which is intended tointensify cooperation in addressingregional problems including thoseassociated with environmentaldegradation and transboundary pollution.The strategy will also be a contribution tothe implementation of the ASEANAgreement on Transboundary HazePollution and the ASEAN Regional HazeAction Plan.

2.5 General Objectives

There are four General Objectives to theproposed strategy. The GeneralObjectives are as follows:

General Objective 1Enhance Awareness and Capacityon Peatlands:To stimulate awareness andunderstanding on peatland issues andbuild capacity on wise use andsustainable management of peatlands inthe region

General Objective 2Address Transboundary HazePollution and EnvironmentalDegradationTo reduce the incidence of peatland firesand associated haze in the region, and toenhance prevention, control andmonitoring through collective effortsamong the AMCs

General Objective 3Promote Sustainable Managementof PeatlandsTo promote integrated management ofpeatlands for forestry, water, agriculture,local community l ivelihood, andrehabilitation of degraded peat swampsforest or peatlands

General Objective 4Promote Regional CooperationTo promote and enhance regionalcooperation through informationexchange and sharing, research andpartnership in implementation of activitiesas well as in generating resources

2.6 Action Plan

Each General Objective above is to bedelivered by the Operational Objectivesand Actions that are grouped in thirteendifferent focal areas. Table 1 showsFocal Areas and the respectiveOperational Objectives.

An action plan for the strategy (see Table2) is needed to operationalise theimplementation of the strategy. Specificaction points are assigned for eachOperational Objective to be implementedat different levels and timescales. Thereare two proposed levels of actions,namely (i) actions to be taken at the regionallevel (R), and (ii) those that relevant AMCsshould consider implementing andincluding in their respective NationalAction Plans (C). Regional actions couldbe those that enhance or complementnational actions through sharing ofexperiences, information and knowledge,establishment of regional networks andjoint regional approaches/mechanisms/standards, etc.

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FOCUS AREAS

1. Inventory andAssessment

2. Research

3. Awareness andCapacity Building

4. Information Sharing

5. Policies andLegislation

6. Fire Prevention,Control and Monitoring

7. Conservation ofPeatland Biodiversity

8. IntegratedManagement ofPeatlands

9. Promotion ofDemonstration Sitefor Peatland

10. Restoration andRehabilitation

11. Peatland and ClimateChange

12. Regional Cooperation

13. Financing of theImplementation ofStrategy

1.1

1.2

1.3

2.1

3.1

3.2

4.1

5.1

6.1

7.1

8.1

8.2

8.38.4

8.5

9.1

10.1

10.2

11.1

11.2

12.1

12.2

12.3

12.4

13.1

OPERATIONAL OBJECTIVES

Determine the extent and status of peatlands in theASEAN region (including issues of definition)Assess problems and constraints faced in peatlandmanagementMonitor and evaluate peatland status and management

Undertake priority research activities

Enhance public awareness on importance of peatlands,its vulnerability to fire and the threat of haze throughimplementation of a comprehensive planBuild institutional capacity on management of peatlands

Enhance information management and promote sharing

Develop or strengthen policies and legislation to protectpeatlands and reduce peat fire

Reduce and minimise occurrence of fire and associatedhaze

Promote conservation of peatland biodiversity

Promote multi-agency involvement in peatlandmanagementPromote integrated water resources and peatlandmanagement using a basin-wide approach and avoidingfragmentationPromote integrated forest and peatland managementManage agriculture in peatland areas in integratedmannerPromote integrated community livelihood and peatlandmanagement

Promote best management practices

Develop appropriate techniques for the restoration orrehabilitation of degraded peatlandsRehabilitate burnt, drained and degraded peatlands

Protect and improve function of peatlands as carbonsequestration and storageSupport peatland adaptation process to global climatechange

Promote exchange of expertise in addressing peatlandmanagement issuesEstablishment of ‘centres of excellence’ in the regionfor peatland assessment and managementContribute to the implementation of other relatedagreements and regional cooperation mechanismsEnhance multi-stakeholder partnerships to supportpeatland management

Generate financial resources required for theprogrammes and activities to achieve target of thestrategy

Table 1: Table Showing Focal Areas and the Respective Operational Objectives

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The action points are envisaged to beimplemented in different timescales. Thereare three proposed categories, i.e. S forshort term (2005-2010) for actions thatshould be completed within five years;(ii) M for medium term (2005–2015) foractions that should be completed within10 years, (iii) L for long term (2005-2020)for actions that should be completed in2020 and therefore do not need to startimmediately, and (iv) C for continuous foractions that should be undertaken on acontinuing basis.

A level of priority is also assigned for eachaction. There are three different levels ofpriority, i.e. L for low, M for medium and Hfor high. The assignment of priority foreach action point would help in situationswhere there are only limited resourcesavailable to facilitate implementation of thestrategy. A narrower focus would alsofacilitate sourcing of funds and kick-startthe implementation of the regionalstrategy. Assignment of priority forcountry-level actions in Table 2 will guideAMCs in prioritising actions under theirrespective NAPs.

The last column of the Action Plansuggests the indicative supportrequirements for each action point. Thecolumn suggests the financing andimplementation strategy for each actionpoint, i.e. whether the action requiresfinancial resources (F), and whether theaction can be delivered by experts orresources within ASEAN (AT) or external(ET).

A Detailed Action Plan (DAP) should bedeveloped following the adoption of theregional strategy. The DAP will present adetailed matrix of the budget, source offunding, target date, implementing unit anda monitoring variable. The DAP should beconsidered as a rolling plan and thereforewill be modified and updated from time totime. Depending on an evaluation ofactions conducted/completed, existingaction points can be modified, new actionsadded, and redundant ones deleted. Anychanges or updates in the DAP will bereported to the relevant ASEAN body. Thedevelopment and updating of DAP for theAPMS will follow the mechanism andformat used for the development ofDetailed Implementation Plan (DIP) for theRegional Haze Action Plan. The DAP

should reflect not only AMC- or ASEAN-initiated action, but also donor- or partner-initiated action that supports theimplementation of a particular action point.

2.7 National Action Plans (NAPs)

For nationally-driven actions, AMCsshould prepare individual National ActionPlans (NAPs) for the period of 2006-2020,taking into account the thrust andobjectives of the regional strategy. TheNAPs should be naturally linked to andcomplement the regional strategy and viceversa. The actions to be implementedunder the NAPs are a matter for eachAMC to decide through its nationalconsultative meetings. AMCs should alsotake into account implementation capacity,including availabil ity of budgetaryresources, in developing NAPs. Monitoringand evaluation of these individual NAPsshould also be done by the relevantASEAN body to ensure their relevance tothe regional strategy.

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h co

mpr

ehen

sive

nat

iona

l inv

ento

ries

(incl

udin

g st

atus

of p

rote

ctio

n, d

egra

datio

n an

d la

nd u

se)

Asc

erta

in th

e di

rect

and

indi

rect

use

s an

d va

lues

of

peat

land

s an

d as

soci

ated

bio

dive

rsity

Iden

tify

prob

lem

s, c

onst

rain

ts a

nd o

ppor

tuni

ties

face

d in

peat

land

man

agem

ent

Und

erta

ke a

sses

smen

t of i

ssue

s re

late

d to

pea

tland

man

agem

ent t

o id

entif

y po

tent

ial m

anag

emen

t opt

ions

Dev

elop

a g

uide

line

for

mon

itorin

g of

pea

tland

are

as fo

rec

olog

ical

cha

nge

and

man

agem

ent p

urpo

ses

Und

erta

ke re

gula

r mon

itorin

g of

pea

tland

are

as, i

nclu

ding

peat

land

wat

er q

ualit

y an

d ph

ysic

o-ch

emic

al c

ondi

tions

Und

erta

ke re

sear

ch o

n ap

prop

riate

tech

niqu

es a

nd p

ract

ices

for

peat

land

man

agem

ent

Und

erta

ke b

asic

res

earc

h on

pea

tland

eco

syst

ems

and

spec

ies

and

hydr

olog

ical

pro

cess

es to

bet

ter

unde

rsta

ndpe

atla

nd f

unct

ions

Und

erta

ke R

&D

to e

nhan

ce e

xist

ing

or d

evel

op n

ew u

ses

for

peat

land

pro

duct

s an

d re

sour

ces

Und

erta

ke r

esea

rch

to a

sses

s an

d su

ppor

t com

mun

ityde

velo

pmen

t and

live

lihoo

d ac

tiviti

es b

uild

ing

on in

dige

nous

know

ledg

e an

d pr

actic

esU

nder

take

eco

nom

ic v

alua

tion

of p

eatla

nd r

esou

rces

C,

R

C,

R

C,

R

C,

R

C,

R

R C C

C,

R

C C

C,

R

S C C S M S C M L C M M

H H H H H M H H M H H M

AT AT, F

AT, F AT AT, F

AT, E

T, F

AT, F

AT, E

T, F

AT, E

T, F

AT, E

T, F

AT, E

T, F

AT, E

T, F

1. Inventory and Assessment 2. ResearchO

pera

tiona

l Obj

ectiv

esA

ctio

nP

ropo

sed

Leve

l of

Act

iviti

es(C

/ R

)

Tim

esca

le(S

/M/L

/C)

Indi

cativ

esu

ppor

tre

quir

emen

ts*

Pri

ority

*(A

SE

AN

/Ext

erna

l Tec

hnic

al, F

inan

cial

)AT,

ET,

F

Tabl

e 2.

ASE

AN

Pea

tland

Man

agem

ent S

trat

egy

Act

ion

Plan

APMS Doc 19-10-06.pmd 2/5/2007, 10:52 AM12

13

3.1:

Enh

ance

pub

licaw

aren

ess

on im

porta

nce

ofpe

atla

nds,

its

vul

nera

bilit

yto

fire

and

the

thre

at o

f haz

eth

roug

h im

plem

enta

tion

of a

com

preh

ensi

ve p

lan

3.2:

Bui

ld in

stitu

tiona

lca

paci

ty o

n m

anag

emen

t of

peat

land

s

4.1:

Enh

ance

info

rmat

ion

man

agem

ent a

nd p

rom

ote

shar

ing

3.1.

1

3.1.

2

3.1.

3

3.2.

1

3.2.

2

3.2.

3

3.2.

4

3.2.

5

3.2.

6

4.1.

1

4.1.

2

Dev

elop

and

impl

emen

t a c

omm

unic

atio

n st

rate

gy fo

r pea

tland

man

agem

ent,

incl

udin

g us

e of

vid

eo,

TV,

med

ia,

scho

ols,

exte

nsio

n se

rvic

es,

wor

ksho

ps,

info

rmat

ion

exch

ange

prog

ram

mes

and

net

wor

ks s

uch

as S

EA

-Pea

t Net

wor

kD

evel

op a

ppro

pria

te lo

cal l

angu

age

awar

enes

s m

ater

ials

and

activ

ities

to e

nhan

ce u

nder

stan

ding

of p

eatla

nd v

alue

s, th

reat

s,im

pact

s an

d su

stai

nabl

e m

anag

emen

t opt

ions

Pro

vide

the

gen

eral

pub

lic a

nd g

over

nmen

t ag

enci

es w

ithin

form

atio

n on

the

rol

es o

f pe

atla

nds,

bot

h ec

olog

ical

and

econ

omic

al im

porta

nce

Supp

ort a

nd e

nhan

ce h

uman

reso

urce

s an

d st

reng

then

inst

itutio

nal

capa

city

Sou

rce

expe

rtise

to

train

and

dev

elop

a c

ore

grou

p of

loc

alex

perts

Est

ablis

h m

echa

nism

s an

d or

gani

se t

rain

ing

prog

ram

mes

,w

orks

hops

, at

tach

men

ts a

nd s

tudy

tou

rsS

uppo

rt t

rans

fer

of t

echn

olog

y fo

r pe

atla

nd m

anag

emen

tin

clud

ing

prac

tical

trai

ning

Pro

vide

nec

essa

ry e

quip

men

t an

d tr

aini

ng t

o ap

prop

riate

auth

oriti

es in

are

as w

ith h

igh

fire

risk

Enh

ance

coo

rdin

atio

n am

ong

stak

ehol

ders

rel

ated

to p

eatla

ndm

anag

emen

t thr

ough

net

wor

ks o

r wor

king

gro

ups

Est

ablis

h or

stre

ngth

en e

xist

ing

info

rmat

ion

syst

ems

or c

lear

ing

hous

es t

o m

anag

e an

d m

ake

avai

labl

e in

form

atio

n re

late

d to

peat

land

sSt

reng

then

regi

onal

sha

ring

of e

xper

ienc

e an

d ne

twor

king

thro

ugh

use

of m

echa

nism

s su

ch a

s th

e A

SE

AN

Haz

e A

ctio

n O

nlin

e, th

eS

EA

-Pea

t, P

eat-P

orta

l, w

orks

hops

, do

cum

enta

tion,

as

wel

l as

stre

ngth

enin

g na

tiona

l cap

acity

for

info

rmat

ion

shar

ing

C,

R

C

C,

R

C,

R

C,

R

C,

R

C,

R

C C

C,

R

R

S S C C M C M S C C C

M H H H M H H H M H H

AT, E

T, F

AT, F

AT, F

AT, E

T, F

AT, E

T, F

AT, F

AT, E

T, F

AT, E

T, F

F

AT, E

T, F

AT, F

3. Awareness and Capacity Building4. Information

SharingOpe

ratio

nal O

bjec

tives

Act

ion

Pro

pose

dLe

vel o

fA

ctiv

ities

(C/

R)

Tim

esca

le(S

/M/L

/C)

Indi

cativ

esu

ppor

tre

quir

emen

ts*

Pri

ority

*(A

SE

AN

/Ext

erna

l Tec

hnic

al, F

inan

cial

)AT,

ET,

F

Tabl

e 2.

ASE

AN

Pea

tland

Man

agem

ent S

trat

egy

Act

ion

Plan

APMS Doc 19-10-06.pmd 2/5/2007, 10:52 AM13

14

4.1:

Enh

ance

info

rmat

ion

man

agem

ent a

nd p

rom

ote

shar

ing

5.1:

Dev

elop

or

stre

ngth

enpo

licie

s an

d le

gisl

atio

n to

prot

ect p

eatla

nds

and

redu

cepe

at f

ire

6.1:

Red

uce

and

min

imis

eoc

curr

ence

of f

ire a

ndas

soci

ated

haz

e

4.1.

3

5.1.

15.

1.2

5.1.

3

6.1.

1

6.1.

2

6.1.

3

6.1.

4

6.1.

5

6.1.

6

6.1.

7

Enh

ance

reg

iona

l in

form

atio

n sh

arin

g on

the

ext

ent,

stat

usan

d m

anag

emen

t of

pea

tland

s an

d de

velo

p ha

ndbo

oks

for

best

man

agem

ent p

ract

ices

Des

igna

te s

peci

fic in

stitu

tions

for

peat

land

man

agem

ent

Form

ulat

e or

upd

ate

natio

nal p

olic

ies

and

stra

tegi

es re

latin

gto

pea

tland

con

serv

atio

n an

d w

ise

use,

incl

udin

g fa

cilit

atio

nof

inte

grat

ed la

nd u

se p

lann

ing

and

man

agem

ent f

orpe

atla

nds

Stre

ngth

en la

w e

nfor

cem

ent

Iden

tify

peat

land

s in

the

regi

on w

ith h

igh

fire

risk

and

deve

lop

and

prom

ote

prev

entiv

e m

easu

res

Mon

itor w

eath

er c

ondi

tions

and

hot

spo

ts in

hig

h-ris

k ar

eas

and

issu

e al

erts

as

appr

opria

teM

anag

e w

ater

tabl

es in

pea

tland

s ap

prop

riate

ly a

ccor

ding

tola

nd u

se to

pre

vent

fire

Dev

elop

and

pro

mot

e ap

prop

riate

tech

niqu

es fo

r fir

e co

ntro

lin

pea

tland

sS

treng

then

coo

rdin

atio

n am

ong

and

capa

city

of a

genc

ies

invo

lved

in p

eatla

nd fi

re p

reve

ntio

n an

d co

ntro

l, in

clud

ing

esta

blis

hmen

t of p

eat f

ire p

reve

ntio

n un

its in

age

ncie

sre

spon

sibl

e fo

r fo

rest

ry a

nd a

gric

ultu

reA

ctiv

ely

invo

lve

villa

gers

and

oth

er lo

cal s

take

hold

ers

infir

e pr

even

tion

and

cont

rol

Impl

emen

t zer

o-bu

rnin

g st

rate

gies

for a

ll co

mm

erci

alag

ricul

ture

and

zer

o or

con

trolle

d bu

rnin

g fo

r loc

alco

mm

uniti

es

C,

R

C C C

C,

R

C,

R

C,

R

C,

R

C,

R

C,

R

C

C S S M C C C C C C C

H H H H H H H H H H H

AT, F

AT, F AT AT, F

AT, E

T, F

AT, E

T, F

AT, E

T, F

AT, E

T, F

AT, E

T, F

AT, F

AT, F

6. Fire Prevention, Control and Monitoring

Ope

ratio

nal O

bjec

tives

Act

ion

Pro

pose

dLe

vel o

fA

ctiv

ities

(C/

R)

Tim

esca

le(S

/M/L

/C)

Indi

cativ

esu

ppor

tre

quir

emen

ts*

Pri

ority

*(A

SE

AN

/Ext

erna

l Tec

hnic

al, F

inan

cial

)AT,

ET,

F

Tabl

e 2.

ASE

AN

Pea

tland

Man

agem

ent S

trat

egy

Act

ion

Plan

4. InformationSharing

5. Policies &Legislation

APMS Doc 19-10-06.pmd 2/5/2007, 10:52 AM14

15

7.1:

Pro

mot

e co

nser

vatio

nof

pea

tland

bio

dive

rsity

8.1:

Pro

mot

e m

ulti-

agen

cyin

volv

emen

t in

pea

tland

man

agem

ent

8.2:

Pro

mot

e in

tegr

ated

wat

er re

sour

ces

and

peat

land

man

agem

ent u

sing

a ba

sin-

wid

e ap

proa

ch a

ndav

oidi

ng f

ragm

enta

tion

7.1.

1

7.1.

2

7.1.

3

7.1.

4

7.1.

5

8.1.

1

8.1.

2

8.2.

1

8.2.

2

8.2.

3

8.2.

4

Iden

tify

peat

land

s in

the

regi

on w

hich

are

of r

egio

nal o

r glo

bal

impo

rtanc

e fo

r co

nser

vatio

n of

bio

dive

rsity

Ass

ess

the

stat

us, g

aps

and

thre

ats

with

in th

e ne

twor

k of

prot

ecte

d ar

eas

for

peat

land

s an

d pe

atla

nd b

iodi

vers

ity, a

ndid

entif

y pr

iorit

y ar

eas

for

cons

erva

tion

Lega

lly d

esig

nate

nat

iona

l, re

gion

al o

r gl

obal

ly s

igni

fican

tpe

atla

nd s

ites

as c

onse

rvat

ion

or p

rote

cted

are

asS

treng

then

all

aspe

cts

incl

udin

g ‘in

stitu

tiona

l fra

mew

orks

’ of

the

man

agem

ent o

f pea

tland

con

serv

atio

n ar

eas

Dev

elop

sus

tain

able

util

isat

ion

of p

eatla

nd r

esou

rces

for

loca

lco

mm

uniti

es w

ithin

pea

tland

con

serv

atio

n ar

eas

Est

ablis

h na

tiona

l int

er-a

genc

y w

orki

ng g

roup

s to

dev

elop

stra

tegi

es fo

r pe

atla

nd p

rote

ctio

n an

d su

stai

nabl

e us

eE

ncou

rage

sus

tain

able

man

agem

ent p

ract

ices

for a

ll pe

atla

ndus

ers,

incl

udin

g th

ose

from

for

estry

, ag

ricul

ture

and

plan

tatio

ns

Est

ablis

h th

e fu

ndam

enta

l im

porta

nce

of th

e na

tura

l wat

erre

gim

e as

the

basi

s fo

r be

st p

eatla

nd m

anag

emen

t pra

ctic

eC

ontro

l or

rest

rict f

urth

er d

rain

age

and

conv

ersi

on (

for

agric

ultu

re,

plan

tatio

n, f

ores

try,

settl

emen

t, m

inin

g,in

frast

ruct

ure

and

othe

r us

es)

of d

eep

peat

, pea

t dom

es,

undi

stur

bed

peat

land

s as

wel

l as

othe

r ung

azet

ted

area

s of

cons

erva

tion

impo

rtanc

eD

evel

op g

uide

lines

to a

ssis

t the

pro

cess

to r

estri

ct th

eop

enin

g up

and

dra

inag

e of

dee

p pe

at, p

eat d

omes

and

undi

stur

bed

peat

land

sD

evel

op a

n ap

prop

riate

wat

er m

anag

emen

t reg

ime

for p

eat

dom

es a

nd s

urro

undi

ng p

eat a

reas

, inc

ludi

ng th

e bl

ocki

ng o

fdi

suse

d or

ille

gal c

anal

s.

C,

R

C,

R

C,

R

C C C C C C

C,

R

C,

R

C C C C C S C S C S C

H H H H H H H H H H H

AT, E

T, F

AT, E

T, F

AT, F

AT, E

T, F

AT

not a

pplic

able

AT, F

AT, E

T, F

not a

pplic

able

AT, E

T, F

AT, E

T, F

7. Conservation of PeatlandBiodiversityO

pera

tiona

l Obj

ectiv

esA

ctio

nP

ropo

sed

Leve

l of

Act

iviti

es(C

/ R

)

Tim

esca

le(S

/M/L

/C)

Indi

cativ

esu

ppor

tre

quir

emen

ts*

Pri

ority

*(A

SE

AN

/Ext

erna

l Tec

hnic

al, F

inan

cial

)AT,

ET,

F

Tabl

e 2.

ASE

AN

Pea

tland

Man

agem

ent S

trat

egy

Act

ion

Plan

8. Integrated Management of Peatlands

APMS Doc 19-10-06.pmd 2/5/2007, 10:52 AM15

16

Ope

ratio

nal O

bjec

tives

Act

ion

Pro

pose

dLe

vel o

fA

ctiv

ities

(C/

R)

Tim

esca

le(S

/M/L

/C)

Indi

cativ

esu

ppor

tre

quir

emen

ts*

Pri

ority

*(A

SE

AN

/Ext

erna

l Tec

hnic

al, F

inan

cial

)AT,

ET,

F

Tabl

e 2.

ASE

AN

Pea

tland

Man

agem

ent S

trat

egy

Act

ion

Plan

Ens

ure

the

long

-term

des

igna

tion

and

prot

ectio

n of

pea

tsw

amp

fore

st in

res

erve

s an

d ta

ke u

rgen

t mea

sure

s to

prot

ect t

he re

mai

ning

und

istu

rbed

pea

tland

sD

evel

op fo

rest

man

agem

ent p

lans

and

gui

delin

es fo

rpr

oduc

tion

fore

st r

eser

ves

Dev

elop

and

pro

mot

e su

stai

nabl

e fo

rest

man

agem

ent

prac

tices

, inc

ludi

ng lo

w-im

pact

har

vest

ing,

zer

o-dr

aina

geha

rves

ting,

etc

.D

evel

op a

nd im

plem

ent m

easu

res

for

post

har

vest

ing

reha

bilit

atio

nE

stab

lish

and

man

age

prot

ecte

d pe

atla

nd fo

rest

are

asth

roug

h in

tegr

ated

man

agem

ent p

ract

ices

Con

trol i

llega

l har

vest

ing

prac

tices

and

ass

ocia

ted

tradi

ngac

tiviti

esU

tilis

e pe

atla

nds

judi

ciou

sly

for

othe

r la

nd u

ses

to p

reve

ntfra

gmen

tatio

nD

ocum

ent

peat

land

bio

dive

rsity

and

soc

io-e

cono

mic

,cu

ltura

l, an

d ec

olog

ical

use

s

Res

trict

futu

re a

gric

ultu

ral d

evel

opm

ent t

o de

grad

ed s

hallo

wpe

atD

ocum

ent a

nd p

rom

ote

indi

geno

us k

now

ledg

e an

dm

etho

dolo

gies

, su

ch a

s te

chni

ques

for

pre

vent

ion

ofsu

bsid

ence

and

ove

r-dr

aina

ge; a

nd lo

w im

pact

land

-cle

arin

gan

d ag

ricul

tura

l pra

ctic

es in

exi

stin

g pe

atla

nd a

gric

ultu

ral

area

sD

evel

op b

est p

ract

ice

land

cle

arin

g te

chni

ques

affo

rdab

lean

d ap

prop

riate

for c

omm

uniti

es li

ving

in p

eatla

nd a

reas

Pro

mot

e ha

ze-fr

ee a

gric

ultu

re th

roug

h in

cent

ive

and

disi

ncen

tive

mea

sure

s

8.3.

1

8.3.

2

8.3.

3

8.3.

4

8.3.

5

8.3.

6

8.3.

7

8.3.

8

8.4.

1

8.4.

2

8.4.

3

8.4.

4

8. Integrated Management of Peatlands

8.3:

Pro

mot

e in

tegr

ated

fore

st a

nd p

eatla

ndm

anag

emen

t

8.4.

Man

age

agric

ultu

re in

peat

land

are

as in

inte

grat

edm

anne

r

C,

R

C C C C

C,

R

C

C,

R

C

C,

R

C

C,

R

C C C C C C C C C C C C

H H H H H H H H H H H H

not a

pplic

able

AT, F

AT, F

AT, F

AT, F

AT, E

T, F

not a

pplic

able

AT, F

AT, F

AT, E

T, F

AT, E

T, F

AT, E

T, F

APMS Doc 19-10-06.pmd 2/5/2007, 10:52 AM16

17

Ope

ratio

nal O

bjec

tives

Act

ion

Pro

pose

dLe

vel o

fA

ctiv

ities

(C/

R)

Tim

esca

le(S

/M/L

/C)

Indi

cativ

esu

ppor

tre

quir

emen

ts*

Pri

ority

*(A

SE

AN

/Ext

erna

l Tec

hnic

al, F

inan

cial

)AT,

ET,

F

Tabl

e 2.

ASE

AN

Pea

tland

Man

agem

ent S

trat

egy

Act

ion

Plan

Enh

ance

loca

l com

mun

ity k

now

ledg

e of

pea

tland

s th

roug

haw

aren

ess

and

educ

atio

nS

uppo

rt th

e pr

otec

tion

and

sust

aina

ble

use

of p

eatla

nds

thro

ugh

appl

icat

ion

of c

usto

mar

y la

ws

and

tradi

tiona

lpr

actic

esP

rom

ote

and

enha

nce

mar

ket a

cces

s fo

r tra

ditio

nal p

rodu

cts

deve

lope

d by

loca

l com

mun

ities

from

pea

tland

sS

uppo

rt an

d em

pow

er lo

cal c

omm

uniti

es to

pro

tect

and

sust

aina

bly

use

peat

land

res

ourc

es to

con

tribu

te to

thei

rliv

elih

ood

and

envi

ronm

enta

l sec

urity

Intro

duce

and

stre

ngth

en a

ltern

ativ

e liv

elih

oods

to m

inim

ise

impa

cts

or d

epen

denc

e on

pea

tland

sE

ngag

e gr

assr

oots

sta

keho

lder

s in

par

ticip

ator

y m

anag

emen

tof

pea

tland

s

Iden

tify

and

prom

ote

dem

onst

ratio

n si

tes

for

best

man

agem

ent

prac

tices

, fo

r ex

ampl

e: s

ite f

or e

co t

ouris

m,

livel

ihoo

d op

tions

, res

tora

tion,

etc

.E

stab

lish

pilo

t pro

ject

(s)

in e

ach

coun

try (

acco

rdin

g to

loca

lne

eds)

to te

st n

ew s

usta

inab

le m

anag

emen

t and

fire

prev

entio

n ap

proa

ches

for

peat

land

sP

rom

ote

the

appl

icat

ion

of b

est m

anag

emen

t pra

ctic

es fo

rpe

atla

nds

thro

ugh

rese

arch

and

dev

elop

men

tE

stab

lish

mul

ti-co

untry

tech

nica

l wor

king

gro

ups

to w

ork

onis

sues

of c

omm

on c

once

rn, s

uch

as p

eatla

nd w

ater

man

agem

ent,

peat

land

silv

icul

ture

or r

ehab

ilita

tion

optio

ns

8.5.

1

8.5.

2

8.5.

3

8.5.

4

8.5.

5

8.5.

6

9.1.

1

9.1.

2

9.1.

3

9.1.

4

8. Integrated Management ofPeatlands

8.5:

Pro

mot

e in

tegr

ated

com

mun

ity li

velih

ood

and

peat

land

man

agem

ent

9.1:

Pro

mot

e be

stm

anag

emen

t pra

ctic

es

C,

R

C

C,

R

C

C,

R

C

C,

R

C,

R

C,

R

C,

R

C C C C C C C C C C

H H H H H H H H H H

AT, F

AT, F

AT, E

T, F

AT, F

AT, E

T, F

AT, F

AT, E

T, F

AT, E

T, F

AT, E

T, F

AT, E

T, F

9. Establishment and Promotion ofDemonstration Sites for PeatlandManagement

APMS Doc 19-10-06.pmd 2/5/2007, 10:52 AM17

18

Ope

ratio

nal O

bjec

tives

Act

ion

Pro

pose

dLe

vel o

fA

ctiv

ities

(C/

R)

Tim

esca

le(S

/M/L

/C)

Indi

cativ

esu

ppor

tre

quir

emen

ts*

Pri

ority

*(A

SE

AN

/Ext

erna

l Tec

hnic

al, F

inan

cial

)AT,

ET,

F

Tabl

e 2.

ASE

AN

Pea

tland

Man

agem

ent S

trat

egy

Act

ion

Plan

Dev

elop

and

pro

mot

e w

idel

y pr

oper

gui

delin

es a

nd m

anua

lson

pea

tland

rest

orat

ion

and

reha

bilit

atio

n ba

sed

on lo

cal

know

ledg

e, re

gion

al e

xper

ienc

e an

d R

&D

find

ings

Est

ablis

h pi

lot p

roje

cts

to te

st te

chni

ques

Org

anis

e sp

ecifi

c tra

inin

g pr

ogra

mm

es re

late

d to

pea

tland

rest

orat

ion

and

reha

bilit

atio

nR

evis

e an

d up

date

gui

delin

es b

ased

on

expe

rienc

e fro

m lo

cal

know

ledg

e an

d fin

ding

s fro

m R

& D

Iden

tify

and

clas

sify

deg

rade

d pe

atla

nds

acco

rdin

g to

the

reha

bilit

atio

n op

tions

bas

ed o

n lo

cal k

now

ledg

e, re

gion

alex

perie

nce,

R&

D fi

ndin

gs a

nd a

ppro

pria

te te

chno

logy

Dev

elop

nat

iona

l pro

gram

mes

to in

itiat

e pe

atla

nd re

stor

atio

nan

d re

habi

litat

ion

activ

ities

Impl

emen

t pro

gram

mes

for p

eatla

nd re

habi

litat

ion

Qua

ntify

the

abov

e an

d be

low

gro

und

carb

on c

onte

nt in

peat

land

s in

AS

EA

N c

ount

ries

and

its ro

le in

miti

gatin

gcl

imat

e ch

ange

Iden

tify

degr

aded

pea

tland

s an

d ex

plor

e th

e po

ssib

ility

for

rest

orat

ion

thro

ugh

the

Cle

an D

evel

opm

ent M

echa

nism

(CD

M) u

nder

the

Kyo

to P

roto

col

Faci

litat

e su

ppor

t for

pea

tland

man

agem

ent a

nd r

esto

ratio

nfro

m o

ther

clim

ate

chan

ge-r

elat

ed fu

ndin

g m

echa

nism

sA

sses

s po

tent

ial n

egat

ive

impa

cts

of t

he u

se o

f pe

at a

s an

ener

gy s

ourc

e

10.1

.1

10.1

.210

.1.3

10.1

.4

10.2

.1

10.2

.2

10.2

.3

11.1

.1

11.1

.2

11.1

.3

11.1

.4

10. Restoration and Rehabilitation

10.1

: Dev

elop

app

ropr

iate

tech

niqu

es f

or t

here

stor

atio

n or

reha

bilit

atio

nof

deg

rade

d pe

atla

nds

10.2

: Reh

abili

tate

bur

nt,

drai

ned

and

degr

aded

peat

land

s

11.1

. Pro

tect

and

impr

ove

func

tion

of p

eatla

nds

asca

rbon

seq

uest

ratio

n an

dst

orag

e

C,

R

C,

RC

, R

C,

R

C,

R

C,

R

C,

R

C C

C,

R

C,

R

C C C C C C C C C C C

H H H H H H H H H H H

N/A

AT, E

T, F

AT, E

T, F

AT, E

T, F

AT, E

T, F

AT, E

T, F

AT, E

T, F

AT, E

T, F

AT, E

T, F

AT, E

T, F

AT, E

T, F

11. Peatlands and Climate Change

APMS Doc 19-10-06.pmd 2/5/2007, 10:52 AM18

19

Ope

ratio

nal O

bjec

tives

Act

ion

Pro

pose

dLe

vel o

fA

ctiv

ities

(C/

R)

Tim

esca

le(S

/M/L

/C)

Indi

cativ

esu

ppor

tre

quir

emen

ts*

Pri

ority

*(A

SE

AN

/Ext

erna

l Tec

hnic

al, F

inan

cial

)AT,

ET,

F

Tabl

e 2.

ASE

AN

Pea

tland

Man

agem

ent S

trat

egy

Act

ion

Plan

Ass

ess

the

impa

ct o

f clim

ate

chan

ge s

cena

rios

on p

eatla

ndec

osys

tem

in A

SE

AN

cou

ntrie

sId

entif

y m

anag

emen

t stra

tegi

es a

pplic

able

to m

inim

isin

gpe

atla

nd v

ulne

rabi

lity

on g

loba

l clim

ate

chan

geIn

tegr

ate

peat

land

issu

es in

to n

atio

nal o

r reg

iona

l clim

ate

chan

ge a

dapt

atio

n pl

ans

Sou

rce

supp

ort f

or p

eatla

nd m

anag

emen

t fro

m a

dapt

atio

nfu

nds

linke

d to

the

UN

FCC

C

Dev

elop

regi

onal

col

labo

rativ

e re

sear

ch p

roje

cts

and

othe

rac

tiviti

es i

nvol

ving

exp

erts

fro

m A

SE

AN

cou

ntrie

sS

treng

then

the

SE

A P

eat N

etw

ork

to in

clud

e al

l exp

erts

on

peat

land

in th

e A

SE

AN

regi

onO

rgan

ise

regi

onal

wor

ksho

ps to

stre

ngth

en c

oope

ratio

n an

dex

chan

ge o

f exp

erie

nce

Des

igna

te a

ppro

pria

te ‘c

entre

s of

exc

elle

nce’

in th

e re

gion

on

spec

ific

aspe

cts

rela

ted

to p

eatla

nd m

anag

emen

tS

uppo

rt th

e st

reng

then

ing

and

sele

cted

act

iviti

es o

f sel

ecte

dce

ntre

sE

nhan

ce li

nkag

e an

d co

oper

atio

n be

twee

n ce

ntre

sIn

corp

orat

e pe

atla

nd is

sues

into

AS

EA

N fr

amew

orks

rela

ted

to N

atur

e C

onse

rvat

ion

and

Bio

dive

rsity

, Mul

tilat

eral

Env

ironm

ent A

gree

men

ts, W

ater

Res

ourc

e M

anag

emen

t,Fo

rest

ry a

nd A

gric

ultu

re,

and

Edu

catio

n

11.2

.1

11.2

.2

11.2

.3

11.2

.4

12.1

.1

12.1

.2

12.1

.3

12.2

.1

12.2

.2

12.2

.312

.3.1

11.2

. Sup

port

peat

land

adap

tatio

n pr

oces

s to

glo

bal

clim

ate

chan

ge

12.1

: Pro

mot

e ex

chan

ge o

fex

perti

se in

add

ress

ing

peat

land

man

agem

ent

issu

es

12.2

: E

stab

lishm

ent

of‘c

entre

s of

exc

elle

nce’

in th

ere

gion

for p

eatla

ndas

sess

men

t an

dm

anag

emen

t

C,

R

C,

R

C,

R

C,

R

R R R

C,

R

R R R

C C C L C C C S L C M

AT, E

T, F

AT, E

T, F

AT, E

T, F

AT, E

T, F

AT, E

T, F

AT, F

AT, F

AT, E

T, F

AT, E

T, F

AT, E

T, F

AT, F

11. Peatlands andClimate Change

H H H H H H M H M M M

12. Regional Cooperation

APMS Doc 19-10-06.pmd 2/5/2007, 10:52 AM19

20

Ope

ratio

nal O

bjec

tives

Act

ion

Pro

pose

dLe

vel o

fA

ctiv

ities

(C/

R)

Tim

esca

le(S

/M/L

/C)

Indi

cativ

esu

ppor

tre

quir

emen

ts*

Pri

ority

*(A

SE

AN

/Ext

erna

l Tec

hnic

al, F

inan

cial

)AT,

ET,

F

Tabl

e 2.

ASE

AN

Pea

tland

Man

agem

ent S

trat

egy

Act

ion

Plan

Ens

ure

cont

ribut

ion

of r

egio

nal s

trate

gy to

the

impl

emen

tatio

n of

the

AS

EA

N A

gree

men

t on

Tran

sbou

ndar

yH

aze

Pol

lutio

nS

uppo

rt in

put o

n pe

atla

nd is

sues

into

rela

ted

glob

alco

nven

tion

delib

erat

ions

(in

clud

ing

Ram

sar

Con

vent

ion,

Con

vent

ion

on B

iolo

gica

l Div

ersi

ty,

Con

vent

ion

to C

omba

tD

eser

tific

atio

n, a

nd U

N F

ram

ewor

k C

onve

ntio

n on

Clim

ate

Cha

nge)

Stre

ngth

en p

artn

ersh

ip a

mon

g st

akeh

olde

rs th

roug

h th

e A

PM

Ian

d re

late

d ac

tiviti

esFo

rge

or s

treng

then

par

tner

ship

s at

loca

l and

cou

ntry

leve

lam

ong

key

stak

ehol

ders

, inc

ludi

ng g

over

nmen

t age

ncie

s,N

GO

s, c

omm

unity

and

priv

ate

sect

or to

impl

emen

t sou

ndpe

atla

nd m

anag

emen

t and

dev

elop

men

t

Dev

elop

a f

inan

cing

stra

tegy

for

impl

emen

tatio

n of

the

AP

MS

incl

udin

g co

st b

enef

it an

alys

isU

nder

take

a f

easi

bilit

y st

udy

to e

xplo

re u

se o

f po

llute

r-pa

yan

d us

er-p

ay s

chem

es, t

ax in

cent

ives

or

othe

r op

tions

toge

nera

te s

usta

inin

g re

sour

ces

to s

uppo

rt th

e im

plem

enta

tion

of t

he s

trate

gyE

stab

lish

or e

nhan

ce fu

ndin

g m

echa

nism

s to

sup

port

the

stra

tegy

im

plem

enta

tion

Dev

elop

spe

cific

bud

gets

and

pro

posa

ls f

or f

undi

ng o

fac

tiviti

es b

y na

tiona

l gov

ernm

ents

, ex

tern

al s

uppo

rters

and

othe

r so

urce

s to

gen

erat

e re

sour

ces

to s

uppo

rt th

eim

plem

enta

tion

of t

he s

trate

gyO

rgan

ise

regu

lar f

orum

s am

ong

dono

rs a

nd s

uppo

rters

tofa

cilit

ate

coor

dina

ted

fund

ing

of a

ctiv

ities

12.3

.2

12.3

.3

12.4

.1

12.4

.2

13.1

.1

13.1

.2

13.1

.3

13.1

.4

13.1

.5

12.3

: Con

tribu

te to

the

impl

emen

tatio

n of

oth

erre

late

d ag

reem

ents

and

regi

onal

coo

pera

tion

mec

hani

sms

12.4

: Enh

ance

mul

ti-st

akeh

olde

r par

tner

ship

s to

supp

ort p

eatla

ndm

anag

emen

t

13.1

: Gen

erat

e fin

anci

alre

sour

ces

requ

ired

for

the

prog

ram

mes

and

act

iviti

esto

ach

ieve

tar

get

of t

hest

rate

gy

R R R C

C,

R

C,

R

C,

R

C,

R

C,

R

C C C C S S S C C

not a

pplic

able

AT, E

T, F

AT, E

T, F

AT, F

AT, E

T, F

AT, E

T, F

AT, F

AT, E

T, F

AT, E

T, F

12. Regional Cooperation

H H H H H H H H H

13. Financing of the Initiative

APMS Doc 19-10-06.pmd 2/5/2007, 10:52 AM20

21

Ope

ratio

nal O

bjec

tives

Act

ion

Pro

pose

dLe

vel o

fA

ctiv

ities

(C/

R)

Tim

esca

le(S

/M/L

/C)

Indi

cativ

esu

ppor

tre

quir

emen

ts*

Pri

ority

*(A

SE

AN

/Ext

erna

l Tec

hnic

al, F

inan

cial

)AT,

ET,

F

Tabl

e 2.

ASE

AN

Pea

tland

Man

agem

ent S

trat

egy

Act

ion

Plan

Est

ablis

h fu

ndin

g m

echa

nism

s re

late

d to

pay

men

ts f

orpe

atla

nd e

nviro

nmen

tal s

ervi

ces

to g

ener

ate

fund

s fo

rpe

atla

nd c

onse

rvat

ion

and

man

agem

ent

Est

ablis

h ap

prop

riate

mec

hani

sms

to c

hann

el re

sour

ces

tolo

cal g

over

nmen

t or

com

mun

ity g

roup

s to

sup

port

sust

aina

ble

man

agem

ent a

nd r

ehab

ilita

tion

activ

ities

(e.

g.m

icro

cre

dit)

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IMPLEMENTATION MECHANISMS3.1 Regional Level ImplementationMechanisms

The implementation mechanism for thestrategy will build on the currentarrangement under the APMI. The mainmechanism for the management will bethrough the ASEAN’s mechanisms relatedto land and forest fire and transboundaryhaze pollution, notably the ASOEN-HTTF.The AMMH and ASOEN-HTTF may evolveinto other bodies in view of the ongoingdevelopment of the mechanisms underthe ASEAN Agreement on TransboundaryHaze Pollution. The outline of themechanism is shown in illustration below:

ASEAN Senior Officials on theEnvironment-Haze Technical Task Force(ASOEN- HTTF)

The ASOEN-HTTF will provide oversightand policy guidance for theimplementation of the strategy as well asfacilitating linkage to activities at thenational level. It is envisaged that asubsidiary expert group on peatlands willbe established under the ASOEN-HTTF tospecifically look into peatland issues and

give input to the implementation of thestrategy and undertake other technicaltasks. Linkage should also be made toother appropriate ASEAN structuresespecially the ASEAN Working Group onNature Conservation and Biodiversity.

ASEAN SecretariatThe ASEAN Secretariat will undertake theformal coordination amongst AMCs andfacilitate the main regional activities andmeetings as well as linkage with otheractivities coordinated through the ASEANSecretariat.

Global Environment Centre (GEC)The GEC is a well-establishedorganisation based in the ASEAN regionwith special expertise on peatlands andthe coordinator of the SE Asian PeatlandNetwork with over 400 members. It is aFounding Partner of the APMI and hasprovided technical and operational supportto the APMI since its inception. It isenvisaged that GEC will continue toprovide this technical and operationsupport for the implementation of thestrategy as well as assist in generatingresources to support its implementation.

Technical Expert Group (or TechnicalAdvisory Group)For purposes of guidance and directionsa Technical Expert Group or TechnicalAdvisory Group (TEG/TAG) consisting ofrespected world experts on tropicalpeatlands will be established. Its primaryrole would be to guide, review and adviseon up-to-date of methodologies onsustainable peatland management.

ASEAN Member Countries (AMCs)The AMCs will play a critical role in directlyimplementing the strategy within eachcountry as well as contributing to regionalactivities. Implementation by the AMCs willbe guided by their respective NAPs.

PartnersPartners of this initiative include thoseorganisations or on-going projects whichare undertaking activities related tosustainable management of peatlands inthe region. They contribute by:

ASEAN MinisterialMeeting on Haze

(AMMH)

ASEANSecretariat

GlobalEnvironment

Centre

MemberCountries

Represented by Focal

Points

Partners Supporters

Figure 1. Flowchart showing the structure of theAPMI which is envisaged to guide and undertakeas appropriate the implementation of the strategyat regional level

ASOEN-HazeTechnical TaskForce (HTTF)

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on the following conceptual model:

Focal PointThe Focal Point will be currently the HTTFFocal Point. The Focal Point will serve asthe official contact point for the strategyimplementation at the national level. TheFocal Point is expected to:• Give directions to the working group

• Oversee the development of NAPs

• Allocate roles and responsibilities todifferent relevant agencies

Desk OfficerThe Desk Officer may be appointed withinthe focal point agency or another agencyto help the Focal Point. The role would beto:• Handle coordination of activities for

planning and implementation• Make sure information is provided to

relevant agencies• Ensure background given to

appropriate stakeholders• Facilitate meetings and coordination

with ASEAN Secretariat and otherpartners

National Working Group/ Task Force(ad-hoc or permanent)Members would be key technicalstakeholders (including governmentagencies, research institutions, NGOs,private sector) as appropriate. The rolewould be to provide:• Provide technical advice to the

Focal Point• Develop technical guidelines

• Provide recommendations andsuggestions for actions

Steering CommitteeThe Steering Committee would comprisepolicy making agencies and selectedkey stakeholders). The role would be to:• Give directions to the Focal Point or

technical working group• Oversee the development of NAPs

• Allocate roles and responsibilities todifferent relevant agencies

• Consider and adopt NAPs

• Inviting participation of countries andinstitutions in the ASEAN region in theiractivities as appropriate

• Providing other contributions asnecessary

SupportersSupporters include donors, research oreducational institutions, private sector andthe media. They assist by:• Providing funds or technical guidance

• Promoting the initiative and providingother support

Active participation of partners andsupporters in the implementation of thestrategy will be encouraged to draw fromtheir wealth of expertise and experienceand to promote a strong sense ofcommitment and ownership of projects andactivities.

3.2 Country Level ImplementationMechanisms

At country level, the coordination ofactivities is envisaged to be throughappropriate mechanisms established forthe implementation of the strategy andassociated NAPs. The exact nature of themechanism will vary between countriesand be guided by the respective NAPs.The mechanisms are expected to draw

Steering CommitteeFree standing or part of wetland

committee / CBD / National Haze/Policy issues committee / at

Ministerial level

DeskOfficers

Partners/Supporters

Technical Working Group/sTechnical experts / Depts (Govt,

research institutions, NGOs, PrivateSector)

Figure 2. Flowchart showing the proposedmechanism for strategy implementation at nationallevel

Focal Point >> <

><

>

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Partners and SupportersPartners and supporters would assist inthe development and implementationactivities.

3.3 Resource Mobilisation

The resource mobilisation strategy for theimplementation of the strategy will befurther developed in first year of theimplementation (see action 13.1.1 in Table2). However, there are basically threebroad sources of funding for theimplementation of the strategy. These aredirect contributions from all or some AMCstowards specific actions; ASEAN pooledresources; and external funding. ASEANwill adopt a mix of these approachestowards resource mobilisation so thatinternal ASEAN resources and externalfunding will complement one another.

AMCs will be expected to allocatesufficient resources to support andimplement the strategy at regional andnational level. Therefore, respective AMCsshould mainstream the APMS and NAPsin particular into national developmentprogrammes. In this way, the allocationof national funds to implement the APMSand NAPs will be easily secured.

Funding mechanisms will also bedeveloped or enhanced to serve aspredictable and reliable resources tofacil itate the implementation of thestrategy (see action point 13.1.3 in Table2). These funding mechanisms could bein the form of a common pool of financialresources, to be made up fromcontributions of AMCs, based on amutually-acceptable scheme.

Contributions from Dialogue Partners ofASEAN and other donor institutionsremain an important funding source forthe strategy. Another possible source ofcomplementary funding is the privatesector.

Regular forums among donors andsupporters will be organised to generateexternal funding and facilitate coordinatedfunding of activities (see action point13.1.5). Specific budgets and proposalsfor funding of activit ies by nationalgovernments, external supporters andother sources will also be developed togenerate resources to support the

implementation of the strategy (see actionpoint 13.1.4).

In addition, under the strategy,mechanisms and options to generatesustaining resources for peatlandconservation and management will alsobe explored and developed (see actionpoints 13.1.2, 13.1.6 and 13.1.7).

3.4 Monitoring and EvaluationMechanism

A monitoring and evaluation mechanismwill be developed in the first year of thestrategy implementation. The mainobjective of monitoring and evaluation isto continuously refine the implementationof the strategy. The monitoring andevaluation mechanism is also needed toensure that targets are achieved, timelycorrective measures are undertaken ifneeded, and that initiatives and activitiesremain consistent with the overall Goaland four (4) General Objectives and areresponsive to emerging issues andpriorities.

While monitoring shows achievementsand failures, evaluation goes into thecontributing factors or causes and howthe problems can be solved. Themonitoring and evaluation mechanism willalso be developed in such a way that itfulfils the principles of transparency andaccountability.

The monitoring and evaluation processwill be undertaken at two levels:· At the micro level, with a monitoring

and evaluation plan built into eachaction; and

· At the macro level, with a consolidatedassessment mechanism to ensurethat the overall strategyimplementation is on track in achievingits Overall Goal and GeneralObjectives.

At the micro level, different actions willhave their own set of success indicatorsand targets, depending on their statedobjectives. At the macro level, to permitaggregation, a generic set of criteria willbe used. This may includeappropriateness/relevance (conformitywith ASEAN Vision 2020 and its medium-

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term plans and the ASEAN Agreement onTransboundary Haze Pollution; sectoralneed); effectiveness (achievement ofplanned processes and results; outputsdelivered; outcomes achieved); efficiency(level of resources needed to achieveoutputs and targets); impact (contributionto the ASEAN Vision 2020 and its medium-term plans and the ASEAN Agreement onTransboundary Haze Pollution; avoidanceof negative consequences); andsustainability (retention of knowledgegained, ongoing resources available,polit ical wil l to sustain momentum,continuity of flow of benefits).

A baseline situation at the beginning ofthe strategy implementation should beestablished as a reference point for theformal review at the macro level. To obtaina balanced view, the widest range ofstakeholders’ views will be obtained bothfor micro-level evaluation and macro-levelevaluation.

Formal review at the macro level shouldbe undertaken by the ASEAN Secretariatevery 5 years. Any recommendations forrevisions or updating the strategy will besubmitted to the relevant ASEAN body. Afinal review will be conducted in 2020and reported to the ministerial body ofASEAN.

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