BY: JAMILA MILLER3RD
Grammar Book 2nd Semester
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Conditional Perfect Tenses
Present Present Perfect Irregulars Past Subjunctive Perfect
Nosotros Command Mono Verbs
Impersonal ‘se’ Saber vs. Conocer Los Mandadtos
Informal/Formal
• Affirmative• Negative• Irregular• DOP + IOP
Subjunctive + Irregulars Trigger Phrases
Impersonal Expressions Expressions of Emotion Conjunctions of Time
Demonstrative Adjectives + Pronouns
Tan y Tanto
Conjugation English Translation
ía
íasía
Used in relation to would, should, could, must have, or probably
Used to express: Wonder Conjecture Possibility Probability
Conditional
íamosíaisían
Infinitivo Conjugation at end
Subjunctive
Conditional Irregulars
Caber- cabr
Haber- habr
Hacer- har
Poder- podr
Poner- pondr
Querer- querr
Decir- dir
Saber- sabr
Valer- valdr
Salir- saldr
Venir- vendr
Tener- tendr
Irregular form
+ the endin
gs
• ía íamos
• ías íais• ía ían
= Conditiona
l irregulare
s
Present Perfect
Used to express or describe actions that have happened recently and/or actions that still hold true in the present.
In Ingles
The combination of a helping verb as in English.
Ex: I have eaten.He comido.
Auxillary verb
(to have)
Main verb + ido o ado
Present perfect
verb
He pagado la cuenta. He pagado
Haber is used as auxillary verb before the main verb like a
helping verb in English.
He hemos
Has Habeis
ha han
Plus the main verb with new ending
Ar- ado Er- ido Ir- ido
Present Perfect Irregulars
Abrir- abiertoCubrir- cubiertoDecir- dichoEscribir- escritoHacer- hechoMorir- muerto
Poner- puestoResolver- resoltoVer- vistoVolver- vueltoIr- idoRomper- roto
Past Perfect
In spanish
• The past perfect tense is formed by using the imperfect tense of the auxiliary verb "haber" with the past participle.
In English
• The past perfect is formed by combining the auxiliary verb "had" with the past participle.
Había habíamos
Habías Habías
había habían
Plus the main verb with new ending
Ar- ado Er- ido Ir- ido
Ex: (yo) Había vivido.I had lived.
Ex: Juan había abierto las puertas.
Subjunctive Perfect
We use the present perfect subjunctive when we want to express a reaction to something that has happened (already). We need a conjugation of the verb Haber and a past participle. The only difference is that we conjugate Haber in the present Subjunctive.Another Form of
HABERHaya hayamos
Hayas Hayáis
haya Hayan
Plus the main verb with new ending
Ar- ado Er- ido Ir- ido
Impersonal ‘se’
1. Use se to avoid specifying a person who is doing the action of the verb.
Se vende fruta en la fruteria.
2. When using se, the verb is always in 3rd person.
Aqui se había español.
3. Se can be used in all tenses. Se hizo mucho Se haría mucho. Se había hecho.
Saber vs. Conocer
CononcerPerson, place,
literary work
Saber
facts, info, or
how to do somethin
g
To Know:
Mandatos InformalesTu Commands
Affirmitivo
Conjugate in the tu form and drop the “s”
Add pronoun if necessary
Put in the tu form, stem
change, and drop the “s”
Di, hav, ve, pon, sal, se, ten, ven
Regular Irregular
Negativo
Put in the yo form, changes to the opposite vowel and add
on the “S”
Place pronoun before the verb
Tv dishes and add the “s”
Or put the yo form, change to the appropriate
”s”
Regular Irregular
Informal Mandatos
INFORMAL (TU) AR ER/IR
Affirmitive:Conjugate the verb in the 3rd person present (ud./el/ella)
______- A
Hablar: habla
______- e
Comer: come
Negative:Yo form, drop the O and add the opposite tú ending
No- ______- EN
Hablar: No hablen
No- ______- AN
Comer: No coman
Informal Commands Irregulars
Decir: DiHacer: Haz
Ir: vePoner: pon
Salir: salTener: tenVenir: ven
Formal Mandatos
FORMAL AR ER/IR
Usted/ Ud. Yo form of a verb, drop the O and add the opposite endings:
______- E
Hablar: hable
______- A
Comer: Coma
Ustedes/ Uds. Yo form of a verb, drop the O and add the opposite ending of the third plural form:
______- EN
Hablar: hablen
______- AN
Comer: Coman
Formal Commands Irregulars
1. GO to GA (present tense irregular Yo form verbs)
Vengo- vengaDigo- diga
2. CAR, GAR, ZAR verbs require spelling changes to keep the
pronunciation consistent:Pagar- pague
DOP and IOP Placement
DOP IOP
Lo, la, los, las Me, te, se, nos, os
Ir + Infinitive• Attach to the
end of the infinitive
• Place in front of the conjugated verb
Estar + ing verb• Attach to the
end of –ing verb and add an accent to the 3rd to the last syllable vowel
Commands• Affirmative: it is attached to the end of command with an accent on first syllable vowel
• Negative: it comes after “no”, before the command
Nosotros Commands
Yo form of the verb in present tense,
drop the O and add the opposite
nosotros form ending:
Ar____-Emos
Hablar: Hablemos
Er/Ir____-Amos
Comer: comamos
Mono Verbs
1) if object pronouns are used, they must be attached to the end of affirmative commands, and this will always require a written accent in the nosotros forms
2) the first s of the affirmative reflexive ending is lost
Ex: ¡Comamos afuera esta noche!Irregulars
Are similar to that of other commands including –car, -
gar, -zar…Another irregular: Vámonos- vayamos
Start with the yo form of the
present indicative
Then drop the o- ending
Then add the opposite vowel
ending.
Present Subjunctive
Mood Uncertain
hypothetical
ReflectsWill and
influence, motion, doubt, disbelief, and
denial, indefiniteness,
and nonexistense
Impersonal Expressions
Es bueno que…Es mejor que…Es importante
que…Es malo que…Es necessario
que…
Main Clause
(impersonal
expression)
Que Main clause
Subjuntive sentence
TTener > tenga
VVenir> venga
DDecir> diga Dar>
dé
IIr > vaya
SSer > sea
HHacer >
haga
EEstar >
esté
SSaber >
sepa
IrregularesStem changing
-stays the same in –ar or –er- Does not change in
nosotros formIr stem changes in nosotros
car
quega
rgueza
rce
Trigger Phrases
Es bueno que…
Es necesario que…
Impersonal Expression
s
Es mejor que…
Es importa
nte que…
Es malo que…
…cuando
…asi que
Conjunctions of Time
…despues de que
…hasta que
…en cuanto
Impersonal Expressions vs. Conjunctions of TimeThe impersonal phrases come before the subjunctive and the time phrases come
after the independent clause to indicate when to use a subjunctive.
Expressions of Emotion
I. Verbs/expressions of will or want aconsejar que to advise decir que to tell dejar que to let, allow desear que to desire that es hora que it's time that es importante que it is
important that es necesario que it is
necessary that esperar que to hope that es preciso que it is necessary
that evitar que to avoid
Trigger Phrases II. Verbs/expressions of emotion
or feeling alegrarse de que to be happy
that es bueno que it's good that es conveniente que it's
convenient that es difícil que it's hard es extraño que it's strange that es fácil que it's easy es increíble que it's incredible
that es inútil que it's useless that
(there's no point) es justo que it's fair that Frequently, the sentences that contain a subjunctive verb are used to
express doubt, uncertainty, denial, desire, commands or reactions to the clause containing the subjunctive verb.
Expressions of Emotion Cont.
III. Verbs/expressions of doubt, possibility, opinion aparecer que to appear, seem
that buscar ... que* to look for detestar que to hate dudar que to doubt es dudoso que it is doubtful that es imposible que it is
impossible that es improbable que it is
improbable that es posible que it is possible that es probable que it is probable
that
Trigger Phrases Cont.
First Clause:
Expressions• hope
• Fear• Joy• Pity• Surprise
Second Clause
• Subordinate clause
Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns
Singular Masculine
Plural Masculine
Singular Feminine
Plural Feminime
Éste (this) Éstos (these) Ésta (this) Éstas (these)
Ése (that) Ésos (those) Ésa (that) Ésas (those)
Aquél (that “over there”)
Aquéllos (those “over there”)
Aquélla (that “over there”)
Aquéllas (those “over there”
Tan y Tanto
TanComo (as…as)
Used with adjectives and
adverbs
TantoComo (as
much as/ as many as…Used with nouns and
verbs
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