BREASTFEEDING DISCOMFORTS EXPERIENCED AND IT’S MANAGEMENT BY PRIMIGRAVIDA MOTHERS
NAZRIA G. KAPUSAN
A Thesis Outline Submitted to the College of Health Sciences, University of Southern Mindanao, Kabacan, Cotabato in Partial Fulfillment of Requirement for Degree of
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Titles Pages
INTRODUCTION
Significance of the Study
Objectives of the Study
Expected Output
Scope and Limitation of the Study
Place and Time of the Study
Definition of Terms
Hypotheses
Theoretical Framework
Conceptual Framework
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
METHODOLOGY
Research Design
Respondents of the Study
Sampling Instrument
Data Gathering Procedure
Statistical Analysis
LITERATURE CITED
APPENDICES
INTRODUCTION
Significance of the Study
Human milk is uniquely designed to promote optimum health and growth in the human
infant. Breast milk is a living, changing food, with enzymes and living cells that cannot be
reproduced in formula and which help prevent or delay allergies, protect from infectious diseases
and reduce occurrence of respiratory and digestive infections. Breast milk, unlike formula,
promotes the growth and development of the human brain and nervous system. In addition
breastfeeding promotes healthy oral development and satisfies the babies sucking needs. The
World Health Organization recommends that infants be exclusively breastfed for the first months
of life and that breastfeeding be continued into the second year of life or longer. These
recommendations are based on studies showing long term benefits in children who receive breast
milk in their first year of life. (WHO, 2001)
The benefits of breastfeeding include: the reduction of infant mortality and morbidity and
decrease risk of infectious disease, like diarrhea, respiratory, ear, and urinary tract infections
(American Academy of Pediatrics, 2005, WHO, 2002). Long term benefits include decrease
incidence of obesity and chronic illness such as diabetes, allergies and asthma (Baldwin &
Friedman, 2006). Less incidences of osteoporosis, ovarian cancer, and premenopausal breast
cancer are reported for mothers who have breastfed (Noel-Weiss, Rupp, Cragg, Bassett &
Woodend, 2006).
Pre- natal care is indeed a need specifically in pregnant mothers and mostly the primigravida
mothers because they do not have sufficient knowledge regarding child bearing and specially
how they will breastfed their baby, what will be their proper positioning, the foods they will eat
for them to produce more milk and how often they will breastfeed their babies. These were some
of the questions encountered by primigravida mothers during their pregnancy stage. When they
were able to deliver the child, they often encounter discomforts most especially in breastfeeding,
these was the researcher aims to know and also the management done by the mothers to lessen or
prevent the discomforts in breastfeeding.
Breastfeeding provides ideal infant nutrition and is the physiologic norm for mothers and
children. Mothers often make a decision regarding breastfeeding early in prenatal care, and many
have already decided whether to breastfeed prior to conception. Encouragement and education
from Healthcare providers result in increased breastfeeding initiation and duration. In addition,
ongoing educational and support programs can improve initiation and duration of breastfeeding.
Furthermore, through this study, researcher will be able to determine the discomforts experienced
by primigravida mothers and how they will manage it. Also, through this study, the researcher
can determine the perception of primigravida mothers on breastfeeding during their pregnancy
stage and how they perceive breastfeeding after delivery.
Objectives:
1. To determine the socio-demographic profile of the respondents.
2. To determine the perception of the mothers on breastfeeding during their pregnancy
stage.
3. To determine the discomforts experienced by primigravida mothers on breastfeeding
4. To determine perception of the mothers on breastfeeding after giving birth.
5. To determine the breastfeeding discomforts management done by the primigravida
mothers.
6. To determine the factors which contribute to their discomforts.
Expected Output
1. To determine the socio-demographic profile of the respondents.
2. To determine the perception of the mothers on breastfeeding during their pregnancy
stage.
3. To determine the discomforts experienced by primigravida mothers on breastfeeding
4. To determine perception of the mothers on breastfeeding after giving birth.
5. To determine the breastfeeding discomforts management done by the primigravida
mothers.
6. To determine the factors which contribute to their discomforts.
Scope and limitation
This study will include primigravida mothers residing at Poblacion, Pikit Cotabato,
Place and Time of the Study
The study will be conducted at Poblacion, Pikit North, Cotabato, February, 2014.
Definitions of Terms
Breastfeeding- this refers to the sucking or nursing, giving a baby milk from the
mother’s breast. Specifically the way the primigravida mothers nurse there baby.
Primigravida Mothers- a woman that is pregnant on the first time; the respondents of
the study; the first time mothers who encountered breastfeeding discomforts.
Discomforts-unpleasant; uneasy feeling; specifically the unusual feeling that causes pain
to the primigravida mothers on breastfeeding.
Management- the way the primigravida breastfeeding mothers handle the breastfeeding
discomfort experienced.
Hypotheses:
Theoretical Framework
Self-efficacy has received attention as a predictor of health related behaviors. Described as an
individual’s confidence in his or her perceived ability to perform a specific task or behavior
(Bandura 1977), Dennis’ Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy framework (1999), is derived from
Bandura’s Social Cognitive Learning Theory (Bandura, 1977). Dennis uses her framework to
understand the role self-efficacy plays in relation to breastfeeding behaviors. Breastfeeding self
efficacy refers to a mother’s perceived ability or confidence to breastfeed her newborn and
influences her decisions regarding breastfeeding such as whether to breastfeed or not, how much
effort she will expend on the task and how she will deal with the challenges that she will
encounter during her experience. The theory of self-efficacy proposes that a person’s level of
self-efficacy may be influenced by four factors. These factors are: personal accomplishments,
vicarious experiences, verbal persuasion, and psychological and affective states. These factors
could be influenced by education and healthcare provider intervention (Bandura, 1977, Dennis,
1999).
The first source, personal accomplishments, is based on the belief that successes build robust
belief in one’s personal efficacy. Failures undermine it, especially if failures occur before a sense
of efficacy is firmly established (Bandura (1994).
The second source, vicarious experiences, builds a strong sense of efficacy through the
vicarious experiences provided by social models. Seeing people similar to oneself succeed by
sustained effort raises observer’s beliefs that they too possess the capabilities to master
comparable activities required to succeed (Bandura, 1994).
The third source, verbal persuasion, is a way to strengthen people’s beliefs that they have
what it takes to succeed. People who are persuaded verbally that they possess the capabilities to
master given activities are likely to mobilize greater effort and sustain it than if they harbor
selfdoubts
and dwell on personal deficiencies when problems arise (Bandura, 1994).
The fourth source is psychological and affective states. The final way to enhance efficacy is
to reduce people’s stress reactions and alter their negative emotional proclivities and
interpretations of their physical states. It is how the emotions are perceived, rather than the sheer
intensity of emotional and physical reactions that is important. People with a high sense of
efficacy are likely to view their state of affective arousal as an energizing facilitator of
performance, whereas those who are plagued by self-doubt regard their arousal as a debilitation
(Bandura, 1994).
Conceptual Framework
Independent Variable Dependent Variable
Figure 1. A schemic diagram showing the relationship between the respondents’ socio-demographic profile and their discomforts and management on breastfeeding discomforts.
Review of Related Literature
SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC
PROFILE
-Age
-Educational
Attainment
-Tribe
DISCOMFORTS
and
MANAGEMENT
In the book ’’Immunity of Human Milk’’ that breast milk contains lymphocytes and
macrophages, which produce antibodies and other immune factors. It provides Lactobacillus
bifidus; the ‘friendly bacteria ‘that helps prevent the growth of dangerous bacteria. Another
molecule is breast milk actually kills harmful bacteria. Some components are even directly anti-
inflammatory. In addition to providing protection against viruses, fungi, and parasites. Long term
breastfeeding and natural weaning as far the healthiest thing you can do as positive effect of
breast milk remains for years after breast milk is discontinued the larger you breast milk, the
stronger your child ‘s immune system (Hanson, 1998).
In our society, we all know that ‘breast milk is the best’. Unfortunately, many women are led to
believe that they cannot or should not breastfed for various reasons, and it is usually just not true.
The following are some common reasons that a woman might decide not to try breastfeeding and
information dispelling these common myths. (Weekly, 2007).
“My breast are small. Breast size has nothing to do with the ability or inability to produce milk.
Even women with very small breast are able to produce milk. Milk glands lie under the muscle
wall, so even if one has extremely small breast, one should still have glands necessary to produce
milk. It is actually easier for a small-breasted woman to breastfeed.
METHODOLOGY
Research Design
This study will utilize a descriptive-comparative ; it will obtain the socio demographic
characteristic and the comparative to compare the breastfeeding discomforts of the respondents
before and after delivery.
Respondents of the Study
The respondents of this study will be ___ primigravida mothers residing at Poblacion, Pikit,
Cotabato.
Sampling Procedure
The respondents of this study will be selected through simple random sampling from all puroks
in Poblacion, Pikit, Cotabato, there is 10 respondents in each purok that will be selected
randomly.
Research Instrument
The research instrument will be a self-made questionnaire. The questionnaire has three parts. The
first part will generate the socio-demographic profile of the respondents. The second part s the
perception of the primigravida mothers towards breastfeeding discomforts, and the third part is
the management done by primigravida mothers on breastfeeding discomforts.
Data Gathering Procedure
The respondents will be randomly selected in their purok. After identifying the names of the
respondents, the questionnaire will be distributed by appointment.
Statistical Analysis
LITERATURE CITED
QUESTIONNAIRES
Part I-Socio-demographic Profile
Name (optional): _______________________ Tribe:_______________
Age when you first get pregnant:__________ Educational Attainment:_____________
Part II- Perception of Primigravida Mothers on Breastfeeding
1. Are you prepared in having a baby?
a.yes
b.no
2. do you like to breastfed your baby on the first place?
a.yes
b.no
3. do you prefer to breastfed your baby?
a.yes
b.yes
4. are you willing to breastfed your baby?
a.yes
b.no
5. Who educated you to perform brestfeedig?
a. nurse
b. midwife
or ___________________________
6. are you educated on the proper positioning of the baby when you breastfeed?
a. yes
b.no
7. how do you understand breastfeeding?
8. give us some of your preception towards breastfeeding during your pre-natal check up?
9. Your perception on breastfeeding after you have given birth
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Part III – Discomforts Experienced by Primigravida Mothers on Breastfeeding
10. Do you encounter discomforts while you are breastfeeding your baby?
a.yes
b.no
if yes, what are those_________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
11. do the health care practisioner oriented you regarding breastfeeding discomforts?
a.yes
b. no
12. how do you manage those discomforts
13. During your pre-natal check-ups or the time you are still pregnant, how painful do you think is the breastfeeding?
a.mild
b.moderate
c.severe
14. After you have given birth, and tried breastfeeding, how painful the breastfeeding was?
a.mild
b.moderate
c. severe