M.Phil Seminar 1
IN THE NAME OF ALLAH, THE MOST GRACIOUS, THE MOST MERCIFUL
M.Phil Seminar 2
TOPIC Evaluation of Drinking Water of Mehrabpur City And Its Surrounding For Different Physical And Chemical
Parameters
SupervisorProf. Dr. Mushtaque Ali Jakhrani
Co-SupervisorProf. Dr. Ghulam Qadir Shar
Research Scholar : Zamir Ali Chandio
M.Phil Seminar 3
Water is not only essential to all forms of life but it is also most important raw material of economic importance. The water of oceans, seas, lakes and rivers is constantly evaporating due to heat from the sun. This water, together with that transpired by vegetation, is later condensed in clouds and returned to the earth as rain, snow, hail, sleet or dew. It dissolves gases from the atmosphere, and minerals from dust particles in the air and by contact with the earth. The degree of mineralization of waters varies depending on the length of contact and the mineral’s concentration. Earth is the planet in the solar system to have abundant liquid water. The human race, animals and plants live on earth, totally depend on water. The purpose of this work is to analyze a series of water samples for physco-chemicals parameters i.e. (1) pH (2) Temperature (2) Conductivity (3) Chlorides (5) Total Dissolved Solids (TDS ) (6) Alkalinity (7) Micronutrients, trace and toxic metals viz. Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Zinc, Copper, Cobalt, Nickel, Cadmium, Lead, Manganese, Iron and Arsenic in drinking water of Mehrabpur city .
Introduction
M.Phil Seminar 4
The major sources of drinking water Mehrabpur city is underground water through the hand pumps and tube wells water. There are many cotton industries are located in this city are mostly utilizing large quantity of different chemicals and there is no proper procedure for removal of hazardous materials from effluent. The industries mostly discarded their waste improperly and there is no sufficient plan. Such waste is possibly responsible for the contamination of drinking water by the different sources.
M.Phil Seminar 5
The aim of present study was to evaluate possible contamination of toxic elements in groundwater of Mehrabpur city and its surroundings, Sindh Pakistan by using sophisticated instruments and followed by International laboratory protocols. It becomes more important to investigate the accurate concentration of Essential, Trace and Toxic elements i.e. Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium, Zinc, Arsenic, Copper, Iron, Manganese, Cobalt, Nickel, cadmium and Lead including physical parameters such as pH, Temperature, Conductivity, Chlorides, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS ) and alkalinity. To correlate maximum and minimum levels of different parameters of collected samples with International standards such as (WHO). So that investigation have provided us a good information about quality of drinking water of Mehrabpur city and its health effects. To examine the effect of poisons in different sampling sites, in view to find out the information about similarities and dissimilarities among the different sampling sites, and correlation among various physicochemical parameters according to contamination levels using statistical methods including Pearson correlation.
Aims and Objectives
M.Phil Seminar 6
EXPERIMENTAL
M.Phil Seminar 7
The instruments were used; (1) Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer)(2) MHS-15 coupled with Analyst AA-100 (Perkin Elmer)(3) Conductivity meter(4) pH meter (Metro Ohms)
INSTRUMENTATION
DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA
Meharbpur city lies at Heart of District Naushahroferoz, about 42 KM away from head Quarter Nausharoferoz. It has approximately population of 12,7345 (1998 census).
M.Phil Seminar 8
SAMPLE COLLECTION, TRANSPORTATION, PRESERVATION AND STORAGE
Almost 100 groundwater samples were collected from different Wards/ Villages of Mehrabpur city on the basis of the Union councils followed by ISO sampling method.Groundwater samples were collected from sampling points of Mehrabpur city with the help of Global positioning system (GPS). Samples were collected from hand pumps, by using International sample collecting methods. (ISO-5657).
In the field, we have measured water temperature and pH by thermometer, pH meter (781-pH meter Metrohm) respectively. Samples of hand pump water from different sites were filtered through 0.45 μm filter paper with the help of vacuum pump and stored at 4 °C until processing and analysis. Preservation of samples and field blank was performed in the field as well as in the laboratory. Preservation involves the addition of 10% HNO3 to bring the sample to pH <2. With each sample sets, the method blank and a sample was preserved in the same way. Sample bottles were stored in polyethylene bags at 0-4 0C until analysis.
M.Phil Seminar 9
Working standardsWorking standards of all stock standard solutions were prepared by appropriately diluting the stock solutions of 1000 ppm of respective elements with deionised water for the required range of unknown solution.
SAMPLE PREPARATIONWet digestion method
500.0 ml of water sample was placed in a beaker, 2-3 drops of conc. HNO3 was added and heated at 70 C on hot plate to dryness. The contents or residues were then dissolved in 2N. HNO3 followed by the addition of 33% H2O2 heated up to 70oC and finally volume is made up to 20 ml by the addition of deionised water.
M.Phil Seminar 10
ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES
Determination of Total Dissolved Solids in water
500 ml of water sample was allowed to evaporate in pre-weighed beaker placed on hot plate at 70oC until it became dry, after cooling to room temperature the beaker was weighed again for obtaining the total dissolved solids.
Determination of Chlorides
Chloride content was determined by titration of the sample with standard silver nitrate, using potassium chromate as an indicator. The silver nitrate precipitates the chloride as silver chloride and when the end point was reached, the chromate of the indicator is precipitated as silver chromate. This causes a colour changed from yellow to orange – red
(A-B)x1000Chloride concentration (mg/l) = CA = Volume of AgNO3 solution consumed (mls) for sampleB = Volume of AgNO3 solution consumed (mls) for blankC = Sample volume (mls) to be taken
M.Phil Seminar 11
Determination of Essential, Trace and Toxic Elements by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer AA-100.
A series of working standard solutions of each cation, i.e, Sodium, Calcium, Iron, Zinc, Manganese, Nickel, Cadmium, Iron, Cobalt, Lead and copper were run in the concentration range of unknown samples by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Analyst AA-100.
The calibration curves of each cation were plotted for concentration versus absorbance and concentration of unknown sample was calculated from calibration curves for each cation using y=mx+c formula.
`Perkin Elmer AA-100 Atomic absorption spectrophotometer equipped with a deuterium background corrector, was used for analysis of groundwater samples for respective elements.
Hollow cathode lamps of respective metal ions were used which provided narrow spectral lines of moderate intensity with Air- Acetylene flame.
M.Phil Seminar 12
Arsenic Analysis
i. For As determination a second dilution was prepared by taking different aliquots of the master stock sample solutions and diluting with 1.5 % of HCl.
ii. Arsine gas was generated and solutions was wept by Argon gas stream into pre-heated quartz tube atomizer installed over a burner with lean, blue air-acetylene flame.
iii. Analysis was performed in peak height mode to determine absorbance. A blank extraction (without sample) was carried out through out the complete procedure. The concentrations was obtained directly from calibration graphs .
iv. MHS-15 equipment coupled with Analyst AA-100 was used for Arsenic analysis.
v. Statistical analyses was performed using computer programme Microsoft Excel
M.Phil Seminar 13
Percentage Recovery Test
Efficiency of method was checked by standard addition method. The triplicate sample of water was spiked with known amount of standards different elements prior to analyses. Sample blank was prepared and was run after each sample. Each result value is a mean of three independent batches prepared in triplicate and each sample was analyzed at least twice.
M.Phil Seminar 14
RESULTS
M.Phil Seminar 15
WHO MAXIMUM LIMIT OF CHLORIDES IN DRINKING
WATER IS 250 mg/L
M.Phil Seminar 16
Table 1. Concentration of Cl - in the drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundingsCode (ppm) STDV. %RSTD Code (ppm) STDV %RSTD M-1 184 0.06 0.03 M-26 142 0.15 0.11M-2 78 0.06 0.07 M-27 47 0.06 0.12M-3 155 0.17 0.11 M-28 163 0.06 0.04M-4 223 0.06 0.03 M-29 195 0.06 0.03M-5 184 0.06 0.03 M-30 281 0.1 0.04M-6 379 0.06 0.02 M-31 387 0 0M-7 220 0.06 0.03 M-32 76 0.06 0.08M-8 256 0.15 0.06 M-33 109 0.06 0.05M-9 359 0.2 0.06 M-34 135 0.06 0.04
M-10 226 0 0 M-35 35 0 0M-11 37 0.06 0.16 M-36 221 0.1 0.05M-12 87 0.06 0.07 M-37 117 0.06 0.05M-13 75 0 0 M-38 35 0 0M-14 155 0.1 0.06 M-39 64 0.06 0.09M-15 81 0.06 0.07 M-40 52 0 0M-16 284 0.06 0.02 M-41 100 0.06 0.06M-17 310 0.06 0.02 M-42 112 0.06 0.05M-18 272 0 0 M-43 197 0.06 0.03M-19 71 0.06 0.08 M-44 233 0.15 0.07M-20 65 0.06 0.09 M-45 242 0.06 0.02M-21 39 0.06 0.15 M-46 268 0.06 0.02M-22 47 0.06 0.12 M-47 292 0.1 0.03M-23 115 0.06 0.05 M-48 244 0.06 0.02M-24 59 0.1 0.17 M-49 174 0.06 0.03M-25 71 0.06 0.08 M-50 171 0.12 0.07
M.Phil Seminar 17
M-1
M-2
M-3
M-4
M-5
M-6
M-7
M-8
M-9
M-10
M-11
M-12
M-13
M-14
M-15
M-16
M-17
M-18
M-19
M-20
M-21
M-22
M-23
M-24
M-25
M-26
M-27
M-28
M-29
M-30
M-31
M-32
M-33
M-34
M-35
M-36
M-37
M-38
M-39
M-40
M-41
M-42
M-43
M-44
M-45
M-46
M-47
M-48
M-49
M-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Concentration of Cl - in the Drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings
(mg/l)
Samples
ppm
M.Phil Seminar 18
Table 2. Concentration of Cl - in the Drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings
Code (ppm) STDV % RSTD Code (ppm) STDV % RSTD M-51 120 0.06 0.05 M-76 47 0.06 0.12M-52 315 0.06 0.02 M-77 82 0.06 0.07M-53 76 0.06 0.08 M-78 55 0.06 0.1M-54 82 0.06 0.07 M-79 55 0.06 0.1M-55 64 0.06 0.09 M-80 61 0.1 0.16M-56 315 0.06 0.02 M-81 70 0 0M-57 112 0.06 0.05 M-82 168 0 0M-58 129 0.15 0.12 M-83 17 0.08 0.46M-59 200 0.06 0.03 M-84 179 0.06 0.03M-60 44 0 0 M-85 106 0 0M-61 182 0.55 0.3 M-86 156 0.06 0.04M-62 117 0.06 0.05 M-87 109 0.15 0.14M-63 82 0.06 0.07 M-88 67 0.06 0.09M-64 177 0.1 0.06 M-89 100 0.12 0.12M-65 283 0.26 0.09 M-90 168 0 0M-66 247 0.1 0.04 M-91 268 0.15 0.06M-67 327 0 0 M-92 182 0.12 0.06M-68 233 0.06 0.02 M-93 250 0.06 0.02M-69 250 0.06 0.02 M-94 265 0 0M-70 206 0.06 0.03 M-95 324 0.06 0.02M-71 286 0.21 0.07 M-96 507 0.15 0.03M-72 277 0.06 0.02 M-97 478 0.1 0.02M-73 120 0.06 0.05 M-98 221 0.1 0.05M-74 212 0.1 0.05 M-99 153 0.15 0.1M-75 47 0.06 0.12 M-100 313 0.12 0.04
M.Phil Seminar 19
M-51
M-52
M-53
M-54
M-55
M-56
M-57
M-58
M-59
M-60
M-61
M-62
M-63
M-64
M-65
M-66
M-67
M-68
M-69
M-70
M-71
M-72
M-73
M-74
M-75
M-76
M-77
M-78
M-79
M-80
M-81
M-82
M-83
M-84
M-85
M-86
M-87
M-88
M-89
M-90
M-91
M-92
M-93
M-94
M-95
M-96
M-97
M-98
M-99
M-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600Concentration of Cl - in the Drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings
Samples
ppm
M.Phil Seminar 20
WHO MAXIMUM LIMIT OF pH IN DRINKING WATER IS 6.5-8.5
pH OF DRINKING WATER
pHSample No. M-1 to M-100
Maximum Minimum7.98 6.69
M.Phil Seminar 21
TEMPRATURE
Temperature Sample No. M-1 to M-100
Maximum Minimum30.7 25.3
M.Phil Seminar 22
WHO MAXIMUM LIMIT OF ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY IS
( 1000 (µS/cm) IN DRINKING WATER
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY
M.Phil Seminar 23
Table 3. Electrical Conductivity (µS/cm) of the drinking water of Mehrabpur cityand surroundings
ode (EC) STDV % RSD Code Value (EC)
STDV % RSD M-1 508.53 1 0.2 M-26 870.33 1.53 0.18M-2 568.83 1.53 0.27 M-27 488.43 1 0.2M-3 508.53 2.08 0.41 M-28 689.43 1.53 0.22M-4 662.63 1.53 0.23 M-29 542.03 1.53 0.28M-5 534.66 2 0.37 M-30 609.03 1.53 0.25M-6 421.43 1 0.24 M-31 521.93 1.53 0.29M-7 682.73 1.53 0.22 M-32 434.83 1 0.23M-8 600.99 1 0.17 M-33 649.23 1.53 0.24M-9 515.23 1.53 0.3 M-34 416.07 2.08 0.5
M-10 528.63 1.53 0.29 M-35 676.03 1 0.15M-11 676.03 1.53 0.23 M-36 823.43 1.53 0.19M-12 676.03 1 0.15 M-37 696.13 1 0.14M-13 730.3 1.53 0.21 M-38 803.33 1.53 0.19M-14 662.63 1 0.15 M-39 990.93 1.53 0.15M-15 709.53 1 0.14 M-40 897.13 1.53 0.17M-16 635.83 1 0.16 M-41 575.53 1 0.17M-17 615.73 1 0.16 M-42 749.73 1.53 0.2M-18 669.33 1 0.15 M-43 930.63 1 0.11M-19 408.03 0.21 0.05 M-44 776.53 1 0.13M-20 475.03 1 0.21 M-45 749.73 1.53 0.2M-21 542.03 1.53 0.28 M-46 408.03 1.53 0.37M-22 501.83 1 0.2 M-47 622.43 1.53 0.25M-23 475.03 2.08 0.44 M-48 542.03 1.53 0.28M-24 521.93 1 0.19 M-49 441.53 1.53 0.35M-25 495.13 1.53 0.31 M-50 428.13 1 0.23
M.Phil Seminar 24
Electrical Conductivity (µS/cm) of the drinking water of Mehrabpur cityand surroundings
M-1
M-2
M-3
M-4
M-5
M-6
M-7
M-8
M-9
M-10
M-11
M-12
M-13
M-14
M-15
M-16
M-17
M-18
M-19
M-20
M-21
M-22
M-23
M-24
M-25
M-26
M-27
M-28
M-29
M-30
M-31
M-32
M-33
M-34
M-35
M-36
M-37
M-38
M-39
M-40
M-41
M-42
M-43
M-44
M-45
M-46
M-47
M-48
M-49
M-50
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Samples
(µS/
cm)
M.Phil Seminar 25
Table 4. Electrical Conductivity (µS/cm) of the drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings
Code Value (EC) STDV % RSD Code
Value (EC) STDV % RSD
M-51 421.43 1.53 0.36 M-76 783 1.58 0.2M-52 361.13 1 0.28 M-77 722 1.53 0.21M-53 387.93 1.53 0.39 M-78 662 1.15 0.17M-54 655.93 1 0.15 M-79 883 1.53 0.17M-55 1011.03 1 0.1 M-80 810 1 0.12M-56 349.07 2 0.57 M-81 769 0.59 0.08M-57 836.83 1.53 0.18 M-82 716 0.58 0.08M-58 923.93 1.53 0.17 M-83 716 1.53 0.21M-59 655.93 1.53 0.23 M-84 803 1.53 0.19M-60 562.13 1 0.18 M-85 528 1.53 0.29M-61 468.33 1.53 0.33 M-86 722 1 0.14M-62 749.73 1.53 0.2 M-87 722 0.59 0.08M-63 716.23 1 0.14 M-88 863 0.58 0.07M-64 863.63 1 0.12 M-89 736 1.53 0.21M-65 676.03 1.53 0.23 M-90 689 1.53 0.22M-66 709.53 1 0.14 M-91 990 1.53 0.15M-67 756.43 2 0.26 M-92 535 1 0.19M-68 729.63 1 0.14 M-93 810 0.59 0.07M-69 783.23 0.59 0.08 M-94 689 0.58 0.08M-70 488.43 0.58 0.12 M-95 769 1.53 0.2M-71 682.73 1.53 0.22 M-96 676 1.53 0.23M-72 588.93 1.53 0.26 M-97 709 1.53 0.22M-73 483.07 1.53 0.32 M-98 521 1 0.19M-74 642.53 1 0.16 M-99 662 5.18 0.78M-75 555.43 0.59 0.11 M-100 508 0.58 0.11
M.Phil Seminar 26
Electrical Conductivity (µS/cm) of the drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings
M-51
M-53
M-55
M-57
M-59
M-61
M-63
M-65
M-67
M-69
M-71
M-73
M-75
M-77
M-79
M-81
M-83
M-85
M-87
M-89
M-91
M-93
M-95
M-97
M-99 0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Samples
(µS/
cm)
M.Phil Seminar 27
WHO Limit of TDS For Drinking Water is (1000 mg/L)
TOTAL DISSOLVED SALTS
M.Phil Seminar 28
Table 5. Concentration of TDS in drinking water of Mehrabpur citya nd surroundings
Code TDS Values
STDV %RSTD Code TDS Values STDV %RSTD M-1 642 0.67 0.1 M-26 870 1.75 0.2M-2 635 0.73 0.11 M-27 488 0.52 0.11M-3 609 0.81 0.13 M-28 689 0.59 0.09M-4 897 18.2 2.03 M-29 542 0.4 0.07M-5 1392 0.67 0.05 M-30 609 0.41 0.07M-6 1426 0.76 0.05 M-31 521 1.67 0.32M-7 1352 1.01 0.07 M-32 434 0.73 0.17M-8 1064 0.52 0.05 M-33 649 0.4 0.06M-9 984 0.78 0.08 M-34 416 0.65 0.16
M-10 1868 0.74 0.04 M-35 676 1.54 0.23M-11 1359 0.41 0.03 M-36 823 0.73 0.09M-12 877 0.73 0.08 M-37 696 0.64 0.09M-13 1513 1.61 0.11 M-38 803 0.81 0.1M-14 1332 0.72 0.05 M-39 990 0.67 0.07M-15 1379 0.78 0.06 M-40 897 0.67 0.07M-16 1573 0.78 0.05 M-41 1178 1.06 0.09M-17 1285 0.54 0.04 M-42 1071 3.83 0.36M-18 1339 0.84 0.06 M-43 930 0.58 0.06M-19 408 0.95 0.23 M-44 776 0.56 0.07M-20 475 0.94 0.2 M-45 2089 0.77 0.04M-21 542 0.76 0.14 M-46 408 0.52 0.13M-22 501 7.4 1.48 M-47 622 1.92 0.31M-23 475 0.51 0.11 M-48 542 0.74 0.14M-24 521 1.2 0.23 M-49 441 0.71 0.16M-25 495 0.45 0.09 M-50 428 0.41 0.09
M.Phil Seminar 29
Concentration of TDS (mg/l) in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings
M-1
M-2
M-3
M-4
M-5
M-6
M-7
M-8
M-9
M-
10
M-
11
M-
12
M-
13
M-
14
M-
15
M-
16
M-
17
M-
18
M-
19
M-
20
M-
21
M-
22
M-
23
M-
24
M-
25
M-
26
M-
27
M-
28
M-
29
M-
30
M-
31
M-
32
M-
33
M-
34
M-
35
M-
36
M-
37
M-
38
M-
39
M-
40
M-
41
M-
42
M-
43
M-
44
M-
45
M-
46
M-
47
M-
48
M-
49
M-
50
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Samples
ppm
M.Phil Seminar 30
Code TDS Values STDV %RSTD Code TDS Values STDV %RSTD M-51 421 0.41 0.1 M-76 783 1.3 0.17M-52 361 1.72 0.48 M-77 723 0.91 0.13M-53 387 1.12 0.29 M-78 663 0.96 0.15M-54 655 0.82 0.12 M-79 884 1.04 0.12M-55 1011 1.02 0.1 M-80 810 0.91 0.11M-56 349 0.66 0.19 M-81 770 0.68 0.09M-57 836 0.82 0.1 M-82 716 0.95 0.13M-58 923 0.63 0.07 M-83 716 0.93 0.13M-59 655 0.61 0.09 M-84 803 0.83 0.1M-60 562 0.75 0.13 M-85 529 0.95 0.18M-61 1138 0.45 0.04 M-86 723 0.78 0.11M-62 2089 0.7 0.03 M-87 723 0.92 0.13M-63 1386 0.78 0.06 M-88 864 1.06 0.12M-64 863 1.52 0.18 M-89 736 1.02 0.14M-65 676 1.35 0.2 M-90 1024 1.33 0.13M-66 1379 0.96 0.07 M-91 1661 1.23 0.07M-67 1627 0.7 0.04 M-92 535 1.41 0.26M-68 1399 1.32 0.09 M-93 810 1.32 0.16M-69 783 1.43 0.18 M-94 689 0.85 0.12M-70 1158 1.85 0.16 M-95 770 1.08 0.14M-71 1352 1.3 0.1 M-96 676 0.69 0.1M-72 588 0.92 0.16 M-97 710 0.82 0.12M-73 483 1.08 0.22 M-98 1192 0.86 0.07M-74 1982 0.83 0.04 M-99 1333 2.05 0.15M-75 555 0.53 0.1 M-100 1179 1.54 0.13
Table 6. Concentration of TDS in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings
M.Phil Seminar 31
Concentration of TDS in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings
M-51
M-53
M-55
M-57
M-59
M-61
M-63
M-65
M-67
M-69
M-71
M-73
M-75
M-77
M-79
M-81
M-83
M-85
M-87
M-89
M-91
M-93
M-95
M-97
M-99
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Samples
ppm
M.Phil Seminar 32
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
M.Phil Seminar 33
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
M.Phil Seminar 34
Sodium (Na)
WHO PERMISSIBLE LIMIT OF SODIUM FOR DRINKING WATER IS (200 mg/L)
M.Phil Seminar 35
Table. 7.Concentration of Sodium in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings
Code (mg/L ) STDV % RSTD Code (mg/L ) STDV % RSTD M-1 77 2.93 3.8 M-26 60 4.91 8.16M-2 35 2.23 6.4 M-27 23 1.84 8.06M-3 65 2.09 3.21 M-28 68 1.72 2.52M-4 92 3.81 4.14 M-29 81 1.89 2.33M-5 77 3.14 4.08 M-30 115 1.84 1.6M-6 154 1.94 1.26 M-31 157 4.35 2.77M-7 91 2.18 2.4 M-32 34 4.22 12.39M-8 216 1.89 0.88 M-33 47 3.11 6.63M-9 146 4.22 2.9 M-34 57 3.13 5.46
M-10 93 4.46 4.78 M-35 18 4.24 23.9M-11 18 2.9 15.69 M-36 91 3.22 3.53M-12 38 3.03 7.89 M-37 50 2.58 5.11M-13 34 4.33 12.88 M-38 18 2.6 14.69M-14 65 2.13 3.26 M-39 29 2.44 8.29M-15 36 1.92 5.34 M-40 25 2.35 9.52M-16 116 3.58 3.08 M-41 43 2.45 5.63M-17 127 2.68 2.12 M-42 48 2.27 4.71M-18 112 3.01 2.7 M-43 82 2.12 2.59M-19 32 3.23 10.07 M-44 96 2.9 3.02M-20 30 1.78 5.99 M-45 99 3.73 3.75M-21 19 2.22 11.53 M-46 110 4.54 4.13M-22 23 2.12 9.29 M-47 119 1.51 1.26M-23 50 2.23 4.49 M-48 101 1.63 1.62M-24 27 4.23 15.42 M-49 73 2.11 2.9M-25 32 2.46 7.66 M-50 71 3.36 4.7
M.Phil Seminar 36
Concentration of sodium in Drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings
M-1
M-2
M-3
M-4
M-5
M-6
M-7
M-8
M-9
M-10
M-11
M-12
M-13
M-14
M-15
M-16
M-17
M-18
M-19
M-20
M-21
M-22
M-23
M-24
M-25
M-26
M-27
M-28
M-29
M-30
M-31
M-32
M-33
M-34
M-35
M-36
M-37
M-38
M-39
M-40
M-41
M-42
M-43
M-44
M-45
M-46
M-47
M-48
M-49
M-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
Samples
ppm
M.Phil Seminar 37
Table .8.Concentration of Sodium in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings
Code (mg/L ) STDV % RSTD Code (mg/L ) STDV % RSTD M-51 52 3.34 6.48 M-76 22 1.59 7.09M-52 129 1.46 1.14 M-77 36 2.24 6.15M-53 34 1.91 5.61 M-78 26 3.33 12.87M-54 36 3.35 9.2 M-79 26 2.59 10M-55 29 3.22 10.95 M-80 28 3.66 12.96M-56 129 2.23 1.74 M-81 32 2.8 8.83M-57 48 2.09 4.35 M-82 70 3 4.27M-58 55 3.27 5.94 M-83 11 1.47 13.67M-59 83 3.65 4.39 M-84 75 1.52 2.03M-60 21 4.47 21.03 M-85 46 1.64 3.58M-61 76 3.67 4.82 M-86 66 3.97 6.06M-62 50 3.7 7.34 M-87 47 4.33 9.24M-63 36 3.33 9.13 M-88 31 1.97 6.45M-64 74 4.07 5.52 M-89 43 4.08 9.41M-65 116 2.11 1.82 M-90 70 3.33 4.74M-66 102 1.89 1.86 M-91 110 2.63 2.39M-67 133 2.33 1.75 M-92 76 3.63 4.77M-68 96 2.01 2.09 M-93 103 3.35 3.26M-69 103 2.37 2.3 M-94 109 3.07 2.82M-70 85 2.82 3.3 M-95 132 2.33 1.77M-71 117 1.95 1.66 M-96 205 2.23 1.09M-72 113 3.63 3.2 M-97 193 1.75 0.91M-73 52 4.27 8.29 M-98 91 3.33 3.65M-74 88 1.92 2.19 M-99 64 3.18 4.94M-75 22 2.23 9.97 M-100 195 2.36 1.21
M.Phil Seminar 38
Concentration of Sodium in Drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings
M-1
M-2
M-3
M-4
M-5
M-6
M-7
M-8
M-9
M-10
M-11
M-12
M-13
M-14
M-15
M-16
M-17
M-18
M-19
M-20
M-21
M-22
M-23
M-24
M-25
M-26
M-27
M-28
M-29
M-30
M-31
M-32
M-33
M-34
M-35
M-36
M-37
M-38
M-39
M-40
M-41
M-42
M-43
M-44
M-45
M-46
M-47
M-48
M-49
M-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
Samples
ppm
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
f(x) = 0.00316 x + 0.000700000000000006R² = 0.999509534057354
Ca
Conc.
Abs
oran
ce
Calibration graph of Calcium
Code Conc. (mg/L) STD %RSDM-1 18.54 0.378 2.03883M-2 17.02 0.338 1.9M-3 17.34 0.228 1.3M-4 14.9 0.218 1.4M-5 16.74 0.318 1.8M-6 15.22 0.278 1.8M-7 16.76 0.258 1.5M-8 14.58 0.238 1.6M-9 17.32 0.258 1.4
M-10 15.97 0.358 2.2M-11 17.76 0.378 2.1M-12 16.18 0.458 2.8M-13 17.44 0.278 1.5M-14 16.35 0.318 1.9M-15 18.07 0.288 1.5M-16 18 0.218 1.2M-17 17.92 0.258 1.4M-18 17.8 0.348 1.9M-19 17.84 0.518 2.9M-20 18.16 0.278 1.5M-21 17.3 0.388 2.2M-22 17.93 0.298 1.6M-23 18.09 0.298 1.6M-24 17.92 0.258 1.4M-25 18.6 0.358 1.9
Concentration of Ca2+in the drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings
M-1 M-2 M-3 M-4 M-5 M-6 M-7 M-8 M-9 M-10 M-11 M-12 M-13 M-14 M-15 M-16 M-17 M-18 M-19 M-20 M-21 M-22 M-23 M-24 M-250
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Ca
Conc. (mg/L)
Concentration of Ca2+in the drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings
M.Phil Seminar 42
Zinc (Zn)
WHO PERMISSIBLE LIMIT FOR ZINC IN DRINKING WATER IS (3.0 mg/L)
M.Phil Seminar
Calibration Graph of Zinc
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 350
0.20.40.60.8
11.21.41.6
f(x) = 0.0489699999999997 x + 0.00620000000000209R² = 0.999193082492795
Zn
Conc.
Abso
rban
ce
43
M.Phil Seminar 44
Table . 11. Concentration of Zinc in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundingsCode (mg/l) STDV % RSD Code (mg/l) STDV % RSD M-1 0.011 0.001 7.7 M-26 0.072 0.001 1.1M-2 0.103 0 0.4 M-27 0.115 0.001 1.1M-3 0.015 0.001 5.6 M-28 0.052 0.005 9.1M-4 0.011 0.005 3.3 M-29 0.106 0.002 1.6M-5 0.026 0.001 3.1 M-30 0.127 0.001 0.6M-6 0.018 0.001 4.5 M-31 0.323 0.002 0.5M-7 0.096 0.008 8.5 M-32 0.161 0.001 0.8M-8 0.216 0.008 3.8 M-33 0.077 0.001 1.6M-9 0.08 0.001 1 M-34 0.108 0.001 1.2
M-10 1.245 0.008 0.7 M-35 0.282 0.001 0.3M-11 0.15 0.004 2.7 M-36 0.192 0.002 0.9M-12 0.038 0.001 3.3 M-37 0.084 0.005 6.5M-13 0.128 0.001 1 M-38 0.099 0.003 2.6M-14 0.186 0.008 4.4 M-39 0.209 0.002 1M-15 0.095 0.008 8.6 M-40 0.037 0.002 4.4M-16 0.028 0.001 2.9 M-41 0.077 0.001 1.6M-17 0.095 0.008 8.6 M-42 0.254 0.001 0.5M-18 0.132 0.004 3.4 M-43 0.03 0.001 4.2M-19 0.137 0.001 0.6 M-44 0.096 0.002 1.8M-20 1.236 0.045 3.6 M-45 0.255 0.004 1.6M-21 0.024 0.002 10.3 M-46 0 0 0M-22 0.053 0.001 2.4 M-47 0.298 0.003 1M-23 0.811 0.006 0.7 M-48 0.079 0.001 1.6M-24 0.07 0.004 6.5 M-49 0.124 0.001 1M-25 0.079 0.001 1.6 M-50 0.504 0.001 0.2
M.Phil Seminar 45
Concentration of Zinc in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings WHHO limit of 3.0mg/l Zn
M-1 M-3
M-5 M-7
M-9
M-11
M-13
M-15
M-17
M-19
M-21
M-23
M-25
M-27
M-29
M-31
M-33
M-35
M-37
M-39
M-41
M-43
M-45
M-47
M-49 0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
Samples
ppm
M.Phil Seminar 46
Table . 12. Concentration of Zinc in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings
Code (mg/l) STDV % RSD Code (mg/l) STDV % RSD M-51 0.044 0.002 3.9 M-76 0.029 0.001 4.3M-52 0.08 0.001 1.6 M-77 0.127 0.002 1.3M-53 0.033 0.001 3.8 M-78 0.235 0.001 0.3M-54 0.139 0.008 5.9 M-79 0.006 0 7.9M-55 0.416 0.006 1.3 M-80 0.072 0.001 1.7M-56 0.262 0.001 0.5 M-81 0.079 0.002 2.6M-57 0.056 0.001 1.5 M-82 0.071 0.002 2.3M-58 0.194 0.001 0.4 M-83 0.116 0.001 0.7M-59 0.068 0.001 1.8 M-84 0.054 0.005 8.7M-60 0.232 0.003 1.4 M-85 0.108 0.001 1.2M-61 1.15 0.005 0.5 M-86 0.127 0.001 0.6M-62 0.144 0.002 1.1 M-87 0.324 0.001 0.3M-63 0.076 0.002 2.2 M-88 0.162 0.001 0.5M-64 0.019 0.002 8.6 M-89 0.079 0.002 2.2M-65 0 0 0 M-90 0.11 0.002 1.5M-66 0.043 0.001 2.9 M-91 0.283 0.001 0.3M-67 0.011 0.001 7.1 M-92 0.193 0.001 0.4M-68 0.012 0.001 7.4 M-93 0.09 0.009 9.6M-69 0.027 0.001 4.5 M-94 0.097 0.006 6.6M-70 0.125 0.002 1.3 M-95 0.209 0.001 0.6M-71 0.234 0.002 0.7 M-96 0.038 0.002 4.3M-72 0.005 0 9.1 M-97 0.134 0.004 2.9M-73 0.045 0.001 1.8 M-98 0.138 0.001 0.9M-74 0.013 0.001 7 M-99 1.212 0.005 0.4M-75 0.014 0.001 9.2 M-100 0.028 0.001 4.4
M.Phil Seminar 47
Concentration of Zinc in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings
M-51
M-53
M-55
M-57
M-59
M-61
M-63
M-65
M-67
M-69
M-71
M-73
M-75
M-77
M-79
M-81
M-83
M-85
M-87
M-89
M-91
M-93
M-95
M-97
M-99 0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
Samples
ppm
WHHO limit of 3.0mg/l Zn
M.Phil Seminar 48
TOXIC ELEMENT
M.Phil Seminar 49
Arsenic - As
WHO Limit of Arsenic In Drinking Water is 10 (µg/L)
M.Phil Seminar 50
M.Phil Seminar 51
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 350
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
f(x) = 0.0206050000000001 x − 0.00320000000000076R² = 0.999839037995923
Arsenic
Conc.
Abs
orba
nce
Calibration Graph of Arsenic
M.Phil Seminar 52
Table .13. Concentration of Arsenic in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings
Code (µg/l) STDV % RSDT Code (µg/l) STDV % RSDTM-1 10.15 0.5 8.9 M-26 10.65 0.5 8.1M-2 9.52 0.08 1.5 M-27 9.12 0.08 1.7M-3 7.88 0.08 2.3 M-28 5.3 0.05 6.3M-4 6.12 0.08 4.7 M-29 5.65 0.05 4.4M-5 8.18 0.08 2.1 M-30 8.05 0.05 1.4M-6 8.12 0.08 2.1 M-31 7.45 0.05 1.7M-7 8.83 0.1 2.4 M-32 7.9 0.05 1.5M-8 9.48 0.08 1.5 M-33 8.38 0.1 2.7M-9 8.43 0.1 2.7 M-34 10.05 0.05 0.9
M-10 8.32 0.28 7.5 M-35 10.25 0.05 0.9M-11 6.95 0.05 2 M-36 10.75 0.05 0.8M-12 6.62 0.08 3.6 M-37 11.65 0.5 7M-13 8.72 0.1 2.5 M-38 9.38 0.33 6.8M-14 7.05 0.05 2 M-39 8 0.05 1.4M-15 10.52 0.13 2.1 M-40 6.98 0.08 3.1M-16 9.8 0.3 5.7 M-41 8.02 0.08 2.2M-17 10.65 0.5 8.1 M-42 9.58 0.07 1.4M-18 9.1 0.1 2.2 M-43 10.28 0.1 1.8M-19 13.65 0.5 5.5 M-44 10.53 0.08 1.3M-20 11.65 0.5 7 M-45 13.15 0.5 5.8M-21 13.82 0.76 8.2 M-46 8.87 0.28 6.3M-22 8.55 0.05 1.2 M-47 8.5 0.05 1.3M-23 9.6 0.05 1 M-48 8.55 0.05 1.2M-24 9.58 0.03 0.6 M-49 11.15 0.5 7.5M-25 11.15 0.5 7.5 M-50 8.48 0.13 3.2
M.Phil Seminar 53
Concentration of Arsenic in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings
M-1
M-2
M-3
M-4
M-5
M-6
M-7
M-8
M-9
M-10
M-11
M-12
M-13
M-14
M-15
M-16
M-17
M-18
M-19
M-20
M-21
M-22
M-23
M-24
M-25
M-26
M-27
M-28
M-29
M-30
M-31
M-32
M-33
M-34
M-35
M-36
M-37
M-38
M-39
M-40
M-41
M-42
M-43
M-44
M-45
M-46
M-47
M-48
M-49
M-50
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Samples
ppb
WHO limit 10 (µg/L)
M.Phil Seminar 54
Table.14 . Concentration of Arsenic in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings
Code (µg/l) STDV % RSDT Code (µg/l) STDV % RSDTM-51 10.55 0.3 5 M-76 12.15 0.5 6.5M-52 6.59 0.05 2.6 M-77 10.32 0.16 2.8M-53 9.61 0.03 0.6 M-78 10.45 0.18 3M-54 13.75 0.13 1.4 M-79 16.65 0.5 4.1M-55 10.5 0.1 1.7 M-80 15.65 0.5 4.5M-56 8.6 0.05 1.2 M-81 10.68 0.45 7.3M-57 9.1 0.05 1.1 M-82 8.48 0.29 7.3M-58 8.55 0.05 1.2 M-83 7.55 0.1 3.3M-59 8.05 0.05 1.4 M-84 8.47 0.1 2.6M-60 10.08 0.1 1.9 M-85 9.55 0.05 1M-61 9.85 0.1 1.9 M-86 9.22 0.21 4.4M-62 8.53 0.08 1.9 M-87 9.83 0.1 2M-63 7.47 0.08 2.6 M-88 14.93 0.25 2.4M-64 9.52 0.1 2.1 M-89 16.65 0.5 4.1M-65 9.65 0.01 0.1 M-90 13.32 0.76 8.7M-66 9.25 0.09 1.8 M-91 14.15 0.41 4.2M-67 13.65 0.5 5.5 M-92 8.07 0.08 2.1M-68 11.15 0.5 7.5 M-93 8.92 0.08 1.7M-69 7.95 0.05 1.5 M-94 9.55 0.05 1M-70 8.88 0.13 2.9 M-95 5.95 0.05 3.5M-71 13.98 0.29 3 M-96 8.05 0.05 1.4M-72 15.15 0.5 4.7 M-97 7.53 0.05 1.8M-73 12.65 0.5 6.1 M-98 8.01 0.1 2.8M-74 9.55 0.1 2 M-99 9.58 0.05 1.1M-75 14.65 0.5 4.9 M-100 15.98 0.76 6.7
M.Phil Seminar 55
Concentration of Arsenic in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings
M-51
M-53
M-55
M-57
M-59
M-61
M-63
M-65
M-67
M-69
M-71
M-73
M-75
M-77
M-79
M-81
M-83
M-85
M-87
M-89
M-91
M-93
M-95
M-97
M-99
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Samples
ppb
WHO limit 10 (µg/L)
M.Phil Seminar 56
TRACE ELEMENTS
M.Phil Seminar 57
Copper - Cu
WHO MAXIMUM LIMIT OF COPPER FOR DRINKING WATER IS 2.0 mg/L
M.Phil Seminar 58
Calibration Graph of Copper
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 350
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
f(x) = 0.00929 x − 0.00160000000000002R² = 0.9997057784419
Copper
Conc.
Abs
orba
nce
M.Phil Seminar 59
Table 15. Concentration of Copper in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings
Code (mg/l ) STDV % RSTD Code (mg/l ) STDV % RSTD M-1 0.0049 0.0004 9 M-26 0.0109 0.0017 10.5M-2 0 0 0 M-27 0.0934 0.0044 4.8M-3 0 0 0 M-28 0.0286 0.0017 5.9M-4 0 0 0 M-29 0.0101 0.0011 10.1M-5 0.0097 0.0007 7 M-30 0.0089 0 0M-6 0.0052 0.0002 2.2 M-31 0.0089 0 0M-7 0.0097 0.0007 7 M-32 0.0282 0.0026 9.1M-8 0.0183 0.0004 2.4 M-33 0.0094 0.0004 4.7M-9 0.0097 0.0007 7 M-34 0.01 0.0009 9.3
M-10 0.01 0.0009 9.3 M-35 0.0106 0.0004 4M-11 0.0094 0.0004 4.7 M-36 0.0104 0.0009 8.3M-12 0.0045 0 0 M-37 0.0146 0.0011 7.7M-13 0.0094 0.0004 4.7 M-38 0.0089 0 0M-14 0.0534 0.0044 8.3 M-39 0.0237 0.0015 6.7M-15 0.0578 0.0044 7.7 M-40 0.0089 0 0M-16 0.0089 0 0 M-41 0.0193 0.0008 4.2M-17 0.0089 0 0 M-42 0.0371 0.0026 6.9M-18 0.0242 0.0017 7 M-43 0.0193 0.0013 6.9M-19 0.01 0.0007 6.9 M-44 0.0237 0.0012 4.6M-20 0.6089 0.0044 0.7 M-45 0.0097 0.0004 4.2M-21 0.6104 0.0068 1.1 M-46 0.0089 0 0M-22 0.0196 0.0016 8.2 M-47 0.0371 0.0026 6.9M-23 0.0144 0.0009 6.4 M-48 0.0146 0.0004 2.7M-24 0.0195 0.0014 7.3 M-49 0.0549 0.0026 4.7M-25 0.0147 0.0013 9.1 M-50 0.014 0.001 7.4
M.Phil Seminar 60
Concentration of Copper in Drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings WHO limit is 2.0 mg/l
M-1
M-2
M-3
M-4
M-5
M-6
M-7
M-8
M-9
M-
10
M-
11
M-
12
M-
13
M-
14
M-
15
M-
16
M-
17
M-
18
M-
19
M-
20
M-
21
M-
22
M-
23
M-
24
M-
25
M-
26
M-
27
M-
28
M-
29
M-
30
M-
31
M-
32
M-
33
M-
34
M-
35
M-
36
M-
37
M-
38
M-
39
M-
40
M-
41
M-
42
M-
43
M-
44
M-
45
M-
46
M-
47
M-
48
M-
49
M-
50
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Samples
ppm
M.Phil Seminar 61
Table .16. Concentration of Copper in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings
Code (mg/l ) STDV % RSTD Code (mg/l ) STDV % RSTD M-51 0.0144 0.0007 4.1 M-76 0.0326 0.0026 7.9M-52 0.0326 0.0026 7.8 M-77 0.1067 0.0044 4.2M-53 0.0152 0.0007 4.3 M-78 0.015 0.0005 3.5M-54 0.0341 0.0026 7.5 M-79 0.023 0.0013 5.6M-55 0.0089 0 0 M-80 0.0089 0 0M-56 0.0141 0.0013 9 M-81 0.0143 0.0007 4.2M-57 0.0146 0.0009 5.1 M-82 0.1037 0.0093 8.9M-58 0.126 0.0026 2 M-83 0.016 0.0012 7.3M-59 0.0138 0.0008 5.5 M-84 0.0251 0.001 4.1M-60 0.0193 0.0007 3.4 M-85 0.0107 0.0005 4.4M-61 0.0134 0 0 M-86 0.0155 0.0007 4.9M-62 0.0756 0.0044 5.8 M-87 0.1141 0.0093 8.1M-63 0.0146 0.0011 7.6 M-88 0.0138 0.0008 5.5M-64 0.0741 0.0068 9.1 M-89 0.023 0.0013 5.5M-65 0.0089 0 0 M-90 0.011 0.0009 8.4M-66 0.0282 0.0026 9.1 M-91 0.0159 0.0011 7M-67 0.0149 0.0007 4.5 M-92 0.1112 0.0044 4M-68 0.0092 0.0005 5.5 M-93 0.015 0.0005 3.4M-69 0.0143 0.0009 6.2 M-94 0.0254 0.0009 3.5M-70 0.0147 0.0013 9 M-95 0.0115 0.0007 5.5M-71 0.01 0.0004 3.8 M-96 0.0193 0.0008 4.2M-72 0.0101 0.0007 5.7 M-97 0.12 0.0089 7.4M-73 0.0232 0.0015 6.6 M-98 0.0237 0.0014 5.9M-74 0.0095 0.0004 4.1 M-99 0.0163 0.0005 2.9M-75 0.0101 0.0003 2.4 M-100 0.0282 0.0017 5.8
M.Phil Seminar 62
Concentration of Copper in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings WHO limit is 2.0 mg/l
M-51
M-53
M-55
M-57
M-59
M-61
M-63
M-65
M-67
M-69
M-71
M-73
M-75
M-77
M-79
M-81
M-83
M-85
M-87
M-89
M-91
M-93
M-95
M-97
M-99 0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
Samples
ppm
M.Phil Seminar 63
Cobalt - Co
WHO MAXIMUM LIMIT OF COBALT FOR DRINKING WATER IS 0.1 mg/L
M.Phil Seminar 64
Calibration Graph of Cobalt
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 350
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
f(x) = 0.00892 x + 0.00220000000000004R² = 0.999577889447236
Cobalt
Conc.
Abs
orba
nce
M.Phil Seminar 65
Table .17. Concentration of Cobalt in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings
Code (mg/l) STDV % RSTD Code (mg/l) STDV % RSTD M-1 0.055 0.003 4.6 M-26 0.134 0.012 8.8M-2 0.08 0.004 5.5 M-27 0.129 0.009 6.9M-3 0.054 0.004 8.3 M-28 0.128 0.007 5.3M-4 0.055 0.003 4.6 M-29 0.146 0.011 7.7M-5 0.076 0.004 5.8 M-30 0.131 0.007 5.2M-6 0.067 0.004 6.6 M-31 0.141 0.007 4.8M-7 0.076 0.004 5.8 M-32 0.131 0.007 5.2M-8 0.076 0.004 5.8 M-33 0.122 0.007 5.6M-9 0.063 0.004 7.1 M-34 0.138 0.009 6.4
M-10 0.072 0.004 6.2 M-35 0.146 0.011 7.7M-11 0.107 0.009 8.3 M-36 0.138 0.004 3.2M-12 0.086 0.007 7.9 M-37 0.158 0.009 5.9M-13 0.08 0.004 5.5 M-38 0.146 0.014 9.3M-14 0.086 0.007 7.9 M-39 0.149 0.011 7.5M-15 0.092 0.007 7.4 M-40 0.16 0.012 7.3M-16 0.11 0.007 6.2 M-41 0.155 0.007 4.4M-17 0.118 0.009 7.9 M-42 0.156 0.004 2.8M-18 0.119 0.011 9.4 M-43 0.159 0.007 4.3M-19 0.116 0.004 3.8 M-44 0.177 0.009 5.2M-20 0.118 0.007 5.8 M-45 0.166 0.009 5.6M-21 0.113 0.007 6 M-46 0.202 0.011 5.5M-22 0.11 0.009 8.4 M-47 0.186 0.011 6M-23 0.103 0.004 4.3 M-48 0.181 0.011 6.2M-24 0.109 0.007 6.2 M-49 0.166 0.009 5.6M-25 0.123 0.007 5.5 M-50 0.181 0.007 3.7
M.Phil Seminar 66
Concentration of Cobalt in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings
M-1
M-2
M-3
M-4
M-5
M-6
M-7
M-8
M-9
M-10
M-11
M-12
M-13
M-14
M-15
M-16
M-17
M-18
M-19
M-20
M-21
M-22
M-23
M-24
M-25
M-26
M-27
M-28
M-29
M-30
M-31
M-32
M-33
M-34
M-35
M-36
M-37
M-38
M-39
M-40
M-41
M-42
M-43
M-44
M-45
M-46
M-47
M-48
M-49
M-50
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Samples
ppm
WHO limit 0.1 mg/l
M.Phil Seminar 67
Table 18. Concentration of Cobalt in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings
Code (mg/l) STDV % RSTD Code (mg/l) STDV % RSTD M-51 0.186 0.014 7.7 M-76 0.196 0.004 2.3M-52 0.192 0.009 4.6 M-77 0.192 0.004 2.3M-53 0.181 0.007 3.7 M-78 0.22 0.007 3.1M-54 0.169 0.004 2.6 M-79 0.202 0.007 3.4M-55 0.166 0.007 4.1 M-80 0.193 0.007 3.5M-56 0.174 0.009 5.1 M-81 0.206 0.007 3.3M-57 0.177 0.014 7.7 M-82 0.192 0.009 4.6M-58 0.186 0.014 7.7 M-83 0.058 0 0M-59 0.186 0.014 7.3 M-84 0.159 0.007 4.3M-60 0.187 0.012 6.3 M-85 0.08 0.004 5.5M-61 0.192 0.009 4.6 M-86 0.057 0.003 4.5M-62 0.184 0.009 5 M-87 0.058 0.004 7.6M-63 0.181 0.007 3.7 M-88 0.08 0.004 5.5M-64 0.192 0.012 6.1 M-89 0.08 0.004 5.5M-65 0.205 0.009 4.3 M-90 0.075 0.007 9.1M-66 0.196 0.004 2.3 M-91 0.08 0.004 5.5M-67 0.189 0.007 3.6 M-92 0.067 0.004 6.6M-68 0.186 0.007 3.7 M-93 0.076 0.004 5.8M-69 0.926 0.068 3.5 M-94 0.113 0.005 4.5M-70 0.198 0.007 3.4 M-95 0.092 0.007 7.4M-71 0.187 0.012 6.3 M-96 0.086 0.007 7.9M-72 0.187 0.004 2.4 M-97 0.092 0.007 7.4M-73 0.206 0.007 3.3 M-98 0.098 0.004 4.5M-74 0.203 0.007 3.3 M-99 0.113 0.003 2.3M-75 0.2 0.004 2.2 M-100 0.147 0.004 3
M.Phil Seminar 68
Concentration of Cobalt in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings
M-51
M-53
M-55
M-57
M-59
M-61
M-63
M-65
M-67
M-69
M-71
M-73
M-75
M-77
M-79
M-81
M-83
M-85
M-87
M-89
M-91
M-93
M-95
M-97
M-99
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Samples
ppm
WHO limit 0.1 mg/l
M.Phil Seminar 69
Iron - Fe
WHO Limit of Iron In Drinking Water is 0.3 (mg/L)
M.Phil Seminar 70
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 350
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
f(x) = 0.00875 x + 0.000500000000000028R² = 0.999699682054697
Fe
Conc.
Abso
rban
ceCalibration Graph of Iron
M.Phil Seminar 71
Table .19. Concentration of Iron in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings
Code (mg/l) STDV %RSTD Code (mg/l) STDV %RSTD M-1 0.085 0.005 5.9 M-26 0.21 0.005 2.4M-2 0.115 0.005 4.3 M-27 0.17 0.005 2.9M-3 0.005 0 0 M-28 0.19 0.005 2.6M-4 0.031 0 1.6 M-29 0.205 0.005 2.4M-5 0.043 0.003 6.7 M-30 0.41 0.005 1.2M-6 0 0 0 M-31 0.07 0.005 7.1M-7 0.34 0.005 1.5 M-32 0.32 0.005 1.6M-8 0.263 0.003 1.1 M-33 0.14 0.005 3.6M-9 0.33 0.005 1.5 M-34 0.145 0.005 3.4
M-10 0.27 0.005 1.9 M-35 0.13 0.005 3.8M-11 0.31 0.005 1.6 M-36 0.27 0.005 1.9M-12 0.475 0.005 1.1 M-37 0.185 0.005 2.7M-13 1.238 0.028 2.2 M-38 0.28 0.005 1.8M-14 1.58 0.05 3.2 M-39 0.21 0.005 2.4M-15 0.135 0.005 3.7 M-40 0.14 0.005 3.6M-16 0.12 0.005 4.2 M-41 0.23 0.005 2.2M-17 0.27 0.005 1.9 M-42 0.39 0.005 1.3M-18 0.235 0.005 2.1 M-43 0.14 0.005 3.6M-19 0.22 0.005 2.3 M-44 0.245 0.005 2M-20 1.775 0.005 0.3 M-45 0.537 0.01 1.9M-21 0.153 0.008 5 M-46 0.07 0.005 7.1M-22 0.16 0.005 3.1 M-47 0.49 0.005 1M-23 0.215 0.005 2.3 M-48 0.18 0.005 2.8M-24 0.157 0.003 1.8 M-49 0.24 0.005 2.1M-25 0.165 0.005 3 M-50 0 0 0
M.Phil Seminar 72
Concentration of Iron in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings
M-1
M-2
M-3
M-4
M-5
M-6
M-7
M-8
M-9
M-10
M-11
M-12
M-13
M-14
M-15
M-16
M-17
M-18
M-19
M-20
M-21
M-22
M-23
M-24
M-25
M-26
M-27
M-28
M-29
M-30
M-31
M-32
M-33
M-34
M-35
M-36
M-37
M-38
M-39
M-40
M-41
M-42
M-43
M-44
M-45
M-46
M-47
M-48
M-49
M-50
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
Samples
ppm
WHO limit 0.3 (mg/L)
M.Phil Seminar 73
Table .20. Concentration of Iron in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings
Code (mg/l) STDV %RSTD Code (mg/l) STDV %RSTD M-51 0 0 0 M-76 0.075 0.005 6.7M-52 0 0 0 M-77 1.25 0.05 4M-53 0.16 0.005 3.1 M-78 0.33 0.005 1.5M-54 0.09 0.005 5.6 M-79 0.215 0.005 2.3M-55 0.165 0.005 3 M-80 0.09 0.005 5.6M-56 0.425 0.005 1.2 M-81 0.165 0.005 3M-57 0.06 0.005 8.3 M-82 0.16 0.005 3.1M-58 0.225 0.005 2.2 M-83 0.085 0.005 5.9M-59 0.275 0.005 1.8 M-84 0.165 0.005 3M-60 0.158 0.006 3.6 M-85 0.428 0.008 1.8M-61 0.08 0.005 6.2 M-86 0.063 0.008 12.1M-62 0.265 0.005 1.9 M-87 0.23 0.005 2.2M-63 0.17 0.005 2.9 M-88 0.147 0.008 5.2M-64 0.228 0.008 3.3 M-89 0.153 0.008 5M-65 0.097 0.008 7.9 M-90 0.21 0.005 2.4M-66 0.225 0.005 2.2 M-91 0.333 0.008 2.3M-67 0.145 0.005 3.4 M-92 0.273 0.008 2.8M-68 0.15 0.005 0 M-93 0.315 0.005 1.6M-69 0.205 0.005 2.4 M-94 0.475 0.005 1.1M-70 0.86 0.005 0.6 M-95 1.238 0.028 2.2M-71 0.065 0.005 7.7 M-96 1.63 0.05 3.1M-72 0.085 0.005 5.9 M-97 0.137 0.008 5.6M-73 0.36 0.005 1.4 M-98 0.125 0.005 4M-74 0.14 0.005 3.6 M-99 0.275 0.005 1.8M-75 0.235 0.005 2.1 M-100 0.24 0.005 2.1
M.Phil Seminar 74
Table 38. Concentration of Iron in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings
M-51
M-53
M-55
M-57
M-59
M-61
M-63
M-65
M-67
M-69
M-71
M-73
M-75
M-77
M-79
M-81
M-83
M-85
M-87
M-89
M-91
M-93
M-95
M-97
M-99
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Samples
ppm
WHO limit 0.3 (mg/L)
M.Phil Seminar 75
Manganese - Mn
WHO Limit of Manganese In Drinking Water is 0.2
(mg/L)
M.Phil Seminar 76
Calibration Graph of Manganese
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 350
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
f(x) = 0.00975 x + 0.003R² = 0.999337717015942
Mn
Conc.
Abs
orba
nce
M.Phil Seminar 77
Table .21. Concentration of Manganese in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings
Code (mg/l) STDV % RSD Code (mg/l) STDV % RSD M-1 0.0046 0.0003 5.53 M-26 0.0233 0.0018 7.71M-2 0.0051 0.0003 5.05 M-27 0 0 0M-3 0 0 0 M-28 0.0057 0.0003 4.52M-4 0 0 0 M-29 0.0183 0.0004 2.43M-5 0.0277 0.0018 6.47 M-30 0.0098 0.0009 9.05M-6 0.0519 0.0026 4.94 M-31 0.0578 0.0044 7.69M-7 0 0 0 M-32 0 0 0M-8 0.0103 0.0004 4.33 M-33 0.0667 0.0044 6.66M-9 0.0051 0.0003 5.05 M-34 0.0285 0.0016 5.62
M-10 0 0 0 M-35 0.08 0.0044 5.55M-11 0.014 0.0007 4.86 M-36 0.0667 0.0044 6.66M-12 0 0 0 M-37 0.0155 0.0007 4.39M-13 0 0 0 M-38 0.024 0.0016 6.66M-14 0.0498 0.0004 0.89 M-39 0.0106 0.0007 6.43M-15 0 0 0 M-40 0.0286 0.0018 6.27M-16 0.0055 0.0003 4.64 M-41 0.0326 0.0026 7.86M-17 0.0189 0.0009 4.91 M-42 0.0386 0.0026 6.65M-18 0.0187 0.0009 4.75 M-43 0.0067 0.0004 6.62M-19 0.0275 0.0013 4.67 M-44 0.0199 0.0016 7.84M-20 0 0 0 M-45 0.0275 0.0013 4.67M-21 0 0 0 M-46 0 0 0M-22 0 0 0 M-47 0.1156 0.0044 3.84M-23 0 0 0 M-48 0.0719 0.0034 4.72M-24 0.0371 0.0026 6.92 M-49 0.0323 0.0021 6.35M-25 0.0275 0.0013 4.67 M-50 0.023 0.0013 5.58
M.Phil Seminar 78
Concentration of Manganese in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings
M-1
M-2
M-3
M-4
M-5
M-6
M-7
M-8
M-9
M-10
M-11
M-12
M-13
M-14
M-15
M-16
M-17
M-18
M-19
M-20
M-21
M-22
M-23
M-24
M-25
M-26
M-27
M-28
M-29
M-30
M-31
M-32
M-33
M-34
M-35
M-36
M-37
M-38
M-39
M-40
M-41
M-42
M-43
M-44
M-45
M-46
M-47
M-48
M-49
M-50
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
Samples
ppm
WHO limit 0.2 mg/l
M.Phil Seminar 79
Code (mg/l) STDV % RSD Code (mg/l) STDV % RSD M-51 0.0147 0.0012 7.99 M-76 0 0 0M-52 0.126 0.0051 4.07 M-77 0 0 0M-53 0.0599 0.0024 4.09 M-78 0 0 0M-54 0.0273 0.001 3.76 M-79 0 0 0M-55 0.0549 0.0026 4.68 M-80 0 0 0M-56 0.0045 0 0 M-81 0 0 0M-57 0.0229 0.001 4.49 M-82 0.0229 0.001 4.5M-58 0.0642 0.0027 4.17 M-83 0.019 0.0011 5.9M-59 0 0 0 M-84 0.0149 0.0007 4.6M-60 0 0 0 M-85 0.0057 0.0001 2.6M-61 0 0 0 M-86 0.0064 0.0003 4.5M-62 0 0 0 M-87 0.0243 0.0018 7.4M-63 0.0045 0 0 M-88 0.0122 0.0009 7.6M-64 0 0 0 M-89 0.0731 0.0018 2.4M-65 0.0103 0.0005 4.47 M-90 0.0061 0.0002 3.8M-66 0.0107 0.0005 4.23 M-91 0 0 0M-67 0.0162 0.0007 4.27 M-92 0 0 0M-68 0.0371 0.0026 6.92 M-93 0 0 0M-69 0.0338 0.0004 1.31 M-94 0 0 0M-70 0.0264 0.0005 1.94 M-95 0.123 0.0068 5.5M-71 0 0 0 M-96 0.08 0.0044 5.5M-72 0 0 0 M-97 0.0363 0.0034 9.3M-73 0.0107 0.0004 4.15 M-98 0.0257 0.0011 4.6M-74 0 0 0 M-99 0.0157 0.0011 7.1M-75 0 0 0 M-100 0.0823 0.0022 2.7
Table .22. Concentration of Manganese in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings
M.Phil Seminar 80
Concentration of Manganese in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings
M-51
M-53
M-55
M-57
M-59
M-61
M-63
M-65
M-67
M-69
M-71
M-73
M-75
M-77
M-79
M-81
M-83
M-85
M-87
M-89
M-91
M-93
M-95
M-97
M-99
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
Samples
ppm
WHO limit 0.2 mg/l
M.Phil Seminar 81
Nickel- Ni
WHO Limit of Manganese In Drinking Water is 0. 02 (mg/L)
M.Phil Seminar 82
Calibration Graph of Nickel
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 350
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
f(x) = 0.00695 x + 0.00199999999999999R² = 0.999110568718909
Ni
Conc.
Abs
orba
nce
M.Phil Seminar 83
Table 23. Concentration of Nickel in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings
Code (mg/l) STDV % RSD Code (mg/l) STDV % RSD M-1 0.1029 0.0057 5.5 M-26 0 0 0M-2 0.0292 0.001 3.3 M-27 0.025 0.0018 7.3M-3 0.0229 0 0 M-28 0.0243 0.0012 5M-4 0.0496 0.0033 6.6 M-29 0.0363 0.0033 9M-5 0.1105 0.0033 2.8 M-30 0.0254 0.0023 9M-6 0.2534 0.0119 4.6 M-31 0.0296 0.0016 5.5M-7 0.2096 0.0087 4.1 M-32 0.0357 0.0023 6.4M-8 0.042 0.0033 7.6 M-33 0.0302 0.0026 8.7M-9 0.0058 0 0 M-34 0.0357 0.0023 6.3
M-10 0.0058 0 0 M-35 0.0351 0.0013 3.7M-11 0.0058 0 0 M-36 0.0357 0.0023 6.4M-12 0 0 0 M-37 0.0355 0.002 5.5M-13 0.0075 0.0006 7.3 M-38 0.0296 0.0016 5.5M-14 0.0132 0.0006 4.3 M-39 0.0315 0.0025 7.9M-15 0.0203 0.0009 4.3 M-40 0.0252 0.0023 9M-16 0.0143 0.0006 3.8 M-41 0.0309 0.0011 3.7M-17 0.0126 0.0011 9 M-42 0.0355 0.0011 3.2M-18 0.0126 0.0006 4.5 M-43 0.0303 0.0006 1.8M-19 0.0143 0.0006 3.8 M-44 0.0309 0.0017 5.5M-20 0.029 0.0007 2.2 M-45 0.0372 0.0011 3M-21 0.0176 0.0007 3.7 M-46 0.0262 0.0017 6.6M-22 0.0178 0.001 5.7 M-47 0.042 0.0033 7.8M-23 0.0138 0.0006 4.5 M-48 0.0292 0.001 3.3M-24 0.0161 0.0006 3.5 M-49 0.0338 0.001 2.9M-25 0.0069 0.0006 8.2 M-50 0.042 0.0033 7.8
M.Phil Seminar 84
Concentration of Nickel in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings
M-1 M-3
M-5 M-7
M-9
M-11
M-13
M-15
M-17
M-19
M-21
M-23
M-25
M-27
M-29
M-31
M-33
M-35
M-37
M-39
M-41
M-43
M-45
M-47
M-49 0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
Samples
ppm
(WHO limit 0. 02 (mg/L)
M.Phil Seminar 85
Table .24. Concentration of Nickel in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings
Code (mg/l) STDV % RSD Code (mg/l) STDV % RSD M-51 0.0153 0.0009 5.7 M-76 0 0 0M-52 0.0222 0.0012 5.3 M-77 0 0 0M-53 0.0103 0.0006 5.5 M-78 0 0 0M-54 0.0315 0.0023 7.2 M-79 0 0 0M-55 0.0098 0.0006 5.8 M-80 0 0 0M-56 0.0075 0.0006 7.6 M-81 0 0 0M-57 0.0151 0.0009 5.7 M-82 0 0 0M-58 0.0161 0.0006 3.5 M-83 0.0136 0.0007 4.8M-59 0.0124 0.0009 7 M-84 0.0191 0.0009 4.5M-60 0.0065 0.0003 5 M-85 0.0323 0.0009 2.7M-61 0.0143 0.0006 3.8 M-86 0.0254 0.0024 9.3M-62 0 0 0 M-87 0.0368 0.0017 4.7M-63 0 0 0 M-88 0.0275 0.0006 2M-64 0 0 0 M-89 0.0214 0.0012 5.5M-65 0 0 0 M-90 0.0065 0.0003 5.5M-66 0 0 0 M-91 0.0069 0.0006 8.2M-67 0 0 0 M-92 0.0134 0.0009 6.5M-68 0 0 0 M-93 0.0206 0.0015 7.3M-69 0.0149 0.0006 3.8 M-94 0.0069 0.0006 8.2M-70 0.0058 0 0 M-95 0.026 0.0014 5.5M-71 0.0058 0 0 M-96 0.0443 0.0012 2.6M-72 0.0058 0 0 M-97 0.0366 0.0017 4.6M-73 0.0058 0 0 M-98 0.0315 0.0017 5.4M-74 0 0 0 M-99 0.0103 0.0006 5.5M-75 0 0 0 M-100 0.017 0.0012 6.9
M.Phil Seminar 86
Concentration of Nickel in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings
M-51
M-53
M-55
M-57
M-59
M-61
M-63
M-65
M-67
M-69
M-71
M-73
M-75
M-77
M-79
M-81
M-83
M-85
M-87
M-89
M-91
M-93
M-95
M-97
M-99 0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.045
0.05
Samples
ppm
(WHO limit 0. 02 (mg/L)
M.Phil Seminar 87
WHO MAXIMUM LIMIT OF CADMIUM FOR DRINKING
WATER IS 0.003 mg/L
Cadmium- Cd
TOXIC ELEMENT
M.Phil Seminar 88
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 350
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
f(x) = 0.0206400000000001 x + 0.00489999999999918R² = 0.999210969494261
Cd
Calibration Graph of Cadmium
M.Phil Seminar 89
Table 25. Concentration of Cadmium in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings
Code (mg/l) STDV % RSD Code (mg/l) STDV % RSD M-1 0.0016 0.0006 8.8 M-26 0.002 0.0002 2.9M-2 0.0026 0.0006 5.5 M-27 0.0016 0.0005 7.1M-3 0.0015 0.0001 1.9 M-28 0.0021 0.0003 4.1M-4 0.0022 0.0007 8.1 M-29 0.0032 0.0008 6.4M-5 0.0042 0.0012 6.8 M-30 0.0026 0.0005 4.4M-6 0.0037 0.0012 7.8 M-31 0.0027 0.0007 6.5M-7 0.0006 0 0 M-32 0.0026 0.0002 2.2M-8 0.0034 0.0012 8.5 M-33 0.0027 0.0007 6.5M-9 0.0039 0.0012 7.4 M-34 0.0016 0.0003 5.4
M-10 0.0021 0.0003 4.1 M-35 0.0026 0.0003 3.3M-11 0.0066 0.002 7.6 M-36 0.0021 0.0003 4.1M-12 0.0037 0.0012 7.8 M-37 0.0031 0.0003 2.8M-13 0.002 0.0005 5.8 M-38 0.0011 0 0M-14 0.0034 0.0012 8.5 M-39 0.0006 0 0M-15 0.003 0.0002 1.9 M-40 0.0021 0.0005 5.5M-16 0.0032 0.0008 6.4 M-41 0.0032 0.0008 6.4M-17 0.0025 0.0003 3.5 M-42 0.0026 0.0003 3.3M-18 0.003 0.0005 3.9 M-43 0.0021 0.0002 2.8M-19 0.0039 0.0012 7.4 M-44 0.0037 0.0012 7.8M-20 0.0042 0.0012 6.8 M-45 0.003 0.0002 1.9M-21 0.0021 0.0005 5.5 M-46 0.0021 0.0003 4.1M-22 0.0032 0.0012 9 M-47 0.0041 0.0006 3.5M-23 0.0028 0.001 8.9 M-48 0.0025 0.0003 3.5M-24 0.0034 0.0012 8.5 M-49 0.003 0.0005 3.9M-25 0.0039 0.0012 7.4 M-50 0.0032 0.0012 9
M.Phil Seminar 90
Concentration of Cadmium in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings
M-1 M-3
M-5 M-7
M-9
M-11
M-13
M-15
M-17
M-19
M-21
M-23
M-25
M-27
M-29
M-31
M-33
M-35
M-37
M-39
M-41
M-43
M-45
M-47
M-49 0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
Samples
ppm
WHO 0.003 mg/L
M.Phil Seminar 91
Table .26. Concentration of Cadmium in Drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings
Code (mg/l) STDV % RSD Code (mg/l) STDV % RSD M-51 0.0104 0.0003 3.3 M-76 0.0085 0.0005 5.5M-52 0.0159 0.0005 2.9 M-77 0.0084 0.0003 4.1M-53 0.0125 0.0005 3.7 M-78 0.0023 0.0001 5.1M-54 0.0105 0.0005 4.4 M-79 0.0085 0.0006 6.8M-55 0.0101 0.0002 2.3 M-80 0.0052 0.0002 3.8M-56 0.01 0.0003 3.5 M-81 0.0086 0.0007 8.1M-57 0.0125 0.0005 3.7 M-82 0.0085 0.0005 5.5M-58 0.0084 0.0003 4.1 M-83 0.0174 0.0007 4.1M-59 0.0061 0.0002 3.8 M-84 0.0159 0.0008 4.8M-60 0.0064 0.0003 5.4 M-85 0.0026 0.0002 7.7M-61 0.0106 0.0007 6.5 M-86 0.0138 0.0007 5M-62 0.0084 0.0003 4.1 M-87 0.0164 0.0007 4.4M-63 0.0081 0.0002 2.9 M-88 0.0089 0.0006 6.9M-64 0.0085 0.0005 5.5 M-89 0.0262 0.002 7.6M-65 0.0099 0.0005 4.6 M-90 0.0155 0.0006 3.9M-66 0.0127 0.0008 6.4 M-91 0.009 0.0002 2.2M-67 0.0065 0.0006 8.8 M-92 0.0142 0.0006 4.2M-68 0.0064 0.0003 5.4 M-93 0.0112 0.001 8.9M-69 0.0119 0.0006 4.9 M-94 0.0131 0.001 7.7M-70 0.0124 0.0003 2.8 M-95 0.0101 0.0008 8M-71 0.0042 0 0 M-96 0.0123 0.0007 5.7M-72 0.0085 0.0006 6.8 M-97 0.016 0.0003 2.2M-73 0.0175 0.0012 6.6 M-98 0.018 0.0016 8.8M-74 0.0084 0.0004 4.8 M-99 0.0094 0.0007 7.7M-75 0.0044 0.0003 7.9 M-100 0.0135 0.0008 6
M.Phil Seminar 92
Concentration of Cadmium in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings
M-51
M-53
M-55
M-57
M-59
M-61
M-63
M-65
M-67
M-69
M-71
M-73
M-75
M-77
M-79
M-81
M-83
M-85
M-87
M-89
M-91
M-93
M-95
M-97
M-99
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
Samples
ppm
WHO 0.003 mg/L
M.Phil Seminar 93
WHO MAXIMUM LIMIT OF LEAD FOR DRINKING WATER IS 0.01
mg/L
Lead- Pb
TOXIC ELEMENT
M.Phil Seminar 94
M.Phil Seminar 95
M.Phil Seminar 96
M.Phil Seminar 97
Calibration Graph of Lead
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 350
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
f(x) = 0.0032 x + 0.00100000000000001R² = 0.999219359875098
Pb
Conc.
Abs
orba
nce
M.Phil Seminar 98
Code Avg.Conc STDEV % RSTD
M-2 0.245 0.008 3.147
M-5 0.085 0.003 3.759
M-11 0.213 0.013 6.246
Table 27. Concentration of Lead in Drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings
M.Phil Seminar 99
M-2 M-5 M-110.000
0.050
0.100
0.150
0.200
0.250
0.300
Avg.Conc WHO LIMIT
Axis Title
Axis
Title
Concentration of Lead in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings
M.Phil Seminar 100
Cu Fe Mn Ni Zn
Cu Pearson Correlation 1Sig. (2-tailed)
Fe Pearson Correlation .320** 1Sig. (2-tailed) .001
Mn Pearson Correlation -.092 .145 1Sig. (2-tailed) .360 .151
Ni Pearson Correlation -.037 -.067 .157 1Sig. (2-tailed) .712 .506 .120
Zn Pearson Correlation .259** .223* -.052 -.061 1Sig. (2-tailed) .009 .026 .605 .544N 100 100 100 100 100
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
Table 28. Pearson Correlation of Trace Metals
M.Phil Seminar 101
pHConductivity
(μS/cm) TDS (ppm) Alkalinity (ppm)Mean 7.5 649 882Maximum 8.0 1011 2090Minimum 6.7 349 349SD 0.2 151 403Median 7.5 663 773Mode 7.5 676 542WHO Guidelines 6.5-8.5 1000 <1000 1000
Table 29 Statistical normal distribution of physic-chemical parameters (n = 100)
M.Phil Seminar 102
CONCLUSION
pH is an important parameter in water body since most of the aquatic organisms are adapted to an average pH. The pH values is observed between 6.7 to 8.0. The WHO limit of pH value for drinking water is specified as 6.5 to 8.5. The pH shows slightly alkaline trend.
The temperature was found to be in the range between 26.3 to 27.2oC during study