Guide to Reinforced Fill Guide to Reinforced Fill Structure and Slope DesignStructure and Slope Design
GeotechnicalGeotechnical Engineering OfficeEngineering OfficeCivil Engineering DepartmentCivil Engineering DepartmentThe Government of the Hong Kong The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative RegionSpecial Administrative Region
GEOGUIDE 6
Introductory Course (Lecture 1)Introductory Course (Lecture 1)
22
Historical DevelopmentHistorical Development Reinforced fill is an
established technology dating back to 4/5 BC
Examples include the Great Wall of China
GEOGUIDE 6GEOGUIDE 6
33
First Reinforced Fill Wall in Hong Kong 1981First Reinforced Fill Wall in Hong Kong 1981
44
Historical Development in Hong KongHistorical Development in Hong Kong
First used in 1981 Currently over 100 structures built
GEOGUIDE 6GEOGUIDE 6
Tuen Mun
Guangdong Sheng
Deep Bay
Hong KongInternationalAirport
Tolo Harbour
Kowloon
Tsing Yi
Hong KongIsland
LegendLocation of ReinforcedFill Feature
Lantau Island
2422201816141210
86420
0
-
5
5
-
1
0
1
0
-
1
5
2
0
-
2
5
2
5
-
3
0
>
3
0
1
5
-
2
0
Height (m)
Retaining WallFill Slope
N
u
m
b
e
r
Fill Slope
RetainingWall
Others RoadEmbankment
51%
14%
14%
9%
12%BridgeAbutment
55
North West North West TsingTsing Yi Yi 40m Reinforced Fill Wall40m Reinforced Fill Wall
66
ScopeScope
Geoguide 6 is a companion to Geoguide 1 Guide to Retaining Wall Design (1993)
Presents a recommended standard of good practice for design construction supervision of new permanent structures
Included are: Walls and slopes bridge abutments segmental block walls
(Does not cover soil nailing, reinforced fill dams, maritime structures or embankments on soft ground)
GEOGUIDE 6GEOGUIDE 6
77
Classification of Common Earth Retention Systems(Fig 13, P.145)
GEOGUIDE 6GEOGUIDE 6
88
Areas of ApplicationAreas of Application
Transportation Housing Slope
stabilisation and landslide mitigation
Others (industrial works, river walls)
GEOGUIDE 6GEOGUIDE 6
99
The Use of Reinforcement Fill in Highway and Railway Application(Fig 2, P.134)
GEOGUIDE 6GEOGUIDE 6
1010
Approach EmbankmentBridge Desk
Zone of Reinforced Fill
Levelling Strip
Bearing
Facing Panels
Highway Bridge AbutmentHighway Bridge AbutmentGEOGUIDE 6
1111
Zone ofReinforced Fill Levelling
Strip
11
Facing Panels
Retaining Wall and Embankment for RailwayRetaining Wall and Embankment for RailwayGEOGUIDE 6
1212
The Use of Reinforced Fill in Housing Development(Fig 3, P.135)
GEOGUIDE 6GEOGUIDE 6
1313
Segmental Block Facing GEOGUIDE 6
1414
Other Common Usage(Fig 5, P.137)
GEOGUIDE 6GEOGUIDE 6
1515
Examples of Reinforced Fill Structures
GEOGUIDE 6GEOGUIDE 6
1616
GEOGUIDE 6GEOGUIDE 6
Zone of Reinforced Fill
2.51
Reinforced Fill Blast Wall
1
2
1717
Rationale for the Use of Reinforced Fill
Reinforced fill structures can offer technical and economic advantages over conventional forms of construction
Savings of 20-50% of initial capital cost are possible
Particularly suited to sloping terrain Largely immune to earthquake Compatible with the concept of sustainable
development
GEOGUIDE 6GEOGUIDE 6
1818
Examples of Economic and Technical Advantages of Reinforced Fill(Fig 6, P.138)
GEOGUIDE 6GEOGUIDE 6
1919
Tsing Yi North Coastal Road
2020
Cyber Port Development
2121
Ecological Parameters for a 6m High Reinforced Fill Structure and an Equivalent Reinforced Concrete Structure(Fig 7, P.139)
GEOGUIDE 6GEOGUIDE 6
2222
Reinforced Fill WallReinforced Fill Wall Conventional ConcreteConventional ConcreteRetaining WallRetaining Wall
GEOGUIDE 6
2323
Embodied Energy (EE) of Construction Embodied Energy (EE) of Construction MaterialsMaterials
DefinitionEnergy used to extract and transport raw materials, refine and manufacture them, package, deliver and install them on site.
Conventional RC Retaining WallConventional RC Retaining Wall
Concrete (ready mix) = 1.3 GJ/ton
Steel (virgin) = 32.0 GJ/ton
Fill = Nil
Formwork = 19.0 GJ/ton
Reinforced Fill Retaining WallReinforced Fill Retaining Wall
Concrete (precast) = 2.0 GJ/ton
Steel (galvanised) = 35.0 GJ/ton
Fill = 0.2 GJ/ton
GEOGUIDE 6
2424
Concrete Steel Fill Formwork0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
E
n
e
r
g
y
p
e
r
m
(
G
J
/
m
)
Construction Materials
Concrete Steel Fill Formwork0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
E
n
e
r
g
y
p
e
r
m
(
G
J
/
m
)
Construction Materials
for a 12 m High Wallfor a 12 m High Wallfor a 4 m High Wallfor a 4 m High Wall
RF WallRC Wall
Energy used by RF wall and RC wallEnergy used by RF wall and RC wallGEOGUIDE 6
2525
Quantity of Concrete used by RF wall and RC wallQuantity of Concrete used by RF wall and RC wall
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Wall Height (m)
T
o
n
s
p
e
r
m
RC Wall
RF Wall
GEOGUIDE 6
2626
Quantity of Steel used by RF wall and RC wallQuantity of Steel used by RF wall and RC wall
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Wall Height (m)
T
o
n
s
p
e
r
m
RC Wall
RF Wall
GEOGUIDE 6
2727
Quantity of Fill used by RF wall and RC wallQuantity of Fill used by RF wall and RC wall
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Wall Height (m)
T
o
n
s
p
e
r
m
RC Wall
RF Wall
GEOGUIDE 6
2828
Energy used by RF wall and RC wallEnergy used by RF wall and RC wall
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Wall Height (m)
E
n
e
r
g
y
p
e
r
m
(
G
J
/
m
)
RC Wall
RF Wall
GEOGUIDE 6
2929
Reinforced Fill SystemsReinforced Fill Systems
Elemental Full height Anchored earth Wrap-around Segmental blocks (hybrid)
GEOGUIDE 6GEOGUIDE 6
3030
Reinforced Fill Systems: ElementalReinforced Fill Systems: Elemental
GEOGUIDE 6GEOGUIDE 6
(Fig 8, P.140)
3131
Forms of ReinforcementForms of Reinforcement GEOGUIDE 6
3232
Reinforced Fill Systems: Full HeightReinforced Fill Systems: Full HeightGEOGUIDE 6GEOGUIDE 6
(Fig 9, P.141)
3333
Reinforced Fill Systems: Anchored EarthReinforced Fill Systems: Anchored Earth
GEOGUIDE 6GEOGUIDE 6
(Fig 12, P.144)
3434
Reinforced Fill Systems: WrapReinforced Fill Systems: Wrap--aroundaround
GEOGUIDE 6GEOGUIDE 6
(Fig 10, P.142)
3535
Reinforced Fill Systems: Segmental Reinforced Fill Systems: Segmental BlocksBlocks
GEOGUIDE 6GEOGUIDE 6
(Fig 11, P.143)
3636
Selection of SystemsSelection of Systems
Depends upon Use of the structure or slope Nature and size Life of structure Economy Available fill Aesthetics
GEOGUIDE 6GEOGUIDE 6
3737
Selection of Systems: Selection of Systems: ElementalElemental
Applications Bridge abutments Walls Construction on
slopes Industrial structures Containment dykes Building platforms
GEOGUIDE 6GEOGUIDE 6
3838
Selection of Systems: Selection of Systems: ElementalElemental
Advantages Proven technology Used with wide
range of reinforcement
Good aesthetics
GEOGUIDE 6GEOGUIDE 6
Limitations Initial cost of
shuttering for new units high
Need to test new units
3939
Selection of Systems: Full HeightSelection of Systems: Full Height Applications
Bridge abutments Retaining walls River training works Industrial structures
GEOGUIDE 6GEOGUIDE 6
4040
Advantages Rapid construction Very robust Eliminates failure
through the facing Good finishes
(pretensionedconcrete)
GEOGUIDE 6GEOGUIDE 6
Limitations Limited to 10m
height Needs propping Good compaction
required
Selection of Systems: Full HeightSelection of Systems: Full Height
4141
Selection of Systems: WrapSelection of Systems: Wrap--aroundaround
Applications Steep slopes Slope repairs Tall embankments Blast walls Rock fall protection
GEOGUIDE 6GEOGUIDE 6
4242
Advantages Use of indigenous
fill Economic Green structures Composite
reinforcement/ drainage used with fine fill
GEOGUIDE 6GEOGUIDE 6
Limitations Facing susceptible
to fire/vandalism Must protect
against UV light
Selection of Systems: WrapSelection of Systems: Wrap--aroundaround
4343
Selection of Systems:Selection of Systems:Anchored EarthAnchored Earth
Applications Bridge abutments Walls Slope repairs Noise barriers Blast barriers
GEOGUIDE 6GEOGUIDE 6
4444
Advantages Improved pullout Use of waste
materials (tyres) produces economic structures
GEOGUIDE 6GEOGUIDE 6
Limitations Not used with
wrap-around systems
Selection of Systems:Selection of Systems:Anchored EarthAnchored Earth
4545
Selection of Systems:Selection of Systems:Segmental BlockSegmental Block Applications
Housing Low/medium walls Bridge abutments Superimposed
structures
GEOGUIDE 6GEOGUIDE 6
4646
Advantages Proven technology Rapid construction Minimal
construction plant (Used with
indigenous fill) Wide range of
facings
GEOGUIDE 6GEOGUIDE 6
Limitations Usually no provision
for differential settlement between facing/fill
Little adaptability to differential settlement
Selection of Systems:Selection of Systems:Segmental BlockSegmental Block
4747
Proprietary Systems and Proprietary Systems and ProductsProducts
Proprietary products/systems often restricted to specific applications
Some proprietary products only suitable for use with proprietary systems
Some systems are covered by Patents
GEOGUIDE 6GEOGUIDE 6
4848
Certification of Reinforcing Certification of Reinforcing ProductsProducts
Ensure safe long-term design strength Ensure adequate quality assurance of
products Eliminate repetitive checking
Objectives of Certification
GEOGUIDE 6
4949
Certification Procedure
Certification of Reinforcing Certification of Reinforcing ProductsProducts
z Manufacturer submits product details to GEOz Reinforced Fill Advisory Panel (RFAP) assesses
the submissionz RFAP submits draft certificate to Endorsement
Committee for review and agreementz Director of Civil Engineering (DCE) signs the
certificate
GEOGUIDE 6
5050
Types of Reinforcing Products
Certification of Reinforcing Certification of Reinforcing ProductsProducts
Metallic reinforcing products do not require certification
Reinforcing products, the strength and stress-strain characteristics are temperature and time dependent require certification
GEOGUIDE 6
5151
GEOGUIDE 6(Fig 23, P.155)
5252
Viscoelastic Behaviour Viscoelastic Behaviour of Polymerof Polymer
Strain (%)
L
o
a
d
(
k
N
/
m
) IncreasingStrain Rate
5353
Viscoelastic Behaviour Viscoelastic Behaviour of Polymerof Polymer
IncreasingTemperature
Strain (%)
L
o
a
d
(
k
N
/
m
)
5454
Viscoelastic Behaviour Viscoelastic Behaviour of Polymerof Polymer
Strain Rate (%/min)
(
P
e
a
k
L
o
a
d
)
/
(
I
n
d
e
x
V
a
l
u
e
)
x
1
0
0
%
IncreasingTemperature
5555
Assessment Details
Certification of Reinforcing Certification of Reinforcing ProductsProducts
Creep and stress rupture
GEOGUIDE 6
5656
Sustained Load Creep TestSustained Load Creep Test GEOGUIDE 6
5757
Interpretation of Sustained Load Creep TestInterpretation of Sustained Load Creep Test
S
t
r
a
i
n
(
%
)
Time (hr)
Creep Curves
5858
Interpretation of Sustained Load Creep TestInterpretation of Sustained Load Creep Test
Strain (%)
L
o
a
d
(
k
N
/
m
)
Isochronous Curves
5959
Assessment Details Creep and stress rupture
Certification of Reinforcing Certification of Reinforcing ProductsProducts
Oxidation and hydrolysis
CED Homepage (www.info.gov.hk/ced) provides details of the certification system and submission requirements
Installation damage
GEOGUIDE 6
6060
END OF LECTURE 1END OF LECTURE 1
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