Gas Turbine -AKushari

Gas Turbine Combustion and Power GenerationDr. A. KushariDepartment of Aerospace Engineering

OutlineIntroductionAdvantages and DisadvantagesFuture RequirementsGas Turbine CombustorsOngoing ResearchConclusionsAcknowledgement

TURBINES: Machines to extract fluid power from flowing fluids

Steam TurbineWater TurbinesGas TurbinesWind TurbinesAircraft EnginesPower GenerationHigh Pressure, High Temperature gas Generated inside the engineExpands through a specially designed TURBINE

GAS TURBINESInvented in 1930 by Frank WhittlePatented in 1934First used for aircraft propulsion in 1942 on Me262 by Germans during second world warCurrently most of the aircrafts and ships use GT engines Used for power generationManufacturers: General Electric, Pratt &Whitney, SNECMA, Rolls Royce, Honeywell, Siemens Westinghouse, AlstomIndian take: Kaveri Engine by GTRE (DRDO)

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATIONIntakeSlow down incoming airRemove distortionsCompressorDynamically Compress airCombustorHeat addition through chemical reactionTurbineRun the compressorNozzle/ Free TurbineGeneration of thrust power/shaft power

Advantages and DisadvantagesGreat power-to-weight ratio compared to reciprocating engines. Smaller than their reciprocating counterparts of the same power. Lower emission levels

Expensive: high speeds and high operating temperatures designing and manufacturing gas turbines is a tough problem from both the engineering and materials standpointTend to use more fuel when they are idlingThey prefer a constant rather than a fluctuating load. That makes gas turbines great for things like transcontinental jet aircraft and power plants, but explains why we don't have one under the hood of our car.

Emission in Gas TurbinesLower emission compared to all conventional methods (except nuclear)Regulations require further reduction in emission levels

Needs for Future Gas TurbinesPower GenerationFuel EconomyLow EmissionsAlternative fuelsMilitary AircraftsHigh ThrustLow WeightCommercial AircraftsLow emissionsHigh ThrustLow WeightFuel Economy

Half the size and twice the thrustDouble the size of the Aircraft and double the distance traveled with 50% NOx

Gas Turbine Combustion

F/A 0.01Combustion efficiency : 98%

Ongoing ResearchEffect of inlet disturbances Combustion in recirculating flows Spray Combustion

Effect of Inlet DisturbanceTunable inlet to create weak disturbance of varying frequencyBluff body stabilized flameUnsteady pressure and heat release measurement

Pressure Amplitude variation = 0.2211 L = 20 cmPressure oscillations increases with decreasing lengthDominant frequency 27 HzAcoustic frequency 827 Hz

Pressure and Heat ReleaseLess damping with increasing lengthCauses the rise is pressure fluctuations

80 Lpm

104.72173.570644886

115.16160.9592209373

101.4169.931134469

107.1182.0912684154

102.36160.0330071909

112.45166.2517680339

132.1166.7696946853

159.28142.7218934911

161.7134.9008810573

145.7137.1845911499

Prms

Phase angle

Length of inlet (cm)

Prms (pascal)

Phase angle (degree)

100 Lpm

134.6152.5837515258

145.5150.2400651024

135.9150.2453411986

140.37138.8564238781

144.12152.7436281859

163.56152.5356750823

204.4144.9012517385

233.54126.7489239598

224.09129.4933333333

173.78101.4736431462

116.5595.8298994561

Prms

Phase angle

Length of Inlet (cm)

Prms (pascal)

phase angle (degree)

125 Lpm

193.96153.1914893617

164.68140.8695652174

188.2148.3098591549

199.49145.1509769094

236.29142.3255813953

279.58133.984962406

267.58124.9530956848

244.09129.7674418605

239.2100.737527115

278.4574.3661971831

Prms

Phase angle


Prms (pascal)


150 Lpm

163.17180.2766676914

158.42157.1096696334

166.84169.1900215584

198.42158.8554216867

183.7157.2003716321

232.46127.5979112272

229.11131.9783286817

237.12123.0571927338

265.318118.1022711439

256.41131.0464611376

Prms

Phase angle


Prms (pascal)


Prms versus phase angle

phase angle here is the value by which HR leads pressure

80 Lpm125 Lpm

LengthPrmsphishiLengthPrmsphi

30104.72186.429355114173.57064488630193.96206.8085106383153.1914893617

28115.16199.0407790627160.959220937328164.68219.1304347826140.8695652174

26101.4190.068865531169.93113446926188.2211.6901408451148.3098591549

24107.1177.9087315846182.091268415424199.49214.8490230906145.1509769094

22102.36199.9669928091160.033007190922236.29217.6744186047142.3255813953

20112.45193.7482319661166.251768033920279.58226.015037594133.984962406

18132.1193.2303053147166.769694685318267.58235.0469043152124.9530956848

16159.28217.2781065089142.721893491116244.09230.2325581395129.7674418605

14161.7225.0991189427134.900881057314239.2259.262472885100.737527115

12145.7222.8154088501137.184591149912278.45285.633802816974.3661971831

100 LPm150 Lpm

LengthPrmsphiLengthPrmsphi

31134.6207.4162484742152.583751525830163.17179.7233323086180.2766676914

29145.5209.7599348976150.240065102428158.42202.8903303666157.1096696334

27135.9209.7546588014150.245341198626166.84190.8099784416169.1900215584

25140.37221.1435761219138.856423878124198.42201.1445783133158.8554216867

23144.12207.2563718141152.743628185922183.7202.7996283679157.2003716321

21163.56207.4643249177152.535675082320232.46232.4020887728127.5979112272

20204.4215.0987482615144.901251738518229.11228.0216713183131.9783286817

18233.54233.2510760402126.748923959816237.12236.9428072662123.0571927338

16224.09230.5066666667129.493333333314265.318241.8977288561118.1022711439

14173.78258.5263568538101.473643146212256.41228.9535388624131.0464611376

12116.55264.170100543995.8298994561

Sheet2

phase angle here is the value by which HR leads pressure

80 Lpm125 Lpm

LengthPrmsphishicos (phi)LengthPrmsphi

30104.72186.429355114173.570644886-0.9938940388-0.993537534430193.96206.8085106383153.1914893617-0.8933426253-0.8919066946

28115.16199.0407790627160.9592209373-0.9458597058-0.944821035628164.68219.1304347826140.8695652174-0.7769334373-0.7749240848

26101.4190.068865531169.931134469-0.9848909584-0.984334345326188.2211.6901408451148.3098591549-0.8518839846-0.8502114231

24107.1177.9087315846182.0912684154-0.9992752854-0.999391462824199.49214.8490230906145.1509769094-0.8217453763-0.8199260479

22102.36199.9669928091160.0330071909-0.940492212-0.939405026722236.29217.6744186047142.3255813953-0.7926721401-0.7907262054

20112.45193.7482319661166.2517680339-0.9717553897-0.970998759320279.58226.015037594133.984962406-0.6959070611-0.6936160641

18132.1193.2303053147166.7696946853-0.9738478582-0.973119213718267.58235.0469043152124.9530956848-0.5746089946-0.5719991392

16159.28217.2781065089142.7218934911-0.796867932-0.794939478116244.09230.2325581395129.7674418605-0.6412375159-0.6387900455

14161.7225.0991189427134.9008810573-0.7072918366-0.705036489514239.2259.262472885100.737527115-0.1885634756-0.1854343583

12145.7222.8154088501137.1845911499-0.7348855849-0.732721613512278.45285.633802816974.36619718310.26705334470.2701216071

100 LPm150 Lpm

LengthPrmsphiLengthPrmsphi

31134.6207.4162484742152.5837515258-0.8885283829-0.887062389930163.17179.7233323086180.2766676914-0.9999793985-0.9999947717

29145.5209.7599348976150.2400651024-0.8690325067-0.86745215428158.42202.8903303666157.1096696334-0.9219478508-0.9207094616

27135.9209.7546588014150.2453411986-0.8690780395-0.867497941426166.84190.8099784416169.1900215584-0.982569847-0.9819727345

25140.37221.1435761219138.8564238781-0.7543491713-0.752254278524198.42201.1445783133158.8554216867-0.933313677-0.9321652211

23144.12207.2563718141152.7436281859-0.8898045607-0.888346460222183.7202.7996283679157.2003716321-0.9225595226-0.9213257783

21163.56207.4643249177152.5356750823-0.888143272-0.886674907820232.46232.4020887728127.5979112272-0.6117442286-0.6092213743

20204.4215.0987482615144.9012517385-0.8192551186-0.817424417418229.11228.0216713183131.9783286817-0.6703479567-0.6679809127

18233.54233.2510760402126.7489239598-0.5999619465-0.597410570516237.12236.9428072662123.0571927338-0.5472318477-0.5445630343

16224.09230.5066666667129.4933333333-0.63756102-0.635103829514265.318241.8977288561118.1022711439-0.4729337691-0.4701248069

14173.78258.5263568538101.4736431462-0.2011583608-0.198037150112256.41228.9535388624131.0464611376-0.6581972697-0.6557958905

12116.55264.170100543995.8298994561-0.1039004839-0.1007318948

Sheet3

, = 0.3455Low Frequency Variation with Inlet Length

80 lpm

12109.3

27108.9

12108.8

12109.5

12110

22110.2

22113.3

27115.6

27117.8

27112.5

Frequency

Amplitude

Length of Air Column (cm)

Frequency (Hz)

100lpm

27114.8

27116.1

27116.3

27115.6

27115.6

27118

27120.5

27121.7

27120

32113

42112.2

Frequency

Amplitude


frequency (Hz)

SPL (Db)

150 lpm

12113

12112.4

12113.1

27118.3

27114.7

32118.6

32118.2

42116.8

42118.5

47117.1

Frequency

Amplitude


Frequency (Hz)

125 lpm

27118

27114.5

27118.5

27118.8

27121.2

27120

32120.7

32118.4

37116.7

47119.2

Frequency

Amplitude


Frequency (Hz)

Chart1

122227

272732

273237

273242

24 cm

18 cm

14 cm

Mean Inlet velocity (m/s)

Frequency (Hz)

Sheet1

80 Lpm150 lpm

LengthMDFAmplitudeLengthMDFAmplitude

3012109.33012113

2827108.92812112.4

2612108.82612113.1

2412109.52427118.3

22121102227114.7

2022110.22032118.6

1822113.31832118.2

1627115.61642116.8

1427117.81442118.5

1227112.51247117.1

100 Lpm125 Lpm


3127114.83027118

2927116.12827114.5

2727116.32627118.5

2527115.62427118.8

2327115.62227121.2

21271182027120

2027120.51832120.7

1827121.71632118.4

16271201437116.7

14321131247119.2

1242112.2

3012272712

2827272712

2612272712

2412272727

2212272727

2022272732

1822273232

1627273242

1427323742

1227424747

30282624222018161412

8012271212122222272727

10027272727272727273242

12527272727272732323747

15012121227273232424247

Inlet velocity30282624222018161412

1.010212271212122222272727

1.262827272727272727273242

1.578527272727272732323747

1.894212121227273232424247

80 Lpm _ph ang vs amp plot

109.3-0.9938940388

108.9-0.9458597058

108.8-0.9848909584

109.5-0.9992752854

110-0.940492212

110.2-0.9717553897

113.3-0.9738478582

115.6-0.796867932

117.8-0.7072918366

112.5-0.7348855849

Amplitude

Cos(phi)


Amplitude (Db)

100lpm_phang vs amp

114.8-0.8885283829

116.1-0.8690325067

116.3-0.8690780395

115.6-0.7543491713

115.6-0.8898045607

118-0.888143272

120.5-0.8192551186

121.7-0.5999619465

120-0.63756102

113-0.2011583608

112.2-0.1039004839

Amplitude

Cos(phi)


amplitude

125Lpm_phang vs amp

118-0.8933426253

114.5-0.7769334373

118.5-0.8518839846

118.8-0.8217453763

121.2-0.7926721401

120-0.6959070611

120.7-0.5746089946

118.4-0.6412375159

116.7-0.1885634756

119.20.2670533447

amplitude

cos(phi)


Amplitude

150Lpm_phang vs amp

113-0.9999793985

112.4-0.9219478508

113.1-0.982569847

118.3-0.933313677

114.7-0.9225595226

118.6-0.6117442286

118.2-0.6703479567

116.8-0.5472318477

118.5-0.4729337691

117.1-0.6581972697

Amplitude

cos(phi)

Sheet2

80 Lpm150 lpm


3012109.3-0.99389403883012113-0.9999793985

2827108.9-0.94585970582812112.4-0.9219478508

2612108.8-0.98489095842612113.1-0.982569847

2412109.5-0.99927528542427118.3-0.933313677

2212110-0.9404922122227114.7-0.9225595226

2022110.2-0.97175538972032118.6-0.6117442286

1822113.3-0.97384785821832118.2-0.6703479567

1627115.6-0.7968679321642116.8-0.5472318477

1427117.8-0.70729183661442118.5-0.4729337691

1227112.5-0.73488558491247117.1-0.6581972697

100 Lpm125 Lpm


3127114.8-0.88852838293027118-0.8933426253

2927116.1-0.86903250672827114.5-0.7769334373

2727116.3-0.86907803952627118.5-0.8518839846

2527115.6-0.75434917132427118.8-0.8217453763

2327115.6-0.88980456072227121.2-0.7926721401

2127118-0.8881432722027120-0.6959070611

2027120.5-0.81925511861832120.7-0.5746089946

1827121.7-0.59996194651632118.4-0.6412375159

1627120-0.637561021437116.7-0.1885634756

1432113-0.20115836081247119.20.2670533447

1242112.2-0.1039004839

Sheet3

Variation of Dominant Frequency with Inlet Velocity St = 0.171 (60 deg cone)Dominant Frequency governed by vortex dynamicsFeed back locking of flow instability and combustion processPhase relationship leads to enhancement of combustion oscillations

80 lpm

12109.3

27108.9

12108.8

12109.5

12110

22110.2

22113.3

27115.6

27117.8

27112.5

Frequency

Amplitude


Frequency (Hz)

100lpm

27114.8

27116.1

27116.3

27115.6

27115.6

27118

27120.5

27121.7

27120

32113

42112.2

Frequency

Amplitude


frequency (Hz)

150 lpm

12113

12112.4

12113.1

27118.3

27114.7

32118.6

32118.2

42116.8

42118.5

47117.1

Frequency

Amplitude


Frequency (Hz)

125 lpm

27118

27114.5

27118.5

27118.8

27121.2

27120

32120.7

32118.4

37116.7

47119.2

Frequency

Amplitude


Frequency (Hz)

Chart1

122227

272732

273237

273242

24 cm

18 cm

14 cm

Mean Inlet velocity (m/s)

Frequency (Hz)

Chart2

2722.17

3228.07

3735.48

4242.13

Measured

Calulated (St = 0.171)

Mean Inlet Velocity (m/s)

Frequency (Hz)

Sheet1

80 Lpm150 lpm


3012109.33012113

2827108.92812112.4

2612108.82612113.1

2412109.52427118.3

22121102227114.7

2022110.22032118.6

1822113.31832118.2

1627115.61642116.8

1427117.81442118.5

1227112.51247117.1

100 Lpm125 Lpm


3127114.83027118

2927116.12827114.5

2727116.32627118.5

2527115.62427118.8

2327115.62227121.2

21271182027120

2027120.51832120.7

1827121.71632118.4

16271201437116.7

14321131247119.2

1242112.2

3012272712

2827272712

2612272712

2412272727

2212272727

2022272732

1822273232

1627273242

1427323742

1227424747

30282624222018161412

8012271212122222272727

10027272727272727273242

12527272727272732323747

15012121227273232424247

Inlet velocity30282624222018161412calc

1.01021227121212222227272722.17

1.26282727272727272727324228.07

1.57852727272727273232374735.48

1.89421212122727323242424742.13

80 Lpm _ph ang vs amp plot

109.3-0.9938940388

108.9-0.9458597058

108.8-0.9848909584

109.5-0.9992752854

110-0.940492212

110.2-0.9717553897

113.3-0.9738478582

115.6-0.796867932

117.8-0.7072918366

112.5-0.7348855849

Amplitude

Cos(phi)


Amplitude (Db)

100lpm_phang vs amp

114.8-0.8885283829

116.1-0.8690325067

116.3-0.8690780395

115.6-0.7543491713

115.6-0.8898045607

118-0.888143272

120.5-0.8192551186

121.7-0.5999619465

120-0.63756102

113-0.2011583608

112.2-0.1039004839

Amplitude

Cos(phi)


amplitude

125Lpm_phang vs amp

118-0.8933426253

114.5-0.7769334373

118.5-0.8518839846

118.8-0.8217453763

121.2-0.7926721401

120-0.6959070611

120.7-0.5746089946

118.4-0.6412375159

116.7-0.1885634756

119.20.2670533447

amplitude

cos(phi)


Amplitude

150Lpm_phang vs amp

113-0.9999793985

112.4-0.9219478508

113.1-0.982569847

118.3-0.933313677

114.7-0.9225595226

118.6-0.6117442286

118.2-0.6703479567

116.8-0.5472318477

118.5-0.4729337691

117.1-0.6581972697

Amplitude

cos(phi)

Sheet2

80 Lpm150 lpm


3012109.3-0.99389403883012113-0.9999793985

2827108.9-0.94585970582812112.4-0.9219478508

2612108.8-0.98489095842612113.1-0.982569847

2412109.5-0.99927528542427118.3-0.933313677

2212110-0.9404922122227114.7-0.9225595226

2022110.2-0.97175538972032118.6-0.6117442286

1822113.3-0.97384785821832118.2-0.6703479567

1627115.6-0.7968679321642116.8-0.5472318477

1427117.8-0.70729183661442118.5-0.4729337691

1227112.5-0.73488558491247117.1-0.6581972697

100 Lpm125 Lpm


3127114.8-0.88852838293027118-0.8933426253

2927116.1-0.86903250672827114.5-0.7769334373

2727116.3-0.86907803952627118.5-0.8518839846

2527115.6-0.75434917132427118.8-0.8217453763

2327115.6-0.88980456072227121.2-0.7926721401

2127118-0.8881432722027120-0.6959070611

2027120.5-0.81925511861832120.7-0.5746089946

1827121.7-0.59996194651632118.4-0.6412375159

1627120-0.637561021437116.7-0.1885634756

1432113-0.20115836081247119.20.2670533447

1242112.2-0.1039004839

Sheet3

Ongoing ResearchEffect of inlet disturbances Combustion in recirculating flows Spray Combustion

Recirculating Flow DynamicsPrimary zoneFuel air mixingIntense combustionShort combustion lengthHigh turbulenceFuel rich combustion

Understanding recirculating flow dynamicsTime scalesPressure transientsEnergy cascadingCombustion in recirculating flowsDroplet Flow interaction

Image ProcessingFiltered out image from the noisesGrayscale imageIntensity image Simulation results

Vortex Dynamics

Chart3

0.4697580645

0.497983871

0.5383064516

0.3911290323

0.3850806452

0.4012096774

0.4133064516

0.4133064516

0.4112903226

0.5262096774

0.435483871

0.4475806452

0.4516129032

0.5241935484

0.5443548387

Non-dimensional time

Non-dimentional distance(L2/L) of second vortex to the inlet of the combustor

Sheet1

t=L/Vl=.325m,.75m/sv=1.0182

TimeX=496496L1/L

time-nonY=230

002070.4173387097

0.0860.2918841900.3830645161

0.17240.58512562030.4092741935

0.2580.8756521830.3689516129

0.3441.1675361800.3629032258

0.431.459421790.3608870968

0.5161.7513041630.3286290323

0.6022.043188163L2/L0.3286290323

0.6882.3350721342330.46975806450.2701612903

0.7742.6269561262470.4979838710.2701612903

0.862.918841162670.53830645160.2338709677

0.9463.2107241051940.39112903230.2116935484

1.0323.5026081041910.38508064520.2096774194

1.1183.7944921001990.40120967740.2016129032

1.2044.086376942050.41330645160.189516129

1.294.37826942050.41330645160.189516129

1.3764.670144962040.41129032260.1935483871

1.4624.962028942610.52620967740.189516129

1.5485.253912902160.4354838710.1814516129

1.6345.545796882220.44758064520.1774193548

1.725.83768982240.45161290320.1975806452

1.8066.129564952600.52419354840.1915322581

1.8926.421448962700.54435483870.1935483871

Voertes area

Firstsecond

00.0044

0.0860.00826

0.17240.01326

0.2580.0106

0.3440.0094

0.430.01778

0.5160.0106

0.6020.007

0.6880.0080.0072

0.7740.0094050.00826

0.860.00940590.00235

0.9460.00720.0009

1.0320.00940.001

1.1180.00720.002

1.2040.00620.00235

1.290.00620.00235

1.3760.00440.0009

1.4620.00490.007

1.5480.00290.00091

1.6340.00230.002

1.720.00230.0018

1.8060.00290.0044

1.8920.00290.0036

v=1.0182m/s

000.0044

0.086L=0.2918840.00826

0.17240.30.29463759580.58512560.01326

0.2580.8756520.0106

0.3441.1675360.0094

0.431.459420.01778

0.5161.7513040.0106

0.6022.0431880.007

0.6882.3350720.0080.0072

0.7742.6269560.0094050.00826

0.862.918840.00940590.00235

0.9463.2107240.00720.0009

1.0323.5026080.00940.001

1.1183.7944920.00720.002

1.2044.0863760.00620.00235

1.294.378260.00620.00235

1.3764.6701440.00440.0009

1.4624.9620280.00490.007

1.5485.2539120.00290.00091

1.6345.5457960.00230.002

1.725.837680.00230.0018

1.8066.1295640.00290.0044

1.8926.4214480.00290.0036

L=.325L=.300

00

0.26943138460.291884

0.54011593850.5851256

0.80829415380.875652

1.07772553851.167536

1.34715692311.45942

1.61658830771.751304

1.88601969232.043188

2.15545107692.335072

2.42488246152.626956

2.69431384622.91884

2.96374523083.210724

3.23317661543.502608

3.5026083.794492

3.77203938464.086376

4.04147076924.37826

4.31090215384.670144

4.58033353854.962028

4.84976492315.253912

5.11919630775.545796

5.38862769235.83768

5.65805907696.129564

5.92749046156.421448

Sheet1

1

Sheet2

207

190

203

183

180

179

163

163

134

126

116

105

104

100

94

94

96

94

90

88

98

95

96

Sheet3

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Time in second


0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Time in second

Nondimensional distance(L1/L) of first vortex to the inlet of combustor

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Time in the second

Ratio of the first vortex aera to the total area of the cold flowfield

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Time in second

Ratio of the second vortex aera to the total area of the cold flowfield

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0



0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0



0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0



0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0



Chart4

0.0072

0.00826

0.00235

0.0009

0.001

0.002

0.00235

0.00235

0.0009

0.007

0.00091

0.002

0.0018

0.0044

0.0036



Sheet1

t=L/Vl=.325m,.75m/sv=1.0182

TimeX=496496L1/L

time-nonY=230

002070.4173387097

0.0860.2918841900.3830645161

0.17240.58512562030.4092741935

0.2580.8756521830.3689516129

0.3441.1675361800.3629032258

0.431.459421790.3608870968

0.5161.7513041630.3286290323

0.6022.043188163L2/L0.3286290323

0.6882.3350721342330.46975806450.2701612903

0.7742.6269561262470.4979838710.2701612903

0.862.918841162670.53830645160.2338709677

0.9463.2107241051940.39112903230.2116935484

1.0323.5026081041910.38508064520.2096774194

1.1183.7944921001990.40120967740.2016129032

1.2044.086376942050.41330645160.189516129

1.294.37826942050.41330645160.189516129

1.3764.670144962040.41129032260.1935483871

1.4624.962028942610.52620967740.189516129

1.5485.253912902160.4354838710.1814516129

1.6345.545796882220.44758064520.1774193548

1.725.83768982240.45161290320.1975806452

1.8066.129564952600.52419354840.1915322581

1.8926.421448962700.54435483870.1935483871

Voertes area

Firstsecond

00.0044

0.0860.00826

0.17240.01326

0.2580.0106

0.3440.0094

0.430.01778

0.5160.0106

0.6020.007

0.6880.0080.0072

0.7740.0094050.00826

0.860.00940590.00235

0.9460.00720.0009

1.0320.00940.001

1.1180.00720.002

1.2040.00620.00235

1.290.00620.00235

1.3760.00440.0009

1.4620.00490.007

1.5480.00290.00091

1.6340.00230.002

1.720.00230.0018

1.8060.00290.0044

1.8920.00290.0036

v=1.0182m/s

000.0044

0.086L=0.2918840.00826

0.17240.30.29463759580.58512560.01326

0.2580.8756520.0106

0.3441.1675360.0094

0.431.459420.01778

0.5161.7513040.0106

0.6022.0431880.007

0.6882.3350720.0080.0072

0.7742.6269560.0094050.00826

0.862.918840.00940590.00235

0.9463.2107240.00720.0009

1.0323.5026080.00940.001

1.1183.7944920.00720.002

1.2044.0863760.00620.00235

1.294.378260.00620.00235

1.3764.6701440.00440.0009

1.4624.9620280.00490.007

1.5485.2539120.00290.00091

1.6345.5457960.00230.002

1.725.837680.00230.0018

1.8066.1295640.00290.0044

1.8926.4214480.00290.0036

L=.325L=.300

00

0.26943138460.291884

0.54011593850.5851256

0.80829415380.875652

1.07772553851.167536

1.34715692311.45942

1.61658830771.751304

1.88601969232.043188

2.15545107692.335072

2.42488246152.626956

2.69431384622.91884

2.96374523083.210724

3.23317661543.502608

3.5026083.794492

3.77203938464.086376

4.04147076924.37826

4.31090215384.670144

4.58033353854.962028

4.84976492315.253912

5.11919630775.545796

5.38862769235.83768

5.65805907696.129564

5.92749046156.421448

Sheet1

1

Sheet2

207

190

203

183

180

179

163

163

134

126

116

105

104

100

94

94

96

94

90

88

98

95

96

Sheet3

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Time in second


0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Time in second


0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Time in the second


0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Time in second


0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0



0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0



0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0



0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0



Transient AnalysisIdentification of signatures of re-circulation, turbulence and acoustics through frequency domain analysis of pressure transientsTurbulence energy cascading due to re-circulation

Combustion in Recirculating FlowTime scale reduces, complete combustion, Good pattern factor

Chart1

0.243458

0.117975

0

0.000483

0.044455

0

0

0.016838

0.331456

0.025472

0

0

0

0

0.059041

0.574324

0.342128

0.021343

0

0

0

0.000161

0.192782

0.004558

0.064457

0

0.434738

0.370388

0.014801

0

0

0.271933

0.547297

0.357733

0.424121


Ratio of rich mixture area of fuel to the total area of the flame

Sheet1

back-70-back ground image:70-12

1.5temp-3

time in s70-1.570-1.5-temp90-1.5120-1.5LPG140lpm-3.25lpmLPG200lpm

0.40.2434580.2940440.0926640.2115510.7160020.6132560.5720.0069559429

0.80.1179750.0182860.0351780.2208280.7513410.5574320.4480.0010050857

1.20000.2172890.6562630.2655510.3250.0062082571

1.64.83E-040.0386100.3418060.6885460.6132020.619

20.0444550.30434800.3715140.719380.6254290.441

2.400.0152290.0012870.0361970.7426530.473563

2.8000.0295470.030030.6976080.273059

3.20.0168380.00158500.1449490.6830760.630094

3.60.331456000.0663880.6377090.632454

40.02547200.0761480.4514160.7478010.547297

4.4000.5031640.1724050.7268340.360521

4.800.1516640.3462570.009170.6847380.254934

5.200.0417230.2334830.2152510.6381920.351566

5.600.0058310.0037540.1472010.7249570.637548

60.05904100.0427390.1108430.7045260.141624

6.40.5743240.16038300.0549660.6651650.332583

6.80.3421280.0493090.1120230.0475650.6149180.154333

7.20.0213430.0223050.1122910.0317460.4809630.078507

7.600.35903500.0091160.6786790.276705

800.5268340.3412160.0088480.6597490.678518

8.400.4435580.03174600.6707960.621943

8.81.61E-040.1088090.07276900.4944770.595453

9.20.1927826.23E-040.0075080.2181470.5520160.808451

9.60.0045580.4852240.0156050.0371090.523970.733698

100.0644570.273268000.6344380.260242

10.400.3057630.02600800.6208170.28609

10.80.4347380.0062840.01871500.5219860.426534

11.20.3703880.02666400.0038610.6291290.223509

11.60.0148010.35767700.0368940.5714820.678464

1200.03679800.0160880.546010.414254

12.40000.0389320.7421170.751287

12.80.2719330.6125458.04E-040.1915490.7032930.529011

13.20.5472970.7257700.1546550.5589880.196911

13.60.3577330.45618200.4628910.4762980.593629

140.4241210.32450200.5141030.5975980.277295

dis.mmCombustor dia verses temperature in degree Cat 70lpma 1.5g temp

02780278average tem=366.1176

53300.0416666667330366.1176470588

103580.0833333333358

153700.125370

203800.1666666667380

253900.2083333333390

303970.25397

354010.2916666667401

453730.375373

553440.4583333333344

653530.5416666667353

753700.625370

854130.7083333333413

954250.7916666667425

1054070.875407

1153410.9583333333341

1202941294

125248

135201

Used for paper

time in stime in s70-1.590-1.5120-1.5LPG

0.400.2434580.0926640.211551

0.80.40.1179750.0351780.220828

1.20.8000.217289

1.61.24.83E-0400.341806

21.60.04445500.371514

2.4200.0012870.036197

2.82.400.0295470.03003

3.22.80.01683800.144949

3.63.20.33145600.066388

43.60.0254720.0761480.451416

4.4400.5031640.172405

4.84.400.3462570.00917

5.24.800.2334830.215251

5.65.200.0037540.147201

65.60.0590410.0427390.110843

6.460.57432400.054966

6.86.40.3421280.1120230.047565

7.26.80.0213430.1122910.031746

7.67.2000.009116

87.600.3412160.008848

8.4800.0317460

8.88.41.61E-040.0727690

9.28.80.1927820.0075080.218147

9.69.20.0045580.0156050.037109

109.60.06445700

10.41000.0260080

10.810.40.4347380.0187150

11.210.80.37038800.003861

11.611.20.01480100.036894

1211.6000.016088

12.412000.038932

12.812.40.2719338.04E-040.191549

13.212.80.54729700.154655

13.613.20.35773300.462891

1413.60.42412100.514103

14

velocity=1.251m/s

length=

time0.3non-time

000.243458

0.41.6680.117975

0.83.3360

1.25.0044.83E-04

1.66.6720.044455

28.340

2.410.0080

2.811.6760.016838

3.213.3440.331456

3.615.0120.025472

416.680

4.418.3480

4.820.0160

5.221.6840

5.6L/V=23.3520.059041

60.239808153525.020.574324

6.426.6880.342128

6.828.3560.021343

7.230.0240

7.631.6920

833.360

8.435.0281.61E-04

8.836.6960.192782

9.238.3640.004558

9.640.0320.064457

1041.70

10.443.3680.434738

10.845.0360.370388

11.246.7040.014801

11.648.3720

1250.040

12.451.7080.271933

12.853.3760.547297

13.255.0440.357733

13.656.7120.424121

000

0.41.53969230771.668

0.83.07938461543.336

1.24.61907692315.004

1.66.15876923086.672

27.69846153858.34

2.49.238153846210.008

2.810.777846153811.676

3.212.317538461513.344

3.613.857230769215.012

415.396923076916.68

4.416.936615384618.348

4.818.476307692320.016

5.220.01621.684

5.621.555692307723.352

623.095384615425.02

6.424.635076923126.688

6.826.174769230828.356

7.227.714461538530.024

7.629.254153846231.692

830.793846153833.36

8.432.333538461535.028

8.833.873230769236.696

9.235.412923076938.364

9.636.952615384640.032

1038.492307692341.7

10.440.03243.368

10.841.571692307745.036

11.243.111384615446.704

11.644.651076923148.372

1246.190769230850.04

12.447.730461538551.708

12.849.270153846253.376

13.250.809846153855.044

13.652.349538461556.712

Sheet1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Time in second

Area of the flame(meter square)

70-1.5-temp

Sheet2

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Distance along the combustor diameter in (mm)

Temperature in degree centigrate

Sheet3

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

Equivalance ratio=0.572



Time in second

Area of the flame (meter square)

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

Equivalnce ratio=0.572



Time in second

Area of rich mixture of fuel in the flame(meter square)

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Time in second


70a-1.5lpg

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Non-dimensional distance along the combustor diameter


0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0


Ratio of rich mixture area of fuel to the total area of the flame

Chart1

278

330

358

370

380

390

397

401

373

344

353

370

413

425

407

341

294



Sheet1

back-70-back ground image:70-12

1.5temp-3

time in s70-1.570-1.5-temp90-1.5120-1.5LPG140lpm-3.25lpmLPG200lpm

0.40.2434580.2940440.0926640.2115510.7160020.6132560.5720.0069559429

0.80.1179750.0182860.0351780.2208280.7513410.5574320.4480.0010050857

1.20000.2172890.6562630.2655510.3250.0062082571

1.64.83E-040.0386100.3418060.6885460.6132020.619

20.0444550.30434800.3715140.719380.6254290.441

2.400.0152290.0012870.0361970.7426530.473563

2.8000.0295470.030030.6976080.273059

3.20.0168380.00158500.1449490.6830760.630094

3.60.331456000.0663880.6377090.632454

40.02547200.0761480.4514160.7478010.547297

4.4000.5031640.1724050.7268340.360521

4.800.1516640.3462570.009170.6847380.254934

5.200.0417230.2334830.2152510.6381920.351566

5.600.0058310.0037540.1472010.7249570.637548

60.05904100.0427390.1108430.7045260.141624

6.40.5743240.16038300.0549660.6651650.332583

6.80.3421280.0493090.1120230.0475650.6149180.154333

7.20.0213430.0223050.1122910.0317460.4809630.078507

7.600.35903500.0091160.6786790.276705

800.5268340.3412160.0088480.6597490.678518

8.400.4435580.03174600.6707960.621943

8.81.61E-040.1088090.07276900.4944770.595453

9.20.1927826.23E-040.0075080.2181470.5520160.808451

9.60.0045580.4852240.0156050.0371090.523970.733698

100.0644570.273268000.6344380.260242

10.400.3057630.02600800.6208170.28609

10.80.4347380.0062840.01871500.5219860.426534

11.20.3703880.02666400.0038610.6291290.223509

11.60.0148010.35767700.0368940.5714820.678464

1200.03679800.0160880.546010.414254

12.40000.0389320.7421170.751287

12.80.2719330.6125458.04E-040.1915490.7032930.529011

13.20.5472970.7257700.1546550.5589880.196911

13.60.3577330.45618200.4628910.4762980.593629

140.4241210.32450200.5141030.5975980.277295

dis.mmCombustor dia verses temperature in degree Cat 70lpma 1.5g temp

02780278

53300.0416666667330

103580.0833333333358

153700.125370

203800.1666666667380

253900.2083333333390

303970.25397

354010.2916666667401

453730.375373

553440.4583333333344

653530.5416666667353

753700.625370

854130.7083333333413

954250.7916666667425

1054070.875407

1153410.9583333333341

1202941294

125248

135201

Used for paper

time in stime in s70-1.590-1.5120-1.5LPG

0.400.2434580.0926640.211551

0.80.40.1179750.0351780.220828

1.20.8000.217289

1.61.24.83E-0400.341806

21.60.04445500.371514

2.4200.0012870.036197

2.82.400.0295470.03003

3.22.80.01683800.144949

3.63.20.33145600.066388

43.60.0254720.0761480.451416

4.4400.5031640.172405

4.84.400.3462570.00917

5.24.800.2334830.215251

5.65.200.0037540.147201

65.60.0590410.0427390.110843

6.460.57432400.054966

6.86.40.3421280.1120230.047565

7.26.80.0213430.1122910.031746

7.67.2000.009116

87.600.3412160.008848

8.4800.0317460

8.88.41.61E-040.0727690

9.28.80.1927820.0075080.218147

9.69.20.0045580.0156050.037109

109.60.06445700

10.41000.0260080

10.810.40.4347380.0187150

11.210.80.37038800.003861

11.611.20.01480100.036894

1211.6000.016088

12.412000.038932

12.812.40.2719338.04E-040.191549

13.212.80.54729700.154655

13.613.20.35773300.462891

1413.60.42412100.514103

14

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Ongoing ResearchEffect of inlet disturbances Combustion in recirculating flows Spray CombustionNeeds and ChallengesControlled atomizationEmissions in spray combustion

Spray Combustion: IssuesNon-symmetrical spray flames and hot streaksSerious damage to combustor linerCombustor exit temperature (pattern factor)Flame location, shape and patternEmission Levels

Need for controlled atomizationBig Drops => Longer Evaporation Time => Incomplete Combustion => Unburned Hydrocarbons & Soot, Reduced Efficiency

Small Drops => Faster Evaporation and Mixing => Elongated Combustion Zone => More NOx

Uniform size distribution for favorable pattern factorReduced thermal loading on liner and turbine

Reduced feedline coupling

Internally Mixed Swirl AtomizerGood atomization with small pressure drop Both hollow-cone and solid cone spray from same atomizer (wide range of applications)Possible to atomize very viscous liquid Self cleaning Finer atomization at low flow ratesLess sensitive to manufacturing defects The liquid flow rate and atomization quality can be controlled

Atomization of engine oil

Performance

Multi-head internally mixed atomizerBuild to provide a throughput rate in excess to 0.5 LPM with a droplet size in the range of 20-30 mmFlow rate independent of pressure differenceReduced feedline coupling

Emissions in spray flamesMeasured values quite less compared to the theoretical predictionsInherent fuel staging reduces the NOxLonger flame => less NOx

ConclusionsDisturbances can lead to combustion oscillationsRecirculating flow helps in reducing disturbancesControlled Atomization can be achieved through air-assistingSpray combustion reduces NOx emissions through fuel staging

AcknowledgementsM. S. RawatS. K. GuptaS. PandeyP. BermanJ. KarnawatS. KarmakarN. P. YadavS. NigamR. SailajaM. MadanmohanDr. K. RamamurthiLPSC (ISRO)CFEES (DRDO)

THANK YOU

Gas Turbine -AKushari

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