M.Phil Seminar 1

IN THE NAME OF ALLAH, THE MOST GRACIOUS, THE MOST MERCIFUL

M.Phil Seminar 2

TOPIC Evaluation of Drinking Water of Mehrabpur City And Its Surrounding For Different Physical And Chemical

Parameters

SupervisorProf. Dr. Mushtaque Ali Jakhrani

Co-SupervisorProf. Dr. Ghulam Qadir Shar

Research Scholar : Zamir Ali Chandio

M.Phil Seminar 3

Water is not only essential to all forms of life but it is also most important raw material of economic importance. The water of oceans, seas, lakes and rivers is constantly evaporating due to heat from the sun. This water, together with that transpired by vegetation, is later condensed in clouds and returned to the earth as rain, snow, hail, sleet or dew. It dissolves gases from the atmosphere, and minerals from dust particles in the air and by contact with the earth. The degree of mineralization of waters varies depending on the length of contact and the mineral’s concentration. Earth is the planet in the solar system to have abundant liquid water. The human race, animals and plants live on earth, totally depend on water. The purpose of this work is to analyze a series of water samples for physco-chemicals parameters i.e. (1) pH (2) Temperature (2) Conductivity (3) Chlorides (5) Total Dissolved Solids (TDS ) (6) Alkalinity (7) Micronutrients, trace and toxic metals viz. Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Zinc, Copper, Cobalt, Nickel, Cadmium, Lead, Manganese, Iron and Arsenic in drinking water of Mehrabpur city .

Introduction

M.Phil Seminar 4

The major sources of drinking water Mehrabpur city is underground water through the hand pumps and tube wells water. There are many cotton industries are located in this city are mostly utilizing large quantity of different chemicals and there is no proper procedure for removal of hazardous materials from effluent. The industries mostly discarded their waste improperly and there is no sufficient plan. Such waste is possibly responsible for the contamination of drinking water by the different sources.

M.Phil Seminar 5

The aim of present study was to evaluate possible contamination of toxic elements in groundwater of Mehrabpur city and its surroundings, Sindh Pakistan by using sophisticated instruments and followed by International laboratory protocols. It becomes more important to investigate the accurate concentration of Essential, Trace and Toxic elements i.e. Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium, Zinc, Arsenic, Copper, Iron, Manganese, Cobalt, Nickel, cadmium and Lead including physical parameters such as pH, Temperature, Conductivity, Chlorides, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS ) and alkalinity. To correlate maximum and minimum levels of different parameters of collected samples with International standards such as (WHO). So that investigation have provided us a good information about quality of drinking water of Mehrabpur city and its health effects. To examine the effect of poisons in different sampling sites, in view to find out the information about similarities and dissimilarities among the different sampling sites, and correlation among various physicochemical parameters according to contamination levels using statistical methods including Pearson correlation.

Aims and Objectives

M.Phil Seminar 6

EXPERIMENTAL

M.Phil Seminar 7

The instruments were used; (1) Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer)(2) MHS-15 coupled with Analyst AA-100 (Perkin Elmer)(3) Conductivity meter(4) pH meter (Metro Ohms)

INSTRUMENTATION

DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA

Meharbpur city lies at Heart of District Naushahroferoz, about 42 KM away from head Quarter Nausharoferoz. It has approximately population of 12,7345 (1998 census).

M.Phil Seminar 8

SAMPLE COLLECTION, TRANSPORTATION, PRESERVATION AND STORAGE

Almost 100 groundwater samples were collected from different Wards/ Villages of Mehrabpur city on the basis of the Union councils followed by ISO sampling method.Groundwater samples were collected from sampling points of Mehrabpur city with the help of Global positioning system (GPS). Samples were collected from hand pumps, by using International sample collecting methods. (ISO-5657).

In the field, we have measured water temperature and pH by thermometer, pH meter (781-pH meter Metrohm) respectively. Samples of hand pump water from different sites were filtered through 0.45 μm filter paper with the help of vacuum pump and stored at 4 °C until processing and analysis. Preservation of samples and field blank was performed in the field as well as in the laboratory. Preservation involves the addition of 10% HNO3 to bring the sample to pH <2. With each sample sets, the method blank and a sample was preserved in the same way. Sample bottles were stored in polyethylene bags at 0-4 0C until analysis.

M.Phil Seminar 9

Working standardsWorking standards of all stock standard solutions were prepared by appropriately diluting the stock solutions of 1000 ppm of respective elements with deionised water for the required range of unknown solution.

SAMPLE PREPARATIONWet digestion method

500.0 ml of water sample was placed in a beaker, 2-3 drops of conc. HNO3 was added and heated at 70 C on hot plate to dryness. The contents or residues were then dissolved in 2N. HNO3 followed by the addition of 33% H2O2 heated up to 70oC and finally volume is made up to 20 ml by the addition of deionised water.

M.Phil Seminar 10

ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES

Determination of Total Dissolved Solids in water

500 ml of water sample was allowed to evaporate in pre-weighed beaker placed on hot plate at 70oC until it became dry, after cooling to room temperature the beaker was weighed again for obtaining the total dissolved solids.

Determination of Chlorides

Chloride content was determined by titration of the sample with standard silver nitrate, using potassium chromate as an indicator. The silver nitrate precipitates the chloride as silver chloride and when the end point was reached, the chromate of the indicator is precipitated as silver chromate. This causes a colour changed from yellow to orange – red

(A-B)x1000Chloride concentration (mg/l) = CA = Volume of AgNO3 solution consumed (mls) for sampleB = Volume of AgNO3 solution consumed (mls) for blankC = Sample volume (mls) to be taken

M.Phil Seminar 11

Determination of Essential, Trace and Toxic Elements by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer AA-100.

A series of working standard solutions of each cation, i.e, Sodium, Calcium, Iron, Zinc, Manganese, Nickel, Cadmium, Iron, Cobalt, Lead and copper were run in the concentration range of unknown samples by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Analyst AA-100.

The calibration curves of each cation were plotted for concentration versus absorbance and concentration of unknown sample was calculated from calibration curves for each cation using y=mx+c formula.

`Perkin Elmer AA-100 Atomic absorption spectrophotometer equipped with a deuterium background corrector, was used for analysis of groundwater samples for respective elements.

Hollow cathode lamps of respective metal ions were used which provided narrow spectral lines of moderate intensity with Air- Acetylene flame.

M.Phil Seminar 12

Arsenic Analysis

i. For As determination a second dilution was prepared by taking different aliquots of the master stock sample solutions and diluting with 1.5 % of HCl.

ii. Arsine gas was generated and solutions was wept by Argon gas stream into pre-heated quartz tube atomizer installed over a burner with lean, blue air-acetylene flame.

iii. Analysis was performed in peak height mode to determine absorbance. A blank extraction (without sample) was carried out through out the complete procedure. The concentrations was obtained directly from calibration graphs .

iv. MHS-15 equipment coupled with Analyst AA-100 was used for Arsenic analysis.

v. Statistical analyses was performed using computer programme Microsoft Excel

M.Phil Seminar 13

Percentage Recovery Test

Efficiency of method was checked by standard addition method. The triplicate sample of water was spiked with known amount of standards different elements prior to analyses. Sample blank was prepared and was run after each sample. Each result value is a mean of three independent batches prepared in triplicate and each sample was analyzed at least twice.

M.Phil Seminar 14

RESULTS

M.Phil Seminar 15

WHO MAXIMUM LIMIT OF CHLORIDES IN DRINKING

WATER IS 250 mg/L

M.Phil Seminar 16

Table 1. Concentration of Cl - in the drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundingsCode (ppm) STDV. %RSTD Code (ppm) STDV %RSTD M-1 184 0.06 0.03 M-26 142 0.15 0.11M-2 78 0.06 0.07 M-27 47 0.06 0.12M-3 155 0.17 0.11 M-28 163 0.06 0.04M-4 223 0.06 0.03 M-29 195 0.06 0.03M-5 184 0.06 0.03 M-30 281 0.1 0.04M-6 379 0.06 0.02 M-31 387 0 0M-7 220 0.06 0.03 M-32 76 0.06 0.08M-8 256 0.15 0.06 M-33 109 0.06 0.05M-9 359 0.2 0.06 M-34 135 0.06 0.04

M-10 226 0 0 M-35 35 0 0M-11 37 0.06 0.16 M-36 221 0.1 0.05M-12 87 0.06 0.07 M-37 117 0.06 0.05M-13 75 0 0 M-38 35 0 0M-14 155 0.1 0.06 M-39 64 0.06 0.09M-15 81 0.06 0.07 M-40 52 0 0M-16 284 0.06 0.02 M-41 100 0.06 0.06M-17 310 0.06 0.02 M-42 112 0.06 0.05M-18 272 0 0 M-43 197 0.06 0.03M-19 71 0.06 0.08 M-44 233 0.15 0.07M-20 65 0.06 0.09 M-45 242 0.06 0.02M-21 39 0.06 0.15 M-46 268 0.06 0.02M-22 47 0.06 0.12 M-47 292 0.1 0.03M-23 115 0.06 0.05 M-48 244 0.06 0.02M-24 59 0.1 0.17 M-49 174 0.06 0.03M-25 71 0.06 0.08 M-50 171 0.12 0.07

M.Phil Seminar 17

M-1

M-2

M-3

M-4

M-5

M-6

M-7

M-8

M-9

M-10

M-11

M-12

M-13

M-14

M-15

M-16

M-17

M-18

M-19

M-20

M-21

M-22

M-23

M-24

M-25

M-26

M-27

M-28

M-29

M-30

M-31

M-32

M-33

M-34

M-35

M-36

M-37

M-38

M-39

M-40

M-41

M-42

M-43

M-44

M-45

M-46

M-47

M-48

M-49

M-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

Concentration of Cl - in the Drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings

(mg/l)

Samples

ppm

M.Phil Seminar 18

Table 2. Concentration of Cl - in the Drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings

Code (ppm) STDV % RSTD Code (ppm) STDV % RSTD M-51 120 0.06 0.05 M-76 47 0.06 0.12M-52 315 0.06 0.02 M-77 82 0.06 0.07M-53 76 0.06 0.08 M-78 55 0.06 0.1M-54 82 0.06 0.07 M-79 55 0.06 0.1M-55 64 0.06 0.09 M-80 61 0.1 0.16M-56 315 0.06 0.02 M-81 70 0 0M-57 112 0.06 0.05 M-82 168 0 0M-58 129 0.15 0.12 M-83 17 0.08 0.46M-59 200 0.06 0.03 M-84 179 0.06 0.03M-60 44 0 0 M-85 106 0 0M-61 182 0.55 0.3 M-86 156 0.06 0.04M-62 117 0.06 0.05 M-87 109 0.15 0.14M-63 82 0.06 0.07 M-88 67 0.06 0.09M-64 177 0.1 0.06 M-89 100 0.12 0.12M-65 283 0.26 0.09 M-90 168 0 0M-66 247 0.1 0.04 M-91 268 0.15 0.06M-67 327 0 0 M-92 182 0.12 0.06M-68 233 0.06 0.02 M-93 250 0.06 0.02M-69 250 0.06 0.02 M-94 265 0 0M-70 206 0.06 0.03 M-95 324 0.06 0.02M-71 286 0.21 0.07 M-96 507 0.15 0.03M-72 277 0.06 0.02 M-97 478 0.1 0.02M-73 120 0.06 0.05 M-98 221 0.1 0.05M-74 212 0.1 0.05 M-99 153 0.15 0.1M-75 47 0.06 0.12 M-100 313 0.12 0.04

M.Phil Seminar 19

M-51

M-52

M-53

M-54

M-55

M-56

M-57

M-58

M-59

M-60

M-61

M-62

M-63

M-64

M-65

M-66

M-67

M-68

M-69

M-70

M-71

M-72

M-73

M-74

M-75

M-76

M-77

M-78

M-79

M-80

M-81

M-82

M-83

M-84

M-85

M-86

M-87

M-88

M-89

M-90

M-91

M-92

M-93

M-94

M-95

M-96

M-97

M-98

M-99

M-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600Concentration of Cl - in the Drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings

Samples

ppm

M.Phil Seminar 20

WHO MAXIMUM LIMIT OF pH IN DRINKING WATER IS 6.5-8.5

pH OF DRINKING WATER

pHSample No. M-1 to M-100

Maximum Minimum7.98 6.69

M.Phil Seminar 21

TEMPRATURE

Temperature Sample No. M-1 to M-100

Maximum Minimum30.7 25.3

M.Phil Seminar 22

WHO MAXIMUM LIMIT OF ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY IS

( 1000 (µS/cm) IN DRINKING WATER

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY

M.Phil Seminar 23

Table 3. Electrical Conductivity (µS/cm) of the drinking water of Mehrabpur cityand surroundings

ode (EC) STDV % RSD Code Value (EC)

STDV % RSD M-1 508.53 1 0.2 M-26 870.33 1.53 0.18M-2 568.83 1.53 0.27 M-27 488.43 1 0.2M-3 508.53 2.08 0.41 M-28 689.43 1.53 0.22M-4 662.63 1.53 0.23 M-29 542.03 1.53 0.28M-5 534.66 2 0.37 M-30 609.03 1.53 0.25M-6 421.43 1 0.24 M-31 521.93 1.53 0.29M-7 682.73 1.53 0.22 M-32 434.83 1 0.23M-8 600.99 1 0.17 M-33 649.23 1.53 0.24M-9 515.23 1.53 0.3 M-34 416.07 2.08 0.5

M-10 528.63 1.53 0.29 M-35 676.03 1 0.15M-11 676.03 1.53 0.23 M-36 823.43 1.53 0.19M-12 676.03 1 0.15 M-37 696.13 1 0.14M-13 730.3 1.53 0.21 M-38 803.33 1.53 0.19M-14 662.63 1 0.15 M-39 990.93 1.53 0.15M-15 709.53 1 0.14 M-40 897.13 1.53 0.17M-16 635.83 1 0.16 M-41 575.53 1 0.17M-17 615.73 1 0.16 M-42 749.73 1.53 0.2M-18 669.33 1 0.15 M-43 930.63 1 0.11M-19 408.03 0.21 0.05 M-44 776.53 1 0.13M-20 475.03 1 0.21 M-45 749.73 1.53 0.2M-21 542.03 1.53 0.28 M-46 408.03 1.53 0.37M-22 501.83 1 0.2 M-47 622.43 1.53 0.25M-23 475.03 2.08 0.44 M-48 542.03 1.53 0.28M-24 521.93 1 0.19 M-49 441.53 1.53 0.35M-25 495.13 1.53 0.31 M-50 428.13 1 0.23

M.Phil Seminar 24

Electrical Conductivity (µS/cm) of the drinking water of Mehrabpur cityand surroundings

M-1

M-2

M-3

M-4

M-5

M-6

M-7

M-8

M-9

M-10

M-11

M-12

M-13

M-14

M-15

M-16

M-17

M-18

M-19

M-20

M-21

M-22

M-23

M-24

M-25

M-26

M-27

M-28

M-29

M-30

M-31

M-32

M-33

M-34

M-35

M-36

M-37

M-38

M-39

M-40

M-41

M-42

M-43

M-44

M-45

M-46

M-47

M-48

M-49

M-50

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Samples

(µS/

cm)

M.Phil Seminar 25

Table 4. Electrical Conductivity (µS/cm) of the drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings

Code Value (EC) STDV % RSD Code

Value (EC) STDV % RSD

M-51 421.43 1.53 0.36 M-76 783 1.58 0.2M-52 361.13 1 0.28 M-77 722 1.53 0.21M-53 387.93 1.53 0.39 M-78 662 1.15 0.17M-54 655.93 1 0.15 M-79 883 1.53 0.17M-55 1011.03 1 0.1 M-80 810 1 0.12M-56 349.07 2 0.57 M-81 769 0.59 0.08M-57 836.83 1.53 0.18 M-82 716 0.58 0.08M-58 923.93 1.53 0.17 M-83 716 1.53 0.21M-59 655.93 1.53 0.23 M-84 803 1.53 0.19M-60 562.13 1 0.18 M-85 528 1.53 0.29M-61 468.33 1.53 0.33 M-86 722 1 0.14M-62 749.73 1.53 0.2 M-87 722 0.59 0.08M-63 716.23 1 0.14 M-88 863 0.58 0.07M-64 863.63 1 0.12 M-89 736 1.53 0.21M-65 676.03 1.53 0.23 M-90 689 1.53 0.22M-66 709.53 1 0.14 M-91 990 1.53 0.15M-67 756.43 2 0.26 M-92 535 1 0.19M-68 729.63 1 0.14 M-93 810 0.59 0.07M-69 783.23 0.59 0.08 M-94 689 0.58 0.08M-70 488.43 0.58 0.12 M-95 769 1.53 0.2M-71 682.73 1.53 0.22 M-96 676 1.53 0.23M-72 588.93 1.53 0.26 M-97 709 1.53 0.22M-73 483.07 1.53 0.32 M-98 521 1 0.19M-74 642.53 1 0.16 M-99 662 5.18 0.78M-75 555.43 0.59 0.11 M-100 508 0.58 0.11

M.Phil Seminar 26

Electrical Conductivity (µS/cm) of the drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings

M-51

M-53

M-55

M-57

M-59

M-61

M-63

M-65

M-67

M-69

M-71

M-73

M-75

M-77

M-79

M-81

M-83

M-85

M-87

M-89

M-91

M-93

M-95

M-97

M-99 0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Samples

(µS/

cm)

M.Phil Seminar 27

WHO Limit of TDS For Drinking Water is (1000 mg/L)

TOTAL DISSOLVED SALTS

M.Phil Seminar 28

Table 5. Concentration of TDS in drinking water of Mehrabpur citya nd surroundings

Code TDS Values

STDV %RSTD Code TDS Values STDV %RSTD M-1 642 0.67 0.1 M-26 870 1.75 0.2M-2 635 0.73 0.11 M-27 488 0.52 0.11M-3 609 0.81 0.13 M-28 689 0.59 0.09M-4 897 18.2 2.03 M-29 542 0.4 0.07M-5 1392 0.67 0.05 M-30 609 0.41 0.07M-6 1426 0.76 0.05 M-31 521 1.67 0.32M-7 1352 1.01 0.07 M-32 434 0.73 0.17M-8 1064 0.52 0.05 M-33 649 0.4 0.06M-9 984 0.78 0.08 M-34 416 0.65 0.16

M-10 1868 0.74 0.04 M-35 676 1.54 0.23M-11 1359 0.41 0.03 M-36 823 0.73 0.09M-12 877 0.73 0.08 M-37 696 0.64 0.09M-13 1513 1.61 0.11 M-38 803 0.81 0.1M-14 1332 0.72 0.05 M-39 990 0.67 0.07M-15 1379 0.78 0.06 M-40 897 0.67 0.07M-16 1573 0.78 0.05 M-41 1178 1.06 0.09M-17 1285 0.54 0.04 M-42 1071 3.83 0.36M-18 1339 0.84 0.06 M-43 930 0.58 0.06M-19 408 0.95 0.23 M-44 776 0.56 0.07M-20 475 0.94 0.2 M-45 2089 0.77 0.04M-21 542 0.76 0.14 M-46 408 0.52 0.13M-22 501 7.4 1.48 M-47 622 1.92 0.31M-23 475 0.51 0.11 M-48 542 0.74 0.14M-24 521 1.2 0.23 M-49 441 0.71 0.16M-25 495 0.45 0.09 M-50 428 0.41 0.09

M.Phil Seminar 29

Concentration of TDS (mg/l) in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings

M-1

M-2

M-3

M-4

M-5

M-6

M-7

M-8

M-9

M-

10

M-

11

M-

12

M-

13

M-

14

M-

15

M-

16

M-

17

M-

18

M-

19

M-

20

M-

21

M-

22

M-

23

M-

24

M-

25

M-

26

M-

27

M-

28

M-

29

M-

30

M-

31

M-

32

M-

33

M-

34

M-

35

M-

36

M-

37

M-

38

M-

39

M-

40

M-

41

M-

42

M-

43

M-

44

M-

45

M-

46

M-

47

M-

48

M-

49

M-

50

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Samples

ppm

M.Phil Seminar 30

Code TDS Values STDV %RSTD Code TDS Values STDV %RSTD M-51 421 0.41 0.1 M-76 783 1.3 0.17M-52 361 1.72 0.48 M-77 723 0.91 0.13M-53 387 1.12 0.29 M-78 663 0.96 0.15M-54 655 0.82 0.12 M-79 884 1.04 0.12M-55 1011 1.02 0.1 M-80 810 0.91 0.11M-56 349 0.66 0.19 M-81 770 0.68 0.09M-57 836 0.82 0.1 M-82 716 0.95 0.13M-58 923 0.63 0.07 M-83 716 0.93 0.13M-59 655 0.61 0.09 M-84 803 0.83 0.1M-60 562 0.75 0.13 M-85 529 0.95 0.18M-61 1138 0.45 0.04 M-86 723 0.78 0.11M-62 2089 0.7 0.03 M-87 723 0.92 0.13M-63 1386 0.78 0.06 M-88 864 1.06 0.12M-64 863 1.52 0.18 M-89 736 1.02 0.14M-65 676 1.35 0.2 M-90 1024 1.33 0.13M-66 1379 0.96 0.07 M-91 1661 1.23 0.07M-67 1627 0.7 0.04 M-92 535 1.41 0.26M-68 1399 1.32 0.09 M-93 810 1.32 0.16M-69 783 1.43 0.18 M-94 689 0.85 0.12M-70 1158 1.85 0.16 M-95 770 1.08 0.14M-71 1352 1.3 0.1 M-96 676 0.69 0.1M-72 588 0.92 0.16 M-97 710 0.82 0.12M-73 483 1.08 0.22 M-98 1192 0.86 0.07M-74 1982 0.83 0.04 M-99 1333 2.05 0.15M-75 555 0.53 0.1 M-100 1179 1.54 0.13

Table 6. Concentration of TDS in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings

M.Phil Seminar 31

Concentration of TDS in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings

M-51

M-53

M-55

M-57

M-59

M-61

M-63

M-65

M-67

M-69

M-71

M-73

M-75

M-77

M-79

M-81

M-83

M-85

M-87

M-89

M-91

M-93

M-95

M-97

M-99

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Samples

ppm

M.Phil Seminar 32

ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS

M.Phil Seminar 33

ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS

M.Phil Seminar 34

Sodium (Na)

WHO PERMISSIBLE LIMIT OF SODIUM FOR DRINKING WATER IS (200 mg/L)

M.Phil Seminar 35

Table. 7.Concentration of Sodium in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings

Code (mg/L ) STDV % RSTD Code (mg/L ) STDV % RSTD M-1 77 2.93 3.8 M-26 60 4.91 8.16M-2 35 2.23 6.4 M-27 23 1.84 8.06M-3 65 2.09 3.21 M-28 68 1.72 2.52M-4 92 3.81 4.14 M-29 81 1.89 2.33M-5 77 3.14 4.08 M-30 115 1.84 1.6M-6 154 1.94 1.26 M-31 157 4.35 2.77M-7 91 2.18 2.4 M-32 34 4.22 12.39M-8 216 1.89 0.88 M-33 47 3.11 6.63M-9 146 4.22 2.9 M-34 57 3.13 5.46

M-10 93 4.46 4.78 M-35 18 4.24 23.9M-11 18 2.9 15.69 M-36 91 3.22 3.53M-12 38 3.03 7.89 M-37 50 2.58 5.11M-13 34 4.33 12.88 M-38 18 2.6 14.69M-14 65 2.13 3.26 M-39 29 2.44 8.29M-15 36 1.92 5.34 M-40 25 2.35 9.52M-16 116 3.58 3.08 M-41 43 2.45 5.63M-17 127 2.68 2.12 M-42 48 2.27 4.71M-18 112 3.01 2.7 M-43 82 2.12 2.59M-19 32 3.23 10.07 M-44 96 2.9 3.02M-20 30 1.78 5.99 M-45 99 3.73 3.75M-21 19 2.22 11.53 M-46 110 4.54 4.13M-22 23 2.12 9.29 M-47 119 1.51 1.26M-23 50 2.23 4.49 M-48 101 1.63 1.62M-24 27 4.23 15.42 M-49 73 2.11 2.9M-25 32 2.46 7.66 M-50 71 3.36 4.7

M.Phil Seminar 36

Concentration of sodium in Drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings

M-1

M-2

M-3

M-4

M-5

M-6

M-7

M-8

M-9

M-10

M-11

M-12

M-13

M-14

M-15

M-16

M-17

M-18

M-19

M-20

M-21

M-22

M-23

M-24

M-25

M-26

M-27

M-28

M-29

M-30

M-31

M-32

M-33

M-34

M-35

M-36

M-37

M-38

M-39

M-40

M-41

M-42

M-43

M-44

M-45

M-46

M-47

M-48

M-49

M-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

Samples

ppm

M.Phil Seminar 37

Table .8.Concentration of Sodium in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings

Code (mg/L ) STDV % RSTD Code (mg/L ) STDV % RSTD M-51 52 3.34 6.48 M-76 22 1.59 7.09M-52 129 1.46 1.14 M-77 36 2.24 6.15M-53 34 1.91 5.61 M-78 26 3.33 12.87M-54 36 3.35 9.2 M-79 26 2.59 10M-55 29 3.22 10.95 M-80 28 3.66 12.96M-56 129 2.23 1.74 M-81 32 2.8 8.83M-57 48 2.09 4.35 M-82 70 3 4.27M-58 55 3.27 5.94 M-83 11 1.47 13.67M-59 83 3.65 4.39 M-84 75 1.52 2.03M-60 21 4.47 21.03 M-85 46 1.64 3.58M-61 76 3.67 4.82 M-86 66 3.97 6.06M-62 50 3.7 7.34 M-87 47 4.33 9.24M-63 36 3.33 9.13 M-88 31 1.97 6.45M-64 74 4.07 5.52 M-89 43 4.08 9.41M-65 116 2.11 1.82 M-90 70 3.33 4.74M-66 102 1.89 1.86 M-91 110 2.63 2.39M-67 133 2.33 1.75 M-92 76 3.63 4.77M-68 96 2.01 2.09 M-93 103 3.35 3.26M-69 103 2.37 2.3 M-94 109 3.07 2.82M-70 85 2.82 3.3 M-95 132 2.33 1.77M-71 117 1.95 1.66 M-96 205 2.23 1.09M-72 113 3.63 3.2 M-97 193 1.75 0.91M-73 52 4.27 8.29 M-98 91 3.33 3.65M-74 88 1.92 2.19 M-99 64 3.18 4.94M-75 22 2.23 9.97 M-100 195 2.36 1.21

M.Phil Seminar 38

Concentration of Sodium in Drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings

M-1

M-2

M-3

M-4

M-5

M-6

M-7

M-8

M-9

M-10

M-11

M-12

M-13

M-14

M-15

M-16

M-17

M-18

M-19

M-20

M-21

M-22

M-23

M-24

M-25

M-26

M-27

M-28

M-29

M-30

M-31

M-32

M-33

M-34

M-35

M-36

M-37

M-38

M-39

M-40

M-41

M-42

M-43

M-44

M-45

M-46

M-47

M-48

M-49

M-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

Samples

ppm

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

f(x) = 0.00316 x + 0.000700000000000006R² = 0.999509534057354

Ca

Conc.

Abs

oran

ce

Calibration graph of Calcium

Code Conc. (mg/L) STD %RSDM-1 18.54 0.378 2.03883M-2 17.02 0.338 1.9M-3 17.34 0.228 1.3M-4 14.9 0.218 1.4M-5 16.74 0.318 1.8M-6 15.22 0.278 1.8M-7 16.76 0.258 1.5M-8 14.58 0.238 1.6M-9 17.32 0.258 1.4

M-10 15.97 0.358 2.2M-11 17.76 0.378 2.1M-12 16.18 0.458 2.8M-13 17.44 0.278 1.5M-14 16.35 0.318 1.9M-15 18.07 0.288 1.5M-16 18 0.218 1.2M-17 17.92 0.258 1.4M-18 17.8 0.348 1.9M-19 17.84 0.518 2.9M-20 18.16 0.278 1.5M-21 17.3 0.388 2.2M-22 17.93 0.298 1.6M-23 18.09 0.298 1.6M-24 17.92 0.258 1.4M-25 18.6 0.358 1.9

Concentration of Ca2+in the drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings

M-1 M-2 M-3 M-4 M-5 M-6 M-7 M-8 M-9 M-10 M-11 M-12 M-13 M-14 M-15 M-16 M-17 M-18 M-19 M-20 M-21 M-22 M-23 M-24 M-250

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Ca

Conc. (mg/L)

Concentration of Ca2+in the drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings

M.Phil Seminar 42

Zinc (Zn)

WHO PERMISSIBLE LIMIT FOR ZINC IN DRINKING WATER IS (3.0 mg/L)

M.Phil Seminar

Calibration Graph of Zinc

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 350

0.20.40.60.8

11.21.41.6

f(x) = 0.0489699999999997 x + 0.00620000000000209R² = 0.999193082492795

Zn

Conc.

Abso

rban

ce

43

M.Phil Seminar 44

Table . 11. Concentration of Zinc in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundingsCode (mg/l) STDV % RSD Code (mg/l) STDV % RSD M-1 0.011 0.001 7.7 M-26 0.072 0.001 1.1M-2 0.103 0 0.4 M-27 0.115 0.001 1.1M-3 0.015 0.001 5.6 M-28 0.052 0.005 9.1M-4 0.011 0.005 3.3 M-29 0.106 0.002 1.6M-5 0.026 0.001 3.1 M-30 0.127 0.001 0.6M-6 0.018 0.001 4.5 M-31 0.323 0.002 0.5M-7 0.096 0.008 8.5 M-32 0.161 0.001 0.8M-8 0.216 0.008 3.8 M-33 0.077 0.001 1.6M-9 0.08 0.001 1 M-34 0.108 0.001 1.2

M-10 1.245 0.008 0.7 M-35 0.282 0.001 0.3M-11 0.15 0.004 2.7 M-36 0.192 0.002 0.9M-12 0.038 0.001 3.3 M-37 0.084 0.005 6.5M-13 0.128 0.001 1 M-38 0.099 0.003 2.6M-14 0.186 0.008 4.4 M-39 0.209 0.002 1M-15 0.095 0.008 8.6 M-40 0.037 0.002 4.4M-16 0.028 0.001 2.9 M-41 0.077 0.001 1.6M-17 0.095 0.008 8.6 M-42 0.254 0.001 0.5M-18 0.132 0.004 3.4 M-43 0.03 0.001 4.2M-19 0.137 0.001 0.6 M-44 0.096 0.002 1.8M-20 1.236 0.045 3.6 M-45 0.255 0.004 1.6M-21 0.024 0.002 10.3 M-46 0 0 0M-22 0.053 0.001 2.4 M-47 0.298 0.003 1M-23 0.811 0.006 0.7 M-48 0.079 0.001 1.6M-24 0.07 0.004 6.5 M-49 0.124 0.001 1M-25 0.079 0.001 1.6 M-50 0.504 0.001 0.2

M.Phil Seminar 45

Concentration of Zinc in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings WHHO limit of 3.0mg/l Zn

M-1 M-3

M-5 M-7

M-9

M-11

M-13

M-15

M-17

M-19

M-21

M-23

M-25

M-27

M-29

M-31

M-33

M-35

M-37

M-39

M-41

M-43

M-45

M-47

M-49 0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

Samples

ppm

M.Phil Seminar 46

Table . 12. Concentration of Zinc in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings

Code (mg/l) STDV % RSD Code (mg/l) STDV % RSD M-51 0.044 0.002 3.9 M-76 0.029 0.001 4.3M-52 0.08 0.001 1.6 M-77 0.127 0.002 1.3M-53 0.033 0.001 3.8 M-78 0.235 0.001 0.3M-54 0.139 0.008 5.9 M-79 0.006 0 7.9M-55 0.416 0.006 1.3 M-80 0.072 0.001 1.7M-56 0.262 0.001 0.5 M-81 0.079 0.002 2.6M-57 0.056 0.001 1.5 M-82 0.071 0.002 2.3M-58 0.194 0.001 0.4 M-83 0.116 0.001 0.7M-59 0.068 0.001 1.8 M-84 0.054 0.005 8.7M-60 0.232 0.003 1.4 M-85 0.108 0.001 1.2M-61 1.15 0.005 0.5 M-86 0.127 0.001 0.6M-62 0.144 0.002 1.1 M-87 0.324 0.001 0.3M-63 0.076 0.002 2.2 M-88 0.162 0.001 0.5M-64 0.019 0.002 8.6 M-89 0.079 0.002 2.2M-65 0 0 0 M-90 0.11 0.002 1.5M-66 0.043 0.001 2.9 M-91 0.283 0.001 0.3M-67 0.011 0.001 7.1 M-92 0.193 0.001 0.4M-68 0.012 0.001 7.4 M-93 0.09 0.009 9.6M-69 0.027 0.001 4.5 M-94 0.097 0.006 6.6M-70 0.125 0.002 1.3 M-95 0.209 0.001 0.6M-71 0.234 0.002 0.7 M-96 0.038 0.002 4.3M-72 0.005 0 9.1 M-97 0.134 0.004 2.9M-73 0.045 0.001 1.8 M-98 0.138 0.001 0.9M-74 0.013 0.001 7 M-99 1.212 0.005 0.4M-75 0.014 0.001 9.2 M-100 0.028 0.001 4.4

M.Phil Seminar 47

Concentration of Zinc in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings

M-51

M-53

M-55

M-57

M-59

M-61

M-63

M-65

M-67

M-69

M-71

M-73

M-75

M-77

M-79

M-81

M-83

M-85

M-87

M-89

M-91

M-93

M-95

M-97

M-99 0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

Samples

ppm

WHHO limit of 3.0mg/l Zn

M.Phil Seminar 48

TOXIC ELEMENT

M.Phil Seminar 49

Arsenic - As

WHO Limit of Arsenic In Drinking Water is 10 (µg/L)

M.Phil Seminar 50

M.Phil Seminar 51

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 350

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

f(x) = 0.0206050000000001 x − 0.00320000000000076R² = 0.999839037995923

Arsenic

Conc.

Abs

orba

nce

Calibration Graph of Arsenic

M.Phil Seminar 52

Table .13. Concentration of Arsenic in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings

Code (µg/l) STDV % RSDT Code (µg/l) STDV % RSDTM-1 10.15 0.5 8.9 M-26 10.65 0.5 8.1M-2 9.52 0.08 1.5 M-27 9.12 0.08 1.7M-3 7.88 0.08 2.3 M-28 5.3 0.05 6.3M-4 6.12 0.08 4.7 M-29 5.65 0.05 4.4M-5 8.18 0.08 2.1 M-30 8.05 0.05 1.4M-6 8.12 0.08 2.1 M-31 7.45 0.05 1.7M-7 8.83 0.1 2.4 M-32 7.9 0.05 1.5M-8 9.48 0.08 1.5 M-33 8.38 0.1 2.7M-9 8.43 0.1 2.7 M-34 10.05 0.05 0.9

M-10 8.32 0.28 7.5 M-35 10.25 0.05 0.9M-11 6.95 0.05 2 M-36 10.75 0.05 0.8M-12 6.62 0.08 3.6 M-37 11.65 0.5 7M-13 8.72 0.1 2.5 M-38 9.38 0.33 6.8M-14 7.05 0.05 2 M-39 8 0.05 1.4M-15 10.52 0.13 2.1 M-40 6.98 0.08 3.1M-16 9.8 0.3 5.7 M-41 8.02 0.08 2.2M-17 10.65 0.5 8.1 M-42 9.58 0.07 1.4M-18 9.1 0.1 2.2 M-43 10.28 0.1 1.8M-19 13.65 0.5 5.5 M-44 10.53 0.08 1.3M-20 11.65 0.5 7 M-45 13.15 0.5 5.8M-21 13.82 0.76 8.2 M-46 8.87 0.28 6.3M-22 8.55 0.05 1.2 M-47 8.5 0.05 1.3M-23 9.6 0.05 1 M-48 8.55 0.05 1.2M-24 9.58 0.03 0.6 M-49 11.15 0.5 7.5M-25 11.15 0.5 7.5 M-50 8.48 0.13 3.2

M.Phil Seminar 53

Concentration of Arsenic in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings

M-1

M-2

M-3

M-4

M-5

M-6

M-7

M-8

M-9

M-10

M-11

M-12

M-13

M-14

M-15

M-16

M-17

M-18

M-19

M-20

M-21

M-22

M-23

M-24

M-25

M-26

M-27

M-28

M-29

M-30

M-31

M-32

M-33

M-34

M-35

M-36

M-37

M-38

M-39

M-40

M-41

M-42

M-43

M-44

M-45

M-46

M-47

M-48

M-49

M-50

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Samples

ppb

WHO limit 10 (µg/L)

M.Phil Seminar 54

Table.14 . Concentration of Arsenic in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings

Code (µg/l) STDV % RSDT Code (µg/l) STDV % RSDTM-51 10.55 0.3 5 M-76 12.15 0.5 6.5M-52 6.59 0.05 2.6 M-77 10.32 0.16 2.8M-53 9.61 0.03 0.6 M-78 10.45 0.18 3M-54 13.75 0.13 1.4 M-79 16.65 0.5 4.1M-55 10.5 0.1 1.7 M-80 15.65 0.5 4.5M-56 8.6 0.05 1.2 M-81 10.68 0.45 7.3M-57 9.1 0.05 1.1 M-82 8.48 0.29 7.3M-58 8.55 0.05 1.2 M-83 7.55 0.1 3.3M-59 8.05 0.05 1.4 M-84 8.47 0.1 2.6M-60 10.08 0.1 1.9 M-85 9.55 0.05 1M-61 9.85 0.1 1.9 M-86 9.22 0.21 4.4M-62 8.53 0.08 1.9 M-87 9.83 0.1 2M-63 7.47 0.08 2.6 M-88 14.93 0.25 2.4M-64 9.52 0.1 2.1 M-89 16.65 0.5 4.1M-65 9.65 0.01 0.1 M-90 13.32 0.76 8.7M-66 9.25 0.09 1.8 M-91 14.15 0.41 4.2M-67 13.65 0.5 5.5 M-92 8.07 0.08 2.1M-68 11.15 0.5 7.5 M-93 8.92 0.08 1.7M-69 7.95 0.05 1.5 M-94 9.55 0.05 1M-70 8.88 0.13 2.9 M-95 5.95 0.05 3.5M-71 13.98 0.29 3 M-96 8.05 0.05 1.4M-72 15.15 0.5 4.7 M-97 7.53 0.05 1.8M-73 12.65 0.5 6.1 M-98 8.01 0.1 2.8M-74 9.55 0.1 2 M-99 9.58 0.05 1.1M-75 14.65 0.5 4.9 M-100 15.98 0.76 6.7

M.Phil Seminar 55

Concentration of Arsenic in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings

M-51

M-53

M-55

M-57

M-59

M-61

M-63

M-65

M-67

M-69

M-71

M-73

M-75

M-77

M-79

M-81

M-83

M-85

M-87

M-89

M-91

M-93

M-95

M-97

M-99

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

Samples

ppb

WHO limit 10 (µg/L)

M.Phil Seminar 56

TRACE ELEMENTS

M.Phil Seminar 57

Copper - Cu

WHO MAXIMUM LIMIT OF COPPER FOR DRINKING WATER IS 2.0 mg/L

M.Phil Seminar 58

Calibration Graph of Copper

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 350

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

f(x) = 0.00929 x − 0.00160000000000002R² = 0.9997057784419

Copper

Conc.

Abs

orba

nce

M.Phil Seminar 59

Table 15. Concentration of Copper in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings

Code (mg/l ) STDV % RSTD Code (mg/l ) STDV % RSTD M-1 0.0049 0.0004 9 M-26 0.0109 0.0017 10.5M-2 0 0 0 M-27 0.0934 0.0044 4.8M-3 0 0 0 M-28 0.0286 0.0017 5.9M-4 0 0 0 M-29 0.0101 0.0011 10.1M-5 0.0097 0.0007 7 M-30 0.0089 0 0M-6 0.0052 0.0002 2.2 M-31 0.0089 0 0M-7 0.0097 0.0007 7 M-32 0.0282 0.0026 9.1M-8 0.0183 0.0004 2.4 M-33 0.0094 0.0004 4.7M-9 0.0097 0.0007 7 M-34 0.01 0.0009 9.3

M-10 0.01 0.0009 9.3 M-35 0.0106 0.0004 4M-11 0.0094 0.0004 4.7 M-36 0.0104 0.0009 8.3M-12 0.0045 0 0 M-37 0.0146 0.0011 7.7M-13 0.0094 0.0004 4.7 M-38 0.0089 0 0M-14 0.0534 0.0044 8.3 M-39 0.0237 0.0015 6.7M-15 0.0578 0.0044 7.7 M-40 0.0089 0 0M-16 0.0089 0 0 M-41 0.0193 0.0008 4.2M-17 0.0089 0 0 M-42 0.0371 0.0026 6.9M-18 0.0242 0.0017 7 M-43 0.0193 0.0013 6.9M-19 0.01 0.0007 6.9 M-44 0.0237 0.0012 4.6M-20 0.6089 0.0044 0.7 M-45 0.0097 0.0004 4.2M-21 0.6104 0.0068 1.1 M-46 0.0089 0 0M-22 0.0196 0.0016 8.2 M-47 0.0371 0.0026 6.9M-23 0.0144 0.0009 6.4 M-48 0.0146 0.0004 2.7M-24 0.0195 0.0014 7.3 M-49 0.0549 0.0026 4.7M-25 0.0147 0.0013 9.1 M-50 0.014 0.001 7.4

M.Phil Seminar 60

Concentration of Copper in Drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings WHO limit is 2.0 mg/l

M-1

M-2

M-3

M-4

M-5

M-6

M-7

M-8

M-9

M-

10

M-

11

M-

12

M-

13

M-

14

M-

15

M-

16

M-

17

M-

18

M-

19

M-

20

M-

21

M-

22

M-

23

M-

24

M-

25

M-

26

M-

27

M-

28

M-

29

M-

30

M-

31

M-

32

M-

33

M-

34

M-

35

M-

36

M-

37

M-

38

M-

39

M-

40

M-

41

M-

42

M-

43

M-

44

M-

45

M-

46

M-

47

M-

48

M-

49

M-

50

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

Samples

ppm

M.Phil Seminar 61

Table .16. Concentration of Copper in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings

Code (mg/l ) STDV % RSTD Code (mg/l ) STDV % RSTD M-51 0.0144 0.0007 4.1 M-76 0.0326 0.0026 7.9M-52 0.0326 0.0026 7.8 M-77 0.1067 0.0044 4.2M-53 0.0152 0.0007 4.3 M-78 0.015 0.0005 3.5M-54 0.0341 0.0026 7.5 M-79 0.023 0.0013 5.6M-55 0.0089 0 0 M-80 0.0089 0 0M-56 0.0141 0.0013 9 M-81 0.0143 0.0007 4.2M-57 0.0146 0.0009 5.1 M-82 0.1037 0.0093 8.9M-58 0.126 0.0026 2 M-83 0.016 0.0012 7.3M-59 0.0138 0.0008 5.5 M-84 0.0251 0.001 4.1M-60 0.0193 0.0007 3.4 M-85 0.0107 0.0005 4.4M-61 0.0134 0 0 M-86 0.0155 0.0007 4.9M-62 0.0756 0.0044 5.8 M-87 0.1141 0.0093 8.1M-63 0.0146 0.0011 7.6 M-88 0.0138 0.0008 5.5M-64 0.0741 0.0068 9.1 M-89 0.023 0.0013 5.5M-65 0.0089 0 0 M-90 0.011 0.0009 8.4M-66 0.0282 0.0026 9.1 M-91 0.0159 0.0011 7M-67 0.0149 0.0007 4.5 M-92 0.1112 0.0044 4M-68 0.0092 0.0005 5.5 M-93 0.015 0.0005 3.4M-69 0.0143 0.0009 6.2 M-94 0.0254 0.0009 3.5M-70 0.0147 0.0013 9 M-95 0.0115 0.0007 5.5M-71 0.01 0.0004 3.8 M-96 0.0193 0.0008 4.2M-72 0.0101 0.0007 5.7 M-97 0.12 0.0089 7.4M-73 0.0232 0.0015 6.6 M-98 0.0237 0.0014 5.9M-74 0.0095 0.0004 4.1 M-99 0.0163 0.0005 2.9M-75 0.0101 0.0003 2.4 M-100 0.0282 0.0017 5.8

M.Phil Seminar 62

Concentration of Copper in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings WHO limit is 2.0 mg/l

M-51

M-53

M-55

M-57

M-59

M-61

M-63

M-65

M-67

M-69

M-71

M-73

M-75

M-77

M-79

M-81

M-83

M-85

M-87

M-89

M-91

M-93

M-95

M-97

M-99 0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

Samples

ppm

M.Phil Seminar 63

Cobalt - Co

WHO MAXIMUM LIMIT OF COBALT FOR DRINKING WATER IS 0.1 mg/L

M.Phil Seminar 64

Calibration Graph of Cobalt

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 350

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

f(x) = 0.00892 x + 0.00220000000000004R² = 0.999577889447236

Cobalt

Conc.

Abs

orba

nce

M.Phil Seminar 65

Table .17. Concentration of Cobalt in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings

Code (mg/l) STDV % RSTD Code (mg/l) STDV % RSTD M-1 0.055 0.003 4.6 M-26 0.134 0.012 8.8M-2 0.08 0.004 5.5 M-27 0.129 0.009 6.9M-3 0.054 0.004 8.3 M-28 0.128 0.007 5.3M-4 0.055 0.003 4.6 M-29 0.146 0.011 7.7M-5 0.076 0.004 5.8 M-30 0.131 0.007 5.2M-6 0.067 0.004 6.6 M-31 0.141 0.007 4.8M-7 0.076 0.004 5.8 M-32 0.131 0.007 5.2M-8 0.076 0.004 5.8 M-33 0.122 0.007 5.6M-9 0.063 0.004 7.1 M-34 0.138 0.009 6.4

M-10 0.072 0.004 6.2 M-35 0.146 0.011 7.7M-11 0.107 0.009 8.3 M-36 0.138 0.004 3.2M-12 0.086 0.007 7.9 M-37 0.158 0.009 5.9M-13 0.08 0.004 5.5 M-38 0.146 0.014 9.3M-14 0.086 0.007 7.9 M-39 0.149 0.011 7.5M-15 0.092 0.007 7.4 M-40 0.16 0.012 7.3M-16 0.11 0.007 6.2 M-41 0.155 0.007 4.4M-17 0.118 0.009 7.9 M-42 0.156 0.004 2.8M-18 0.119 0.011 9.4 M-43 0.159 0.007 4.3M-19 0.116 0.004 3.8 M-44 0.177 0.009 5.2M-20 0.118 0.007 5.8 M-45 0.166 0.009 5.6M-21 0.113 0.007 6 M-46 0.202 0.011 5.5M-22 0.11 0.009 8.4 M-47 0.186 0.011 6M-23 0.103 0.004 4.3 M-48 0.181 0.011 6.2M-24 0.109 0.007 6.2 M-49 0.166 0.009 5.6M-25 0.123 0.007 5.5 M-50 0.181 0.007 3.7

M.Phil Seminar 66

Concentration of Cobalt in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings

M-1

M-2

M-3

M-4

M-5

M-6

M-7

M-8

M-9

M-10

M-11

M-12

M-13

M-14

M-15

M-16

M-17

M-18

M-19

M-20

M-21

M-22

M-23

M-24

M-25

M-26

M-27

M-28

M-29

M-30

M-31

M-32

M-33

M-34

M-35

M-36

M-37

M-38

M-39

M-40

M-41

M-42

M-43

M-44

M-45

M-46

M-47

M-48

M-49

M-50

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

Samples

ppm

WHO limit 0.1 mg/l

M.Phil Seminar 67

Table 18. Concentration of Cobalt in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings

Code (mg/l) STDV % RSTD Code (mg/l) STDV % RSTD M-51 0.186 0.014 7.7 M-76 0.196 0.004 2.3M-52 0.192 0.009 4.6 M-77 0.192 0.004 2.3M-53 0.181 0.007 3.7 M-78 0.22 0.007 3.1M-54 0.169 0.004 2.6 M-79 0.202 0.007 3.4M-55 0.166 0.007 4.1 M-80 0.193 0.007 3.5M-56 0.174 0.009 5.1 M-81 0.206 0.007 3.3M-57 0.177 0.014 7.7 M-82 0.192 0.009 4.6M-58 0.186 0.014 7.7 M-83 0.058 0 0M-59 0.186 0.014 7.3 M-84 0.159 0.007 4.3M-60 0.187 0.012 6.3 M-85 0.08 0.004 5.5M-61 0.192 0.009 4.6 M-86 0.057 0.003 4.5M-62 0.184 0.009 5 M-87 0.058 0.004 7.6M-63 0.181 0.007 3.7 M-88 0.08 0.004 5.5M-64 0.192 0.012 6.1 M-89 0.08 0.004 5.5M-65 0.205 0.009 4.3 M-90 0.075 0.007 9.1M-66 0.196 0.004 2.3 M-91 0.08 0.004 5.5M-67 0.189 0.007 3.6 M-92 0.067 0.004 6.6M-68 0.186 0.007 3.7 M-93 0.076 0.004 5.8M-69 0.926 0.068 3.5 M-94 0.113 0.005 4.5M-70 0.198 0.007 3.4 M-95 0.092 0.007 7.4M-71 0.187 0.012 6.3 M-96 0.086 0.007 7.9M-72 0.187 0.004 2.4 M-97 0.092 0.007 7.4M-73 0.206 0.007 3.3 M-98 0.098 0.004 4.5M-74 0.203 0.007 3.3 M-99 0.113 0.003 2.3M-75 0.2 0.004 2.2 M-100 0.147 0.004 3

M.Phil Seminar 68

Concentration of Cobalt in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings

M-51

M-53

M-55

M-57

M-59

M-61

M-63

M-65

M-67

M-69

M-71

M-73

M-75

M-77

M-79

M-81

M-83

M-85

M-87

M-89

M-91

M-93

M-95

M-97

M-99

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

Samples

ppm

WHO limit 0.1 mg/l

M.Phil Seminar 69

Iron - Fe

WHO Limit of Iron In Drinking Water is 0.3 (mg/L)

M.Phil Seminar 70

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 350

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

f(x) = 0.00875 x + 0.000500000000000028R² = 0.999699682054697

Fe

Conc.

Abso

rban

ceCalibration Graph of Iron

M.Phil Seminar 71

Table .19. Concentration of Iron in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings

Code (mg/l) STDV %RSTD Code (mg/l) STDV %RSTD M-1 0.085 0.005 5.9 M-26 0.21 0.005 2.4M-2 0.115 0.005 4.3 M-27 0.17 0.005 2.9M-3 0.005 0 0 M-28 0.19 0.005 2.6M-4 0.031 0 1.6 M-29 0.205 0.005 2.4M-5 0.043 0.003 6.7 M-30 0.41 0.005 1.2M-6 0 0 0 M-31 0.07 0.005 7.1M-7 0.34 0.005 1.5 M-32 0.32 0.005 1.6M-8 0.263 0.003 1.1 M-33 0.14 0.005 3.6M-9 0.33 0.005 1.5 M-34 0.145 0.005 3.4

M-10 0.27 0.005 1.9 M-35 0.13 0.005 3.8M-11 0.31 0.005 1.6 M-36 0.27 0.005 1.9M-12 0.475 0.005 1.1 M-37 0.185 0.005 2.7M-13 1.238 0.028 2.2 M-38 0.28 0.005 1.8M-14 1.58 0.05 3.2 M-39 0.21 0.005 2.4M-15 0.135 0.005 3.7 M-40 0.14 0.005 3.6M-16 0.12 0.005 4.2 M-41 0.23 0.005 2.2M-17 0.27 0.005 1.9 M-42 0.39 0.005 1.3M-18 0.235 0.005 2.1 M-43 0.14 0.005 3.6M-19 0.22 0.005 2.3 M-44 0.245 0.005 2M-20 1.775 0.005 0.3 M-45 0.537 0.01 1.9M-21 0.153 0.008 5 M-46 0.07 0.005 7.1M-22 0.16 0.005 3.1 M-47 0.49 0.005 1M-23 0.215 0.005 2.3 M-48 0.18 0.005 2.8M-24 0.157 0.003 1.8 M-49 0.24 0.005 2.1M-25 0.165 0.005 3 M-50 0 0 0

M.Phil Seminar 72

Concentration of Iron in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings

M-1

M-2

M-3

M-4

M-5

M-6

M-7

M-8

M-9

M-10

M-11

M-12

M-13

M-14

M-15

M-16

M-17

M-18

M-19

M-20

M-21

M-22

M-23

M-24

M-25

M-26

M-27

M-28

M-29

M-30

M-31

M-32

M-33

M-34

M-35

M-36

M-37

M-38

M-39

M-40

M-41

M-42

M-43

M-44

M-45

M-46

M-47

M-48

M-49

M-50

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

Samples

ppm

WHO limit 0.3 (mg/L)

M.Phil Seminar 73

Table .20. Concentration of Iron in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings

Code (mg/l) STDV %RSTD Code (mg/l) STDV %RSTD M-51 0 0 0 M-76 0.075 0.005 6.7M-52 0 0 0 M-77 1.25 0.05 4M-53 0.16 0.005 3.1 M-78 0.33 0.005 1.5M-54 0.09 0.005 5.6 M-79 0.215 0.005 2.3M-55 0.165 0.005 3 M-80 0.09 0.005 5.6M-56 0.425 0.005 1.2 M-81 0.165 0.005 3M-57 0.06 0.005 8.3 M-82 0.16 0.005 3.1M-58 0.225 0.005 2.2 M-83 0.085 0.005 5.9M-59 0.275 0.005 1.8 M-84 0.165 0.005 3M-60 0.158 0.006 3.6 M-85 0.428 0.008 1.8M-61 0.08 0.005 6.2 M-86 0.063 0.008 12.1M-62 0.265 0.005 1.9 M-87 0.23 0.005 2.2M-63 0.17 0.005 2.9 M-88 0.147 0.008 5.2M-64 0.228 0.008 3.3 M-89 0.153 0.008 5M-65 0.097 0.008 7.9 M-90 0.21 0.005 2.4M-66 0.225 0.005 2.2 M-91 0.333 0.008 2.3M-67 0.145 0.005 3.4 M-92 0.273 0.008 2.8M-68 0.15 0.005 0 M-93 0.315 0.005 1.6M-69 0.205 0.005 2.4 M-94 0.475 0.005 1.1M-70 0.86 0.005 0.6 M-95 1.238 0.028 2.2M-71 0.065 0.005 7.7 M-96 1.63 0.05 3.1M-72 0.085 0.005 5.9 M-97 0.137 0.008 5.6M-73 0.36 0.005 1.4 M-98 0.125 0.005 4M-74 0.14 0.005 3.6 M-99 0.275 0.005 1.8M-75 0.235 0.005 2.1 M-100 0.24 0.005 2.1

M.Phil Seminar 74

Table 38. Concentration of Iron in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings

M-51

M-53

M-55

M-57

M-59

M-61

M-63

M-65

M-67

M-69

M-71

M-73

M-75

M-77

M-79

M-81

M-83

M-85

M-87

M-89

M-91

M-93

M-95

M-97

M-99

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

Samples

ppm

WHO limit 0.3 (mg/L)

M.Phil Seminar 75

Manganese - Mn

WHO Limit of Manganese In Drinking Water is 0.2

(mg/L)

M.Phil Seminar 76

Calibration Graph of Manganese

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 350

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

f(x) = 0.00975 x + 0.003R² = 0.999337717015942

Mn

Conc.

Abs

orba

nce

M.Phil Seminar 77

Table .21. Concentration of Manganese in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings

Code (mg/l) STDV % RSD Code (mg/l) STDV % RSD M-1 0.0046 0.0003 5.53 M-26 0.0233 0.0018 7.71M-2 0.0051 0.0003 5.05 M-27 0 0 0M-3 0 0 0 M-28 0.0057 0.0003 4.52M-4 0 0 0 M-29 0.0183 0.0004 2.43M-5 0.0277 0.0018 6.47 M-30 0.0098 0.0009 9.05M-6 0.0519 0.0026 4.94 M-31 0.0578 0.0044 7.69M-7 0 0 0 M-32 0 0 0M-8 0.0103 0.0004 4.33 M-33 0.0667 0.0044 6.66M-9 0.0051 0.0003 5.05 M-34 0.0285 0.0016 5.62

M-10 0 0 0 M-35 0.08 0.0044 5.55M-11 0.014 0.0007 4.86 M-36 0.0667 0.0044 6.66M-12 0 0 0 M-37 0.0155 0.0007 4.39M-13 0 0 0 M-38 0.024 0.0016 6.66M-14 0.0498 0.0004 0.89 M-39 0.0106 0.0007 6.43M-15 0 0 0 M-40 0.0286 0.0018 6.27M-16 0.0055 0.0003 4.64 M-41 0.0326 0.0026 7.86M-17 0.0189 0.0009 4.91 M-42 0.0386 0.0026 6.65M-18 0.0187 0.0009 4.75 M-43 0.0067 0.0004 6.62M-19 0.0275 0.0013 4.67 M-44 0.0199 0.0016 7.84M-20 0 0 0 M-45 0.0275 0.0013 4.67M-21 0 0 0 M-46 0 0 0M-22 0 0 0 M-47 0.1156 0.0044 3.84M-23 0 0 0 M-48 0.0719 0.0034 4.72M-24 0.0371 0.0026 6.92 M-49 0.0323 0.0021 6.35M-25 0.0275 0.0013 4.67 M-50 0.023 0.0013 5.58

M.Phil Seminar 78

Concentration of Manganese in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings

M-1

M-2

M-3

M-4

M-5

M-6

M-7

M-8

M-9

M-10

M-11

M-12

M-13

M-14

M-15

M-16

M-17

M-18

M-19

M-20

M-21

M-22

M-23

M-24

M-25

M-26

M-27

M-28

M-29

M-30

M-31

M-32

M-33

M-34

M-35

M-36

M-37

M-38

M-39

M-40

M-41

M-42

M-43

M-44

M-45

M-46

M-47

M-48

M-49

M-50

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

Samples

ppm

WHO limit 0.2 mg/l

M.Phil Seminar 79

Code (mg/l) STDV % RSD Code (mg/l) STDV % RSD M-51 0.0147 0.0012 7.99 M-76 0 0 0M-52 0.126 0.0051 4.07 M-77 0 0 0M-53 0.0599 0.0024 4.09 M-78 0 0 0M-54 0.0273 0.001 3.76 M-79 0 0 0M-55 0.0549 0.0026 4.68 M-80 0 0 0M-56 0.0045 0 0 M-81 0 0 0M-57 0.0229 0.001 4.49 M-82 0.0229 0.001 4.5M-58 0.0642 0.0027 4.17 M-83 0.019 0.0011 5.9M-59 0 0 0 M-84 0.0149 0.0007 4.6M-60 0 0 0 M-85 0.0057 0.0001 2.6M-61 0 0 0 M-86 0.0064 0.0003 4.5M-62 0 0 0 M-87 0.0243 0.0018 7.4M-63 0.0045 0 0 M-88 0.0122 0.0009 7.6M-64 0 0 0 M-89 0.0731 0.0018 2.4M-65 0.0103 0.0005 4.47 M-90 0.0061 0.0002 3.8M-66 0.0107 0.0005 4.23 M-91 0 0 0M-67 0.0162 0.0007 4.27 M-92 0 0 0M-68 0.0371 0.0026 6.92 M-93 0 0 0M-69 0.0338 0.0004 1.31 M-94 0 0 0M-70 0.0264 0.0005 1.94 M-95 0.123 0.0068 5.5M-71 0 0 0 M-96 0.08 0.0044 5.5M-72 0 0 0 M-97 0.0363 0.0034 9.3M-73 0.0107 0.0004 4.15 M-98 0.0257 0.0011 4.6M-74 0 0 0 M-99 0.0157 0.0011 7.1M-75 0 0 0 M-100 0.0823 0.0022 2.7

Table .22. Concentration of Manganese in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings

M.Phil Seminar 80

Concentration of Manganese in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings

M-51

M-53

M-55

M-57

M-59

M-61

M-63

M-65

M-67

M-69

M-71

M-73

M-75

M-77

M-79

M-81

M-83

M-85

M-87

M-89

M-91

M-93

M-95

M-97

M-99

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

Samples

ppm

WHO limit 0.2 mg/l

M.Phil Seminar 81

Nickel- Ni

WHO Limit of Manganese In Drinking Water is 0. 02 (mg/L)

M.Phil Seminar 82

Calibration Graph of Nickel

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 350

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

f(x) = 0.00695 x + 0.00199999999999999R² = 0.999110568718909

Ni

Conc.

Abs

orba

nce

M.Phil Seminar 83

Table 23. Concentration of Nickel in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings

Code (mg/l) STDV % RSD Code (mg/l) STDV % RSD M-1 0.1029 0.0057 5.5 M-26 0 0 0M-2 0.0292 0.001 3.3 M-27 0.025 0.0018 7.3M-3 0.0229 0 0 M-28 0.0243 0.0012 5M-4 0.0496 0.0033 6.6 M-29 0.0363 0.0033 9M-5 0.1105 0.0033 2.8 M-30 0.0254 0.0023 9M-6 0.2534 0.0119 4.6 M-31 0.0296 0.0016 5.5M-7 0.2096 0.0087 4.1 M-32 0.0357 0.0023 6.4M-8 0.042 0.0033 7.6 M-33 0.0302 0.0026 8.7M-9 0.0058 0 0 M-34 0.0357 0.0023 6.3

M-10 0.0058 0 0 M-35 0.0351 0.0013 3.7M-11 0.0058 0 0 M-36 0.0357 0.0023 6.4M-12 0 0 0 M-37 0.0355 0.002 5.5M-13 0.0075 0.0006 7.3 M-38 0.0296 0.0016 5.5M-14 0.0132 0.0006 4.3 M-39 0.0315 0.0025 7.9M-15 0.0203 0.0009 4.3 M-40 0.0252 0.0023 9M-16 0.0143 0.0006 3.8 M-41 0.0309 0.0011 3.7M-17 0.0126 0.0011 9 M-42 0.0355 0.0011 3.2M-18 0.0126 0.0006 4.5 M-43 0.0303 0.0006 1.8M-19 0.0143 0.0006 3.8 M-44 0.0309 0.0017 5.5M-20 0.029 0.0007 2.2 M-45 0.0372 0.0011 3M-21 0.0176 0.0007 3.7 M-46 0.0262 0.0017 6.6M-22 0.0178 0.001 5.7 M-47 0.042 0.0033 7.8M-23 0.0138 0.0006 4.5 M-48 0.0292 0.001 3.3M-24 0.0161 0.0006 3.5 M-49 0.0338 0.001 2.9M-25 0.0069 0.0006 8.2 M-50 0.042 0.0033 7.8

M.Phil Seminar 84

Concentration of Nickel in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings

M-1 M-3

M-5 M-7

M-9

M-11

M-13

M-15

M-17

M-19

M-21

M-23

M-25

M-27

M-29

M-31

M-33

M-35

M-37

M-39

M-41

M-43

M-45

M-47

M-49 0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

Samples

ppm

(WHO limit 0. 02 (mg/L)

M.Phil Seminar 85

Table .24. Concentration of Nickel in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings

Code (mg/l) STDV % RSD Code (mg/l) STDV % RSD M-51 0.0153 0.0009 5.7 M-76 0 0 0M-52 0.0222 0.0012 5.3 M-77 0 0 0M-53 0.0103 0.0006 5.5 M-78 0 0 0M-54 0.0315 0.0023 7.2 M-79 0 0 0M-55 0.0098 0.0006 5.8 M-80 0 0 0M-56 0.0075 0.0006 7.6 M-81 0 0 0M-57 0.0151 0.0009 5.7 M-82 0 0 0M-58 0.0161 0.0006 3.5 M-83 0.0136 0.0007 4.8M-59 0.0124 0.0009 7 M-84 0.0191 0.0009 4.5M-60 0.0065 0.0003 5 M-85 0.0323 0.0009 2.7M-61 0.0143 0.0006 3.8 M-86 0.0254 0.0024 9.3M-62 0 0 0 M-87 0.0368 0.0017 4.7M-63 0 0 0 M-88 0.0275 0.0006 2M-64 0 0 0 M-89 0.0214 0.0012 5.5M-65 0 0 0 M-90 0.0065 0.0003 5.5M-66 0 0 0 M-91 0.0069 0.0006 8.2M-67 0 0 0 M-92 0.0134 0.0009 6.5M-68 0 0 0 M-93 0.0206 0.0015 7.3M-69 0.0149 0.0006 3.8 M-94 0.0069 0.0006 8.2M-70 0.0058 0 0 M-95 0.026 0.0014 5.5M-71 0.0058 0 0 M-96 0.0443 0.0012 2.6M-72 0.0058 0 0 M-97 0.0366 0.0017 4.6M-73 0.0058 0 0 M-98 0.0315 0.0017 5.4M-74 0 0 0 M-99 0.0103 0.0006 5.5M-75 0 0 0 M-100 0.017 0.0012 6.9

M.Phil Seminar 86

Concentration of Nickel in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings

M-51

M-53

M-55

M-57

M-59

M-61

M-63

M-65

M-67

M-69

M-71

M-73

M-75

M-77

M-79

M-81

M-83

M-85

M-87

M-89

M-91

M-93

M-95

M-97

M-99 0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

0.035

0.04

0.045

0.05

Samples

ppm

(WHO limit 0. 02 (mg/L)

M.Phil Seminar 87

WHO MAXIMUM LIMIT OF CADMIUM FOR DRINKING

WATER IS 0.003 mg/L

Cadmium- Cd

TOXIC ELEMENT

M.Phil Seminar 88

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 350

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

f(x) = 0.0206400000000001 x + 0.00489999999999918R² = 0.999210969494261

Cd

Calibration Graph of Cadmium

M.Phil Seminar 89

Table 25. Concentration of Cadmium in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings

Code (mg/l) STDV % RSD Code (mg/l) STDV % RSD M-1 0.0016 0.0006 8.8 M-26 0.002 0.0002 2.9M-2 0.0026 0.0006 5.5 M-27 0.0016 0.0005 7.1M-3 0.0015 0.0001 1.9 M-28 0.0021 0.0003 4.1M-4 0.0022 0.0007 8.1 M-29 0.0032 0.0008 6.4M-5 0.0042 0.0012 6.8 M-30 0.0026 0.0005 4.4M-6 0.0037 0.0012 7.8 M-31 0.0027 0.0007 6.5M-7 0.0006 0 0 M-32 0.0026 0.0002 2.2M-8 0.0034 0.0012 8.5 M-33 0.0027 0.0007 6.5M-9 0.0039 0.0012 7.4 M-34 0.0016 0.0003 5.4

M-10 0.0021 0.0003 4.1 M-35 0.0026 0.0003 3.3M-11 0.0066 0.002 7.6 M-36 0.0021 0.0003 4.1M-12 0.0037 0.0012 7.8 M-37 0.0031 0.0003 2.8M-13 0.002 0.0005 5.8 M-38 0.0011 0 0M-14 0.0034 0.0012 8.5 M-39 0.0006 0 0M-15 0.003 0.0002 1.9 M-40 0.0021 0.0005 5.5M-16 0.0032 0.0008 6.4 M-41 0.0032 0.0008 6.4M-17 0.0025 0.0003 3.5 M-42 0.0026 0.0003 3.3M-18 0.003 0.0005 3.9 M-43 0.0021 0.0002 2.8M-19 0.0039 0.0012 7.4 M-44 0.0037 0.0012 7.8M-20 0.0042 0.0012 6.8 M-45 0.003 0.0002 1.9M-21 0.0021 0.0005 5.5 M-46 0.0021 0.0003 4.1M-22 0.0032 0.0012 9 M-47 0.0041 0.0006 3.5M-23 0.0028 0.001 8.9 M-48 0.0025 0.0003 3.5M-24 0.0034 0.0012 8.5 M-49 0.003 0.0005 3.9M-25 0.0039 0.0012 7.4 M-50 0.0032 0.0012 9

M.Phil Seminar 90

Concentration of Cadmium in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings

M-1 M-3

M-5 M-7

M-9

M-11

M-13

M-15

M-17

M-19

M-21

M-23

M-25

M-27

M-29

M-31

M-33

M-35

M-37

M-39

M-41

M-43

M-45

M-47

M-49 0

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004

0.005

0.006

0.007

Samples

ppm

WHO 0.003 mg/L

M.Phil Seminar 91

Table .26. Concentration of Cadmium in Drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings

Code (mg/l) STDV % RSD Code (mg/l) STDV % RSD M-51 0.0104 0.0003 3.3 M-76 0.0085 0.0005 5.5M-52 0.0159 0.0005 2.9 M-77 0.0084 0.0003 4.1M-53 0.0125 0.0005 3.7 M-78 0.0023 0.0001 5.1M-54 0.0105 0.0005 4.4 M-79 0.0085 0.0006 6.8M-55 0.0101 0.0002 2.3 M-80 0.0052 0.0002 3.8M-56 0.01 0.0003 3.5 M-81 0.0086 0.0007 8.1M-57 0.0125 0.0005 3.7 M-82 0.0085 0.0005 5.5M-58 0.0084 0.0003 4.1 M-83 0.0174 0.0007 4.1M-59 0.0061 0.0002 3.8 M-84 0.0159 0.0008 4.8M-60 0.0064 0.0003 5.4 M-85 0.0026 0.0002 7.7M-61 0.0106 0.0007 6.5 M-86 0.0138 0.0007 5M-62 0.0084 0.0003 4.1 M-87 0.0164 0.0007 4.4M-63 0.0081 0.0002 2.9 M-88 0.0089 0.0006 6.9M-64 0.0085 0.0005 5.5 M-89 0.0262 0.002 7.6M-65 0.0099 0.0005 4.6 M-90 0.0155 0.0006 3.9M-66 0.0127 0.0008 6.4 M-91 0.009 0.0002 2.2M-67 0.0065 0.0006 8.8 M-92 0.0142 0.0006 4.2M-68 0.0064 0.0003 5.4 M-93 0.0112 0.001 8.9M-69 0.0119 0.0006 4.9 M-94 0.0131 0.001 7.7M-70 0.0124 0.0003 2.8 M-95 0.0101 0.0008 8M-71 0.0042 0 0 M-96 0.0123 0.0007 5.7M-72 0.0085 0.0006 6.8 M-97 0.016 0.0003 2.2M-73 0.0175 0.0012 6.6 M-98 0.018 0.0016 8.8M-74 0.0084 0.0004 4.8 M-99 0.0094 0.0007 7.7M-75 0.0044 0.0003 7.9 M-100 0.0135 0.0008 6

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Concentration of Cadmium in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings

M-51

M-53

M-55

M-57

M-59

M-61

M-63

M-65

M-67

M-69

M-71

M-73

M-75

M-77

M-79

M-81

M-83

M-85

M-87

M-89

M-91

M-93

M-95

M-97

M-99

0

0.005

0.01

0.015

0.02

0.025

0.03

Samples

ppm

WHO 0.003 mg/L

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WHO MAXIMUM LIMIT OF LEAD FOR DRINKING WATER IS 0.01

mg/L

Lead- Pb

TOXIC ELEMENT

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Calibration Graph of Lead

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 350

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

f(x) = 0.0032 x + 0.00100000000000001R² = 0.999219359875098

Pb

Conc.

Abs

orba

nce

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Code Avg.Conc STDEV % RSTD

M-2 0.245 0.008 3.147

M-5 0.085 0.003 3.759

M-11 0.213 0.013 6.246

Table 27. Concentration of Lead in Drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings

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M-2 M-5 M-110.000

0.050

0.100

0.150

0.200

0.250

0.300

Avg.Conc WHO LIMIT

Axis Title

Axis

Title

Concentration of Lead in drinking water of Mehrabpur city and surroundings

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Cu Fe Mn Ni Zn

Cu Pearson Correlation 1Sig. (2-tailed)

Fe Pearson Correlation .320** 1Sig. (2-tailed) .001

Mn Pearson Correlation -.092 .145 1Sig. (2-tailed) .360 .151

Ni Pearson Correlation -.037 -.067 .157 1Sig. (2-tailed) .712 .506 .120

Zn Pearson Correlation .259** .223* -.052 -.061 1Sig. (2-tailed) .009 .026 .605 .544N 100 100 100 100 100

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

Table 28. Pearson Correlation of Trace Metals

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pHConductivity

(μS/cm) TDS (ppm) Alkalinity (ppm)Mean 7.5 649 882Maximum 8.0 1011 2090Minimum 6.7 349 349SD 0.2 151 403Median 7.5 663 773Mode 7.5 676 542WHO Guidelines 6.5-8.5 1000 <1000 1000

Table 29 Statistical normal distribution of physic-chemical parameters (n = 100)

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CONCLUSION

pH is an important parameter in water body since most of the aquatic organisms are adapted to an average pH. The pH values is observed between 6.7 to 8.0. The WHO limit of pH value for drinking water is specified as 6.5 to 8.5. The pH shows slightly alkaline trend.

The temperature was found to be in the range between 26.3 to 27.2oC during study