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LECTURE 22
HYDROGEN AND ELECTRIC VEHICLES
FINAL BOEHM LECTURE!
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THIS LECTURE• For a number of reasons the growing use of petroleum-based fuels for transportation purposes is not a goodidea. Included are import/economic issues as well asproblems posed to the environment.
• If advanced approaches to vehicles are considered, thetwo top choices for powering them appear to be hydrogenand electricity. Although both approaches are clearlytechnically feasible and both suffer from lack of infrastructure, the electric vehicle currently has severalcharacteristics that make it a more viable short-term
transition approach. Hydrogen may ultimately be theenergy source of choice for vehicles, but we will have towait and see.
• In this lecture both approaches are explored.
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HYDROGENAND FUEL
CELLS
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WHAT MANY PEOPLE THINK
ABOUT WHEN THEY HEAR“HYDROGEN”
The Hindenburg
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Hart, Front EcolEnviron, 2003;
1(3):138-145
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FLAMMABILITY OF
HYDROGEN
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The U.S. hydrogen industry currently produces 9 million tons of hydrogen per year (enough to power 20-30 million cars or 5-8million homes) for use in:
• Chemicals production• Petroleum refining
• Metals treating
• Electrical applications.
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• Most hydrogen used today is manufactured this way.
• Natural gas and steam are heated to high temperature
(usually by combusting part of the fuel), and hydrogen is
removed.
• Not a sustainable method.
• Green houses gases are produced.
• City of Las Vegas has this type of hydrogen generationsystem but it is not longer in use.
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Electrolyzer with solar power.Joint project with the UNLV, Las Vegas Valley Water District, Proton Energy.Located across Alta from Las Vegas Springs Preserve.
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THE LVVWD STATION
Powered by a!PV system, total of
14 kW peak rating.Single-axis
tracking.
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UNLV
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PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE
(PEM) FUEL CELL
• Operates at low temperatures (~175°F)
• Has high power density
• Can ramp power relatively quickly (not as fast as an ICE,however)
• Usually uses expensive membrane (Nafion) coated withplatinum catalyst particles (membrane allows hydrogenmolecules to flow through)
• Outputs typically up to about 250 kW• We have some small sizes of these <5 kw
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FUEL CELL ENERGY BALANCE
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FUEL CELL VEHICLESThese can be either fuel cell/electric hybrids, hydrogeninternal combustion engine (ICE) powered, or ICE/hybridpowered.
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HONDA FCX CLARITY (2010)
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HONDA FCX CLARITY
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UNLV VEHICLEELECTRIC-FUEL CELL HYBRID
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FUEL CELL VEHICLE CONVERSION SYSTEM DIAGRAM
5.5 kWFuel Cell
DC/DCConverter
Deep CycleBattery bank
Solid-StateMotor Speed
Controller
11.5 hpDC Motor
Controller
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UNLV/LVVWD
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FULL SIZE FC VEHICLE ECONOMYFROM US PROGRAM
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BMW GASOLINE/HYDROGEN ICE
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Polaris ICE Single Cylinder
Vehicles were to be used atthe Las Vegas SpringsPreserve. Color scheme isfor that application
Taylor Dunn Electrotruk FCVehicle
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Preferable
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VEHICLE POWER COMPARISONS
Gasoline-Powered Car (ICE)
• Lot of parasite power uses.
• Limited by Carnot considerations related to rejected heat.
• Overall efficiency is about 20% fuel to power.
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VEHICLE POWER COMPARISONS
Hydrogen-Powered Car (ICE)
• Similar to gasoline-powered car, but much cleaner burning.
• Limited by Carnot considerations related to rejected heat.
• Overall efficiency is slightly less than gasoline because of lowdensity of fuel. Can be improved using turbo or supercharging.
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Fuel-Cell-Powered Electric Car (Renewable Electricity)
• Fuel cell has potential to be up to 80% efficient
• Motor/inverter efficiency is about 90%
• Conversion of electricity to hydrogen is about 50%
• So total of conversion for electricity to power is 36%
• (Could go from methanol to power via H2 at 24-32%)
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HYDROGEN SAFETY
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What follows is from a
presentation given by
Travis Johnson, P.E.Manager, Electric Transportation & Emerging Technology
NV Energy
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SOME QUESTIONS TO BE
ADDRESSED
1) What kind of plug-in cars are coming?
2) Will plug-in cars be affordable?
3) How much does it cost to drive electric
4) How much will plug-in cars reduce greenhouseemissions?
5) How many cars can the grid handle in Nevada?
6) What about charging and the battery?
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NV ENERGY SUPPORTING
ELECTRIC VEHICLESDiscounted EV rate in southern NV
Discounted EV rate (coming soon to northern NV)
Ramping up internal readiness for EVs
Including in company vehicle fleetOutreach and education about EVs
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WHAT EVS ARE HERE?
Battery Electric (BEV)100 mile range (total)
90+ MPH
8 yr, 100k mile battery warranty
Does not use gasoline
Good for average commuter
Very low maintenance
Plug-in Hybrid (PHEV)• 40 mi. electric, then 300 mi. gas
• 90+ MPH
• 8 yr, 100k mile battery warranty
• Gas extends range beyond 40 mi.
• Best for long commutes
• Typical maintenance (oil, filter, etc.)
Nissan Leaf Chevy Volt
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WHAT IS COMING?Ford, Chevy, Nissan, Toyota, Tesla all making Lithium Ion based electric drive
vehicles – all the vehicles below plug-in
2010/11
2010/11 BEV
2011 BEV
2013?
20112011201120112011
PHEV
2010/11 BEV
2012 PHEV
2010/11 PHEV2012 BEV
Now SellingNow Selling
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ARE THEY AFFORDABLE?
Nissan Leaf:
§ Buy: $25,280 after tax credit
§ Lease: $349/month
Chevy Volt: § $33,500 after tax credit
§ Lease $350/month
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HOW MUCH ELECTRICAL ENERGY DO
THEY USE?
Tesla Roadster ~ 3.3 miles / kWh(185 kW motor)
Nissan Leaf ~ 4 miles / kWh
Chevy Volt ~ 4 miles / kWh
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HOW MUCH DOES ELECTRICAL
ENERGY COST?NV Energy (south) HEV Rate:
§ Approximately 1/3 to 1/4 the cost of gas
§ 6.3 cents / kWh winter off-peak (8 months)
§ 7.3 cents / kWh summer off-peak (4months)
§ 12 cents / kWh flat rateOff peak 10pm – 6am
The Pacific Northwest National Lab found that 9 cent / kWhelectrical energy is equivalent to $1/gal gas. Simple ratios were
used to simulate prices.
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DOLLAR SAVINGS FOR 12,000
MILES PER YEAR?EV (Nissan Leaf)Fuel Cost:
4 mi. / kWh = 3000 kWh
6.6 cents / kWh = $198*
Similar Gas VehicleFuel Cost:
• 24 MPG = 500 gallons
• Gas $2.42/gal = $1,210**
Nissan Leaf $25,280 Honda Civic Si $24,255
$1,210 (gas without taxes)- $ 198 (electric) $1,012 savings per year*
* NV Energy (south) TOU Rate for Plug-in Vehicles charging at night.
**$3/gal less 58.27 cents per gallon for federal, state, RTC, & county tax for
apples to apples.
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DOLLAR SAVINGS FOR 12,000
MILES PER YEAR?EV (Nissan Leaf)Fuel Cost:
4 mi. / kWh = 3000 kWh
12 cents / kWh = $360
Large SUVFuel Cost:
• 15 MPG = 800 gallons
• Gas $2.42/gal = $1,936**
$1,936 (gas without taxes)- $ 360 (electric) $1576 savings per year*
* NV Energy (north) flat residential electric rate 12 cents/kWh.
**$3/gal less 58.27 cents per gallon for federal, state, RTC, & county tax for
apples to apples.
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HOW MANY POUNDS OF CO2 PER KWH
DOES THE GRID CREATE?
0.902
0.724
1.311
1.883
1.821
1.324
1.658
1.9601.830
1.537
1.510
1.489
1.134
1.019
1.318
1.5631.563
1.8340.927
0.498
1.514
1.139
National Average ~ 1.3 lbs/kWh - Source eia.doe.gov
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HOW MANY POUNDS OF CO2 PER
GALLON?
Burning one gallon of gas produces 19.4 lbs. of CO2. – EPA
Refining emissions increases this by 5.4 lbs of CO2 – Fueleconomy.gov.
Total with refining emissions: 24.8 lbs CO2/gallon
Does not includeextraction andtransportation
emissions to refinery.
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CO2 REDUCTION FOR
12,000 MILES PER YEAR?
Nissan Leaf $25,280 Honda Civic Si $24,255
EV (Nissan Leaf)• 4 mi. / kWh = 3000 kWh
• 1.3 lb / kWh = 3900 lbs.*
Similar Gas Vehicle• 24 MPG = 500 gallons
• 24.8 lbs / gal = 12,400 lbs
12,400 lbs CO2 (gas)
- 3,900 lbs CO2 (electric) 8,500 lbs CO2 savings per year
* Based on EIA’s 1.3 lb/kWh national average.
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CO2 REDUCTION FOR
12,000 MILES PER YEAR?
EV (Nissan Leaf)• 4 mi. / kWh = 3000 kWh
• 1.3 lb / kWh = 3900 lbs.*
Large SUV• 15 MPG = 800 gallons
• 24.8 lbs / gal = 19,840 lbs
19,840 lbs CO2 (gas)
- 3,900 lbs CO2 (electric) 15,940 lbs CO2 savings per year
Based on EIA’s 1.3 lb/kWh national average.
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WHAT IS THE LARGEST
HOUSEHOLD CO2 SOURCE?
Source: fueleconomy.org
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HOW MANY EVS CAN THE
GRID CHARGE AT NIGHT?
2000 MW
NV Energy (Vegas) System Load – July 2008
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HOW MANY EVS CAN THE
GRID CHARGE IN VEGAS?
§ The Chevy Volt will have a 16 kWhbattery (maintained SOC of 8 kWh)
§ If charged at 2kW x 4 hrs
§ 1 MW = 500 vehicles charging at thesame time
§ At night in Vegas, peak is ~2,000 MWhigher than off peak (night)
§ Could charge ~1,000,000 Chevy Voltsat night without significant electricsystem improvements
If the charge rate was4kW, that would resultin 500,000 vehiclesbeing able to charge at
the same time.Random distribution isassumed. The point issimple, a lot of vehiclescan charge at night.
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CHARGE TIME DEPENDS ON
DISTANCE DRIVEN
Source: Nissan
Approximately 12.5 miles of range per hour of charging.
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CHARGING – HOW WILL IT
WORK?
Chevy Volt – On board 120 V Cordset
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CHARGING – HOW WILL IT WORK?
3.3 kW 240 V onboard charger
Also has a 120 V onboard Cordset.
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WHAT ABOUT THE BATTERY?
Nissan Leaf 8 year
100,000 mile battery warranty
Chevy Volt8 year
100,000 mile battery warranty
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WHAT ABOUT THE BATTERY?
When the 8yr, 100k battery warranty expires, howmuch did I save in fuel costs?
Fuel Savings for 100k miles*:
• TOU Rate ~$ 8,000
• Flat Rate ~$7,000
*$2.42/gal used for gas price25 MPG used for Civic
Gas and electric rates fixed in this example.
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HOW MUCH TO REPLACE A BATTERY
AFTER 2020?
2011 prices for batteries: $450/kWh*
2014 US DOE goal of: $350/kWh
$275/kWh x 24 = $6,600 estimated 2020 price
(the battery should last beyond 2020 by several years – some cells may require replacement, but not entirepack)
* Deutsch Bank – Vehicle Electrification March 2010
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SHOULD BATTERY COST BE THE
CONCERN?
Fuel cost differences are not subtle.
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CLOSING REMARKS
§ 9 out of 10 buyers of the Leaf are new to Nissan.
§ Battery prices will come down with volume (remember cellphones?)
§ Charge at night!!