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GIS UTILITY IN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTASSESSMENT RELATED AIR AND WATER
Submitted By:-
Vimal Shukla
Sch. No. 102110219
MAULANA AZAD NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL
Remote Sensing and GIS Division, Department of Civil Engineering
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Contents
Introduction
Environmental Assessment
Benefits & Applications
What is Pollutions and Type of Pollution , Causes of AirPollution
Use of RS and GIS to estimate Air Quality Index
Integrating GIS and environmental models
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INTRODUCTION
The environment, is a term that comprises all livingand non-living things that occur naturally on Earth.
Assessment is the process of documenting, usually
in measurable terms
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ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
Environmental assessment is a process to predictthe environmental effects of proposed initiativesbefore they are carried out.
An environmental assessment:
identifies possible environmental effects
proposes measures to mitigate adverse effects
predicts whether there will be significant adverseenvironmental effects, even after the mitigation isimplemented
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NEED FOR ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENT
There are two main purposes of environmentalassessment:
minimize or avoid adverse environmental effectsbefore they occur
incorporate environmental factors into decisionmaking
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WHEN IT IS DONE??
Should be conducted
as early as possible in the planning and
proposal stages of a project
for the analysis to be valuable todecision makers and to incorporate themitigative measures in to the proposed
plans.
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BENEFITS
increased protection of human health
the sustainable use of natural resources
reduced project costs and delays
minimized risks of environmental disasters
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APPLICATIONS
Wild Land Analysis
Air pollution & control
Water pollution & assessment and management
Disaster Management
Forest Fires Management
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DEFINITION OF POLLUTION
When Harmful Substances Contaminate theEnvironment it is Called Pollution.
Pollution refers to the very bad condition of
environment in terms of quantity and quality.
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Type Of Pollution
Air Pollution
Water Pollution
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Causes of Air Pollution
Major sources of Air Pollution
- Industries
-Automobiles and Domestic fuels
-High Proportion of undesirablegases, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon
monoxide
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Effects of Air Pollution
Air Pollution affects???
Human health
Animals
Plants The atmosphere as a whole
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Definition of Water Pollution
The Contamination of water with
undesirable substances which make itunfit for usage is termed water Pollution.
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Causes of Water Pollution
About 40% of Deaths worldwide are caused by WaterPollution.
Water Pollution is Caused by organic and inorganic
industrial wastes and affluent discharged into rivers.
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Water Pollution Pictures
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Effects of Water Pollution
Diseases like Cholera
Malaria
Typhoid (spread during the rainy season )
Aquatic life gets destroyed
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Use of RS and GIS to estimate Air Quality Index
over Peninsular Malaysia
This is the report resulted in a study in order to computeAPI using satellite-based method
Five locations of air pollution station were selected wheremajor pollutants have been measured conventionally.
Haze information was extracted from the satellite data
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Relationship between the satellite recorded
reflectance and the corresponding pollutantmeasurement was determined using regressionanalysis.
The result proven that satellite-based method usingspace-borne remote sensing data was capable ofcomputing API spatially and continuously
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Haze (originating from open burning or forest fire)usually contains large amount of particulate matter(e.g., organic matter, graphitic carbon).
The pollution rate can be measured from groundinstruments such as air sampler, sun photometer andoptical particle counter, however these instruments isimpractical if measurement are to be made overrelatively large areas or for continuous monitoring.
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Study area
On 22nd September 1997 Malaysian government had
declared that Kuching (capital of Sarawak) was in the
state of emergency when the API exceeded 650(hazardous level)
Their concentration and spatial distribution was
quantified from NOAA-14 AVHRR satellite data
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Combination of
band 1, 2 and 4 areused to visually
differentiatebetween haze(orange), lowclouds (yellow)
and high clouds(white).
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NOAA-14 AVHRR
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Methods
Derivation of haze model,
Regression analysis
Accuracy Assessment.
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Haze model
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Contd..
This model can be described by: - R = L V
where, : reflectance recorded by satellite
sensor,R : reflectance from known object fromearth
surface
L : skylight, andV : lost radiation caused by scatteringand
absorption
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Regression analysis
Calibration pixels of NOAA-14 AVHRRdata were sampled within a radius of 2.5
km from each of the air pollution stations.
The relationship between AQI andsatellite-recorded reflectance of band 1
AVHRR, were analysed using linear
regression.
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Accuracy Assessment
In order to verify the
accuracy of the regressionmodel, RMSE (Root-mean-
squared Error) was
implemented to the AQI
values obtained by themodel.
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Integrating GIS andenvironmental models
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Integrating GIS ...
Environmental problems are spatialproblems, environmental data canalmost always be georeferenced.
GIS is therefor an appropriate tool forenvironmental analysis.
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Integrating GIS ...
Basic concepts in GIS are: location spatial distribution
spatial relationshipBasic elements:
spatial objects
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Integrating GIS ...
spatial (geometric) objects: point node (topological) arc, chain, graph polygon pixel, grid cell, cell grid, raster
TIN, FE mesh, nested grids 3D elements
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Integrating GIS ...
spatial (topical) objects: landmark, reference point
river reach, road segment
administrative units: block, district, city,county, province, country, region, .....
river basin, landform
island, continent
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Integrating GIS ...
Basic concepts in environmentalmodeling are:
systems state
systems dynamics interaction
Basic elements:
functional objects and processes
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Object-oriented integration
links the basic elements:
of GIS:
spatial objectsand models:functional objects and processes
through object-oriented design.
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Object-oriented integration
Some concrete examples:
ECOSIM, an urban environmental
information and decision supportsystem
WaterWare, a river basin management
information system GAIA, a global multi-media EIS
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Systems architecture
supports three main function groups:
data acquisition and storage
analysis and forecasting ofmanagement scenarios
communication of information contentsand results to the user
(user dialogue, visualization).
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Systems architecture
data acquisition layer
data management
models
expertsystem
DBMSGIS
analyticalmodels
graphical user interface
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Integration example:
WaterWare, a river basin managementinformation system combines:
hybrid GIS linked to object classes:
river basin elements
models and model scenarios
tasks or decision problems
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WaterWare
River basin objects are spatiallyreferenced; they can represent
measurement stations point
treatment plants point river reaches line, arc subcatchments polygon
etc., etc.
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WaterWare
River basin objects are defined by:
context defined by other objects
methods they use to update their stateusing other objects, models, rules of anembedded expert system, anyinformation resource available.
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WaterWare
Objects are interlinked, providinginformation to each other:
Reservoir is linked to subcatchment that
provides its inflow, linked to a monitoringstation that records it, and an irrigationdistrict it supplies.
Reservoirs itself an element in the waterallocation task.
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WaterWare
Objects have their specific display,reporting and editing functions (userinterface) as part of their encapsulated
methods.All object attributes can be edited through a
rule-based expert systems.
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WaterWare
RiverBasinObjects can be displayed on the map
selected from the map
aggregated across spatial objects
Base maps and display functionality are
provided by the GIS
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WaterWare
RiverBasinObjects
each class has a set of specific attributes ina set of data structures and associated
methods, defined in a object classTEMPLATE.
Objects inherit this structures and the
generic class properties uponinstantiation.
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WaterWare
RiverBasinObjects TEMPLATEs header with name, ID, location, links to
geographical objects, meta data
attributes defined as DESCRIPTORS (variables of the
expert system) lists and tables time series links
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WaterWare
RiverBasinObjects attributes can be
data stored with the objects
methods that retrieve or generate these
data: DESCRIPTORS use the expert system
file references
embedded SQL URLs for remote information sources.
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RiverBasinObjectssubcatchments: methods include the display
of the object
in hypertext
multi-media
style.
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RiverBasinObjectssubcatchments:
object display
includes a map
with a DEM of
the basin as
part of an
embedded
hypertext
display.
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RiverBasinObjectssubcatchments:
basin properties like landcover distribution and
topography (elevation bands) are presented
in a graphical format as well as a list of numerical
values that can be edited through the embedded
expert system:
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RiverBasinObjectssubcatchments:
basin properties like landcover distribution and
topography (elevation bands) are presented
in a graphical format as well as a list of numerical
values that can be edited through the embedded
expert system:
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RiverBasinObjectssubcatchments:
basin properties like landcover distribution and
topography (elevation bands) are presented
in a graphical format as well as a list of numerical
values that can be edited through the embedded
expert
system:
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Subcatchment Object
rainfall-runoff model: describes the outflowfrom a catchment as a function of
basin data
(orography, soilsland cover,
drainage)
precipitation,
temperature.
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Subcatchment Object
rainfall-runoff model output in terms offlow, evapotranspiration, soil
moisture,groundwaterstorage,against
precipi-tation.
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RiverBasinObjectssubcatchments: are linked to related objects
like measurement stations that also provide input
for the
models.
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RiverBasinObjects
reservoirs provide an input-outputtransformation of flows, and can effect
water quality
(eutrophication)
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RiverBasinObjects
reservoir morphometry describes therelationship of
storage
volume and surfacearea to the surface
elevation; these data
determine thestorage behaviour for
the water resources
model.
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RiverBasinObjects
reservoir water quality constrains potentialforms of
water use.
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RiverBasinObjects
reservoir water quality can be analised withlake water quality models or with the
a rule-based
expert system.
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RiverBasinObjects
reservoir water quality can be analised withlake water quality models or with the
a rule-based
expert system.
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RiverBasinObjects
irrigation districts can be major water userin a river basin, with agricultural water demand
usually by far
exceedingdomestic and
industrial use.
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RiverBasinObjects
irrigation districtssoils, crop distribution, irrigation technology, transmission
losses, and the local climate are the main factors
determining water
demands.
Satellite imagery can
provide up-to-date
information on landuse,cropping patterns, and
the state of crops.
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RiverBasinObjects
irrigation districts: key variablestotal area
crop distribution
soil types
irrigation technology
conveyance losses
groundwater table
precipitation, potentialevapotranspiration
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RiverBasinObjects
treatment plants provide input for the waterquality models (BOD biological oxygen demand),
solids,
nutrients(phosphates,
nitrates).
Ri N k
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River Network
schematic representation of thenetworkas a
directedgraphwitharcs and
nodes
CONCLUSION
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CONCLUSION
The entire study was carried out by using, Arc/info,ArcVIEW and ERDAS. The intricate overlays, whichare manually impossible to generate, along with thedetailed calculation have been successfully performed.
RS and GIS technology are useful in providinghaze early warnings, so that necessary measurescould be taken effectively by both governmentauthorized party as well as public .
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