GOING DIGITAL: THE FUTURE OF WORK FOR WOMEN?

Sarah Box, Counsellor Directorate for Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) The Future of Work: What do we do? Queens International Institute on Social Policy 16-17 August 2018, Kingston, Canada

What if…?

If 50% of CEOs were women Generation XX: January 2069 How the business world finally reached a milestone—and what had to change along the way

Source:TheEconomist,“TheWorldIf”,7July2018.

DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES ARE ENABLING DEEP TRANSFORMATION

Employment rate among mothers vs share of mothers who worked from home at least once over the past 12

months, 2014/2015

DIGITAL-DRIVEN BUSINESS MODELS CAN OFFER FLEXIBILITY FOR WOMEN

AUT BEL

CZE

DNK

EST

FINFRADEU

GRCHUN

IRL

ITA

LVALUXNLD

POL

PRT

SVK

SVN

ESP

SWE

CHE

TUR

GBR

25

35

45

55

65

75

85

95

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

Employmentrateformothers(%)

Percentageofmothersworkingasemployeeswhohaveworkedfromhomeatleastonceoverthepast12months

Source:OECDFamilyDatabaseandOECDcalculaGonsbasedonthe6thEuropeanWorkingCondiGonsSurvey(2015).

Management of SMEs registered on Facebook, by gender, April 2018

AND NEW ENTREPRENEURIAL OPPORTUNITIES ARE EMERGING

29%

24%

47%

Mainly female Balanced Mainly male

Source:FutureofBusinessSurvey(2018),ExploretheFutureofBusiness,hQps://eu.futureoSusinesssurvey.org/manager/Storyboard/RHViewStoryBoard.aspx

20 industries with the greatest number of jobs at risk

0 2.5 5 7.5 10%

Employment share

50 40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 50

EducationComputer programming, consultancy and related activities

Public administration and defenceSocial work activities without accommodation

Human health activitiesFinancial serv ice activities

Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical productsLegal and accounting activities

Residential care activitiesInsurance, reinsurance and pension funding

Manufacture of machinery and equipmentManufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers

Wholesale trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcyclesSpecialised construction activ it ies

Manufacture of fabricated metal productsManufacture of food products

Land transport and transport via pipelinesWholesale and retail trade and repair of motor vehiclesRetail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles

Food and beverage service activ it ies

%

Male share (average risk of automation) Female share (average risk of automation)

SO FAR THE RISK OF AUTOMATION IS SIMILAR FOR MEN AND WOMEN

Source:OECDSecretariatcalculaGonsbasedontheSurveyofAdultSkills(PIAAC)2012and2015andArntzetal.(2016),hQp://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5jlz9h56dvq7-en

BUT THE SPEED OF DIGITAL DIFFUSION ACROSS SECTORS WILL SHAPE FUTURE TRENDS

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

%Agriculture, Mining, Manufacturing

ICTtangibleinvestment Sobwareinvestment RobotuseIntermediateICTgoods IntermediateICTservices ICTspecialistsOnlinesalesrevenues

Digital penetration of sectors over time, growth rate, 2001-15

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

%Services

Source:OECDcalculaGonsbasedonCalvinoetal.(2018)

Share of females among start-up founders

WOMEN MUST PLAY A GREATER ROLE IN SHAPING THE DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION

0

5

10

15%

Note:Percentageoffemalesinthesampleoffoundersofcompanieslessthantenyearsoldandforwhomgenderisknown.Source:OECD,basedonBreschi,LassébieandMenon(2018),“AportraitofinnovaGvestart-upsacrosscountries”,hQp://dx.doi.org/10.1787/f9ff02f4-en(www.crunchbase.com).

Patents invented by women, 2010-2015 As a percentage of total IP5 patent families invented, G20 countries

0

5

10

15%

ICT patents Patents in other technologies All patents

0

10

20

30

40%

Note:TheindicatorisoveresGmatedforChinaandKorea.Source:OECD,STIMicro-dataLab:IntellectualPropertyDatabase,hQp://oe.cd/ipstats,January2018.

WOMEN REMAIN UNDERREPRESENTED IN INNOVATION…

Co-authorship network of top R package authors By gender, data related to top 1000 package authors

Source:OECDSTIMicro-dataLab:IntellectualPropertyDatabase,hQp://oe.cd/ipstats,basedondataextractedfromTheComprehensiveRArchiveNetwork(CRAN),hQp://cran.r-project.org/(lastaccessedJanuary2018).

…AND RARE IN THE SOFTWARE WORLD…

Composition of inventors’ team by gender, G20 area Percentage of IP5 patent families by gender composition of inventors’ team

83 79

14 17

3 4

0

20

40

60

80

100

2000-05 2010-15

%Men only Mixed Women only

Note:TheindicatorisbasedonwholecountsofIP5patentfamiliesbyinventors’country.Source:OECD,STIMicro-dataLab:IntellectualPropertyDatabase,hQp://oe.cd/ipstats,January2018.

…THOUGH PATENT INVENTORS’ TEAMS ARE (SLOWLY) FEMINISING

Share of women in graduates of ICT studies, by educational attainment, 2015

WOMEN CURRENTLY LAG IN ICT TRAINING

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Upper secondary Total tertiary Doctorate holders%

Source:OECDcomputaGonsondatafromOECDEduca:onataGlance2017:OECDIndicators.

Additional labour market returns for various types of skills in digital intensive industries, 2012 or 2015

BUT DIGITAL INTENSIVE INDUSTRIES DEMAND WIDER SKILL SETS

-4-202468

1012

%Returns to skills in less digital intensive industries Additional returns to skills in digital intensive industriesCoefficient insignificant at the 5% level

Note:Datafor31OECDcountriesandpartnereconomies.Source:OECDcalculaGonsbasedonPIAAC2012and2015.

Difference in standardised skill scores between men and women, 2012 or 2015

WOMEN APPEAR LESS ENDOWED WITH SKILLS FOR DIGITAL INTENSIVE INDUSTRIES…

0.002

-0.2

-0.15

-0.1

-0.05

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

Average difference

Male advantage

Female advantage

Note:Datafor31OECDcountriesandpartnereconomies.Source:OECDcalculaGonsbasedonPIAAC,2012or2015.

Labour market returns to skills by gender, digital-intensive industries, 2012 or 2015

…AND GENERALLY RECEIVE LOWER RETURNS TO THOSE SKILLS THAN MEN

-4-202468

1012

Female workers in digital intensive industries Male workers in digital intensive industries%

Note:Datafor31OECDcountriesandpartnereconomies.Source:OECDcalculaGonsbasedonPIAAC,2012and2015.

Building blocks for an integrated strategy for growth and well-being in the digital transformation:

1.  Access 2.  Use 3.  Innovation 4.  Jobs 5.  Society 6.  Trust 7.  Market openness

THE POLICY GOAL – A POSITIVE FUTURE OF WORK FOR WOMEN

TAKING ACTION ON SKILLS, ACCESS…..

•  Promote female participation in STEM study

•  Facilitate women’s access to STEM-related jobs through apprenticeships

•  Remove barriers to life-long learning

•  Stress acquisition of “digital” skills

•  Tackle affordability barriers for women’s access to and adoption of digital technologies

•  Competitive market environment for national connectivity

…ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND BIAS…..

•  Promote diversity in entrepreneurship & within teams of researchers and inventors

•  Pursue more gender balance in financing, e.g. public VC

•  Foster networking and gender inclusion in entrepreneurial and innovative activities

•  Boost awareness of socio-cultural norms, biases and stereotypes

•  Remove gender bias in curricula and parental attitudes

•  Enhance visibility of women in STEM and high-tech sectors

•  Increase collection of gender-disaggregated data

Contact: sarah.box@oecd.org

OECD Going Digital website: www.oecd.org/going-digital

STI newsletter: www.oecd.org/sti/news.htm Twitter: @OECDinnovation

THANK YOU

Further reading

•  OECD (forthcoming), “Bridging the Digital Gender Divide: Include, Upskill, Innovate”, OECD.

•  OECD (2017), “Going Digital: The Future of Work for Women”, Policy Brief on The Future of Work, http://www.oecd.org/employment/Going-Digital-the-Future-of-Work-for-Women.pdf

•  Calvino, F., et al. (2018), "A taxonomy of digital intensive sectors", OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers, No. 2018/14, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/f404736a-en

•  Grundke, R., et al. (2018), "Which skills for the digital era?: Returns to skills analysis", OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers, No. 2018/09, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/9a9479b5-en.