Gas Turbine Combustion and Power GenerationDr. A. KushariDepartment of Aerospace Engineering
OutlineIntroductionAdvantages and DisadvantagesFuture RequirementsGas Turbine CombustorsOngoing ResearchConclusionsAcknowledgement
TURBINES: Machines to extract fluid power from flowing fluids
Steam TurbineWater TurbinesGas TurbinesWind TurbinesAircraft EnginesPower GenerationHigh Pressure, High Temperature gas Generated inside the engineExpands through a specially designed TURBINE
GAS TURBINESInvented in 1930 by Frank WhittlePatented in 1934First used for aircraft propulsion in 1942 on Me262 by Germans during second world warCurrently most of the aircrafts and ships use GT engines Used for power generationManufacturers: General Electric, Pratt &Whitney, SNECMA, Rolls Royce, Honeywell, Siemens Westinghouse, AlstomIndian take: Kaveri Engine by GTRE (DRDO)
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATIONIntakeSlow down incoming airRemove distortionsCompressorDynamically Compress airCombustorHeat addition through chemical reactionTurbineRun the compressorNozzle/ Free TurbineGeneration of thrust power/shaft power
Advantages and DisadvantagesGreat power-to-weight ratio compared to reciprocating engines. Smaller than their reciprocating counterparts of the same power. Lower emission levels
Expensive: high speeds and high operating temperatures designing and manufacturing gas turbines is a tough problem from both the engineering and materials standpointTend to use more fuel when they are idlingThey prefer a constant rather than a fluctuating load. That makes gas turbines great for things like transcontinental jet aircraft and power plants, but explains why we don't have one under the hood of our car.
Emission in Gas TurbinesLower emission compared to all conventional methods (except nuclear)Regulations require further reduction in emission levels
Needs for Future Gas TurbinesPower GenerationFuel EconomyLow EmissionsAlternative fuelsMilitary AircraftsHigh ThrustLow WeightCommercial AircraftsLow emissionsHigh ThrustLow WeightFuel Economy
Half the size and twice the thrustDouble the size of the Aircraft and double the distance traveled with 50% NOx
Gas Turbine Combustion
F/A 0.01Combustion efficiency : 98%
Ongoing ResearchEffect of inlet disturbances Combustion in recirculating flows Spray Combustion
Effect of Inlet DisturbanceTunable inlet to create weak disturbance of varying frequencyBluff body stabilized flameUnsteady pressure and heat release measurement
Pressure Amplitude variation = 0.2211 L = 20 cmPressure oscillations increases with decreasing lengthDominant frequency 27 HzAcoustic frequency 827 Hz
Pressure and Heat ReleaseLess damping with increasing lengthCauses the rise is pressure fluctuations
80 Lpm
104.72173.570644886
115.16160.9592209373
101.4169.931134469
107.1182.0912684154
102.36160.0330071909
112.45166.2517680339
132.1166.7696946853
159.28142.7218934911
161.7134.9008810573
145.7137.1845911499
Prms
Phase angle
Length of inlet (cm)
Prms (pascal)
Phase angle (degree)
100 Lpm
134.6152.5837515258
145.5150.2400651024
135.9150.2453411986
140.37138.8564238781
144.12152.7436281859
163.56152.5356750823
204.4144.9012517385
233.54126.7489239598
224.09129.4933333333
173.78101.4736431462
116.5595.8298994561
Prms
Phase angle
Length of Inlet (cm)
Prms (pascal)
phase angle (degree)
125 Lpm
193.96153.1914893617
164.68140.8695652174
188.2148.3098591549
199.49145.1509769094
236.29142.3255813953
279.58133.984962406
267.58124.9530956848
244.09129.7674418605
239.2100.737527115
278.4574.3661971831
Prms
Phase angle
Length of Inlet (cm)
Prms (pascal)
Phase angle (degree)
150 Lpm
163.17180.2766676914
158.42157.1096696334
166.84169.1900215584
198.42158.8554216867
183.7157.2003716321
232.46127.5979112272
229.11131.9783286817
237.12123.0571927338
265.318118.1022711439
256.41131.0464611376
Prms
Phase angle
Length of Inlet (cm)
Prms (pascal)
Phase angle (degree)
Prms versus phase angle
phase angle here is the value by which HR leads pressure
80 Lpm125 Lpm
LengthPrmsphishiLengthPrmsphi
30104.72186.429355114173.57064488630193.96206.8085106383153.1914893617
28115.16199.0407790627160.959220937328164.68219.1304347826140.8695652174
26101.4190.068865531169.93113446926188.2211.6901408451148.3098591549
24107.1177.9087315846182.091268415424199.49214.8490230906145.1509769094
22102.36199.9669928091160.033007190922236.29217.6744186047142.3255813953
20112.45193.7482319661166.251768033920279.58226.015037594133.984962406
18132.1193.2303053147166.769694685318267.58235.0469043152124.9530956848
16159.28217.2781065089142.721893491116244.09230.2325581395129.7674418605
14161.7225.0991189427134.900881057314239.2259.262472885100.737527115
12145.7222.8154088501137.184591149912278.45285.633802816974.3661971831
100 LPm150 Lpm
LengthPrmsphiLengthPrmsphi
31134.6207.4162484742152.583751525830163.17179.7233323086180.2766676914
29145.5209.7599348976150.240065102428158.42202.8903303666157.1096696334
27135.9209.7546588014150.245341198626166.84190.8099784416169.1900215584
25140.37221.1435761219138.856423878124198.42201.1445783133158.8554216867
23144.12207.2563718141152.743628185922183.7202.7996283679157.2003716321
21163.56207.4643249177152.535675082320232.46232.4020887728127.5979112272
20204.4215.0987482615144.901251738518229.11228.0216713183131.9783286817
18233.54233.2510760402126.748923959816237.12236.9428072662123.0571927338
16224.09230.5066666667129.493333333314265.318241.8977288561118.1022711439
14173.78258.5263568538101.473643146212256.41228.9535388624131.0464611376
12116.55264.170100543995.8298994561
Sheet2
phase angle here is the value by which HR leads pressure
80 Lpm125 Lpm
LengthPrmsphishicos (phi)LengthPrmsphi
30104.72186.429355114173.570644886-0.9938940388-0.993537534430193.96206.8085106383153.1914893617-0.8933426253-0.8919066946
28115.16199.0407790627160.9592209373-0.9458597058-0.944821035628164.68219.1304347826140.8695652174-0.7769334373-0.7749240848
26101.4190.068865531169.931134469-0.9848909584-0.984334345326188.2211.6901408451148.3098591549-0.8518839846-0.8502114231
24107.1177.9087315846182.0912684154-0.9992752854-0.999391462824199.49214.8490230906145.1509769094-0.8217453763-0.8199260479
22102.36199.9669928091160.0330071909-0.940492212-0.939405026722236.29217.6744186047142.3255813953-0.7926721401-0.7907262054
20112.45193.7482319661166.2517680339-0.9717553897-0.970998759320279.58226.015037594133.984962406-0.6959070611-0.6936160641
18132.1193.2303053147166.7696946853-0.9738478582-0.973119213718267.58235.0469043152124.9530956848-0.5746089946-0.5719991392
16159.28217.2781065089142.7218934911-0.796867932-0.794939478116244.09230.2325581395129.7674418605-0.6412375159-0.6387900455
14161.7225.0991189427134.9008810573-0.7072918366-0.705036489514239.2259.262472885100.737527115-0.1885634756-0.1854343583
12145.7222.8154088501137.1845911499-0.7348855849-0.732721613512278.45285.633802816974.36619718310.26705334470.2701216071
100 LPm150 Lpm
LengthPrmsphiLengthPrmsphi
31134.6207.4162484742152.5837515258-0.8885283829-0.887062389930163.17179.7233323086180.2766676914-0.9999793985-0.9999947717
29145.5209.7599348976150.2400651024-0.8690325067-0.86745215428158.42202.8903303666157.1096696334-0.9219478508-0.9207094616
27135.9209.7546588014150.2453411986-0.8690780395-0.867497941426166.84190.8099784416169.1900215584-0.982569847-0.9819727345
25140.37221.1435761219138.8564238781-0.7543491713-0.752254278524198.42201.1445783133158.8554216867-0.933313677-0.9321652211
23144.12207.2563718141152.7436281859-0.8898045607-0.888346460222183.7202.7996283679157.2003716321-0.9225595226-0.9213257783
21163.56207.4643249177152.5356750823-0.888143272-0.886674907820232.46232.4020887728127.5979112272-0.6117442286-0.6092213743
20204.4215.0987482615144.9012517385-0.8192551186-0.817424417418229.11228.0216713183131.9783286817-0.6703479567-0.6679809127
18233.54233.2510760402126.7489239598-0.5999619465-0.597410570516237.12236.9428072662123.0571927338-0.5472318477-0.5445630343
16224.09230.5066666667129.4933333333-0.63756102-0.635103829514265.318241.8977288561118.1022711439-0.4729337691-0.4701248069
14173.78258.5263568538101.4736431462-0.2011583608-0.198037150112256.41228.9535388624131.0464611376-0.6581972697-0.6557958905
12116.55264.170100543995.8298994561-0.1039004839-0.1007318948
Sheet3
, = 0.3455Low Frequency Variation with Inlet Length
80 lpm
12109.3
27108.9
12108.8
12109.5
12110
22110.2
22113.3
27115.6
27117.8
27112.5
Frequency
Amplitude
Length of Air Column (cm)
Frequency (Hz)
100lpm
27114.8
27116.1
27116.3
27115.6
27115.6
27118
27120.5
27121.7
27120
32113
42112.2
Frequency
Amplitude
Length of Inlet (cm)
frequency (Hz)
SPL (Db)
150 lpm
12113
12112.4
12113.1
27118.3
27114.7
32118.6
32118.2
42116.8
42118.5
47117.1
Frequency
Amplitude
Length of Air Column (cm)
Frequency (Hz)
125 lpm
27118
27114.5
27118.5
27118.8
27121.2
27120
32120.7
32118.4
37116.7
47119.2
Frequency
Amplitude
Length of Air Column (cm)
Frequency (Hz)
Chart1
122227
272732
273237
273242
24 cm
18 cm
14 cm
Mean Inlet velocity (m/s)
Frequency (Hz)
Sheet1
80 Lpm150 lpm
LengthMDFAmplitudeLengthMDFAmplitude
3012109.33012113
2827108.92812112.4
2612108.82612113.1
2412109.52427118.3
22121102227114.7
2022110.22032118.6
1822113.31832118.2
1627115.61642116.8
1427117.81442118.5
1227112.51247117.1
100 Lpm125 Lpm
LengthMDFAmplitudeLengthMDFAmplitude
3127114.83027118
2927116.12827114.5
2727116.32627118.5
2527115.62427118.8
2327115.62227121.2
21271182027120
2027120.51832120.7
1827121.71632118.4
16271201437116.7
14321131247119.2
1242112.2
3012272712
2827272712
2612272712
2412272727
2212272727
2022272732
1822273232
1627273242
1427323742
1227424747
30282624222018161412
8012271212122222272727
10027272727272727273242
12527272727272732323747
15012121227273232424247
Inlet velocity30282624222018161412
1.010212271212122222272727
1.262827272727272727273242
1.578527272727272732323747
1.894212121227273232424247
80 Lpm _ph ang vs amp plot
109.3-0.9938940388
108.9-0.9458597058
108.8-0.9848909584
109.5-0.9992752854
110-0.940492212
110.2-0.9717553897
113.3-0.9738478582
115.6-0.796867932
117.8-0.7072918366
112.5-0.7348855849
Amplitude
Cos(phi)
Length of Air Column (cm)
Amplitude (Db)
100lpm_phang vs amp
114.8-0.8885283829
116.1-0.8690325067
116.3-0.8690780395
115.6-0.7543491713
115.6-0.8898045607
118-0.888143272
120.5-0.8192551186
121.7-0.5999619465
120-0.63756102
113-0.2011583608
112.2-0.1039004839
Amplitude
Cos(phi)
Length of Air Column (cm)
amplitude
125Lpm_phang vs amp
118-0.8933426253
114.5-0.7769334373
118.5-0.8518839846
118.8-0.8217453763
121.2-0.7926721401
120-0.6959070611
120.7-0.5746089946
118.4-0.6412375159
116.7-0.1885634756
119.20.2670533447
amplitude
cos(phi)
Length of Air Column (cm)
Amplitude
150Lpm_phang vs amp
113-0.9999793985
112.4-0.9219478508
113.1-0.982569847
118.3-0.933313677
114.7-0.9225595226
118.6-0.6117442286
118.2-0.6703479567
116.8-0.5472318477
118.5-0.4729337691
117.1-0.6581972697
Amplitude
cos(phi)
Sheet2
80 Lpm150 lpm
LengthMDFAmplitudeLengthMDFAmplitude
3012109.3-0.99389403883012113-0.9999793985
2827108.9-0.94585970582812112.4-0.9219478508
2612108.8-0.98489095842612113.1-0.982569847
2412109.5-0.99927528542427118.3-0.933313677
2212110-0.9404922122227114.7-0.9225595226
2022110.2-0.97175538972032118.6-0.6117442286
1822113.3-0.97384785821832118.2-0.6703479567
1627115.6-0.7968679321642116.8-0.5472318477
1427117.8-0.70729183661442118.5-0.4729337691
1227112.5-0.73488558491247117.1-0.6581972697
100 Lpm125 Lpm
LengthMDFAmplitudeLengthMDFAmplitude
3127114.8-0.88852838293027118-0.8933426253
2927116.1-0.86903250672827114.5-0.7769334373
2727116.3-0.86907803952627118.5-0.8518839846
2527115.6-0.75434917132427118.8-0.8217453763
2327115.6-0.88980456072227121.2-0.7926721401
2127118-0.8881432722027120-0.6959070611
2027120.5-0.81925511861832120.7-0.5746089946
1827121.7-0.59996194651632118.4-0.6412375159
1627120-0.637561021437116.7-0.1885634756
1432113-0.20115836081247119.20.2670533447
1242112.2-0.1039004839
Sheet3
Variation of Dominant Frequency with Inlet Velocity St = 0.171 (60 deg cone)Dominant Frequency governed by vortex dynamicsFeed back locking of flow instability and combustion processPhase relationship leads to enhancement of combustion oscillations
80 lpm
12109.3
27108.9
12108.8
12109.5
12110
22110.2
22113.3
27115.6
27117.8
27112.5
Frequency
Amplitude
Length of Air Column (cm)
Frequency (Hz)
100lpm
27114.8
27116.1
27116.3
27115.6
27115.6
27118
27120.5
27121.7
27120
32113
42112.2
Frequency
Amplitude
Length of Air Column (cm)
frequency (Hz)
150 lpm
12113
12112.4
12113.1
27118.3
27114.7
32118.6
32118.2
42116.8
42118.5
47117.1
Frequency
Amplitude
Length of Air Column (cm)
Frequency (Hz)
125 lpm
27118
27114.5
27118.5
27118.8
27121.2
27120
32120.7
32118.4
37116.7
47119.2
Frequency
Amplitude
Length of Air Column (cm)
Frequency (Hz)
Chart1
122227
272732
273237
273242
24 cm
18 cm
14 cm
Mean Inlet velocity (m/s)
Frequency (Hz)
Chart2
2722.17
3228.07
3735.48
4242.13
Measured
Calulated (St = 0.171)
Mean Inlet Velocity (m/s)
Frequency (Hz)
Sheet1
80 Lpm150 lpm
LengthMDFAmplitudeLengthMDFAmplitude
3012109.33012113
2827108.92812112.4
2612108.82612113.1
2412109.52427118.3
22121102227114.7
2022110.22032118.6
1822113.31832118.2
1627115.61642116.8
1427117.81442118.5
1227112.51247117.1
100 Lpm125 Lpm
LengthMDFAmplitudeLengthMDFAmplitude
3127114.83027118
2927116.12827114.5
2727116.32627118.5
2527115.62427118.8
2327115.62227121.2
21271182027120
2027120.51832120.7
1827121.71632118.4
16271201437116.7
14321131247119.2
1242112.2
3012272712
2827272712
2612272712
2412272727
2212272727
2022272732
1822273232
1627273242
1427323742
1227424747
30282624222018161412
8012271212122222272727
10027272727272727273242
12527272727272732323747
15012121227273232424247
Inlet velocity30282624222018161412calc
1.01021227121212222227272722.17
1.26282727272727272727324228.07
1.57852727272727273232374735.48
1.89421212122727323242424742.13
80 Lpm _ph ang vs amp plot
109.3-0.9938940388
108.9-0.9458597058
108.8-0.9848909584
109.5-0.9992752854
110-0.940492212
110.2-0.9717553897
113.3-0.9738478582
115.6-0.796867932
117.8-0.7072918366
112.5-0.7348855849
Amplitude
Cos(phi)
Length of Air Column (cm)
Amplitude (Db)
100lpm_phang vs amp
114.8-0.8885283829
116.1-0.8690325067
116.3-0.8690780395
115.6-0.7543491713
115.6-0.8898045607
118-0.888143272
120.5-0.8192551186
121.7-0.5999619465
120-0.63756102
113-0.2011583608
112.2-0.1039004839
Amplitude
Cos(phi)
Length of Air Column (cm)
amplitude
125Lpm_phang vs amp
118-0.8933426253
114.5-0.7769334373
118.5-0.8518839846
118.8-0.8217453763
121.2-0.7926721401
120-0.6959070611
120.7-0.5746089946
118.4-0.6412375159
116.7-0.1885634756
119.20.2670533447
amplitude
cos(phi)
Length of Air Column (cm)
Amplitude
150Lpm_phang vs amp
113-0.9999793985
112.4-0.9219478508
113.1-0.982569847
118.3-0.933313677
114.7-0.9225595226
118.6-0.6117442286
118.2-0.6703479567
116.8-0.5472318477
118.5-0.4729337691
117.1-0.6581972697
Amplitude
cos(phi)
Sheet2
80 Lpm150 lpm
LengthMDFAmplitudeLengthMDFAmplitude
3012109.3-0.99389403883012113-0.9999793985
2827108.9-0.94585970582812112.4-0.9219478508
2612108.8-0.98489095842612113.1-0.982569847
2412109.5-0.99927528542427118.3-0.933313677
2212110-0.9404922122227114.7-0.9225595226
2022110.2-0.97175538972032118.6-0.6117442286
1822113.3-0.97384785821832118.2-0.6703479567
1627115.6-0.7968679321642116.8-0.5472318477
1427117.8-0.70729183661442118.5-0.4729337691
1227112.5-0.73488558491247117.1-0.6581972697
100 Lpm125 Lpm
LengthMDFAmplitudeLengthMDFAmplitude
3127114.8-0.88852838293027118-0.8933426253
2927116.1-0.86903250672827114.5-0.7769334373
2727116.3-0.86907803952627118.5-0.8518839846
2527115.6-0.75434917132427118.8-0.8217453763
2327115.6-0.88980456072227121.2-0.7926721401
2127118-0.8881432722027120-0.6959070611
2027120.5-0.81925511861832120.7-0.5746089946
1827121.7-0.59996194651632118.4-0.6412375159
1627120-0.637561021437116.7-0.1885634756
1432113-0.20115836081247119.20.2670533447
1242112.2-0.1039004839
Sheet3
Ongoing ResearchEffect of inlet disturbances Combustion in recirculating flows Spray Combustion
Recirculating Flow DynamicsPrimary zoneFuel air mixingIntense combustionShort combustion lengthHigh turbulenceFuel rich combustion
Understanding recirculating flow dynamicsTime scalesPressure transientsEnergy cascadingCombustion in recirculating flowsDroplet Flow interaction
Image ProcessingFiltered out image from the noisesGrayscale imageIntensity image Simulation results
Vortex Dynamics
Chart3
0.4697580645
0.497983871
0.5383064516
0.3911290323
0.3850806452
0.4012096774
0.4133064516
0.4133064516
0.4112903226
0.5262096774
0.435483871
0.4475806452
0.4516129032
0.5241935484
0.5443548387
Non-dimensional time
Non-dimentional distance(L2/L) of second vortex to the inlet of the combustor
Sheet1
t=L/Vl=.325m,.75m/sv=1.0182
TimeX=496496L1/L
time-nonY=230
002070.4173387097
0.0860.2918841900.3830645161
0.17240.58512562030.4092741935
0.2580.8756521830.3689516129
0.3441.1675361800.3629032258
0.431.459421790.3608870968
0.5161.7513041630.3286290323
0.6022.043188163L2/L0.3286290323
0.6882.3350721342330.46975806450.2701612903
0.7742.6269561262470.4979838710.2701612903
0.862.918841162670.53830645160.2338709677
0.9463.2107241051940.39112903230.2116935484
1.0323.5026081041910.38508064520.2096774194
1.1183.7944921001990.40120967740.2016129032
1.2044.086376942050.41330645160.189516129
1.294.37826942050.41330645160.189516129
1.3764.670144962040.41129032260.1935483871
1.4624.962028942610.52620967740.189516129
1.5485.253912902160.4354838710.1814516129
1.6345.545796882220.44758064520.1774193548
1.725.83768982240.45161290320.1975806452
1.8066.129564952600.52419354840.1915322581
1.8926.421448962700.54435483870.1935483871
Voertes area
Firstsecond
00.0044
0.0860.00826
0.17240.01326
0.2580.0106
0.3440.0094
0.430.01778
0.5160.0106
0.6020.007
0.6880.0080.0072
0.7740.0094050.00826
0.860.00940590.00235
0.9460.00720.0009
1.0320.00940.001
1.1180.00720.002
1.2040.00620.00235
1.290.00620.00235
1.3760.00440.0009
1.4620.00490.007
1.5480.00290.00091
1.6340.00230.002
1.720.00230.0018
1.8060.00290.0044
1.8920.00290.0036
v=1.0182m/s
000.0044
0.086L=0.2918840.00826
0.17240.30.29463759580.58512560.01326
0.2580.8756520.0106
0.3441.1675360.0094
0.431.459420.01778
0.5161.7513040.0106
0.6022.0431880.007
0.6882.3350720.0080.0072
0.7742.6269560.0094050.00826
0.862.918840.00940590.00235
0.9463.2107240.00720.0009
1.0323.5026080.00940.001
1.1183.7944920.00720.002
1.2044.0863760.00620.00235
1.294.378260.00620.00235
1.3764.6701440.00440.0009
1.4624.9620280.00490.007
1.5485.2539120.00290.00091
1.6345.5457960.00230.002
1.725.837680.00230.0018
1.8066.1295640.00290.0044
1.8926.4214480.00290.0036
L=.325L=.300
00
0.26943138460.291884
0.54011593850.5851256
0.80829415380.875652
1.07772553851.167536
1.34715692311.45942
1.61658830771.751304
1.88601969232.043188
2.15545107692.335072
2.42488246152.626956
2.69431384622.91884
2.96374523083.210724
3.23317661543.502608
3.5026083.794492
3.77203938464.086376
4.04147076924.37826
4.31090215384.670144
4.58033353854.962028
4.84976492315.253912
5.11919630775.545796
5.38862769235.83768
5.65805907696.129564
5.92749046156.421448
Sheet1
1
Sheet2
207
190
203
183
180
179
163
163
134
126
116
105
104
100
94
94
96
94
90
88
98
95
96
Sheet3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Time in second
Non-dimentional distance(L2/L) of second vortex to the inlet of the combustor
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Time in second
Nondimensional distance(L1/L) of first vortex to the inlet of combustor
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Time in the second
Ratio of the first vortex aera to the total area of the cold flowfield
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Time in second
Ratio of the second vortex aera to the total area of the cold flowfield
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Non-dimensional time
Ratio of the first vortex aera to the total area of the cold flowfield
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Non-dimensional time
Ratio of the second vortex aera to the total area of the cold flowfield
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Non-dimensional time
Non-dimentional distance(L2/L) of second vortex to the inlet of the combustor
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Non-dimensional time
Nondimensional distance(L1/L) of first vortex to the inlet of combustor
Chart4
0.0072
0.00826
0.00235
0.0009
0.001
0.002
0.00235
0.00235
0.0009
0.007
0.00091
0.002
0.0018
0.0044
0.0036
Non-dimensional time
Ratio of the second vortex aera to the total area of the cold flowfield
Sheet1
t=L/Vl=.325m,.75m/sv=1.0182
TimeX=496496L1/L
time-nonY=230
002070.4173387097
0.0860.2918841900.3830645161
0.17240.58512562030.4092741935
0.2580.8756521830.3689516129
0.3441.1675361800.3629032258
0.431.459421790.3608870968
0.5161.7513041630.3286290323
0.6022.043188163L2/L0.3286290323
0.6882.3350721342330.46975806450.2701612903
0.7742.6269561262470.4979838710.2701612903
0.862.918841162670.53830645160.2338709677
0.9463.2107241051940.39112903230.2116935484
1.0323.5026081041910.38508064520.2096774194
1.1183.7944921001990.40120967740.2016129032
1.2044.086376942050.41330645160.189516129
1.294.37826942050.41330645160.189516129
1.3764.670144962040.41129032260.1935483871
1.4624.962028942610.52620967740.189516129
1.5485.253912902160.4354838710.1814516129
1.6345.545796882220.44758064520.1774193548
1.725.83768982240.45161290320.1975806452
1.8066.129564952600.52419354840.1915322581
1.8926.421448962700.54435483870.1935483871
Voertes area
Firstsecond
00.0044
0.0860.00826
0.17240.01326
0.2580.0106
0.3440.0094
0.430.01778
0.5160.0106
0.6020.007
0.6880.0080.0072
0.7740.0094050.00826
0.860.00940590.00235
0.9460.00720.0009
1.0320.00940.001
1.1180.00720.002
1.2040.00620.00235
1.290.00620.00235
1.3760.00440.0009
1.4620.00490.007
1.5480.00290.00091
1.6340.00230.002
1.720.00230.0018
1.8060.00290.0044
1.8920.00290.0036
v=1.0182m/s
000.0044
0.086L=0.2918840.00826
0.17240.30.29463759580.58512560.01326
0.2580.8756520.0106
0.3441.1675360.0094
0.431.459420.01778
0.5161.7513040.0106
0.6022.0431880.007
0.6882.3350720.0080.0072
0.7742.6269560.0094050.00826
0.862.918840.00940590.00235
0.9463.2107240.00720.0009
1.0323.5026080.00940.001
1.1183.7944920.00720.002
1.2044.0863760.00620.00235
1.294.378260.00620.00235
1.3764.6701440.00440.0009
1.4624.9620280.00490.007
1.5485.2539120.00290.00091
1.6345.5457960.00230.002
1.725.837680.00230.0018
1.8066.1295640.00290.0044
1.8926.4214480.00290.0036
L=.325L=.300
00
0.26943138460.291884
0.54011593850.5851256
0.80829415380.875652
1.07772553851.167536
1.34715692311.45942
1.61658830771.751304
1.88601969232.043188
2.15545107692.335072
2.42488246152.626956
2.69431384622.91884
2.96374523083.210724
3.23317661543.502608
3.5026083.794492
3.77203938464.086376
4.04147076924.37826
4.31090215384.670144
4.58033353854.962028
4.84976492315.253912
5.11919630775.545796
5.38862769235.83768
5.65805907696.129564
5.92749046156.421448
Sheet1
1
Sheet2
207
190
203
183
180
179
163
163
134
126
116
105
104
100
94
94
96
94
90
88
98
95
96
Sheet3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Time in second
Non-dimentional distance(L2/L) of second vortex to the inlet of the combustor
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Time in second
Nondimensional distance(L1/L) of first vortex to the inlet of combustor
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Time in the second
Ratio of the first vortex aera to the total area of the cold flowfield
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Time in second
Ratio of the second vortex aera to the total area of the cold flowfield
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Non-dimensional time
Ratio of the first vortex aera to the total area of the cold flowfield
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Non-dimensional time
Ratio of the second vortex aera to the total area of the cold flowfield
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Non-dimensional time
Non-dimentional distance(L2/L) of second vortex to the inlet of the combustor
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Non-dimensional time
Nondimensional distance(L1/L) of first vortex to the inlet of combustor
Transient AnalysisIdentification of signatures of re-circulation, turbulence and acoustics through frequency domain analysis of pressure transientsTurbulence energy cascading due to re-circulation
Combustion in Recirculating FlowTime scale reduces, complete combustion, Good pattern factor
Chart1
0.243458
0.117975
0
0.000483
0.044455
0
0
0.016838
0.331456
0.025472
0
0
0
0
0.059041
0.574324
0.342128
0.021343
0
0
0
0.000161
0.192782
0.004558
0.064457
0
0.434738
0.370388
0.014801
0
0
0.271933
0.547297
0.357733
0.424121
Non-dimensional time
Ratio of rich mixture area of fuel to the total area of the flame
Sheet1
back-70-back ground image:70-12
1.5temp-3
time in s70-1.570-1.5-temp90-1.5120-1.5LPG140lpm-3.25lpmLPG200lpm
0.40.2434580.2940440.0926640.2115510.7160020.6132560.5720.0069559429
0.80.1179750.0182860.0351780.2208280.7513410.5574320.4480.0010050857
1.20000.2172890.6562630.2655510.3250.0062082571
1.64.83E-040.0386100.3418060.6885460.6132020.619
20.0444550.30434800.3715140.719380.6254290.441
2.400.0152290.0012870.0361970.7426530.473563
2.8000.0295470.030030.6976080.273059
3.20.0168380.00158500.1449490.6830760.630094
3.60.331456000.0663880.6377090.632454
40.02547200.0761480.4514160.7478010.547297
4.4000.5031640.1724050.7268340.360521
4.800.1516640.3462570.009170.6847380.254934
5.200.0417230.2334830.2152510.6381920.351566
5.600.0058310.0037540.1472010.7249570.637548
60.05904100.0427390.1108430.7045260.141624
6.40.5743240.16038300.0549660.6651650.332583
6.80.3421280.0493090.1120230.0475650.6149180.154333
7.20.0213430.0223050.1122910.0317460.4809630.078507
7.600.35903500.0091160.6786790.276705
800.5268340.3412160.0088480.6597490.678518
8.400.4435580.03174600.6707960.621943
8.81.61E-040.1088090.07276900.4944770.595453
9.20.1927826.23E-040.0075080.2181470.5520160.808451
9.60.0045580.4852240.0156050.0371090.523970.733698
100.0644570.273268000.6344380.260242
10.400.3057630.02600800.6208170.28609
10.80.4347380.0062840.01871500.5219860.426534
11.20.3703880.02666400.0038610.6291290.223509
11.60.0148010.35767700.0368940.5714820.678464
1200.03679800.0160880.546010.414254
12.40000.0389320.7421170.751287
12.80.2719330.6125458.04E-040.1915490.7032930.529011
13.20.5472970.7257700.1546550.5589880.196911
13.60.3577330.45618200.4628910.4762980.593629
140.4241210.32450200.5141030.5975980.277295
dis.mmCombustor dia verses temperature in degree Cat 70lpma 1.5g temp
02780278average tem=366.1176
53300.0416666667330366.1176470588
103580.0833333333358
153700.125370
203800.1666666667380
253900.2083333333390
303970.25397
354010.2916666667401
453730.375373
553440.4583333333344
653530.5416666667353
753700.625370
854130.7083333333413
954250.7916666667425
1054070.875407
1153410.9583333333341
1202941294
125248
135201
Used for paper
time in stime in s70-1.590-1.5120-1.5LPG
0.400.2434580.0926640.211551
0.80.40.1179750.0351780.220828
1.20.8000.217289
1.61.24.83E-0400.341806
21.60.04445500.371514
2.4200.0012870.036197
2.82.400.0295470.03003
3.22.80.01683800.144949
3.63.20.33145600.066388
43.60.0254720.0761480.451416
4.4400.5031640.172405
4.84.400.3462570.00917
5.24.800.2334830.215251
5.65.200.0037540.147201
65.60.0590410.0427390.110843
6.460.57432400.054966
6.86.40.3421280.1120230.047565
7.26.80.0213430.1122910.031746
7.67.2000.009116
87.600.3412160.008848
8.4800.0317460
8.88.41.61E-040.0727690
9.28.80.1927820.0075080.218147
9.69.20.0045580.0156050.037109
109.60.06445700
10.41000.0260080
10.810.40.4347380.0187150
11.210.80.37038800.003861
11.611.20.01480100.036894
1211.6000.016088
12.412000.038932
12.812.40.2719338.04E-040.191549
13.212.80.54729700.154655
13.613.20.35773300.462891
1413.60.42412100.514103
14
velocity=1.251m/s
length=
time0.3non-time
000.243458
0.41.6680.117975
0.83.3360
1.25.0044.83E-04
1.66.6720.044455
28.340
2.410.0080
2.811.6760.016838
3.213.3440.331456
3.615.0120.025472
416.680
4.418.3480
4.820.0160
5.221.6840
5.6L/V=23.3520.059041
60.239808153525.020.574324
6.426.6880.342128
6.828.3560.021343
7.230.0240
7.631.6920
833.360
8.435.0281.61E-04
8.836.6960.192782
9.238.3640.004558
9.640.0320.064457
1041.70
10.443.3680.434738
10.845.0360.370388
11.246.7040.014801
11.648.3720
1250.040
12.451.7080.271933
12.853.3760.547297
13.255.0440.357733
13.656.7120.424121
000
0.41.53969230771.668
0.83.07938461543.336
1.24.61907692315.004
1.66.15876923086.672
27.69846153858.34
2.49.238153846210.008
2.810.777846153811.676
3.212.317538461513.344
3.613.857230769215.012
415.396923076916.68
4.416.936615384618.348
4.818.476307692320.016
5.220.01621.684
5.621.555692307723.352
623.095384615425.02
6.424.635076923126.688
6.826.174769230828.356
7.227.714461538530.024
7.629.254153846231.692
830.793846153833.36
8.432.333538461535.028
8.833.873230769236.696
9.235.412923076938.364
9.636.952615384640.032
1038.492307692341.7
10.440.03243.368
10.841.571692307745.036
11.243.111384615446.704
11.644.651076923148.372
1246.190769230850.04
12.447.730461538551.708
12.849.270153846253.376
13.250.809846153855.044
13.652.349538461556.712
Sheet1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Time in second
Area of the flame(meter square)
70-1.5-temp
Sheet2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Distance along the combustor diameter in (mm)
Temperature in degree centigrate
Sheet3
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
Equivalance ratio=0.572
Equivalance ratio=0.448
Equivalance ratio=0.325
Time in second
Area of the flame (meter square)
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
Equivalnce ratio=0.572
Equivalnce ratio=0.448
Equivalnce ratio=0.325
Time in second
Area of rich mixture of fuel in the flame(meter square)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Time in second
Area of rich mixture of fuel in the flame(meter square)
70a-1.5lpg
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Non-dimensional distance along the combustor diameter
Temperature in degree centigrate
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Non-dimensional time
Ratio of rich mixture area of fuel to the total area of the flame
Chart1
278
330
358
370
380
390
397
401
373
344
353
370
413
425
407
341
294
Non-dimensional distance along the combustor diameter
Temperature in degree centigrate
Sheet1
back-70-back ground image:70-12
1.5temp-3
time in s70-1.570-1.5-temp90-1.5120-1.5LPG140lpm-3.25lpmLPG200lpm
0.40.2434580.2940440.0926640.2115510.7160020.6132560.5720.0069559429
0.80.1179750.0182860.0351780.2208280.7513410.5574320.4480.0010050857
1.20000.2172890.6562630.2655510.3250.0062082571
1.64.83E-040.0386100.3418060.6885460.6132020.619
20.0444550.30434800.3715140.719380.6254290.441
2.400.0152290.0012870.0361970.7426530.473563
2.8000.0295470.030030.6976080.273059
3.20.0168380.00158500.1449490.6830760.630094
3.60.331456000.0663880.6377090.632454
40.02547200.0761480.4514160.7478010.547297
4.4000.5031640.1724050.7268340.360521
4.800.1516640.3462570.009170.6847380.254934
5.200.0417230.2334830.2152510.6381920.351566
5.600.0058310.0037540.1472010.7249570.637548
60.05904100.0427390.1108430.7045260.141624
6.40.5743240.16038300.0549660.6651650.332583
6.80.3421280.0493090.1120230.0475650.6149180.154333
7.20.0213430.0223050.1122910.0317460.4809630.078507
7.600.35903500.0091160.6786790.276705
800.5268340.3412160.0088480.6597490.678518
8.400.4435580.03174600.6707960.621943
8.81.61E-040.1088090.07276900.4944770.595453
9.20.1927826.23E-040.0075080.2181470.5520160.808451
9.60.0045580.4852240.0156050.0371090.523970.733698
100.0644570.273268000.6344380.260242
10.400.3057630.02600800.6208170.28609
10.80.4347380.0062840.01871500.5219860.426534
11.20.3703880.02666400.0038610.6291290.223509
11.60.0148010.35767700.0368940.5714820.678464
1200.03679800.0160880.546010.414254
12.40000.0389320.7421170.751287
12.80.2719330.6125458.04E-040.1915490.7032930.529011
13.20.5472970.7257700.1546550.5589880.196911
13.60.3577330.45618200.4628910.4762980.593629
140.4241210.32450200.5141030.5975980.277295
dis.mmCombustor dia verses temperature in degree Cat 70lpma 1.5g temp
02780278
53300.0416666667330
103580.0833333333358
153700.125370
203800.1666666667380
253900.2083333333390
303970.25397
354010.2916666667401
453730.375373
553440.4583333333344
653530.5416666667353
753700.625370
854130.7083333333413
954250.7916666667425
1054070.875407
1153410.9583333333341
1202941294
125248
135201
Used for paper
time in stime in s70-1.590-1.5120-1.5LPG
0.400.2434580.0926640.211551
0.80.40.1179750.0351780.220828
1.20.8000.217289
1.61.24.83E-0400.341806
21.60.04445500.371514
2.4200.0012870.036197
2.82.400.0295470.03003
3.22.80.01683800.144949
3.63.20.33145600.066388
43.60.0254720.0761480.451416
4.4400.5031640.172405
4.84.400.3462570.00917
5.24.800.2334830.215251
5.65.200.0037540.147201
65.60.0590410.0427390.110843
6.460.57432400.054966
6.86.40.3421280.1120230.047565
7.26.80.0213430.1122910.031746
7.67.2000.009116
87.600.3412160.008848
8.4800.0317460
8.88.41.61E-040.0727690
9.28.80.1927820.0075080.218147
9.69.20.0045580.0156050.037109
109.60.06445700
10.41000.0260080
10.810.40.4347380.0187150
11.210.80.37038800.003861
11.611.20.01480100.036894
1211.6000.016088
12.412000.038932
12.812.40.2719338.04E-040.191549
13.212.80.54729700.154655
13.613.20.35773300.462891
1413.60.42412100.514103
14
Sheet1
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Time in second
Area of the flame(meter square)
70-1.5-temp
Sheet2
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Distance along the combustor diameter in (mm)
Temperature in degree centigrate
Sheet3
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Equivalance ratio=0.572
Equivalance ratio=0.448
Equivalance ratio=0.325
Time in second
Area of the flame (meter square)
000
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Equivalnce ratio=0.572
Equivalnce ratio=0.448
Equivalnce ratio=0.325
Time in second
Area of rich mixture of fuel in the flame(meter square)
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Time in second
Area of rich mixture of fuel in the flame(meter square)
70a-1.5lpg
0
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Non-dimensional distance along the combustor diameter
Temperature in degree centigrate
Ongoing ResearchEffect of inlet disturbances Combustion in recirculating flows Spray CombustionNeeds and ChallengesControlled atomizationEmissions in spray combustion
Spray Combustion: IssuesNon-symmetrical spray flames and hot streaksSerious damage to combustor linerCombustor exit temperature (pattern factor)Flame location, shape and patternEmission Levels
Need for controlled atomizationBig Drops => Longer Evaporation Time => Incomplete Combustion => Unburned Hydrocarbons & Soot, Reduced Efficiency
Small Drops => Faster Evaporation and Mixing => Elongated Combustion Zone => More NOx
Uniform size distribution for favorable pattern factorReduced thermal loading on liner and turbine
Reduced feedline coupling
Ongoing ResearchEffect of inlet disturbances Combustion in recirculating flows Spray CombustionNeeds and ChallengesControlled atomizationEmissions in spray combustion
Internally Mixed Swirl AtomizerGood atomization with small pressure drop Both hollow-cone and solid cone spray from same atomizer (wide range of applications)Possible to atomize very viscous liquid Self cleaning Finer atomization at low flow ratesLess sensitive to manufacturing defects The liquid flow rate and atomization quality can be controlled
Atomization of engine oil
Performance
Multi-head internally mixed atomizerBuild to provide a throughput rate in excess to 0.5 LPM with a droplet size in the range of 20-30 mmFlow rate independent of pressure differenceReduced feedline coupling
Ongoing ResearchEffect of inlet disturbances Combustion in recirculating flows Spray CombustionNeeds and ChallengesControlled atomizationEmissions in spray combustion
Emissions in spray flamesMeasured values quite less compared to the theoretical predictionsInherent fuel staging reduces the NOxLonger flame => less NOx
ConclusionsDisturbances can lead to combustion oscillationsRecirculating flow helps in reducing disturbancesControlled Atomization can be achieved through air-assistingSpray combustion reduces NOx emissions through fuel staging
AcknowledgementsM. S. RawatS. K. GuptaS. PandeyP. BermanJ. KarnawatS. KarmakarN. P. YadavS. NigamR. SailajaM. MadanmohanDr. K. RamamurthiLPSC (ISRO)CFEES (DRDO)
THANK YOU
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