GOING DIGITAL: THE FUTURE OF WORK FOR WOMEN?
Sarah Box, Counsellor Directorate for Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) The Future of Work: What do we do? Queens International Institute on Social Policy 16-17 August 2018, Kingston, Canada
What if…?
If 50% of CEOs were women Generation XX: January 2069 How the business world finally reached a milestone—and what had to change along the way
Source:TheEconomist,“TheWorldIf”,7July2018.
DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES ARE ENABLING DEEP TRANSFORMATION
Employment rate among mothers vs share of mothers who worked from home at least once over the past 12
months, 2014/2015
DIGITAL-DRIVEN BUSINESS MODELS CAN OFFER FLEXIBILITY FOR WOMEN
AUT BEL
CZE
DNK
EST
FINFRADEU
GRCHUN
IRL
ITA
LVALUXNLD
POL
PRT
SVK
SVN
ESP
SWE
CHE
TUR
GBR
25
35
45
55
65
75
85
95
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Employmentrateformothers(%)
Percentageofmothersworkingasemployeeswhohaveworkedfromhomeatleastonceoverthepast12months
Source:OECDFamilyDatabaseandOECDcalculaGonsbasedonthe6thEuropeanWorkingCondiGonsSurvey(2015).
Management of SMEs registered on Facebook, by gender, April 2018
AND NEW ENTREPRENEURIAL OPPORTUNITIES ARE EMERGING
29%
24%
47%
Mainly female Balanced Mainly male
Source:FutureofBusinessSurvey(2018),ExploretheFutureofBusiness,hQps://eu.futureoSusinesssurvey.org/manager/Storyboard/RHViewStoryBoard.aspx
20 industries with the greatest number of jobs at risk
0 2.5 5 7.5 10%
Employment share
50 40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 50
EducationComputer programming, consultancy and related activities
Public administration and defenceSocial work activities without accommodation
Human health activitiesFinancial serv ice activities
Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical productsLegal and accounting activities
Residential care activitiesInsurance, reinsurance and pension funding
Manufacture of machinery and equipmentManufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers
Wholesale trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcyclesSpecialised construction activ it ies
Manufacture of fabricated metal productsManufacture of food products
Land transport and transport via pipelinesWholesale and retail trade and repair of motor vehiclesRetail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles
Food and beverage service activ it ies
%
Male share (average risk of automation) Female share (average risk of automation)
SO FAR THE RISK OF AUTOMATION IS SIMILAR FOR MEN AND WOMEN
Source:OECDSecretariatcalculaGonsbasedontheSurveyofAdultSkills(PIAAC)2012and2015andArntzetal.(2016),hQp://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5jlz9h56dvq7-en
BUT THE SPEED OF DIGITAL DIFFUSION ACROSS SECTORS WILL SHAPE FUTURE TRENDS
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
%Agriculture, Mining, Manufacturing
ICTtangibleinvestment Sobwareinvestment RobotuseIntermediateICTgoods IntermediateICTservices ICTspecialistsOnlinesalesrevenues
Digital penetration of sectors over time, growth rate, 2001-15
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
%Services
Source:OECDcalculaGonsbasedonCalvinoetal.(2018)
Share of females among start-up founders
WOMEN MUST PLAY A GREATER ROLE IN SHAPING THE DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
0
5
10
15%
Note:Percentageoffemalesinthesampleoffoundersofcompanieslessthantenyearsoldandforwhomgenderisknown.Source:OECD,basedonBreschi,LassébieandMenon(2018),“AportraitofinnovaGvestart-upsacrosscountries”,hQp://dx.doi.org/10.1787/f9ff02f4-en(www.crunchbase.com).
Patents invented by women, 2010-2015 As a percentage of total IP5 patent families invented, G20 countries
0
5
10
15%
ICT patents Patents in other technologies All patents
0
10
20
30
40%
Note:TheindicatorisoveresGmatedforChinaandKorea.Source:OECD,STIMicro-dataLab:IntellectualPropertyDatabase,hQp://oe.cd/ipstats,January2018.
WOMEN REMAIN UNDERREPRESENTED IN INNOVATION…
Co-authorship network of top R package authors By gender, data related to top 1000 package authors
Source:OECDSTIMicro-dataLab:IntellectualPropertyDatabase,hQp://oe.cd/ipstats,basedondataextractedfromTheComprehensiveRArchiveNetwork(CRAN),hQp://cran.r-project.org/(lastaccessedJanuary2018).
…AND RARE IN THE SOFTWARE WORLD…
Composition of inventors’ team by gender, G20 area Percentage of IP5 patent families by gender composition of inventors’ team
83 79
14 17
3 4
0
20
40
60
80
100
2000-05 2010-15
%Men only Mixed Women only
Note:TheindicatorisbasedonwholecountsofIP5patentfamiliesbyinventors’country.Source:OECD,STIMicro-dataLab:IntellectualPropertyDatabase,hQp://oe.cd/ipstats,January2018.
…THOUGH PATENT INVENTORS’ TEAMS ARE (SLOWLY) FEMINISING
Share of women in graduates of ICT studies, by educational attainment, 2015
WOMEN CURRENTLY LAG IN ICT TRAINING
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Upper secondary Total tertiary Doctorate holders%
Source:OECDcomputaGonsondatafromOECDEduca:onataGlance2017:OECDIndicators.
Additional labour market returns for various types of skills in digital intensive industries, 2012 or 2015
BUT DIGITAL INTENSIVE INDUSTRIES DEMAND WIDER SKILL SETS
-4-202468
1012
%Returns to skills in less digital intensive industries Additional returns to skills in digital intensive industriesCoefficient insignificant at the 5% level
Note:Datafor31OECDcountriesandpartnereconomies.Source:OECDcalculaGonsbasedonPIAAC2012and2015.
Difference in standardised skill scores between men and women, 2012 or 2015
WOMEN APPEAR LESS ENDOWED WITH SKILLS FOR DIGITAL INTENSIVE INDUSTRIES…
0.002
-0.2
-0.15
-0.1
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
Average difference
Male advantage
Female advantage
Note:Datafor31OECDcountriesandpartnereconomies.Source:OECDcalculaGonsbasedonPIAAC,2012or2015.
Labour market returns to skills by gender, digital-intensive industries, 2012 or 2015
…AND GENERALLY RECEIVE LOWER RETURNS TO THOSE SKILLS THAN MEN
-4-202468
1012
Female workers in digital intensive industries Male workers in digital intensive industries%
Note:Datafor31OECDcountriesandpartnereconomies.Source:OECDcalculaGonsbasedonPIAAC,2012and2015.
Building blocks for an integrated strategy for growth and well-being in the digital transformation:
1. Access 2. Use 3. Innovation 4. Jobs 5. Society 6. Trust 7. Market openness
THE POLICY GOAL – A POSITIVE FUTURE OF WORK FOR WOMEN
TAKING ACTION ON SKILLS, ACCESS…..
• Promote female participation in STEM study
• Facilitate women’s access to STEM-related jobs through apprenticeships
• Remove barriers to life-long learning
• Stress acquisition of “digital” skills
• Tackle affordability barriers for women’s access to and adoption of digital technologies
• Competitive market environment for national connectivity
…ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND BIAS…..
• Promote diversity in entrepreneurship & within teams of researchers and inventors
• Pursue more gender balance in financing, e.g. public VC
• Foster networking and gender inclusion in entrepreneurial and innovative activities
• Boost awareness of socio-cultural norms, biases and stereotypes
• Remove gender bias in curricula and parental attitudes
• Enhance visibility of women in STEM and high-tech sectors
• Increase collection of gender-disaggregated data
Contact: [email protected]
OECD Going Digital website: www.oecd.org/going-digital
STI newsletter: www.oecd.org/sti/news.htm Twitter: @OECDinnovation
THANK YOU
Further reading
• OECD (forthcoming), “Bridging the Digital Gender Divide: Include, Upskill, Innovate”, OECD.
• OECD (2017), “Going Digital: The Future of Work for Women”, Policy Brief on The Future of Work, http://www.oecd.org/employment/Going-Digital-the-Future-of-Work-for-Women.pdf
• Calvino, F., et al. (2018), "A taxonomy of digital intensive sectors", OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers, No. 2018/14, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/f404736a-en
• Grundke, R., et al. (2018), "Which skills for the digital era?: Returns to skills analysis", OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers, No. 2018/09, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/9a9479b5-en.
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