Flora Endemism on Gypsum Outcrops of the Sierra Madre Oriental of Southern Nuevo Leon, Mexico.
Margarita Barba, Miguel A. González, A. Eduardo Estrada, George S. Hinton & José A. Villarreal
Geo. B Hinton
Herbarium
Faculty of Forestry Sciences, CFNL Herbarium
Autonomous University of Nuevo León
Introduction
283 vascular endemic genera in Mexico
12% of the estimated total of 2,410 in world
60% of endemism in arid and semi-arid area
Northeastern México
In Sierra Madre Oriental (SMO),
occurs hundreds of endemic species.
Gypsum outcrops = High endemism
I’m charismatic,People protect
My home
Yummy, endangered herbs and succulents
Are the gypsic ecosystems the richest endemic species in Nuevo Leon?
Coarse delimitation with Landsat Images.
Refined it Orthophoto Web Service
Frequency distributions of elevation, slope, aspect, topoform, temperature, rainfall, climate, vegetation and NDVI.
62.9%
30.1%
5.0%1.4% 0.6%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
300 - 400 400 - 500 500 - 600 600 - 800 800 - 1000
Average Rainfall (mm)
% o
f Are
a
The major part of the gypsum occurs on dry
ecosystems
0.1%
51.1%
32.1%
13.9%
2.6%0.3%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
20 - 22 18 - 20 16 - 18 14 - 16 12 - 14 10 - 12
Average Anual Temperature (°C)
% o
f Are
a
33.1%
26.5%
21.6%
17.8%
0.4% 0.5%0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
BS0h (Arid Warm) BS1k (Semi-AridTemperated)
BS0k (AridTemperated)
BS1h (Semi-AridWarm)
(A)C(w) (WarmSubhumid)
C(w) (TemperatedSubhumid)
Köeppen Climate Types
% o
f Are
a
In the arid-warm climates is where
the most part of gypsumoccurs
Mainly the gypsum is located in areas where temperature
averages between 18-20° C
17.9%
22.5%
16.6%
11.5%
8.5%7.0%
5.6%
9.4%
1.0%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
0 - 10 10 - 20 20 - 30 30 - 40 40 - 50 50 - 60 60 - 70 70 - 80 80 - 90
Slope (%)
% o
f Are
a
48.9%
20.5%
15.0%
6.7%3.4% 2.6% 1.5% 1.4%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
ComplexSierra with
Hills
Folded Sierra Folded SierraBended
Tipic Bajada Bajada withPlains
ComplexSierra
Desertic Plainswith Rocky
Ground
Valley withHills
Landform Category
% o
f Are
a
Around the half has a “Complex Sierra with Hills”
landform,
Mostly the gypsum ocurrs in places where the slope is
between 0-30°
0%
3%
6%
9%
12%
15%
18%
860900
9001000
10001100
11001200
12001300
13001400
14001500
15001600
16001700
17001800
18001900
19002000
20002100
21002200
22002300
23002400
24002500
25002600
26002700
Altitude (masl)
% o
f Are
a
The most part of the gypsum outcrops is
southern facing, and also to west.
A 62% is located between 1700 and 2200 m
57.2%
15.4%
7.0%4.9% 4.7% 4.6% 4.4%
1.0% 0.8%0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Pine Forest Desert Ros.Scrub
Mixed Oak-Pine Forest
PiedmontScrub
Chaparral Agriculture Grassland GypsicGrassland
Desert Micro.Scrub
Vegetation Types
% o
f Are
a
NDVI
8.2%
25.2%27.1%
20.8%
10.3%
4.7%
2.1%0.9% 0.4% 0.2%
0%
10%
20%
30%
< -0.05 -0.05 - 0 0 - 0.05 0.05 - 0.1 0.1 - 0.15 0.15 - 0.2 0.2 - 0.25 0.25 - 0.3 0.3 - 0.35 > 0.35
% o
f Are
a
More than the half of gypsum area is dominated
by Pinus arizonica woods
91% of the gypsum, show a NDVI below
0.15
We checked GBH, TEX and CFNL herbaria
And others in process
Number of endemic species for stateGrowing on gypsumRestricted to gypsum
We plan to finish the fieldwork next month
Endemism in Gypsum
258
73
41
-40
10
60
110
160
210
260
Nuevo Leon Endemics Present in Gypsum Gypsum Obliged
Nu
mb
er
of
sp
ec
ies
FAMILYSTATE ENDEMIC
PRESENT IN GYPSUM
GYPSUM OBLIGED FAMILY
STATE ENDEMIC
PRESENT IN GYPSUM
GYPSUM OBLIGED
ASTERACEAE 78 21 12 MALVACEAE 2 0 0CACTACEAE 33 9 6 OLEACEAE 2 2 1LAMIACEAE 18 4 2 PAPAVERACEAE 2 1 1LEGUMINOSAE 15 2 1 VERBENACEAE 2 1 0BORAGINACEAE 11 3 1 ASCLEPIADACEAE 1 0 0SCROPHULARIACEAE 9 3 3 CELASTRACEAE 1 0 0BRASSICACEAE 8 3 0 FRANKENIACEAE 1 0 0CRASSULACEAE 8 2 2 HYDRANGEACEAE 1 1 0HYDROPHYLLACEAE 7 2 1 JUGLANDACEAE 1 0 0EUPHORBIACEAE 6 2 1 LAURACEAE 1 0 0CARYOPHYLLACEAE 5 2 2 LENTIBULARIAEAE 1 1 1ROSACEAE 5 0 0 LOASACEAE 1 1 1APIACEAE 4 0 0 NYCTAGINACEAE 1 1 1RUBIACEAE 4 2 1 PLATANACEAE 1 0 0SOLANACEAE 4 0 0 POLYGONACEAE 1 0 0LINACEAE 3 2 2 RANUNCULACEAE 1 0 0ONAGRACEAE 3 2 0 RHAMNACEAE 1 1 0POLYGALACEAE 3 0 0 RUTACEAE 1 0 0ACANTHACEAE 2 0 0 STAPHYLEACEAE 1 0 0ANACARDIACEAE 2 1 0 URTICACEAE 1 0 0GENTIANACEAE 2 1 1 VIOLACEAE 1 0 0
TOTAL 258 73 41
The Hinton’s made 1,622 collections on gypsum.
We have visited 31 sites and collected 850 specimens.
Propose Natural Protected Areas on gypsum
Inclusion on:Mexican LawCITESIUCN
using at least 4 criteria:
Overall distribution Current status of the habitat Biological intrinsic vulnerability Human impact to habitat
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