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A
Aah, Iah
Moon sacred to Osiris, Djehuty (Thoth) and Khonsu
Abdu Heba
Ruler of Jerusale, conte!orary of A"henaten
Achote!, Ahhote!, Ahote!
A!!arently t#o $ueens, althou%h it has been su%%ested that there ay ha&e
been just one'
) ueen, dau%hter of Tao I, sister*#ife of Tao II +e"enenre
) ueen, !ossibly #ife of Kaose
Achenaten, A"henaten, A"henaton, A"hnaten, A"hnaton
Aenhote! I-, a .e# Kin%do !haraoh, /th dynasty
Ae%is (0ree")
Ornaental collar, enat
Ahose, Aasis
) T#o !haraohs 1 Ahose I /th dynasty and Ahose II, 2th dynasty3
) Ahose1.efertiri, ueen of the /th Dynasty3
4) Ahose +on of 5bana, adiral under "in% Ahose I (Autobio%ra!hy)
6) Ahose 7en1ne"hbet, hi%h o8cial under Ahose I (Autobio%ra!hy)
A"het (A9:t ;
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Alashia, Alasyia
7robably =y!rus
Aen, Aon, Aon, Aun, Aoun, Aun1Re or Aen1Re
Main 0od durin% the .e# Kin%do, identi@ed #ith eus by the 0ree"s
Aenehab, Aeneheb
Bar co!anion of Thutose III (Aenehab>s ?io%ra!hy)
Aenehet, Aenehat
Cour !haraohs of the th dynasty
Aenhote!
) 6 .e# Kin%do !haraohs, /th dynasty, often called by the (incorrect)0ree" for Aeno!his3
) +on of Ha!u, scribe, fa&ourite of Aenhote! III (Autobio%ra!hical
inscri!tion)
Aeneo!e, Aeneo!et
) Caily of hi%h .e# Kin%do o8cials3
) -ice1roy of Kush under +eti I3
4) -iier under Aenhote! II
Aenirdis
Bife of the 0od (Hi%h !riestess of Aen)
Aenes
.e# Kin%do !haraoh, Eth dynasty
Aenose
) +on of Thutose I and Ahose, %eneral3
) ?rother of .efertari, ayor of Thebes3
4) +on of ?e"en!tah, o8cer under the Raessides
Aeno!his
accordin% to Manetho 0ree" for Aenhote! and still often used in this sense3
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!hilolo%ically correct for Aeneo!e (in11i!t)
Aenti
Real of the Dead, cf Duat
Ait, Aut
=hiaera, destroyer of the hearts of dead #ho #ere not justi@ed
Aorites, Aurru
7eo!le in Retenu (Today>s Febanon and #estern +yria)
Aratian
Middle !re1dynastic !eriod, 4GG to 46 ?=5, also called .a$ada IA and I?
Aulet
=har
Anch, an"h (an9)
+ybol of endurin% life
Anchesenaen, Anchesenaun, An"hesenaen, An"hesenaun,
An"hesenaten, An"hesen!aaten
Bife of Tutan"haen, /th dynasty
Anchneserire, An"hneseryre
ueen, Mother of 7e!i II
Anhuret, Anhur, Onuris
Identi@ed #ith the 0ree" Ares: His ain cult #as at 7a!reis
An"h
Fife, its hiero%ly!h #as often #orn as an aulet
An"hahor
2th dynasty &iier
An"hti@
noarch in !!er 5%y!t durin% the CI7
Anubis, An!u, Khenty1Ientiu, Heranubis
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0od, conductor of souls
Antef
see Intef
Antefo"er
Mayor and &iier under +enusret I
Anubis, An!u
0od of the necro!olis
A!e!
see A!o!is
A!e!i
T#o Hy"sos "in%s
A!hrodite
the 0ree" e$ui&alent of Hathor
A!is, +era!is, Osiris1A!is
?ull syboliin% fertility &enerated at Me!his
A!o!his, A!o!is, A!e!
The ser!ent of =haos, soeties e$uated #ith +eth
A!otro!aic (fro 0ree")
Ha&in% the !o#er to a&ert e&il
Arta9er9es
7ersian "in%s and 5%y!tian !haraohs (th dynasty)
Arura, aroura (0ree")
The %round co&ered by a yo"e of !lou%hin% o9en in one day, about
Artaba (7ersian)
Dry easure, about 42 litres in classical ties, about litres under the
7toleies:
Aser, Asr, Ausas
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see Osiris
Aset, Ast, Auset
see Isis
Ashur1ballit
Kin% of Assyria, conte!orary of A"henaten
Atef
=ro#n #orn by Osiris
Aten, Aton
The sun dis", uni$ue %od of A"henaten
A&aris, A#aris
=a!ital of the Hy"sos "in%s in the Delta
Ay
) Merneferre, !haraoh of the 4th dynasty3
) Ay, Aye, Ai, Khe!er"he!erure
-iier of Tutan"haen and !haraoh of the /th dynasty
?
?a (bA)
The LsoulL
+!iritual force such as an anonyous di&inity
Manifestation of a %od
The "in%>s !o#er to rule
The eternal forces of a huan, de!icted in tobs as a bird #ith a huan
head:
?a>ah, +eba1djai
The !lanet -enus
?adarian
5arly !re1dynastic !eriod, 4/ to 4G ?=5, also Cayu A or Merida
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?ai, ?ay
=hancellor of Rases +i!tah, Eth dynasty
?a"are
Fisted in the Turin Kin% list as successor of Khafre
?a"en"hons, ?a"en"honsu, ?e"en"honsu
Hi%h 7riest of Aen under Rases II, !ossibly father of .efertari, eber of
the Aeneo!e clan, bloc" statue
?ast, ?astet, basti, 7asht
0oddess of the hoe, Arteis to the 0ree"s: Her cultural centre #as at
?ubastis
?at
0oddess #ith the for of a co#, fro the Middle Kin%do on er%ed #ith
Hathor
?au
Messen%er or a!!earance of a deity
?enben
) The @rst land to rise fro the !riordial #aters:
) 7yraid sha!ed sacred stone at Helio!olis
?ennu bird (bn#)
see 7hoeni9
?es, ?isu
D#arf %od
?iridiya
Ruler of Me%iddo, conte!orary of A"henaten
?oo" of the Dead
?etter The ?oo" of 0oin% Corth by Day: A collection of a%ical #ritin%s !laced
in tobs since the .e# Kin%do #ith the intention of hel!in% the deceased
in the after1life:
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?urnaburiash
Kassite "in% of ?abylonia, conte!orary of A"henaten
?yblos (0ree"), 0ebal, 0ubla, Kubna (5%y!tian)
=ity in Febanon, i!ortant to 5%y!tian trade
byssus
fr: 0ree" bussos, @ne linen
=
=abyses, Kabyses
7ersian "in%, con$ueror of 5%y!t, founder of the th dynasty
=anaan
Today>s Israel and southern Febanon, abo&e all the coastal re%ion
=anobic, Heracleotic (fro Fatin, 0ree")
The #esternost ar of the .ile, after the city of =anobus (=ano!us)
=ano!ic jars (fro Fatin, 0ree")
-essels containin% the inner or%ans of the deceased, %enerally four, in the
for of the sons of Horus (fro =ano!us, see abo&e)
=artonna%e (Crench)
59!ression used by 5%y!tolo%ists for the as"s and co8ns ade of
cardboard li"e aterials:
=artouche (Crench)
The nae of a !haraoh in hiero%ly!hs surrounded by an o&al band denotin%
eternity
=ataract (fro 0ree" "atara"tes do#n1rushin%)
Ra!ids, #aterfall: The @rst .ile cataract #as 5%y!t>s southern border
=hadouf (Arabic)
see +hadouf
=hafre, =hefren
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see Khafre
=haudi
see Khaudi
=heo!s, =hufu
see Khufu
=hoachyte
0ree" for 5%y!tian #AH #, lit: Dis!enser of #ater, 7riest in char%e of the
cult of the dead #ho, for a fee, carried out the role of underta"er
=hons, =honsu
see Khons
=hthonic (0ree")
fro the earth: =hthonic deities' +e!a, He$et etc
=i!!us (Fatin)
7ointed rectan%ular !illar, in 5%y!tolo%y' Aulet or stela sho#in% Horus
triu!hin% o&er dan%erous beasts
=ircucision
The sur%ical odi@cation of the %enitals of boys and en
=o8n Te9ts
Ma%ical #ritin%s #ritten on co8ns since the CI7:
=orbel (fro Fatin)
7rojection juttin% out fro #all, su!!ortin% structure abo&e it: sed to a"e
false arches
=or&e (Crench)
Ta9 in the for of labour
=roo", he"a
Ori%inally a she!herd>s staN it becae a sybol of !o#er carried by !haraohs
and hi%h o8cials
=ubit (Ori%ninally fro Fatin)
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Finear easure:
) +hort cubit' 2 !als 6 @n%ers3
) Royal cubit ' !als / di%its 1 G:4 c
D
Darius
7ersian "in%s and 5%y!tian !haraohs (th dynasty)
Deben, (dbn)
Bei%ht, e$ual to "it, ori%inally %r (co!!er), 4%r (%old), fro .K on
about E %raes
0ree" !eriod' onetary unit #orth sil&er drachas, later co!!er
drachas
Decans (fro Fatin dece, ten)
42 star constellations, each risin% abo&e the horion at sunrise durin% ten
days e&ery year, used by the ancient 5%y!tian calendar
Deotic (0ree")
the last sta%e of de&elo!ent of the ancient 5%y!tian scri!t
Deurra%e
=har%e !aid by the de!ositors of %rain in the state %ranaries, see credit
Dendarah, Denderah
+ite of Hathor>s ain te!le
Deshret (d+r:t)
) The red cro#n of Fo#er 5%y!t3
) The red land, i:e: the desert
Dionysos
0ree" %od, identi@ed #ith Osiris
Djahi, ahi
Ill de@ned coastal re%ion in =anaan
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Djed !illar, djet !illar (Dd)
Hiero%ly!h often carried as an aulet, lin"ed to the Osiris yth
Djehuti, Thoth
) 0od of "no#led%e and #isdo, oon %od, identi@ed #ith HeresTrise%istus by the 0ree"s3
) +cribe, %eneral and &iceroy under Thutose III
Djet (Dt)
5ternity, continuous and linear as o!!osed to neheh
Djoser, oser
Old Kin%do !haraoh, 4rd dynasty
Dracha
0ree" onetary unit, di&ided into 2 obols: The standard coin in use #as the
sil&er tetradracha #orth four drachas:
Duat (d#A:t)
Ori%inally the starry s"y:
The Real of the Dead, !o!ulated by the deceased #ho ha&e becoe stars:
Often soe#hat isleadin%ly referred to as nder#orld or .ether#orld:
Dynasty (fro 0ree")
Fine of hereditary rulers
5
5arly dynastic
Historic !eriod, 4G to 2 ?=5, also called .a$ada IIIA to III=
5chnaton
see A"henaten
5l Aarna, Al Aarna (Arabic), A"hetaten
=a!ital of 5%y!t under A"henaten, /th dynasty
5lectru (fro 0ree")
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A %old and sil&er alloy, used for co&erin% the ti!s of obelis"s
5ncaustic (fro 0ree")
!aint based on #a9
5nnead (fro 0ree" enneas, nine)
A %rou! of nine deities, such as the 5nnead of Helio!olis
All the %ods of a locality
59ecration te9ts
Te9ts containin% curses a%ainst (state) eneies, cf: 59ecration rituals
5ye of Re
+ee Hathor
C
Caience (fro Crench, after the Italian to#n of Caena)
0laed ceraics, often blue or %reen
Caiyou, Caiyu, Cayou, Cayu, Cayyou, Cayyu
Certile lo#1lyin% re%ion #est of the .ile
Calse door
sybolic door for the "a, !ainted or car&ed on a tob #all
CI7
Cirst Interediate 7eriod
Clail, Pa%ellu (fro Fatin Pa%ru, scour%e), ne"he"h, ne"ha"ha
A Pail carried by the !haraoh syboliin% his !o#er3 attribute of Osiris and
Min:
0
0eb, Keb
5arth %od
0ebal, 0ubla
see ?yblos
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0enital utilation
The sur%ical odi@cation of the %enitals of %irls and #oen
0erean
Fate !re1dynastic and !rotodynastic !eriods, 46 to 4G ?=5, di&ided into
5arly 0erean, 46 to 44 ?=5 (.a$ada I=, IIA, II?)
Middle 0erean, 44 to 4 ?=5 (.a$ada II=)
Fate 0erean, 4 to 4G (.a$ada IID, IID)
0esso (Italian)
Mi9ture of !laster of 7aris and %lue, used as a "ind of !utty
0od>s Cather
7riest of interediate ran":
0od>s Fand, 5%y!tian tA nTr (Ta netjer)
Ter used for soe forei%n, %enerally #ooded re%ions' 7unt in the south, but
also re%ions in +yria etc:
0reat 0reen (literal translation of #AD1#r )
0enerally su!!osed to denote the +ea, es!ecially the Mediterranean: It has
also been !ro!osed to stand for the .ile (delta) or the Cayu:
0ri8n
=hiaera #ith a lion>s body and a falcon>s head, since the OK sybol of the
&ictorious ruler
H
Hah
7ersoni@cation of eternity, !ro!s u! the hea&ens
Haaat, Haaat
Badi connectin% the .ile &alley to the Red +ea near Thebes
Hannu
see Henenu
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Ha!i, Ha!y
) 0od of the .ile3
) One of the Cour +ons of Horus
Ha!iru, A!iru, Habiru
.oadic asiatics of the nd illenniu ?=5, often considered outla#s: sed
to be #ron%ly identi@ed #ith the Hebre#s
Hara"hte
0od, see also Horus, Re
Hare (Arabic), 5%y!tian i!et
institution run by the !haraoh>s @rst #ife for the bene@t of the !haraoh>s
#i&es and feale relati&es, not to be confounded #ith the usli hare oflater ties
Harehab
see Horeheb
Hathor
0oddess of s"y, lo&e, irth, beauty and fertility
Hatshe!sut, Hatshe!so#e
Ceale !haraoh, /th dynasty
Hatti, Kheta
Anatolian nation, in conPict #ith the 5%y!tians durin% the .e# Kin%do
Heb +ed (Hb1sd)
festi&al (Hb) celebrated after 4 years of rule or ore fre$uently: Its !recise
!ur!ose is un"no#n, but is su!!osed to ha&e to do #ith the !haraoh>s
reju&enation:
Hedjet, nefer1hedjet (nfr1D:t)
the #hite cro#n of !!er 5%y!t
He"a (H"A)
Ma%ic
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He"a1"hase (H$A19As#:t )
see Hy"sos
He"at, He"et
see He$at
Helio!olis, On
Main te!le of the sun %od Re
Hea"a
Royal sealbearer (chancellor) under Den (st dynasty)
Henenu, Hannu, Henu
+te#ard and o&erseer of herds, th dynasty
Hen"u
.oarch, late OK (Inscri!tion)
He!haestos, He!haistos
The 0ree" e$ui&alent of 7tah
He!u
-iier under Thutose I-
He!useneb
Cirst !ro!het of Aen under Hatshe!sut
He$a (H$A:t)
=roo", sybol of !haraonic authority
He$at (H$A:t)
Measure of &olue of &aryin% sie'
) ?arrel, bushel: Di&ided into hin, c: 6:/ litres, used throu%hout history
) =oon bushel, double barrel, c: E:2 litres, Middle to .e# Kin%do
4) Far%e bushel, also called oi!e, about E: litres
He$at, He$et, He"t, He"at, He"et (H$:t)
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0oddess of birth in the for of a fro%
Her1"a1!et
The !lanet +aturn
Heranubis, An!u, Khenty1Ientiu
see Anubis
Heru
see Horus
Heru1deshret
The !lanet Mars
Her1#e!es1ta#y
The !lanet Ju!iter
Heseb (Hsb)
+$uare easure' One $uarter of a tA, di&ided into sA
Hesire
O&erseer o&er the royal scribes under Djoser (4rd dynasty), !hysician and
dentist
Hiera"on!olis (0ree"), .e"hen
Ancient southern ca!ital
Hieratic (fro 0ree" hierati"os, !riest)
=ursi&e #ritin% of Hiero%ly!hs
Hiero%ly!hics (fro 0ree" hiero%lu!hicos, sacred #ritin%
5%y!tian #ritin% usin% stylied !ictures (hiero%ly!hs)
Hin (hn#)
lit: jar, one tenth of a he$at, about half a litre
Hittites
7eo!le of Hatti
Hor
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) Hor, !haraoh, !robably 4th dynasty3
) Hor, !riest durin% the Fate 7eriod3
4) Hor, ountain in northern =anaan3
6) see Horus
Horbaf
+on of Khufu (6th dynasty), &iier
Hordjedef, Djedefhor
+on of Khufu (6th dynasty)
Horeheb
.e# Kin%do %eneral and !haraoh, /th dynasty
Horus, Hor, Heru, Hru
+un %od, son of Isis and Osiris
Horus nae
Cirst of the !haraonic titles, often #ritten in a sere"h
Hote! +enusret (Kahun)
Middle Kin%do !lanned to#n
House of Fife
Re!ositories for "no#led%e in te!les
Hy"sos
The He$a1"hasut, #ron%ly translated as +he!herd Kin%s, an Asiatic !eo!le,
founded a "in%do in .orthern 5%y!t, Gth and 2th dynasties
Hy!ostyle
(0ree" hu!ostulos, under coluns) ?uildin% #ith roof su!!orted by !illars
I
I"hernofret
=hancellor under +enusret III, (+tela)
Ihote!
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Hi%h o8cial under of Djoser (4rd dynasty), later dei@ed:
Intef, Antef, Inyotef
7haraohs of the th dynasty
I7
Interediary 7eriod
I!et
see hare
Isfet
disorder, chaos, o!!osed to Maat
Isis, Auset, Aset, Ast
0oddess of fertility and nature, consort of Osiris: Identi@ed #ith Deeter and
A!hrodite
Iteru (jtr#)
) Ri&er1unit, easure of len%th, cubits, ca: ", 0ree" s"hoine
) ca: " accordin% to ?reasted
4) Ri&er, .ile
Ithy!hallic (fro 0ree" ithu!hallicos)
Ha&in% an erect !enis, a si%n of fertility (de!ictions of ba1birds, Osiris, Min or
Aen, etc)
J
Jud%ent of the Dead
Decision by the %ods on the afterlife of a !erson
Justi@ed
aa1"heru, lit: True of &oice, dead !erson jud%ed fa&ourably
K
Ka
Iortal !art of a bein%, but needin% nourishent, coin% into e9istence
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to%ether #ith the bein%' the Llife forceL, continuity of e9istence: =f: ?ody and
+oul:
To %o to his "a' to die
Kadashan 5nlil
Kin% of ?abylon, conte!orary of Aenhote! III
Kadesh, Kedesh, adesh
) Corti@ed to#n in Retenu, site of faous battle
) 0oddess
Ka%eni
) -iier under +nefru, author of the Instructions of Ka%eni3
) -iier under Teti (2th dynasty) #ith faous astaba
Kahun, Fahun, Illahun (Arabic)
Middle Kin%do !lanned to#n near the site of Hote! +enusret
Kabyses
see =abyses
Kautef
Fit: >?ull of his Mother>: .ae of the ithy!hallic, self1created Aen and Min
Kanofer
Architect under Khase"he#y (nd dynasty), s!eculati&ely Ihote!>s father
Karna", Al Karna" (Arabic)
odern &illa%e, occu!yin% the northern half of !haraonic Thebes, I!et isut,
the site of any ancient te!les
Ka#ab
+on of Khufu (6th dynasty)
Keftiu
described as a !lace in the idst of the 0reat 0reen, i:e: the Mediterranean,
!ossibly =rete, soeties identi@ed #ith =y!rus or #ith the #hole of the
Ae%ean
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Keet (":t)
The blac" (land)
The fertile soil of the .ile Pood !lain
5%y!t #hich is also called the T#o Fands
Kenbet ($nb:t)
Judicial coission or court
Ke#eden, Kiu#adna
Hurrian &assal state of the Hittites in southern Anatolia
Khafre, =hafre, =hefren
Old Kin%do 7haraoh, 6th dynasty
Khae#aset
+on of Rases II, hi%h !riest of 7tah
Khaudi, =haudi, A!e!i II
Hy"sos "in%
Khar (QAr)
Fit: sac", easure of ca!acity
) De"a1he$at, he$at, ca:6/ litres: (OK, MK)
) De"a1he$at, "har, e$uals 6 oi!e, i:e: 2 he$at, ca: E2 litres (MK1+I7)
4) Khar, 6 oi!e, 2 litres (.K1TI7)
Khe"er si%n (Q"r)
architectural decoration
Khe"he!erre1sonbu
7riest (Adonitions)
Khentaenti, Khenty1Ientiu, =hontaenti
see Anubis, also Osiris
Kheo!s
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see Khufu
Khe!resh, Khe!eresh (9!r+)
The blue cro#n
Khet (9t), "het1en1nu
Finear easure, cubits, about G etres
Kheta
see Hatti
Kheti, A"htoy
A nuber of "in%s rulin% at Heracleo!olis durin% the Cirst Interediate 7eriod
A nuber of noarchs durin% the Cirst Interediate 7eriod'
) Kheti son of Te@bi (inscri!tion)
) Kheti son of +it (inscri!tion)
Khnuhote!, Khnuhot!e
) Khnuhote! I, noarch (Inscri!tion)
) Khnuhote! II, %randson of Khnuhote! I, noarch (Inscri!tion)
Khons, Khonsu
) Moon 0od, son of Aen and Mut, his ain te!le #as at Karna"3
) =alled To' Cirst !ro!het of Men"he!erra under Rases II
Khufu, =heo!s
Old Kin%do 7haraoh, 6th dynasty
Kios" (fro Crench "ios$ue, Tur"ish "s")
A roof su!!orted by coluns or !oles
Kit, "ite, $ite, ($d:t)
#ei%ht, one tenth of a deben, about E %raes (durin% the .e# Kin%do)
0ree" !eriod' onetary unit #orth one tenth of a deben drachas
Kohl (fo Arabic "uhl )
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?lac" eyeliner (cf: =osetics)
Kubna, 0e!en
5%y!tian nae for ?yblos
Kush, Kash
.ubian re%ion abo&e the second cataract
K-
sed by archaeolo%ists to%ether #ith a nuber to identify tobs in the -alley
of the Kin%s
F
Fabayu
Ruler of +heche, conte!orary of A"henaten (cf: Aarna Fetters)
Fector !riest
7riest readin% ritual te9ts
Fibu, Ribu
Fibyans
Fesonis
0ree" for 5%y!tian r1+n, an elected o8cial in char%e of the econoic
ana%eent of a te!le
F7
Fate 7eriod
F:7:H:
Fife, !ros!erity, health (an9 #DA snb) ;< 1 Bish for #ell1bein%, added after
the naes of !haraohs, L!ros!erityL should rather be LsoundnessL
Fu9or (Arabic el "sor)
odern &illa%e, occu!yin% the southern half of ancient Thebes, I!et resyt
M
Ma
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see Mesh#esh
Maa1"heru (Aa19r# )
True of &oice, justi@ed: sed for
) the #innin% !arty in a trial,
) the dead #hose heart #ei%hed less than a feather
Maat, Ma>at, Mayet (aA:t)
0oddess of Truth3 the #orld order, justice, !ro!er conduct:
Mafdet
0oddess, syboliin% judicial authority and the e9ecution a!!aratus
Maisi (=o!tic)
lit: House of ?irth, sanctuary attached to a te!le3 dedicated to the birth of
the child deity of a triad
Mastaba (Arabic astaba, bench)
Old Kin%do, under%round tob #ith abo&e %round structure
Mai$da
4/ hin, about E litres
Medjay
.ubian ercenaries since the Cirst Interediary 7eriod, !olice under Ahose
I and his successors
Me%iddo
I!ortant =anaanite to#n, site of battle
Meh1ta (H1tA)
Area easure, cubits s$uared, ca: , .e# Kin%do
Me!his (0ree"), Mennefer, Mof
Old Kin%do ca!ital of 5%y!t (near =airo)
Menat (nj:t)
) Musical instruent, castanet3
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) ?road collar or nec"lace, attribute of Hathor
Men, Menes, Min
Cirst !haraoh of the united "in%do accordin% to Herodotus, identi@ed as Hor1
aha
Men"aure, My"erinos
Old Kin%do 7haraoh, 6th dynasty
Men"he!erreseneb
Hi%h !riest of Aon at Karna", /th dynasty
Mentuhote!, Montuhote!
6 !haraohs of the th dynasty
Mereru"a
&iier under Teti (2th dynasty), successor of Ka%eni
Meryre, 7e!i I, 7e!y I
Old Kin%do !haraoh, 2th dynasty
Meryt1Aen
Dau%hter of A"henaten and ueen .efertiti, #ife of +en"h"are(S)
Mes"henet
0oddess !ersoni@cation of the birthin% stone, t#o bric"s !laced under the
feet of the #oan %i&in% birth in a crouchin% !osition
Mesh#esh (+#+), Ma
Fibyans settled in the Delta durin% the Third Interediary 7eriod, ercenaries
Metjen
O8cial under +nofru (?io%ra!hy)
Min
Certility %od
7haraoh, see Menes
Mitanni
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Hurrian !eo!le li&in% in .aharin (#estern Meso!otaia), disa!!eared as an
inde!endent nation durin% the 5%y!tian .e# Kin%do
MK
Middle Kin%do
Moeris, Moiris
) !ossibly Aenehet III:
) Fa"e Moeris 1 la"e in the Cayu e9ca&ated accordin% to Herodotus by
Moeris
Montu, Mont
Bar %od
Montuhote!
see Mentuhote!
Mut
) Mother %oddess, often e$uated #ith Isis
) Deceased #ith often alicious intentions
.
.a%ada, .a$ada
+ettleent 4 " north#est of Thebes: .ae for !redynastic !eriods fro
4GG to 2 ?=5
.aharin, .aharina
Re%ion in +yria or Febanon, at ties identi@ed #ith Ara .aharai, the
re%ion bet#een #estern Ti%ris and the 5u!hrates, at others #ith the re%ion
bet#een the Fitani and the Orontes:
.aos (0ree" naos, te!le)
The sanctuary #ith the di&ine statues
.arer
Kin%, thou%ht by any to be the uniter of !!er and Fo#er 5%y!t
.atron (fro +!anish, ori%inally 0ree")
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=arbonate salt i9ture used in uifyin%, found at Badi .atrun
.aucratis, .au"ratis (0ree")
Ionian city in the Delta
.ebaen, .ebaon, .ebaun
=hief of !olice in #estern Thebes under Thutose I- and Aenhoteo! III
+u!erintendent of the %rain stores under Thutose III (cf: Abbott !a!yrus)
.eb#a#i
Hi%h 7riest of Osiris under Thutose III (Inscri!tion)
.echo, .eco, .ecos, .e"hau
T#o !haraohs of the Fate Dynastic 7eriod, 2th dynasty
.ecro!olis (0ree")
0ree" lit: =ity of the dead, ceetery
.efer (nfr)
Aulet ade of %old, %ood luc" char
.efer"are, 7e!i II, 7e!y II
Old Kin%do !haraoh, 2th dynasty
.efertari, .efertari1Mery1Mut
Main #ife of Rases II
.efertiti, .efertete, .ofretete
Bife of A"henaten
.eferty
7ro!het
.eheh (nHH)
5ternity, !er!etual rene#al of cycles, as o!!osed to djet
.ehes
see .ubia
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.e"ha"ha (n99)
see Pa%ellu
.e"hbet
0oddess of !!er 5%y!t re!resented in the for of a &ulture
.e"he"h (n99)
see Pa%ellu
.e"hen, Hiera"on!olis
Ancient southern ca!ital
.e!hthys, .e!thys, .ebt1Het
0oddess, #ife of +eth
.eshet (n+:t)
The bar$ue of Osiris
.iloeter
7lace, %enerally #ith colun, #here the hei%ht of the .ile could be easured
.itocris, .ito"ris
dau%hter of 7saetic I, 2th dynasty, Bife of the 0od Aen
.K
.e# Kin%do
.oarch (0ree")
Ruler of a noe
.oe (fro 0ree" noos di&ision)
Adinistrati&e re%ion
.ub (nb)
0old
.ubia, Ba#at
Re%ion abo&e the @rst cataract, occu!ied by 5%y!t durin% the nd Millenniu
?=5
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.un
7riordial %od of #ater and fertility, de!icted as a %reen or blue an
.ut
0oddess of the s"y
O
Obol
0ree" coin, one si9th of a dracha, di&ided into / chal"oi
O%doad (fro Fatin, 0ree" for ei%ht)
The ei%ht !rie&al %ods of creation' .un and .aunet, Ku" and Kau"et, Huh
and Hauhet, Aen and Aaunet
Oi!e (j!:t)
Measure of ca!acity, 6 he$at, about litres (.K to Roan ties)
OK
Old Kin%do
On, Helio!olis (0ree")
Main te!le of the sun %od Re
O!enin% of the Mouth
cereony !erfored for a deceased !erson
Osiris, Asr, Ausar
0od of Duat, consort of Isis: 5$uated #ith the 0ree" Dionysos
Ostracon, Ostra"on (0ree")
a !ottery sherd used for #ritin% or s"etchin% on, !lural ostra"a
7
7abi
Ruler of Fachish, conte!orary of A"henaten
7araon (0ree")
In the Hellenist culture the obli%ation of a freed sla&e to !erfor ser&ices for
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his forer aster
7aser
) -iceroy under Ay and Horeheb
) Mayor and &iier under +ethi I and Rases II
7ectoral (Fatin)
7iece of je#ellery co&erin% u!!er chest
7elusiac, 7elusian (fro 0ree")
The easternost ar of the .ile, naed after the to#n 7elusiu
7ediese, 7etiese, 7ediaset
A nuber of Fate 7eriod !riests, cf: The 7etition of 7ediese
7e!i
T#o Old Kin%do !haraohs, 2th dynasty'
) 7e!i I, 7e!y I, Meryre
) 7e!i II, 7e!y II, .efer"are, +on of 7e!i I
7eleset
One of the +ea 7eo!les, the 7hilistines, settled in =anaan
7eret, 7ert, 7roit (!r:t)
+eason of 0ro#th, fro id .o&eber to id March in 7toleaic ties
7esesh1"af (!s+1"f)
=ereonial instruent used in the O!enin% of the Mouth =ereony
7haraoh (&ia 0ree" and Hebre# (!ar>oh) fro 5%y!tian !r1aA 1 >0reat House>)
+ince the @rst illenniu ?=5 "in% of 5%y!t,
7hoeni9 (0ree"), ?ennu bird
Mytholo%ical bird (see ?estiary)
7ian"hi, 7iye
7haraoh of the Fate Dynastic 7eriod, Gth dynasty
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7re1dynastic, !redynastic
7rehistoric !eriod, GG to 4G ?=5
7rehir#onnef
+on of Raesses II and ueen .efertari, ser&ed in the ary
7ronaos (fro 0ree")
Roo leadin% to the naos
7roto1dynastic, !rotodynastic
7eriod 4 to 4G, also called Fate 0erean
7ro!het (fro 0ree")
H nTr, lit: ser&ant of the %od, Head !riest
7saetichos, 7saetic, 7sate", 7sati"
Three !haraohs, 2th dynasty
7seudoe!i%ra!ha (0ree")
Britin%s of a later date than !ur!orted, often attributed to an ancient
authority li"e a !haraoh
7shent
the double cro#n of the united 5%y!t
7tach, 7tah
=reator %od, He!haestos to the 0ree"s
7tahhote!
&iier under Djed"are (Gth dynasty), !utati&e author of instructions of #isdo
7unt
A!!arently a re%ion in the Horn of Africa, 5thio!ia and*or southern Arabia: Atties identi@ed #ith 0od>s Fand:
7ylon
Massi&e structure at the entrance of a te!le co!le9
7yraid te9ts
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Te9ts #ritten inside !yraids concernin% the afterlife of the deceased
7yraidion (fro 0ree")
=a!stone of a !yraid
a>a
Fast !haraoh of the @rst dynasty
a>a
Hi%h1roofed rece!tion roo in 5%y!tian houses (see The House of
Djehutinefer )
adesh
see Kadesh
ebehsenuef, Kebhsenuf etc
One of the four sons of Horus
enbet ($nb:t)
Judicial court
oseir, useir
7ort on the Red +ea coast
R
Ra
see Re
Raeses, Raesis, Raesses, Rases, Rasis
!haraohs rei%nin% durin% the .e# Kin%do, Eth and th dynasty
Raose
) -iier under Aenhote! III and Aenhote! I-3
) -iier under Rases II
Re, Ra
+un %od, Helios to the 0ree"s, #ith the cult centre at Helio!olis
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Red cro#n
Deshret (d+r:t), the cro#n of Fo#er 5%y!t
Re"hire
Mayor and &iier under Thutose III and Aenhote! II, faous tob(Re%ulation laid u!on the &iier)
Reen (rn)
) +$uare easure, Ta, di&ided into t#o heseb 3
) Finear easure: abo&e all as Double reen, di&ided into 6 di%its 1 alost
G c
4) Finear easure: G cubits
Rensi
%o&ernor, !ossibly @ctional, entioned in the story of the 5lo$uent 7easant
Retenu, Reenu
The re%ion occu!ied today by +yria, Febanon and northern Israel
Rib1Addi
Ruler of ?yblos, conte!orary of A"henaten
Rosetau, Rasetjau
7lace in the Afterlife, the nder#orld, real of +o"ar
+
+ab%u
The !lanet Mercury
+ah (sAH)
The constellation of Orion, associated #ith Osiris
+a""ara, +a$$ara
?urial %round near Me!his
+arco!ha%us (0ree" sar9 U !ha%os, Pesh eatin%)
+tone co8n
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+au
A!otro!aic aulet
+carab
) Dun% beetle
) Aulet in the for of a dun% beetle
+eba"hin, +ebba"hin (Arabic)
Decayed ud bric" used as fertilier by odern fellahin
+echet, +e"het
0oddess of lo&e and !rotection, cf: Hathor
+ed Cesti&al, Heb +ed (Hb1sd)
=elebration of the 4th anni&ersary of a !haraoh>s rule, soeties
celebrated after a shorter tie !eriod
+enet (n:t)
?oard %ae
+eniu (sni#, until the .e# Kin%do +na)
Bei%ht, one t#elfth of a deben, :2 %raes (.e# Kin%do)
+enut, +eneut
Minister and fa&ourite of ueen Hatshe!sut
+enusert, +enusret, +en#osret, +esostris
Three Middle Kin%do !haraohs, th dynasty
+erdab (cellar in Arabic)
Old Kin%do under%round funerary cha!el #ith a statue of the deceased,
contains sall o!enin%s !ossibly to enable the "a to !artici!ate in the
!rayers and sacri@ces:
+ere"h (sr9)
Britten sybol of "in%shi! in the sha!e of a !alace (see the .arer 7alette)
+er!o!ards (fro 0ree")
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Fon%1nec"ed chiaera of Meso!otaian ori%in
+eshat
0oddess, her nae eans >feale scribe>: 7erha!s a for of .e!hthys
+et, +eth
0od of chaos, brother of Osiris
+etau
-iceroy of Kush under Rases II
+etchat, stat (sTAt)
+$uare easure, cubits s$uared, G s$3 0ree" aroura
+ete! (st!)
=ereonial instruent used in the O!enin% of the Mouth =ereony
+habti, +ha#abti (S) (ainly .e# Kin%do), shabti (ainly Fate 7eriod)
Muyfor statuette of the deceased !laced since the Middle Kin%do in
tobs to do anual labour
+haddoof, +hadoof, +haduf, +hadouf (Arabic)
=ontra!tion for raisin% #ater anually
+ha#abti (+#b:tj)
see shabti
+heche, +he"he, +iche (+eitic)
To#n in =anaan (7alestine)
+heu, +hau, +hau (+#)
The season of har&est, id March to id July in 7toleaic ties
+hena (+na)
see seniu
+he!ses"af
Kin% (6th dynasty), son of Men"aure
+heshon", +heshon$
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G !haraohs rei%nin% durin% the 4rd Interediate 7eriod, th and 4th
dynasty
+hu
0od, often identi@ed #ith Heracles by the 0ree"s
+hu#ardata
Ruler of Keilah, conte!orary of A"henaten
+ile
To#n on the eastern border of the Delta (Tell Abu +eify), !ossibly identical
#ith aru
+I7
+econd Interediate 7eriod
+istru, +eistron
Musical instruent, rattle
+nefru, +neferu, +nofru
Old Kin%do 7haraoh, 6th dynasty
+olar boat, V shi!, V bar$ue
?oat used by the sun %od to cross the s"y
+o!det (s!d:t), 0ree" +othis
0oddess, ebodient of the star +irius
+!eos (0ree" for >ca&e>)
Te!le cut into roc"
+!hin9 (0ree")
+tatue #ith lion>s body and huan or anial head
+tat (sTA:t)
see +etchat
+tater
Also tetradracha, 0ree" 6 dracha coin
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+tela, stele (!lural stelae or steles) (fro 0ree")
Monuental stone slab #ith car&in%s
T
Ta (tA)
Old Kin%do area easure
cubits by cubits, ca:
Tadu1heba, Tadu"hi!a
Dau%hter of Tushratta, arried to Aenhote! III
Talatat (fro Arabic for three)
+all stone bloc"s used in te!le #alls
Talent
2 inas at drachas each, 2 drachas
Tailat
see Tuilat
Tauret, Ta#eret, Tau#ret
fertility %oddess
Tefnut
0oddess of de# and rain
Tehenu, Tehennu, Ta1+eti
7eo!le li&in% in the +ahara, Fibyans
Tehuti
see Thoth
Teenos (0ree")
5nclosure adjacent to or surroundin% a te!le etc
Tet (tj:t),
cf: Tyet
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Teti
2th dynasty !haraoh
Thebes, .o, Baset, Bese
.e# Kin%do ca!ital of 5%y!t, centre of the Aen cult
Thoth, Thot, Toth, Tehuti, Djehuti
0od of #isdo, his ain te!le #as at Hero!olis, Heres Trise%istus to
the 0ree"s
Thuthose, Thutose, Thutosis, Tuthosis
) Cour .e# Kin%do !haraohs, /th dynasty3
) Caous artist acti&e under A"henaten (?ust of .efertiti)
TI7
Third Interediate 7eriod
Tiye
Bife of Aenhote! III, dau%hter of Wuya and Tuyu, other of A"henaten
Triad (fro 0ree" >trias> for three)
Three related %ods 1 the Theban Triad, the Triad of Abydos, the Triad of
Me!his
TT
Theban Tob, to%ether #ith a nuber used by archaeolo%ists to identify
ancient tobs at Thebes
Tuilat, Tailat
Badi connectin% the easternost ar of the .ile to the ?itter Fa"es
Tushratta
Kin% of Mitanni, @rst half of the 6th century ?=5
Tutanchaen, Tutanchaun, Tutan"haen, Tutan"haten, Tutan"haun
.e# Kin%do !haraoh, /th dynasty
T#o lands
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The united land of !!er and Fo#er 5%y!t, since the .e# Kin%do also
referred to as Keet
Tyet, Tet, The ?lood of Isis, The ?uc"le of Isis
+ybol associated #ith Isis, aulet ade of red sei1!recious stone
at: to
0oddess identi@ed #ith the 0ree" Feto, her centre of #orshi! #as ?uto
basti
see ?ast
djat, Bedjat (#AD:t)
The eye of Horus, aulet
nas, Beni, Benis
Old Kin%do !haraoh, Gth dynasty
ni
see Beni
!uaut, Be!#a#et
0uardian %od in the sha!e of a canine
raeus (fro 0ree", fro 5%y!tian jAr:t )
+ybolic cobra, !art of the headdress of !haraohs and %ods:
ser"af
Cirst "in% of the @fth dynasty
sertesen
+ee +enusret
shabti
see shabti
-
-alley of the Kin%s
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7haraonic burial site near Thebes durin% the .e# Kin%do, odern nae for
ancient LThe 0reat and Majestic .ecro!olis of the Millions of Wears of the
7haraoh, F:7:H:, in the Best of ThebesL or LThe 0reat CieldL
-alley of the ueens
?urial site of $ueens near Thebes
-iier (fro Arabic #aeer)
5%y!tian tjati, the Arabic #ord for the chief inister, %enerally used in the
conte9t of !haraonic 5%y!t
-oussoir (Crench fro Fatin &olsoriu)
Bed%e sha!ed stone used for buildin% arches
B
Badjet (#AD:t), also #edjat, uat
Funar eye of Horus: The uraeus of Re: Often used in aulet for to !rotect
fro the e&il eye
Bas sce!tre (#As)
+ybol of #ell1bein% and ha!!iness
Baset, Bese
see Thebes
Ba#at
see .ubia
Bedjahorresnet
7hysician, 7ersian !eriod
Benaen, Benaun, Ben1Aun, Ben1Aen, Ben1aen
th dynasty !riest sent to ?yblos to buy tiber
Beni, Benis
see nas
Beni, ni
2th dynasty o8cial, %o&ernor of !!er 5%y!t, ser&ed under a nuber of
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!haraohs
Be!#a#et
!uaut
Bhite cro#n
the cro#n of !!er 5%y!t
Q
Qer9es
7ersian "in% and !haraoh of 5%y!t (G/G1G62 ?=5)
W
Warsu
+yrian, soeties identi@ed #ith Merne!tah +i!tah>s chancellor ?ay:(Eth
dynasty)
Wuya
hi%h o8cial under Thutose I-, husband of Tuyu
a!hnath!aaneah, a!hnath1!aaneah
accordin% to the bible the 5%y!tian nae of Jose!h
aru, Thalu, Tjaru
A to#n in the Delta on the eastern frontier, !ossibly identical #ith +ile
oser
see Djoser
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